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1. NATURAL DISASTERS IN THE LAST 20 YEARS OF WORLD HISTORY

2. INTRODUCTION The world has witnessed numerous disasters over the centuries and although most are man-made due to wars and terrorism, mother nature certainly dishes out her fair share of damage Disasters are ubiquitous but most large scale disasters occur in cancer and tropic of Capricorn geographical region which encompasses most of the developing nations

3. The last century has added a new ecological dimension to the definition of a disaster. Developing countries have been facing the brunt more than the developed ones because they have less physical and financial resources. However, whatever the reasons may be, the disasters affect all countries in 1 form or other

4.   Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami (2011) A 9.0 magnitude quake followed by tsunami waves hit the east coast of Japan in March 11, 2011. With a depth of 24.4 km, this was the largest earthquake to ever strike Japan in recorded history and documented as the 7th largest earthquake in the world

5. It also affected 18 prefectures, with over 250,000 buildings damaged or destroyed and caused a near nuclear disaster when there was a partial meltdown in 3 reactors of the Fukushima nuclear plant, which is the 2nd largest nuclear disaster after Chernobyl

6. New Zealand Earthquake (2011) Also known as the Christchurch earthquake, this magnitude 6.3 quake that occurred on February 22, 2011 severely damaged New Zealand’s second-largest city It also killed 185 people, 238 were reported missing, and164 patients were treated for injuries. One of the nation’s deadliest peacetime disasters, this caused significant damage to Christchurch and the central Canterbury region with an estimated US $16 billion worth of damages

7. East Africa Drought (2011) The worst drought in 60 years, the Horn of Africa experienced a severe drought since mid-July of 2011 with an estimated 12.4 million people in need of food It resulted in a food crisis across Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia, and Djibouti, threatened the livelihood of more than 9.5 million people, and caused widespread death and famine.

8. Haiti Earthquake (2010) A magnitude 7.0 earthquake that has a depth of 8.1 miles rocked Haiti on January 12, 2010. Its epicenter was located just south west of Port-Au-Prince with 59 aftershocks ranging from 4.2 to 5.9 magnitudes in strength. Led to over 200,000 deaths, 2 million homeless, and 3 million people in need of emergency aid.

9. Cyclone Nargis (2008) The first cyclone in 2008 to hit the northern Indian Ocean, Cyclone Nargis made landfall in Myanmar and devastated the Ayeyarwady Delta region along with its 37 townships for two days Official figures showed that 84,500 people were killed with 53,800 missing. An equivalent of a category 3 or 4 hurricane on the Saffir -Simpson scale, it led to numerous storm surges and flooding

10. Afghanistan Blizzard (2008) The second worst blizzard in modern history after the Iran blizzard with regards to casualties, it had an estimated death toll of 1,337 due to temperatures that fell below -30°C with up to 180 centimeters of snow in the mountainous regions. It also claimed more than 100,000 sheep and goats and 315,000 cattle

11. Pakistan Earthquake (2005) The 2005 Pakistan earthquake, that registered 7.6 in the Richter scale, had its epicenter in Kashmir near the city of Muzaffarabad It occurred on the morning of October 8, 2005 and the official death toll was 75,000 people with 106,000 people injured The severity of the damage was attributed to the poor construction of the buildings

12. Hurricane Katrina (2005) The deadliest hurricane to hit the Gulf Coast in 2005, it was ranked as the sixth strongest overall to hit the United States It was also one of the costliest with estimated property damages of US $81 billion. The hurricane blew up most of the buildings and property around the majority of settlements

13. Indian ocean earthquake (2004) Also known as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, it was estimated to be a magnitude 9.15, and occurred on December 26, 2004 While the earthquake itself lasted for only 10 seconds, it caused a tsunami that killed 200,000 to 310,000 people along the shores of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, South India, and Thailand with one death even occurring at Port Elizabeth in South Africa, 8,000 miles away from the epicenter.

14. European Heat Wave (2003) Europe is not too used to scorching hot summers so when the 2003 European heat wave struck, it resulted in a health crisis in several countries as well as a drought which led to crop shortage, especially in Ukraine where 75% of wheat crops were lost The extreme temperatures also dried up most of Europe, which resulted in forest fires and counterintuitively , even flooding.

15. Gujarat Earthquake (2001) This earthquake happened on India’s 51st Republic Day celebration in January 26, 2001. The quake, which had a magnitude between 7.6 and 7.7, lasted for over 2 minutes with the epicenter about 9 km south-southwest of the Chobari village It resulted in a death toll of 20,000 people, injured 167,000 and destroyed 400,000 homes

16. It also caused major shock waves that spread 700 km where 21 districts were affected and left 600,000 people homeless.

17. Hurricane Andrew (1993) This hurricane was formed by a tropical wave that moved to the west coast of Africa on August 14, 1992 It became a major tropical depression by August 16, though its intensity was initially prevented by a wind shear. During the succeeding days, it developed into a destructive tropical cyclone, named Hurricane Andrew

18. Due to the massive destruction that caused 65 fatalities and US $26 billion in property damages, this became the 5th costliest hurricane in US history after hurricanes Katrina, Wilma, and Ike, with the name Andrew retired from the hurricane names list in the spring of 1993.

19. DISASTERS – AN INDIAN EXPERIENCE Due to the geography and topography, India has faced serious large scale natural disasters like droughts, cyclones and earthquakes The available statistics also show that the number of disasters per year is increasing but also the number of people affected and killed is also rising

20. Major Disasters in India SR. NO. Name of Event Year Fatalities 1. Bengal Earthquake 1737 300,000 2. Bengal Cyclone 1864 60,000 3. The Great Famine of Southern India 1876-1878 5.5 million 4. Maharashtra Cyclone 1882 100,000 5. The Great Indian famine 1896-1897 1.25 million to 10 million 6. Kangra earthquake 1905 20,000 7. Bihar Earthquake 1934 6,000 8. Bengal Cyclone 1970 500,000 (include Pakistan & Bangladesh) 9. Drought 1972 200 million people affected 10. Andhra Pradesh Cyclone 1977 10,000 11. Latur Earthquake 1993 7,928 death and 30,000 injured 12. Orissa Super Cyclone 1999 10,000 13. Gujarat Earthquake 2001 25,000 14. Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 10,749 deaths 5,640 persons missing 15. Kashmir Earthquake 2005 86000 deaths (include Kashmir & Pakistan)

21. Earthquake: India is having a high risk towards Earthquakes. More than 58 per cent of India’s land area is under threat of moderate to severe seismic hazard . The biggest quakes occur in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kutch, Himachal and the North-East. The Himalayan regions are particularly prone to earthquakes

22. Floods: About 30 million people are affected annually. Floods in the Indo– Gangetic –Brahmaputra plains are an annual feature Floods are a perennial phenomenon in at least 5 states - Assam, Bihar, Orissa , Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. On account of  climate change , floods have also occurred in recent years in areas that are normally not flood prone.

23. Droughts: Although a slow onset emergency, and to an extent predictable emergency, drought has caused severe suffering in the affected areas in recent years, including effects on poverty, hunger, and unemployment About 50 million people are affected annually by drought.

24. Cyclones: Cyclonic activities on the east coast are more severe than on the west coast The Indian continent is considered to be the worst cyclone-affected part of the world, as a result of low-depth  ocean bed topography  and  coastal configuration

25. Landslide In the hilly terrain of India including the Himalayas and North East India, landslides have been a major and widely spread natural disasters that often strike life and property and occupy a position of major concern. One of the worst tragedies took place at  Malpa Uttarkhand  (UP) on 11th and 17th August 1998 when nearly 380 people were killed when massive landslides washed away the entire village.

26. Avalanche Avalanche are river like speedy flow of snow or ice descending from the mountain tops. Avalanches are very damaging and cause huge loss to life and property. In Himalayas, avalanches are common

27. Conclusion It is virtually impossible to prevent most disaster. Nevertheless, we can forestall or alleviate many of their worst effect by anticipating them and by being prepared. The greatest number of disasters occur in those countries that are already most adversely affected by ill-health and poor economic conditions

28. With a vision to build a safe and disaster resilient India, the Government has adopted a holistic, proactive, multi-hazard oriented and technology driven strategy by promoting a culture of prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response Thus, efficient reduction of disaster risks, rather than mere response to their occurrence, has in recent times, received increased attention both within India and abroad.

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