Annotated bibliography
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Nov 16, 2021
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About This Presentation
annotated bibliography
Slide Content
1
SR
NO
CONTENT PAGE
NO
1 INTRODUCTION 2
2 DEFINITION 2
3 PURPOSES 2
4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REFERENCE AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
3
5 ANNOTATION FORMAT 3
6 ANNOTATION CONTENT 3
7 CRITERIA WHEN EVALUATING SOURCES 4
8 PREPARING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4-5
9 STANDARD CITATION STYLES USED IN
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VANCOUVER STYLE
APA STYLE
MLA FORMAT
CHICAGO MANNUAL OF STYLE FORMAT
5-22
10 CONCLUSION 22
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 23
SR
NO
CONTENT PAGE
NO
1 INTRODUCTION 2
2 DEFINITION 2
3 PURPOSES 2
4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REFERENCE AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
3
5 ANNOTATION FORMAT 3
6 ANNOTATION CONTENT 3
7 CRITERIA WHEN EVALUATING SOURCES 4
8 PREPARING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4-5
9 STANDARD CITATION STYLES USED IN
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VANCOUVER STYLE
APA STYLE
MLA FORMAT
CHICAGO MANNUAL OF STYLE FORMAT
5-22
10 CONCLUSION 22
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 23
2
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
A bibliography is a list of books, articles, and other documents cited in proper documentation
style. An annotation, a brief (250-500 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, follows
each citation. The purpose of the annotation is to detail and critique the relevance, accuracy
and quality of the source cited. Annotations are not simply abstracts. Instead, annotations are
both descriptive and critical; they provide a summary while also exposing the author’s point
of view, clarity and authority.
References or bibliography may be written using American Psychological Association(APA),
Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago Manual of Style format, Campbell,
Vancouver and Harvard Styles. However, in health sciences, Vancouver style of references is
commonly used.
DEFINITION
A bibliography is a list of all the sources you have used (whether references or not) in the
process of researching your work.
In general a bibliography should include:
The author’s names
The titles of the works
The names and locations of the companies that published the copies and sources
The dates the copies were published
The page numbers of the sources.
PURPOSE OF AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Gather information and learn about a topic.
Provide a comprehensive overview of other research on the topic.
Inform readers as to the source’s relevance in your research.
Identify issues surrounding the topic and what other scholars have said about it.
Help other scholars search for and critique potential sources for their research.
Formulate a thesis or hypothesis for your own research.
To survey the literature on a topic and gain an understanding of each source by
concisely summarising and evaluating it.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
A bibliography is a list of books, articles, and other documents cited in proper documentation
style. An annotation, a brief (250-500 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, follows
each citation. The purpose of the annotation is to detail and critique the relevance, accuracy
and quality of the source cited. Annotations are not simply abstracts. Instead, annotations are
both descriptive and critical; they provide a summary while also exposing the author’s point
of view, clarity and authority.
References or bibliography may be written using American Psychological Association(APA),
Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago Manual of Style format, Campbell,
Vancouver and Harvard Styles. However, in health sciences, Vancouver style of references is
commonly used.
DEFINITION
A bibliography is a list of all the sources you have used (whether references or not) in the
process of researching your work.
In general a bibliography should include:
The author’s names
The titles of the works
The names and locations of the companies that published the copies and sources
The dates the copies were published
The page numbers of the sources.
PURPOSE OF AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Gather information and learn about a topic.
Provide a comprehensive overview of other research on the topic.
Inform readers as to the source’s relevance in your research.
Identify issues surrounding the topic and what other scholars have said about it.
Help other scholars search for and critique potential sources for their research.
Formulate a thesis or hypothesis for your own research.
To survey the literature on a topic and gain an understanding of each source by
concisely summarising and evaluating it.
3
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
References and Bibliography are different and are used in different contexts in each essay,
article, or book. Bibliography is a listings of all the materials that have been consulted while
writing an article or a book whereas References on the other hand are those that have been
referred to or referenced in your article or book.
A lot of books, essays and websites have been consulted while writing something. Though we
might have referred to these materials while preparing a rough draft, the contents of these
may or may not have been included in the actual text. A list of all such materials is known as
bibliography. References are a list of those materials that are directly included in your actual
context.
Both bibliography and references appear at the end of the book or article, but if both are
available, bibliography comes after the reference list. A bibliography may contain all the
items that have appeared in the reference lists, plus some additional works.
Both bibliographies are arranged in alphabetically. But a reference list can also be arranged in
numeric style, which means arranging the reference chronologically according to the numbers
in the text.
While writing a bibliography, we should have to include the authors last name and first name
, year of publication, name of the book or journal, place of publication, and name of
publishers. In case of websites, organizations as authors, or other such sources, additional
information should be provided for the convenience of the readers. Therefore, to sum up , the
differences between bibliography and references are as follows:
Bibliography is a listing of all the materials that have been consulted while writing an
article, essay, or book. References, on the other hand , are those that have been
directly referred to or referenced in your article or book.
Items of a bibliography are not directly included in the text. References are those that
are directly cited in your actual text.
Both bibliography and references are arranged alphabetically, but reference list can
also be arranged in numeric or Vancouver style.
ANNOTATION FORMAT:
Cite the source in proper documentation style (i.e.—MLA, APA, Chicago).
Write the annotation in paragraph form
Do not include citations or quotations within the annotation.
Reference the author (if needed) by last name in the text of the annotation
ANNOTATION CONTENT:
Summarize: Create a brief summary of the source that describes the central
argument, main supporting points, research method, and conclusions.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
References and Bibliography are different and are used in different contexts in each essay,
article, or book. Bibliography is a listings of all the materials that have been consulted while
writing an article or a book whereas References on the other hand are those that have been
referred to or referenced in your article or book.
A lot of books, essays and websites have been consulted while writing something. Though we
might have referred to these materials while preparing a rough draft, the contents of these
may or may not have been included in the actual text. A list of all such materials is known as
bibliography. References are a list of those materials that are directly included in your actual
context.
Both bibliography and references appear at the end of the book or article, but if both are
available, bibliography comes after the reference list. A bibliography may contain all the
items that have appeared in the reference lists, plus some additional works.
Both bibliographies are arranged in alphabetically. But a reference list can also be arranged in
numeric style, which means arranging the reference chronologically according to the numbers
in the text.
While writing a bibliography, we should have to include the authors last name and first name
, year of publication, name of the book or journal, place of publication, and name of
publishers. In case of websites, organizations as authors, or other such sources, additional
information should be provided for the convenience of the readers. Therefore, to sum up , the
differences between bibliography and references are as follows:
Bibliography is a listing of all the materials that have been consulted while writing an
article, essay, or book. References, on the other hand , are those that have been
directly referred to or referenced in your article or book.
Items of a bibliography are not directly included in the text. References are those that
are directly cited in your actual text.
Both bibliography and references are arranged alphabetically, but reference list can
also be arranged in numeric or Vancouver style.
ANNOTATION FORMAT:
Cite the source in proper documentation style (i.e.—MLA, APA, Chicago).
Write the annotation in paragraph form
Do not include citations or quotations within the annotation.
Reference the author (if needed) by last name in the text of the annotation
ANNOTATION CONTENT:
Summarize: Create a brief summary of the source that describes the central
argument, main supporting points, research method, and conclusions.
4
Assess: After composing the summary, evaluate the source. To do this, determine and
discuss the source’s value, credibility, bias and reliability.
Reflect: Once you’ve summarized and assessed the source, describe how it fits into
your research. Discuss how it contributes to your argument and/or how it affected
your thinking about the topic. In some instances, you may be asked to discuss how
you will use the source in your paper.
CRITERIA WHEN EVALUATING SOURCES:
Author: The authors’ credentials are important to prove their credibility. Consider
institutional affiliation, educational background, past writing and experience as it
relates to research. Consider whether or not the source is written in the authors’ area
of expertise.
Date of Publication: The date of publication is important to show how current the
source is. Topic areas of continuing and rapid development, such as computer
engineering and medical science, demand current information.
Edition or Revision: Many editions or printings may indicate that the work has
become a standard source in a given discipline and is therefore more reliable.
Publisher: If a source is published by a university press, it is likely to be scholarly.
Although a reputable publisher does not guarantee quality, it does demonstrate that
the publisher may have a high regard for the source being published.
Type of Journal: The distinction between scholarly and popular journals is important
because it indicates different levels of complexity in conveying ideas.
Intended Audience: Consider the authors’ intended audience and what role tone,
vocabulary and complexity have in the presentation of information.
Objective Reasoning: Verify facts. Distinguish between clear, factual information
and sources that use emotion-arousing language and statistics.
Coverage: Consider if the material is thorough and consistent with what is found in
other sources on the same topic. Widely divergent ideas or a lack of verifiable facts
might indicate a problem with credibility.
Writing Style: Think about the organization and main points of the source. If a
source is not logical or organized, it may not be the most reliable or credible source.
PREPARING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
There are three main steps, which are similar to the usual steps required to complete a written
assignment:
Finding the literature
Reading, understanding, and evaluating the literature
Writing the annotated bibliography
Finding the literature
The following are the sources for getting the literature to a specific topic:
Assess: After composing the summary, evaluate the source. To do this, determine and
discuss the source’s value, credibility, bias and reliability.
Reflect: Once you’ve summarized and assessed the source, describe how it fits into
your research. Discuss how it contributes to your argument and/or how it affected
your thinking about the topic. In some instances, you may be asked to discuss how
you will use the source in your paper.
CRITERIA WHEN EVALUATING SOURCES:
Author: The authors’ credentials are important to prove their credibility. Consider
institutional affiliation, educational background, past writing and experience as it
relates to research. Consider whether or not the source is written in the authors’ area
of expertise.
Date of Publication: The date of publication is important to show how current the
source is. Topic areas of continuing and rapid development, such as computer
engineering and medical science, demand current information.
Edition or Revision: Many editions or printings may indicate that the work has
become a standard source in a given discipline and is therefore more reliable.
Publisher: If a source is published by a university press, it is likely to be scholarly.
Although a reputable publisher does not guarantee quality, it does demonstrate that
the publisher may have a high regard for the source being published.
Type of Journal: The distinction between scholarly and popular journals is important
because it indicates different levels of complexity in conveying ideas.
Intended Audience: Consider the authors’ intended audience and what role tone,
vocabulary and complexity have in the presentation of information.
Objective Reasoning: Verify facts. Distinguish between clear, factual information
and sources that use emotion-arousing language and statistics.
Coverage: Consider if the material is thorough and consistent with what is found in
other sources on the same topic. Widely divergent ideas or a lack of verifiable facts
might indicate a problem with credibility.
Writing Style: Think about the organization and main points of the source. If a
source is not logical or organized, it may not be the most reliable or credible source.
PREPARING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
There are three main steps, which are similar to the usual steps required to complete a written
assignment:
Finding the literature
Reading, understanding, and evaluating the literature
Writing the annotated bibliography
Finding the literature
The following are the sources for getting the literature to a specific topic:
5
The Library:Rather than reading all the sources in depth, survey them first to check if
they are relevant to your literature review topic.
Peer reviewed journal articles.
Edited academic books.
Articles in professional journals.
Statistical data from government websites.
Reading, understanding, and evaluating the literature:
Begin to develop your understanding of the sources by skimming and scanning them.
Once you have gained a general understanding of a source, read it closely and
actively.
Critically evaluate the literature.
Apply critical thinking skills.
Consider what factors you will use to evaluate or organise the source.
Reflect on how each source relates to your topic.
Writing the annotated bibliography:
When it comes to writing an annotated bibliography first arrange the sources in alphabetical
order (by surname of lead author) under the overall heading, just like a reference list Then
followed by writing the bibliography in a standard citation styles.
STANDARD CITATION STYLES US ED IN BIBLIOGRAPHY
There are various formats used in the creation of a bibliography some of which are:
American Psychological Association(APA)
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Chicago Manual of Style format,
Vancouver Style.
VANCOUVER STYLE
The Vancouver style or Uniform Requirements Style, is based on an American National
Standards institute (ANSI) standard adapted by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) for
databases, such as Medline. It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical
journals, who now meet annually as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.
CITATION WITHIN THE TEXT
Indicating the relevant reference in the text
A number in superscript format. Eg,
6
or enclosed in bracket (round or square), eg. (1) or [26],
placed in the text of the essay indicates the relevant references. Citations are numbered
consecutively in the order n which they appear in the text and each citation corresponds to a
numbered reference containing publication information about the sources in the reference list
The Library:Rather than reading all the sources in depth, survey them first to check if
they are relevant to your literature review topic.
Peer reviewed journal articles.
Edited academic books.
Articles in professional journals.
Statistical data from government websites.
Reading, understanding, and evaluating the literature:
Begin to develop your understanding of the sources by skimming and scanning them.
Once you have gained a general understanding of a source, read it closely and
actively.
Critically evaluate the literature.
Apply critical thinking skills.
Consider what factors you will use to evaluate or organise the source.
Reflect on how each source relates to your topic.
Writing the annotated bibliography:
When it comes to writing an annotated bibliography first arrange the sources in alphabetical
order (by surname of lead author) under the overall heading, just like a reference list Then
followed by writing the bibliography in a standard citation styles.
STANDARD CITATION STYLES US ED IN BIBLIOGRAPHY
There are various formats used in the creation of a bibliography some of which are:
American Psychological Association(APA)
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Chicago Manual of Style format,
Vancouver Style.
VANCOUVER STYLE
The Vancouver style or Uniform Requirements Style, is based on an American National
Standards institute (ANSI) standard adapted by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) for
databases, such as Medline. It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical
journals, who now meet annually as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.
CITATION WITHIN THE TEXT
Indicating the relevant reference in the text
A number in superscript format. Eg,
6
or enclosed in bracket (round or square), eg. (1) or [26],
placed in the text of the essay indicates the relevant references. Citations are numbered
consecutively in the order n which they appear in the text and each citation corresponds to a
numbered reference containing publication information about the sources in the reference list
6
at the end of the publication, essay, or assignment. Once a source has been cited, the same
number is used for all subsequent references. No distinction is made between print and
electronic sources of references when citing within the text. Some of the examples are as
follows:
SUPERSCRIPT FORMAT
The largest lesion in the first study was 10com.
13
The theory was first put forward in 1987.
1
Scholtz
2
has argued that..
Several recent studies
3,4,15,16
have suggested that…
For example, see.
7
BRACKET FORMAT
The largest lesion in the first study was 10cm [13]
The theory was first put forward in 1987(1)
Scholtz (2) has argued that…
Several recent studies [3,4,15,16] have suggested that…
For examples, see (7).
Citing more than one reference at a time
When citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference
number separately with a comma or endash (without spaces) between each reference.
SUPERSCRIPT FORMAT
1,3,5
1-5
2-5,9-13
BRACKET FORMAT
(1,3,5)
(1-5)
[2-5, 9-13]
IMPORTANT ISSUES
Numbering: List all references in order by number, not alphabetically. Each
reference is listed once only , since the same number is used throughout the paper.
Authors: List each authors last name and initials; full first names are not included as
per this reference style. List all authors of a given publication, but if the number
exceeds six, give the first six names followed by ‘et al’. For books with chapters
written by different authors, ;list the authors of the chapter first, then the chapter title,
followed by ‘in:’, the editors names , and the book title.
at the end of the publication, essay, or assignment. Once a source has been cited, the same
number is used for all subsequent references. No distinction is made between print and
electronic sources of references when citing within the text. Some of the examples are as
follows:
SUPERSCRIPT FORMAT
The largest lesion in the first study was 10com.
13
The theory was first put forward in 1987.
1
Scholtz
2
has argued that..
Several recent studies
3,4,15,16
have suggested that…
For example, see.
7
BRACKET FORMAT
The largest lesion in the first study was 10cm [13]
The theory was first put forward in 1987(1)
Scholtz (2) has argued that…
Several recent studies [3,4,15,16] have suggested that…
For examples, see (7).
Citing more than one reference at a time
When citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference
number separately with a comma or endash (without spaces) between each reference.
SUPERSCRIPT FORMAT
1,3,5
1-5
2-5,9-13
BRACKET FORMAT
(1,3,5)
(1-5)
[2-5, 9-13]
IMPORTANT ISSUES
Numbering: List all references in order by number, not alphabetically. Each
reference is listed once only , since the same number is used throughout the paper.
Authors: List each authors last name and initials; full first names are not included as
per this reference style. List all authors of a given publication, but if the number
exceeds six, give the first six names followed by ‘et al’. For books with chapters
written by different authors, ;list the authors of the chapter first, then the chapter title,
followed by ‘in:’, the editors names , and the book title.
7
Book and chapter titles: Capitalisze the first letter of the first word in the title. The
ret of the title is in lower-case, with the exception of proper names. Do not underline
the title; do not use italics.
Journal citations: Provide the abbreviated journal title, period year, semicolon,
volume, issue number in parentheses, colon, page range(elided to the minimum), and
a period. For example: Brain Res 2002;935(1-2):40-6
Pages: For journals, the entire page range of an article or chapter is given, not the
specific on which the information was found. For books, no page numbers are given,
with two exceptions: the page number of a dictionary entry is included as well as the
page range of a chapter with in a multiauthor title.
FORMAT OF WRITING THE REFERENCE
1.Books
Only the first letter of the first word in the title of a book or conference should be capitalized
except for proper nouns or acronyms. Capitalize the 'V in volume for a book title.
Single author or editor
Hoppert M. Microscopic techniques in biotechnology. Weinheim: Wiley-
VCH; 2003.
Storey KB, editor. Functional metabolism: regulation and adaptation. Hoboken
(NJ):J. Wiley & sons; 2004.
Two or more authors or editors
Lawhead JB, Baker MC. Introduction to veterinary science. Clifton Park (NY):
Thomson Delmar Learning; 2005.
Gilstrap LC, Cunningham FG, Van Dorsten JP, editors. Operative obstetrics.
2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.
No author
The Oxford concise medical dictionary. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University
Press; 2003. p. 26.
Later edition
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobyashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology.
4th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2002.
Multiple volumes
Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens J W, Lukens JN, editors. Wintrobes
clinical hematology. 9th ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1993.
Series
Unwin E, Codde J P, Bartu A. The impact of drugs other than alcohol and
tobacco on the health of Western Australians. Perth: Department of Health;
2004. Epidemiology occasional papers series, No. 20.
Corporate author (i.e. a company or organization)
American Veterinary Medical Association. National Board Examination
Committee. North American Veterinary Licensing Examination: bulletin of
information for candidates. Bismarck (ND): The Committee; 2001.
Book and chapter titles: Capitalisze the first letter of the first word in the title. The
ret of the title is in lower-case, with the exception of proper names. Do not underline
the title; do not use italics.
Journal citations: Provide the abbreviated journal title, period year, semicolon,
volume, issue number in parentheses, colon, page range(elided to the minimum), and
a period. For example: Brain Res 2002;935(1-2):40-6
Pages: For journals, the entire page range of an article or chapter is given, not the
specific on which the information was found. For books, no page numbers are given,
with two exceptions: the page number of a dictionary entry is included as well as the
page range of a chapter with in a multiauthor title.
FORMAT OF WRITING THE REFERENCE
1.Books
Only the first letter of the first word in the title of a book or conference should be capitalized
except for proper nouns or acronyms. Capitalize the 'V in volume for a book title.
Single author or editor
Hoppert M. Microscopic techniques in biotechnology. Weinheim: Wiley-
VCH; 2003.
Storey KB, editor. Functional metabolism: regulation and adaptation. Hoboken
(NJ):J. Wiley & sons; 2004.
Two or more authors or editors
Lawhead JB, Baker MC. Introduction to veterinary science. Clifton Park (NY):
Thomson Delmar Learning; 2005.
Gilstrap LC, Cunningham FG, Van Dorsten JP, editors. Operative obstetrics.
2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.
No author
The Oxford concise medical dictionary. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University
Press; 2003. p. 26.
Later edition
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobyashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology.
4th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2002.
Multiple volumes
Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens J W, Lukens JN, editors. Wintrobes
clinical hematology. 9th ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1993.
Series
Unwin E, Codde J P, Bartu A. The impact of drugs other than alcohol and
tobacco on the health of Western Australians. Perth: Department of Health;
2004. Epidemiology occasional papers series, No. 20.
Corporate author (i.e. a company or organization)
American Veterinary Medical Association. National Board Examination
Committee. North American Veterinary Licensing Examination: bulletin of
information for candidates. Bismarck (ND): The Committee; 2001.
8
Conference (complete conference proceedings)
Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings of
the 5th Germ Cell Tumour conference; 2001 Sep 13—15; Leeds, UK. New
York: Springer; 2002.
Government publication
Australia. Commonwealth Department of Veterans' Affairs and Defence.
Australian Gulf War veterans' health study 2003,Canberra: Commonwealth of
Australia;2003
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Disability, ageing and carers: summary of
findings. Canberra: ABS; 1999.ABS publication 4430.0
Scientific and technical report
Lugg DJ. Physiological adaptation and health of an expedition in Antarctica:
with comment on behavioural adaptation. Canberra: A.G.P.S.; 1977.
Australian Government Department of Science, Antarctic Division. ANARE
scientific reports. Series B(4),Medical science No. 0126.
Thesis or dissertation
Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic
Americans. PhD [dissertation). Mount Pleasant (Ml): Central Michigan
University; 2002.
Hincks CL. The detection and characterisation of novel papillomaviruses.
Biomedical Science, Honours [thesis]. Murdoch: Murdoch University; 2001.
Patent/Standard
Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible
endoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly.
United States patent US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1.
2. PARTS OF A BOOK
STANDARD FORMAT: Author of a Part, AA. Title of chapter or part. In: Editor A, Editor
b, editors. Title: Subtitle of Book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Page
numbers.
Article/Chapter in a book
Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid
tumors. In: Vogelestein B, Kinzler K W, editors. The genetic basis of human
cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill;2002. P. 93-113.
Conference or Seminar paper
Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza’s computational effort statistic
for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi
AG, editors. Genetic programming. euroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5
th
European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002, Apr 3-5; Kinsdale,
Ireland.Berlin : Springer;2002.p.182-91
Conference (complete conference proceedings)
Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings of
the 5th Germ Cell Tumour conference; 2001 Sep 13—15; Leeds, UK. New
York: Springer; 2002.
Government publication
Australia. Commonwealth Department of Veterans' Affairs and Defence.
Australian Gulf War veterans' health study 2003,Canberra: Commonwealth of
Australia;2003
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Disability, ageing and carers: summary of
findings. Canberra: ABS; 1999.ABS publication 4430.0
Scientific and technical report
Lugg DJ. Physiological adaptation and health of an expedition in Antarctica:
with comment on behavioural adaptation. Canberra: A.G.P.S.; 1977.
Australian Government Department of Science, Antarctic Division. ANARE
scientific reports. Series B(4),Medical science No. 0126.
Thesis or dissertation
Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic
Americans. PhD [dissertation). Mount Pleasant (Ml): Central Michigan
University; 2002.
Hincks CL. The detection and characterisation of novel papillomaviruses.
Biomedical Science, Honours [thesis]. Murdoch: Murdoch University; 2001.
Patent/Standard
Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible
endoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly.
United States patent US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1.
2. PARTS OF A BOOK
STANDARD FORMAT: Author of a Part, AA. Title of chapter or part. In: Editor A, Editor
b, editors. Title: Subtitle of Book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Page
numbers.
Article/Chapter in a book
Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid
tumors. In: Vogelestein B, Kinzler K W, editors. The genetic basis of human
cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill;2002. P. 93-113.
Conference or Seminar paper
Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza’s computational effort statistic
for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi
AG, editors. Genetic programming. euroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5
th
European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002, Apr 3-5; Kinsdale,
Ireland.Berlin : Springer;2002.p.182-91
9
Study guides and unit reader
• Lynch M. God's signature: DNA profiling, the new gold standard in forensic science.
Endeavour. 2003;27(2): 93—7. Reprinted In: Forensic Investigation (BJ0373) unit
reader tor forensic DNA component. Murdoch: Murdoch University; 2005.
3.JOURNAL ARTICLES
STANDARD FORMAT:
Author of article AA, Author of article BB, Author of article CC. Title of article. Abbreviated
Title of Journal. Year; Vol.(issue): page number(s).
Drummond PD. Triggers of motion sickness in migraine sufferers. Headache.
2005;45(6).
Halpern SD, Ubel PA , Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-
infected patients. N Engl J Med.2002;347(7):284-7
Geck MJ, Yoo S, Wang JC. Assessment of cervical ligamentous injury in
trauma patients using spinal Disord.2001;14(5):371-7
More than six Authors
Gillespie NC Lewis RJ, Pearn JH, Bouvke ATC, Holmes MJ, Bourke JB, et
al. Ciguatera Australia: occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and
management. Med J August.1986;145:584-90.
Organization as author
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and
proinsulin participants with impaired glucose tolerance.
Hypertension.2002;40(5):679-86.
No author given
21st century heart solution may have a sting in the tail.
BMJ.2002;325(7537):679-86
Volume with supplement
Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan
with short and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison
with sumatriptan.Headache.2002;42 Suppl 2:S93-9
Issue with supplement
Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology.
2002;58(12 suppl 7):S6-12
Volume with part
Abend SM, Kulish N. The psychoanalytic nnethod from an epistemological
Viewpoint. Int J Psychoanal. 2002;83(Pt 2):491-5
Issue with part
Ahrar K, Nladoff DC, Gupta S, Wallace ML Price RE, Wright KC.
Development of a large animal model for lung tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol.
2002;13(9 Pt 1):923—8.
Issue with volume
Banit DM, Kaufer H, Hartford JM. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in
revision total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002;(401):230—8.
Study guides and unit reader
• Lynch M. God's signature: DNA profiling, the new gold standard in forensic science.
Endeavour. 2003;27(2): 93—7. Reprinted In: Forensic Investigation (BJ0373) unit
reader tor forensic DNA component. Murdoch: Murdoch University; 2005.
3.JOURNAL ARTICLES
STANDARD FORMAT:
Author of article AA, Author of article BB, Author of article CC. Title of article. Abbreviated
Title of Journal. Year; Vol.(issue): page number(s).
Drummond PD. Triggers of motion sickness in migraine sufferers. Headache.
2005;45(6).
Halpern SD, Ubel PA , Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-
infected patients. N Engl J Med.2002;347(7):284-7
Geck MJ, Yoo S, Wang JC. Assessment of cervical ligamentous injury in
trauma patients using spinal Disord.2001;14(5):371-7
More than six Authors
Gillespie NC Lewis RJ, Pearn JH, Bouvke ATC, Holmes MJ, Bourke JB, et
al. Ciguatera Australia: occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and
management. Med J August.1986;145:584-90.
Organization as author
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and
proinsulin participants with impaired glucose tolerance.
Hypertension.2002;40(5):679-86.
No author given
21st century heart solution may have a sting in the tail.
BMJ.2002;325(7537):679-86
Volume with supplement
Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan
with short and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison
with sumatriptan.Headache.2002;42 Suppl 2:S93-9
Issue with supplement
Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology.
2002;58(12 suppl 7):S6-12
Volume with part
Abend SM, Kulish N. The psychoanalytic nnethod from an epistemological
Viewpoint. Int J Psychoanal. 2002;83(Pt 2):491-5
Issue with part
Ahrar K, Nladoff DC, Gupta S, Wallace ML Price RE, Wright KC.
Development of a large animal model for lung tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol.
2002;13(9 Pt 1):923—8.
Issue with volume
Banit DM, Kaufer H, Hartford JM. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in
revision total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002;(401):230—8.
10
Newspaper article
O'Leary C. Vitamin C does little to prevent winter cold. The West Australian.
2005 Jun 29;1.
4.E-BOOKS
STANDARD FORMAT : Author A, Author B. Title of e-book [format]. Place: Publisher;
Date of original publication [cited year abbreviated month day]. Available
from:Source.URL.
Van Belle G, Fisher LD, Heagerty PJ, Lumley TS. Biostatistics: a
methodology for the health sciences [e-book]. 2nd ed. Somerset (NJ): Wiley
InterScience; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 301. Available from: Wiley InterScience
electronic collection.
Sommers-Flanagan J, Sommers-Flanagan R. Clinical interviewing [e-book].
3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available
from: NetLibrary.
Article in an electronic reference book:
Widdicombe J. Respiration. In: Blakemore C, Jennett S, editors. The Oxford
companion to the body [e-book]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001 [cited
2005 Jun 301. Available from: Oxford Reference Online.
http://www.oxfordreference.com.
Lee HC, Pagliaro EM. Serology: blood identification. In: Siegel J, Knupfer G,
Saukko
P
' editors. Encyclopedia of forensic sciences [e-book]. San Diego:
Academic Press; 20
00
[cited 2005 Jun 30]: 1331—8. Available from: Science
Direct Reference. www.elsevier.com
5.E-JOURNALS
STANDARD FORMAT: Author A, Author B. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal
[format]. Year [cited year abbreviated month day];vol.(no): page numbers.Available
from:database name. URL.
Journal article from online full-text database
Palsson G, Hardardottir KE. For whom the cell tolls: debates about biomedicine
(1 Curr Anthropol [serial online]. 2002 [cited 2005 Jun +[about 31 pages
Available from: Academic OneFile. http://find.galegroup.com.
Allen C, Crake D, Wilson H, Buchholz A. Polycystic ovary syndrome and a
low glyce mic index diet. Can J Diet Pract Res [serial online]. 2005 [cited 2005
Jun Available from: ProQuest. http://il.proquest.com.
Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet):
Eisen SA, Kang HK, Murphy FM, Blanchard MS, Reda DJ, Henderson WG, et
al. Gul War veterans' health: medical evaluation of a U.S. cohort? Ann Intern
Newspaper article
O'Leary C. Vitamin C does little to prevent winter cold. The West Australian.
2005 Jun 29;1.
4.E-BOOKS
STANDARD FORMAT : Author A, Author B. Title of e-book [format]. Place: Publisher;
Date of original publication [cited year abbreviated month day]. Available
from:Source.URL.
Van Belle G, Fisher LD, Heagerty PJ, Lumley TS. Biostatistics: a
methodology for the health sciences [e-book]. 2nd ed. Somerset (NJ): Wiley
InterScience; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 301. Available from: Wiley InterScience
electronic collection.
Sommers-Flanagan J, Sommers-Flanagan R. Clinical interviewing [e-book].
3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available
from: NetLibrary.
Article in an electronic reference book:
Widdicombe J. Respiration. In: Blakemore C, Jennett S, editors. The Oxford
companion to the body [e-book]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001 [cited
2005 Jun 301. Available from: Oxford Reference Online.
http://www.oxfordreference.com.
Lee HC, Pagliaro EM. Serology: blood identification. In: Siegel J, Knupfer G,
Saukko
P
' editors. Encyclopedia of forensic sciences [e-book]. San Diego:
Academic Press; 20
00
[cited 2005 Jun 30]: 1331—8. Available from: Science
Direct Reference. www.elsevier.com
5.E-JOURNALS
STANDARD FORMAT: Author A, Author B. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal
[format]. Year [cited year abbreviated month day];vol.(no): page numbers.Available
from:database name. URL.
Journal article from online full-text database
Palsson G, Hardardottir KE. For whom the cell tolls: debates about biomedicine
(1 Curr Anthropol [serial online]. 2002 [cited 2005 Jun +[about 31 pages
Available from: Academic OneFile. http://find.galegroup.com.
Allen C, Crake D, Wilson H, Buchholz A. Polycystic ovary syndrome and a
low glyce mic index diet. Can J Diet Pract Res [serial online]. 2005 [cited 2005
Jun Available from: ProQuest. http://il.proquest.com.
Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet):
Eisen SA, Kang HK, Murphy FM, Blanchard MS, Reda DJ, Henderson WG, et
al. Gul War veterans' health: medical evaluation of a U.S. cohort? Ann Intern
11
Med [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 June 301;142(11):881+[about 12
pages]. Available from http://www.annals.org/.
Journal article in electronic journal subscription:
Barton CA, McKenzie DP, Walters EH, et al. Interactions between psychosocial
problems and management of asthma: who is at risk of dying? J Asthma [serial
on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 Jun 301;42(4): 249—56. Available from:
http://www.tandf.co.uk/joumals/.
Newspaper article from online database:
Dearne K. Dispensing with the chemist. The Australian [newspaper online].
2005 Jun 14 [cited 2005 Jun 30];[about 8 screens]. Available from: Factiva.
http://global.factiva.com.
Newspaper article from the internet:
Diseased organs may be used to deter smokers.Sydney Morning Herald
[newspaper on the Internet]. 2005 Jun 29 [cited 2005 Jun 30]; para. 4—5.
Available from: http://www. smh.com.au/.
6.INTERNET DOCUMENTS
STANDARD FORMAT :Author A, Author B. Document title. Webpage name [format].
Source/production information;Date of internet publication [cited year month day]. Available
from: URL.
Lavelle P. mental state of the nation. Health matters [document on the
internet].ABC online;2005 May 19[cited 2005 Jul 1].Available
from:hyyp://abc.net.au/health/features/mentalstate/.
7.WRITING REFERENCE FOR NON -BOOK FORMATS
STANDARD FORMAT: Person AA, Responsibility.Title:subtitle.Special credits.Place of
publication:Publisher, Year.
Podcast
Brown W, Brodie K, & George P. From Lake f3ajk%J to the halfway mark,
Yekaterinburg Peking to Paris: Episode 3 [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney:
ABC Television; 7)07 June 4 [cited Feb 41. Available from
http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparß/ podcast/pekingtc;paris.xml.
Gary, S. Black hole death ray StarStuff [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney: ABC
News Radio; 2007 Dec 23 [cited 2008 Feb 4]. Available from
http://abc.net.au/new
r
sradio/ podcast/ SIARSTUFF.xml.
Microform
Terry KW, Hcwsc;n GS, Rowe MB. Characterisation of inhaled dusts at
minesites [microfiche]. Perth: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of
Western Australia;1998.
Med [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 June 301;142(11):881+[about 12
pages]. Available from http://www.annals.org/.
Journal article in electronic journal subscription:
Barton CA, McKenzie DP, Walters EH, et al. Interactions between psychosocial
problems and management of asthma: who is at risk of dying? J Asthma [serial
on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 Jun 301;42(4): 249—56. Available from:
http://www.tandf.co.uk/joumals/.
Newspaper article from online database:
Dearne K. Dispensing with the chemist. The Australian [newspaper online].
2005 Jun 14 [cited 2005 Jun 30];[about 8 screens]. Available from: Factiva.
http://global.factiva.com.
Newspaper article from the internet:
Diseased organs may be used to deter smokers.Sydney Morning Herald
[newspaper on the Internet]. 2005 Jun 29 [cited 2005 Jun 30]; para. 4—5.
Available from: http://www. smh.com.au/.
6.INTERNET DOCUMENTS
STANDARD FORMAT :Author A, Author B. Document title. Webpage name [format].
Source/production information;Date of internet publication [cited year month day]. Available
from: URL.
Lavelle P. mental state of the nation. Health matters [document on the
internet].ABC online;2005 May 19[cited 2005 Jul 1].Available
from:hyyp://abc.net.au/health/features/mentalstate/.
7.WRITING REFERENCE FOR NON -BOOK FORMATS
STANDARD FORMAT: Person AA, Responsibility.Title:subtitle.Special credits.Place of
publication:Publisher, Year.
Podcast
Brown W, Brodie K, & George P. From Lake f3ajk%J to the halfway mark,
Yekaterinburg Peking to Paris: Episode 3 [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney:
ABC Television; 7)07 June 4 [cited Feb 41. Available from
http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparß/ podcast/pekingtc;paris.xml.
Gary, S. Black hole death ray StarStuff [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney: ABC
News Radio; 2007 Dec 23 [cited 2008 Feb 4]. Available from
http://abc.net.au/new
r
sradio/ podcast/ SIARSTUFF.xml.
Microform
Terry KW, Hcwsc;n GS, Rowe MB. Characterisation of inhaled dusts at
minesites [microfiche]. Perth: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of
Western Australia;1998.
12
Video recording
Hillel J, writer. Out of sight out of mind: indigenous people's health in Australia
[Video recording], Bendigo: Video Education Australasia; 2003.
Television programme
Cohen J, reporter. Messing with heads. Four corners [television broadcast].
Australi
n
broadcasting Corporation; 2005 Mar 21.
8. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Conversation
In a conversation with a colleague from the School of Population Health
(Jameson LI 2002, oral communication, 7th August).
Letter
As stated in a letter from B.J. Samuels, MD, in July 2002.
Email
Smith P New/ research projects in gastroenterology [online]. E-mail to
Matthew Hart([email protected]) 2000 Feb 5 [cited 2000 Mar 171.
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION STYLE OF
REFERENCES
1.BOOKS
Single-author book and part of a book
Alverez, A. (1970). The savage god:A study of suicide. New York:Random
House.
Book with two or more authors
Natarajan, R., & Chaturvecli, R. Geo/ogt/ of the (Ocean L'/oor, J Hartford,
CT: Merganser University Press.
Ligon, Nt., Carpenter Is's, Brown, W., & Milsop, A. (198?,), Computers in the
world of business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.
Edition other than first (Republished book)
Creech, l'. J. (2004). Radiolost/ and 1/11' of 1//(! absurd. Boston:
Houghton-Mifflin. (Original work published 1975)
An edited volume (Anthology or reference book)
Stanton, D. C., & Farbman, E. (Eds.). (2003). The female autograph: Theory
and practice of autobiography. Middletown, CT: Ibis Bookstore Press..
Book without author or editor listed
Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. (1961). Springfield, MA: G. & C.
Merriam.
Multivolume work
Nadeau, B. M. & Darling, J. M. (Eds.). (1994—2003). Studies in the history of
cutlery (Vols. 4—6). Utica, NY: Mohican Valley-River Press.
Video recording
Hillel J, writer. Out of sight out of mind: indigenous people's health in Australia
[Video recording], Bendigo: Video Education Australasia; 2003.
Television programme
Cohen J, reporter. Messing with heads. Four corners [television broadcast].
Australi
n
broadcasting Corporation; 2005 Mar 21.
8. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Conversation
In a conversation with a colleague from the School of Population Health
(Jameson LI 2002, oral communication, 7th August).
Letter
As stated in a letter from B.J. Samuels, MD, in July 2002.
Smith P New/ research projects in gastroenterology [online]. E-mail to
Matthew Hart([email protected]) 2000 Feb 5 [cited 2000 Mar 171.
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION STYLE OF
REFERENCES
1.BOOKS
Single-author book and part of a book
Alverez, A. (1970). The savage god:A study of suicide. New York:Random
House.
Book with two or more authors
Natarajan, R., & Chaturvecli, R. Geo/ogt/ of the (Ocean L'/oor, J Hartford,
CT: Merganser University Press.
Ligon, Nt., Carpenter Is's, Brown, W., & Milsop, A. (198?,), Computers in the
world of business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.
Edition other than first (Republished book)
Creech, l'. J. (2004). Radiolost/ and 1/11' of 1//(! absurd. Boston:
Houghton-Mifflin. (Original work published 1975)
An edited volume (Anthology or reference book)
Stanton, D. C., & Farbman, E. (Eds.). (2003). The female autograph: Theory
and practice of autobiography. Middletown, CT: Ibis Bookstore Press..
Book without author or editor listed
Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. (1961). Springfield, MA: G. & C.
Merriam.
Multivolume work
Nadeau, B. M. & Darling, J. M. (Eds.). (1994—2003). Studies in the history of
cutlery (Vols. 4—6). Utica, NY: Mohican Valley-River Press.
13
2.SECONDARY RESOURCES
O'Connor, C. O. & DeLoatch, K. L. (2003). Whatever happened to the
humanities? In I. Rubenzahl (Ed.), Studies in Byzantine Intrigue (pp. 235—
278). Hartford, CT: Merganser University Press.
3.DICTIONARY
Shorter Oxford English dictionary (5th ed.).(2002). New York: Oxford
University Press.
4.DISSERTATION OR DISSERTATION ABSTRACT
Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 4465. (AAD44—8794)
Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver ofdue regard: the poetry ofRichard Wilbur.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
5. SCHOLARLY JOURNAL
Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian
Chronicle Of
a
Death Foretold. Latin American Literary Review, 13, 21—29.
Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian
Chronicle Of a Death Foretold. Latin American Literary Review, 13(3), 21—29.
6.NEWSPAPER ARTICLES, EDITORIALS, LETTERS TO THE
EDITOR
Poirot, C. (2004, March 17). |Al V pmvention pill goes beyond 'morning after'. "The
Hartford Courant”, pp.F1,F6.
7.NON-PRINT RESOURCES
Film
Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary people [Film]. Hollywood: Paramount. The
source is identified in brackets after the title
Film with limited circulation
Holdt, D. (Producer), & Ehlers, E. (Director). (2002). River at High Summer: The
St. Lawrence [Film]. (Available from Merganser Films, Inc., 61 Woodland Street,
Hartford, CT 06105)
Cassette
Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational decision making
[Cassette].
Television programme
Safer, M. (Narrator). (2004). Torture at Abu Ghraib [Television broadcast]. Hartford:
WFSB.
Musical recording
Barber, S. (1995). Cello Sonata. On Barber [CD]. New York: EMI Records Ltd.
2.SECONDARY RESOURCES
O'Connor, C. O. & DeLoatch, K. L. (2003). Whatever happened to the
humanities? In I. Rubenzahl (Ed.), Studies in Byzantine Intrigue (pp. 235—
278). Hartford, CT: Merganser University Press.
3.DICTIONARY
Shorter Oxford English dictionary (5th ed.).(2002). New York: Oxford
University Press.
4.DISSERTATION OR DISSERTATION ABSTRACT
Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 4465. (AAD44—8794)
Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver ofdue regard: the poetry ofRichard Wilbur.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
5. SCHOLARLY JOURNAL
Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian
Chronicle Of
a
Death Foretold. Latin American Literary Review, 13, 21—29.
Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian
Chronicle Of a Death Foretold. Latin American Literary Review, 13(3), 21—29.
6.NEWSPAPER ARTICLES, EDITORIALS, LETTERS TO THE
EDITOR
Poirot, C. (2004, March 17). |Al V pmvention pill goes beyond 'morning after'. "The
Hartford Courant”, pp.F1,F6.
7.NON-PRINT RESOURCES
Film
Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary people [Film]. Hollywood: Paramount. The
source is identified in brackets after the title
Film with limited circulation
Holdt, D. (Producer), & Ehlers, E. (Director). (2002). River at High Summer: The
St. Lawrence [Film]. (Available from Merganser Films, Inc., 61 Woodland Street,
Hartford, CT 06105)
Cassette
Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational decision making
[Cassette].
Television programme
Safer, M. (Narrator). (2004). Torture at Abu Ghraib [Television broadcast]. Hartford:
WFSB.
Musical recording
Barber, S. (1995). Cello Sonata. On Barber [CD]. New York: EMI Records Ltd.
14
8.PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Interview
Wilbur finds himself sometimes surprised by the claims of religiosity made by
contemporaries. (personal letter, March 28, 1977)
Phone conversation
According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel Sugar Cane were
largely autobiographical (personal phone conversation, July 22, 2003).
9. CLASSROOM LECTURE
In an Introduction to Literature lecture at Capital Community College on April 14,
2004, Professor Charles Darling described William Carlos Williams' poem as a
barnyard snapshot (C.W Darling, ENG 102 lecture, April 14, 2004).
10.GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
Report from the Government Printing Office, corporate author
National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Telcoision and behavior: Ten years of
scientific progress (DHHS Publication No. A 82—1195). Washington, DC: US,
Government Printing Office.
11.ELECTRONIC AND ONLINE RESOURCES
Online article
Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. (1993. October 2). Central vein occlusion study
of photocoagulation: Manual of operations [675 paragraphs]. Online Journal of
Current Clinical Trials [On-line serial]. Available: Doc No. 92
Online abstract
You can cite an entire Website within your text, but do not include it in your list of
references, For instance, you could say something incredibly profound you learned
from this
l
/"eb page, and cite the URL at the end of the paragraph
(http://www.ccc.commnet±du/apa/). If a lire break is necessary when you cite a URL,
make the break immediately after a slash mark and carefully avoid the insertion of a
hyphen where none is appropriate.
Electronic database
College and public libraries subscribe to electronic databases, such as EBSCO,
LexisNexis OCLC, Wilson Web, SIRS, etc. There are also online databases, such as
ERIC, Psych INFO), an
d
Public Affairs Information Service (PATS). These
databases contain full-text articles and article abstracts.
8.PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Interview
Wilbur finds himself sometimes surprised by the claims of religiosity made by
contemporaries. (personal letter, March 28, 1977)
Phone conversation
According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel Sugar Cane were
largely autobiographical (personal phone conversation, July 22, 2003).
9. CLASSROOM LECTURE
In an Introduction to Literature lecture at Capital Community College on April 14,
2004, Professor Charles Darling described William Carlos Williams' poem as a
barnyard snapshot (C.W Darling, ENG 102 lecture, April 14, 2004).
10.GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
Report from the Government Printing Office, corporate author
National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Telcoision and behavior: Ten years of
scientific progress (DHHS Publication No. A 82—1195). Washington, DC: US,
Government Printing Office.
11.ELECTRONIC AND ONLINE RESOURCES
Online article
Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. (1993. October 2). Central vein occlusion study
of photocoagulation: Manual of operations [675 paragraphs]. Online Journal of
Current Clinical Trials [On-line serial]. Available: Doc No. 92
Online abstract
You can cite an entire Website within your text, but do not include it in your list of
references, For instance, you could say something incredibly profound you learned
from this
l
/"eb page, and cite the URL at the end of the paragraph
(http://www.ccc.commnet±du/apa/). If a lire break is necessary when you cite a URL,
make the break immediately after a slash mark and carefully avoid the insertion of a
hyphen where none is appropriate.
Electronic database
College and public libraries subscribe to electronic databases, such as EBSCO,
LexisNexis OCLC, Wilson Web, SIRS, etc. There are also online databases, such as
ERIC, Psych INFO), an
d
Public Affairs Information Service (PATS). These
databases contain full-text articles and article abstracts.
15
MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA) FORMAT
Formatting Your Paper
Margins: One-inch on the top, bottom, and sides of each page.
Page Numbering: Use your word processor to create a header that includes your last
name and the page number in the upper right hand corner of the page, one half inch
from the top of the page. Every page has this header.
Title Page: MLA style does not require a title page; instead, the first page of the paper
should begin with four lines, double spaced, indicating: your name, name of the course
instructor, name of the course, and the date.
Spacing: Double-space every line (including long quotes and the citations on the Works
Cited page).
Indenting: Indent the first line of every paragraph five spaces or one tab. Indent long
quotations ten spaces or two tabs.
Font and Typeface: Use a 12-point font in Times New Roman.
In this example from the first page of an MLA-style paper, the student’s name is Sarah Trude,
her instructor is Jason Zevenbergen, and the course is English 120:
Trude 1
Sarah Trude
Jason Zevenbergen
English 120
6 May 2013
Censorship as an Act of Freedom
On September 22, 1995, within the same year that the film titled The Indian in the Cupboard
debuted in the United States, Lynne Reid Banks’ award-winning book of the same title was
banned from the Bemidji, Minnesota school district. I first discovered this case of book
banning on a web page that also describes other cases. The viewer is invited to click on a
buried pumpkin and “harvest” books that have been banned.
Creating the Works Cited Page
Continue the page numbering sequence from the main body of your paper.
Center the words “Works Cited” one inch from the top of the page.
Continue double-spacing.
If the citation takes up more than one line of the page, indent the remaining line(s) one-half
inch from the left margin.
Reverse the name of the author: list the author’s last name followed by a comma and the
author’s first name.
Alphabetize the works you cite by the last name of the author. If there is no known author,
alphabetize by the first word in the title of the work other than A, An, or The.
MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA) FORMAT
Formatting Your Paper
Margins: One-inch on the top, bottom, and sides of each page.
Page Numbering: Use your word processor to create a header that includes your last
name and the page number in the upper right hand corner of the page, one half inch
from the top of the page. Every page has this header.
Title Page: MLA style does not require a title page; instead, the first page of the paper
should begin with four lines, double spaced, indicating: your name, name of the course
instructor, name of the course, and the date.
Spacing: Double-space every line (including long quotes and the citations on the Works
Cited page).
Indenting: Indent the first line of every paragraph five spaces or one tab. Indent long
quotations ten spaces or two tabs.
Font and Typeface: Use a 12-point font in Times New Roman.
In this example from the first page of an MLA-style paper, the student’s name is Sarah Trude,
her instructor is Jason Zevenbergen, and the course is English 120:
Trude 1
Sarah Trude
Jason Zevenbergen
English 120
6 May 2013
Censorship as an Act of Freedom
On September 22, 1995, within the same year that the film titled The Indian in the Cupboard
debuted in the United States, Lynne Reid Banks’ award-winning book of the same title was
banned from the Bemidji, Minnesota school district. I first discovered this case of book
banning on a web page that also describes other cases. The viewer is invited to click on a
buried pumpkin and “harvest” books that have been banned.
Creating the Works Cited Page
Continue the page numbering sequence from the main body of your paper.
Center the words “Works Cited” one inch from the top of the page.
Continue double-spacing.
If the citation takes up more than one line of the page, indent the remaining line(s) one-half
inch from the left margin.
Reverse the name of the author: list the author’s last name followed by a comma and the
author’s first name.
Alphabetize the works you cite by the last name of the author. If there is no known author,
alphabetize by the first word in the title of the work other than A, An, or The.
16
An MLA-style works cited page looks like this:
Johnson 12
Works Cited
“Americans Without Work.” Editorial. New York Times. New York Times, 22 Dec. 2009.
Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
Didion, Joan. “On Going Home.” The Beacon Book of Essays by Contemporary American
Women. Ed. Wendy Martin. Boston: Beacon, 1996. 3-5. Print.
Gould, Elizabeth. “Women Working in Music Education: The War Machine.” Philosophy
of Music Education Review 17.2 (2009): 126-143. Project Muse. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
Gregory, Phillipa. The Other Boleyn Girl: A Novel. New York: Simon, 2001. Print.
Han, Phil. “Jailbreak Fugitive Updates Facebook Page.” CNN.com. Cable News Network,
23 Dec. 2009. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
Stewart, Maria W. “Two Texts on Children and Christian Education.” PMLA 123.1 (2008):
156- 165. Print.
Sample Works Cited Page Entries
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author’s Name. “Title of the Article.” Name of the Journal volume number.issue number
(year): page numbers. Medium of publication.
Stewart, Maria W. “Two Texts on Children and Christian Education.” PMLA 123.1 (2008):
156-165. Print.
A Book by a Single Author
Author’s Name. Title of the Book. City of Publication: Name of the Publisher, year.
Medium of publication.
Gregory, Phillipa. The Other Boleyn Girl: A Novel. New York: Simon, 2001. Print.
An Anthology or a Compilation
Editor’s Name, ed. Title of the Book. City of Publication: Name of the Publisher, year.
Medium of publication.
Martin, Wendy, ed. The Beacon Book of Essays by Contemporary American Women.
Boston: Beacon, 1996. Print.
A Book by Two or More Authors
If the book has two or more authors, list their names in the same order they appear on the title
page of the book. Reverse only the name of the first author.
Author’s Name, and Author’s Name. Title of the Book. City of Publication: Name of the
Publisher, year. Medium of publication.
Witte, Stephen P., and Lester Faigley. Evaluating College Writing Programs. Carbondale:
Southern Illinois UP. Print.
A Work in an Anthology
An MLA-style works cited page looks like this:
Johnson 12
Works Cited
“Americans Without Work.” Editorial. New York Times. New York Times, 22 Dec. 2009.
Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
Didion, Joan. “On Going Home.” The Beacon Book of Essays by Contemporary American
Women. Ed. Wendy Martin. Boston: Beacon, 1996. 3-5. Print.
Gould, Elizabeth. “Women Working in Music Education: The War Machine.” Philosophy
of Music Education Review 17.2 (2009): 126-143. Project Muse. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
Gregory, Phillipa. The Other Boleyn Girl: A Novel. New York: Simon, 2001. Print.
Han, Phil. “Jailbreak Fugitive Updates Facebook Page.” CNN.com. Cable News Network,
23 Dec. 2009. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
Stewart, Maria W. “Two Texts on Children and Christian Education.” PMLA 123.1 (2008):
156- 165. Print.
Sample Works Cited Page Entries
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author’s Name. “Title of the Article.” Name of the Journal volume number.issue number
(year): page numbers. Medium of publication.
Stewart, Maria W. “Two Texts on Children and Christian Education.” PMLA 123.1 (2008):
156-165. Print.
A Book by a Single Author
Author’s Name. Title of the Book. City of Publication: Name of the Publisher, year.
Medium of publication.
Gregory, Phillipa. The Other Boleyn Girl: A Novel. New York: Simon, 2001. Print.
An Anthology or a Compilation
Editor’s Name, ed. Title of the Book. City of Publication: Name of the Publisher, year.
Medium of publication.
Martin, Wendy, ed. The Beacon Book of Essays by Contemporary American Women.
Boston: Beacon, 1996. Print.
A Book by Two or More Authors
If the book has two or more authors, list their names in the same order they appear on the title
page of the book. Reverse only the name of the first author.
Author’s Name, and Author’s Name. Title of the Book. City of Publication: Name of the
Publisher, year. Medium of publication.
Witte, Stephen P., and Lester Faigley. Evaluating College Writing Programs. Carbondale:
Southern Illinois UP. Print.
A Work in an Anthology
17
Author’s Name. “Title of the Part of the Book Being Cited.” Title of the Anthology. Ed.
Editor’s Name. City of Publication: Name of the Publisher, year. Page numbers of the cited
piece. Medium of publication.
Didion, Joan. “On Going Home.” The Beacon Book of Essays by Contemporary American
Women. Ed. Wendy Martin. Boston: Beacon, 1996. 3-5. Print.
A Nonperiodical Web Publication (including web sites sponsored by newspapers,
magazines, and news organizations)
Author’s Name. “Title of the Work.” Title of the Overall Web Site. Publisher or Sponsor of
the Site, Date of publication. Medium of publication. Date of access.
Han, Phil. “Jailbreak Fugitive Updates Facebook Page.” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 23
Dec. 2009. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
A Journal Article in an Online Database
Author’s Name. “Title of the Article.” Name of the Journal volume number. issue number
(year): page numbers. Title of the Database. Medium of publication. Date of access.
Gould, Elizabeth. “Women Working in Music Education: The War Machine.” Philosophy of
Music Education Review 17.2 (2009): 126-143. Project Muse. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
Citing Sources in Your Paper
In your text, you can mention the source in a phrase that introduces the quotation and place the
relevant page number(s) in a parenthetical reference at the end of the paraphrase or quotation,
before the end punctuation:
In “Hunger as Ideology,” Susan Bordo claims that women are inundated with
advertisements in which “food is constructed as a sexual object of desire and eating is
legitimated as much more than a purely nutritive activity” (150).
Alternatively, you can cite both the information source and the page number(s) in a
parenthetical reference at the end of the paraphrase or quotation, before the end punctuation.
We demand images of youth because “sagging flesh is almost the ultimate signifier of
decay and disorder” (Bordo 176).
If the quotation is more than four lines, start a block quotation on a new line and indent it one
inch (two tabs) from the left margin. Do not add quotation marks. The end punctuation is placed
before the parenthetical reference.
Pratt explains how interactions are viewed through the lens of power:
When linguistic (or literate) interaction is described in terms of orderliness,
games, moves, or scripts, usually only legitimate moves are actually named as
part of the system, where legitimacy is defined from the point of view of the
party in authority—regardless of what other parties might see themselves as
doing. (508)
Author’s Name. “Title of the Part of the Book Being Cited.” Title of the Anthology. Ed.
Editor’s Name. City of Publication: Name of the Publisher, year. Page numbers of the cited
piece. Medium of publication.
Didion, Joan. “On Going Home.” The Beacon Book of Essays by Contemporary American
Women. Ed. Wendy Martin. Boston: Beacon, 1996. 3-5. Print.
A Nonperiodical Web Publication (including web sites sponsored by newspapers,
magazines, and news organizations)
Author’s Name. “Title of the Work.” Title of the Overall Web Site. Publisher or Sponsor of
the Site, Date of publication. Medium of publication. Date of access.
Han, Phil. “Jailbreak Fugitive Updates Facebook Page.” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 23
Dec. 2009. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
A Journal Article in an Online Database
Author’s Name. “Title of the Article.” Name of the Journal volume number. issue number
(year): page numbers. Title of the Database. Medium of publication. Date of access.
Gould, Elizabeth. “Women Working in Music Education: The War Machine.” Philosophy of
Music Education Review 17.2 (2009): 126-143. Project Muse. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
Citing Sources in Your Paper
In your text, you can mention the source in a phrase that introduces the quotation and place the
relevant page number(s) in a parenthetical reference at the end of the paraphrase or quotation,
before the end punctuation:
In “Hunger as Ideology,” Susan Bordo claims that women are inundated with
advertisements in which “food is constructed as a sexual object of desire and eating is
legitimated as much more than a purely nutritive activity” (150).
Alternatively, you can cite both the information source and the page number(s) in a
parenthetical reference at the end of the paraphrase or quotation, before the end punctuation.
We demand images of youth because “sagging flesh is almost the ultimate signifier of
decay and disorder” (Bordo 176).
If the quotation is more than four lines, start a block quotation on a new line and indent it one
inch (two tabs) from the left margin. Do not add quotation marks. The end punctuation is placed
before the parenthetical reference.
Pratt explains how interactions are viewed through the lens of power:
When linguistic (or literate) interaction is described in terms of orderliness,
games, moves, or scripts, usually only legitimate moves are actually named as
part of the system, where legitimacy is defined from the point of view of the
party in authority—regardless of what other parties might see themselves as
doing. (508)
18
If a source has two authors, use both last names in the parenthetical reference.
In the end of The Gold Rush, the main character George was able to find his wife even
though she was swept away by the current (Benson and Mumford 26).
If a source has three authors, use the last name of each person listed.
(Murphy, Stay, and Rafoth 22)
If a source has more than three authors, you may cite all authors or use the last name of the
first author followed by “et al.”
(Huang et al. 10)
If a source has no identified author, give the title of the work in your parenthetical reference.
You may use a shortened version of the title as long as it directs the reader to the correct entry
in the works cited page. This example cites information from The Longman Guide to the Web:
(Longman Guide 137)
CHICAGO MANNUAL OF STYLES FORMAT
The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems, the notes-
bibliography style and the author-date style. Because Chicago style is so complex, there are
numerous ways of adapting it to specific uses.
The Two Styles: The notes-bibliography style is preferred by many in literature, history, and
the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often, a bibliography.
The more concise author-date style has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and
social sciences. In this style, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by
author’s last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of
references, where full bibliographic information is provided.
Below are some common examples of materials cited in both styles. Each example is given
first in notes-bibliography style and then in author-date style.
Journal article (Print)
Notes-Bibliography style:
Note: footnote number. First name Last name, “Article Title,” Journal Volume (Year
of Publication): Page
Ex: 8. John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393 (1998): 639.
Bibliography: Last name, First name. “Article Title.”
Ex: Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of Altruism.” Nature 393 (1998): 639–40.
Author-Date Style
In-Text Citation: (Last name Year of Publication, Page)
Ex: (Smith 1998, 639)
Reference List: Last name, First name. Year of Publication. Title of article. Journal Volume:
Pages.
Ex: Smith, John Maynard. 1998. The origin of altruism. Nature 393: 639–40
Book (One author)
Notes-Bibliography Style: Note: footnote number. First name Last name, Title of book (Place
of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
If a source has two authors, use both last names in the parenthetical reference.
In the end of The Gold Rush, the main character George was able to find his wife even
though she was swept away by the current (Benson and Mumford 26).
If a source has three authors, use the last name of each person listed.
(Murphy, Stay, and Rafoth 22)
If a source has more than three authors, you may cite all authors or use the last name of the
first author followed by “et al.”
(Huang et al. 10)
If a source has no identified author, give the title of the work in your parenthetical reference.
You may use a shortened version of the title as long as it directs the reader to the correct entry
in the works cited page. This example cites information from The Longman Guide to the Web:
(Longman Guide 137)
CHICAGO MANNUAL OF STYLES FORMAT
The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems, the notes-
bibliography style and the author-date style. Because Chicago style is so complex, there are
numerous ways of adapting it to specific uses.
The Two Styles: The notes-bibliography style is preferred by many in literature, history, and
the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often, a bibliography.
The more concise author-date style has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and
social sciences. In this style, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by
author’s last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of
references, where full bibliographic information is provided.
Below are some common examples of materials cited in both styles. Each example is given
first in notes-bibliography style and then in author-date style.
Journal article (Print)
Notes-Bibliography style:
Note: footnote number. First name Last name, “Article Title,” Journal Volume (Year
of Publication): Page
Ex: 8. John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393 (1998): 639.
Bibliography: Last name, First name. “Article Title.”
Ex: Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of Altruism.” Nature 393 (1998): 639–40.
Author-Date Style
In-Text Citation: (Last name Year of Publication, Page)
Ex: (Smith 1998, 639)
Reference List: Last name, First name. Year of Publication. Title of article. Journal Volume:
Pages.
Ex: Smith, John Maynard. 1998. The origin of altruism. Nature 393: 639–40
Book (One author)
Notes-Bibliography Style: Note: footnote number. First name Last name, Title of book (Place
of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
19
Ex: 1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1999), 65. Bibliography: Last name, First name. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher,
Year of publication.
Ex: Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1999.
Author-Date Style:
In-Text Citation: (Last name year of publication, page)
Ex: (Doniger 1999, 65)
Reference List: Last name, First name. Year of Publication. Title. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Ex: Doniger, Wendy. 1999. Splitting the difference. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Journal article (Online)
** If an access date is required by your professor, include it parenthetically at the end of the
citation, as in the fourth example below.
Notes-Bibliography style: Note: footnote number. First name Last name, “Title,”
Journal Volume, Number (Year), URL.
Ex: 33. Mark A. Hlatky et al., "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in
Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy," Journal of the American Medical
Association 287, no. 5 (2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org.
Bibliography: Last name, Fist name, First name Last name. “Title of Article.” Journal, page,
number (date of publication), URL.
Ex: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A.
Whooley. "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after
Receiving Hormone Therapy." Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5
(February 6, 2002), http://jama.amaassn.org.
Author-Date Style:
In-Text Citation: (Last name Year)
Ex: (Hlatky et al. 2002)
Reference List: (Last name, First name, First name Last name year. Title of Article. Journal,
page, number (date) URL (date accessed).
Ex: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A.
Whooley. 2002. Quality-of-life and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women after
receiving hormone therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February
6), http://jama.ama-assn.org (accessed January 7, 2004)
Web site
Notes-Bibliography style:
Note: footnote number. Title of Website, “Title of Web Page,” Author, URL.
Ex: 11. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library Strategic
Plan, 2000– 2010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston Public Library,
http://www.epl.org/library.html.
Bibliography: Title of Website. “Title of Web Page.” Author. URL. (date accessed).
Ex: 1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1999), 65. Bibliography: Last name, First name. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher,
Year of publication.
Ex: Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1999.
Author-Date Style:
In-Text Citation: (Last name year of publication, page)
Ex: (Doniger 1999, 65)
Reference List: Last name, First name. Year of Publication. Title. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Ex: Doniger, Wendy. 1999. Splitting the difference. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Journal article (Online)
** If an access date is required by your professor, include it parenthetically at the end of the
citation, as in the fourth example below.
Notes-Bibliography style: Note: footnote number. First name Last name, “Title,”
Journal Volume, Number (Year), URL.
Ex: 33. Mark A. Hlatky et al., "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in
Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy," Journal of the American Medical
Association 287, no. 5 (2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org.
Bibliography: Last name, Fist name, First name Last name. “Title of Article.” Journal, page,
number (date of publication), URL.
Ex: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A.
Whooley. "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after
Receiving Hormone Therapy." Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5
(February 6, 2002), http://jama.amaassn.org.
Author-Date Style:
In-Text Citation: (Last name Year)
Ex: (Hlatky et al. 2002)
Reference List: (Last name, First name, First name Last name year. Title of Article. Journal,
page, number (date) URL (date accessed).
Ex: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A.
Whooley. 2002. Quality-of-life and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women after
receiving hormone therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February
6), http://jama.ama-assn.org (accessed January 7, 2004)
Web site
Notes-Bibliography style:
Note: footnote number. Title of Website, “Title of Web Page,” Author, URL.
Ex: 11. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library Strategic
Plan, 2000– 2010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston Public Library,
http://www.epl.org/library.html.
Bibliography: Title of Website. “Title of Web Page.” Author. URL. (date accessed).
20
Ex: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan,
2000– 2010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library.
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).
Author-Date Style:
In-Text Citation: (Title of Web Page)
Ex: (Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees)
Reference List: (Title of Web site. Title of Article. Author. URL)
Ex: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library strategic plan,
2000–2010: A decade of outreach. Evanston Public Library.
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html.
Chicago Rules Governing the Examples:
General. List the elements that clearly identify the work’s author and title, its publisher,
and date of publication. For online publications, add elements stating where you
retrieved the document and the date accessed, if required.
Punctuation. Periods are generally used between elements in references in
bibliographies and reference lists. A colon separates titles from subtitles, the place of
publication from the publisher name, and volume information from page numbers for
journal articles. Quotation marks are used around article and chapter titles.
Capitalization. In bibliographies and notes, capitalize the first letter of all significant
words in titles and subtitles of works and parts of works such as articles or chapters. In
reference lists, capitalize the first letter of all significant words only in titles of
periodicals, and capitalize only the first letter of the first word (and any proper nouns)
of titles and subtitles of articles, books, and chapters, and corporate authors.
Font. Italicize titles of periodicals and books.
Abbreviations. Use ed. or trans. for “editor” or “edited by” or “translator” or
“translated by.” “University” may be abbreviated to Univ. Months may be abbreviated.
Be consistent throughout your paper with whatever conventions you adopt.
Footnotes and endnotes. Number notes consecutively throughout your paper,
beginning with one. Format is the same for endnotes and footnotes. Endnotes should
follow the body of the paper and recede any appendices and the bibliography.
Authors’ names. In bibliographies and reference lists, only the first author’s last name
is inverted (last name first), First names should usually be provided when available.
List all authors’ names in a bibliography or reference list. In in-text parenthetical
references, list the last names of one to three authors; if more than three, list the first
followed by “et al”. Corporate names as authors are written out.
Publication place. If more than one place is given, the first is generally sufficient. Do
not abbreviate place names. Give the city and stat or country if the city is not well
known for publishing or is ambiguous.
Publisher. Provide the exact publisher name. Common names may be shortened (e.g.,
Scribner, Macmillan).
Publication date. In notes and bibliographies, the date of publication for books and
most published works follows the publisher name. For articles, it is part of the volume
and issue number statement. In reference lists, the year of publication immediately
Ex: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan,
2000– 2010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library.
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).
Author-Date Style:
In-Text Citation: (Title of Web Page)
Ex: (Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees)
Reference List: (Title of Web site. Title of Article. Author. URL)
Ex: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library strategic plan,
2000–2010: A decade of outreach. Evanston Public Library.
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html.
Chicago Rules Governing the Examples:
General. List the elements that clearly identify the work’s author and title, its publisher,
and date of publication. For online publications, add elements stating where you
retrieved the document and the date accessed, if required.
Punctuation. Periods are generally used between elements in references in
bibliographies and reference lists. A colon separates titles from subtitles, the place of
publication from the publisher name, and volume information from page numbers for
journal articles. Quotation marks are used around article and chapter titles.
Capitalization. In bibliographies and notes, capitalize the first letter of all significant
words in titles and subtitles of works and parts of works such as articles or chapters. In
reference lists, capitalize the first letter of all significant words only in titles of
periodicals, and capitalize only the first letter of the first word (and any proper nouns)
of titles and subtitles of articles, books, and chapters, and corporate authors.
Font. Italicize titles of periodicals and books.
Abbreviations. Use ed. or trans. for “editor” or “edited by” or “translator” or
“translated by.” “University” may be abbreviated to Univ. Months may be abbreviated.
Be consistent throughout your paper with whatever conventions you adopt.
Footnotes and endnotes. Number notes consecutively throughout your paper,
beginning with one. Format is the same for endnotes and footnotes. Endnotes should
follow the body of the paper and recede any appendices and the bibliography.
Authors’ names. In bibliographies and reference lists, only the first author’s last name
is inverted (last name first), First names should usually be provided when available.
List all authors’ names in a bibliography or reference list. In in-text parenthetical
references, list the last names of one to three authors; if more than three, list the first
followed by “et al”. Corporate names as authors are written out.
Publication place. If more than one place is given, the first is generally sufficient. Do
not abbreviate place names. Give the city and stat or country if the city is not well
known for publishing or is ambiguous.
Publisher. Provide the exact publisher name. Common names may be shortened (e.g.,
Scribner, Macmillan).
Publication date. In notes and bibliographies, the date of publication for books and
most published works follows the publisher name. For articles, it is part of the volume
and issue number statement. In reference lists, the year of publication immediately
21
follows the name(s) of the author(s). For works with no author or editor, put the title
first and follow it by the year of publication. If there is no date available, state “n.d.”
Volume and Issue Numbers. For periodicals with continuous pagination throughout
a volume, provide only the volume number and year. If issue begins with page 1, follow
the volume number with the issue number identified be “no.” or its name.
Manuscript Format
Below are formatted examples of the “Notes,” “Reference List,” and “Bibliography” pages in
Chicago Style. Use the page that corresponds with your citation selection, not all three.
Connors 4
Notes
1. The Chicago Manual of Style Online, “Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide,” The
University of Chicago,http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/
tools_citationguide.html.
Note Number is
not raised and is followed by a period.
2. University of Chicago
Last name
and title refer to an
earlier note by the same
author.
3. University of Chicago
4. University of Chicago
5. University of Chicago
First line of each note is intended
½’’ (or five spaces)
6. University of California Berkeley Library. “Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations,”
Instructional Services, http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/ guides/chicago-
turabianstyle.pdf
Authors names are not inverted
7. Diana Hacker et al., A Writer’s Reference (Boston: Bedford. 2009) 529-530.
Notes are single spaced, with double
spacing between notes. (some instructors may prefer double spacing throughout)
Above is an example of the notes in the notes-bibliography style represented as end-notes.
This is a stylistic choice (usually dictated by the professor) that would be a replacement for
the bibliography.
follows the name(s) of the author(s). For works with no author or editor, put the title
first and follow it by the year of publication. If there is no date available, state “n.d.”
Volume and Issue Numbers. For periodicals with continuous pagination throughout
a volume, provide only the volume number and year. If issue begins with page 1, follow
the volume number with the issue number identified be “no.” or its name.
Manuscript Format
Below are formatted examples of the “Notes,” “Reference List,” and “Bibliography” pages in
Chicago Style. Use the page that corresponds with your citation selection, not all three.
Connors 4
Notes
1. The Chicago Manual of Style Online, “Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide,” The
University of Chicago,http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/
tools_citationguide.html.
Note Number is
not raised and is followed by a period.
2. University of Chicago
Last name
and title refer to an
earlier note by the same
author.
3. University of Chicago
4. University of Chicago
5. University of Chicago
First line of each note is intended
½’’ (or five spaces)
6. University of California Berkeley Library. “Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations,”
Instructional Services, http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/ guides/chicago-
turabianstyle.pdf
Authors names are not inverted
7. Diana Hacker et al., A Writer’s Reference (Boston: Bedford. 2009) 529-530.
Notes are single spaced, with double
spacing between notes. (some instructors may prefer double spacing throughout)
Above is an example of the notes in the notes-bibliography style represented as end-notes.
This is a stylistic choice (usually dictated by the professor) that would be a replacement for
the bibliography.
22
Connors 4
Bibliography
Entries
are alphabetized by authors’ last names
Hacker, Diana. A Writer’s Reference. Boston: Bedford, 2009.
The University of Chicago “Chicago- Style Citation Quick Guide.” The Chicago Manual of Style
Online. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle. org/tools_citationguide.html.
The University of Chicago. “Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations.” Instructional Services.
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides /chicago-turabianstyle.pdf
First line of entry is at left margin;
Additional lines are indented ½ ‘’
(or give spaces)
Entries are single-spaced,
with double-spacing between
entries. (some instructors may prefer
double-spacing throughout)
Connors 4
References
The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide. The University of Chicago
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools _citationguide.html.
Hacker, Diana. 2009 A Writer’s Reference. Boston: Bedford.
Sentence- style
capitalization
Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations. Univ..of Chicago, Instructional Services. http://www.lib.
berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/chicago- turabianstyle.pdf
Abbreviated
journal titles
For a scientific
work
CONCLUSION
An annotated Bibliography provides a brief account of the available research on a given topic.
It is a list of research sources that includes concise descriptions and evaluations of each source.
The annotation usually contains a brief summary of content and a short analysis or evaluation.
Connors 4
Bibliography
Entries
are alphabetized by authors’ last names
Hacker, Diana. A Writer’s Reference. Boston: Bedford, 2009.
The University of Chicago “Chicago- Style Citation Quick Guide.” The Chicago Manual of Style
Online. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle. org/tools_citationguide.html.
The University of Chicago. “Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations.” Instructional Services.
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides /chicago-turabianstyle.pdf
First line of entry is at left margin;
Additional lines are indented ½ ‘’
(or give spaces)
Entries are single-spaced,
with double-spacing between
entries. (some instructors may prefer
double-spacing throughout)
Connors 4
References
The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide. The University of Chicago
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools _citationguide.html.
Hacker, Diana. 2009 A Writer’s Reference. Boston: Bedford.
Sentence- style
capitalization
Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations. Univ..of Chicago, Instructional Services. http://www.lib.
berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/chicago- turabianstyle.pdf
Abbreviated
journal titles
For a scientific
work
CONCLUSION
An annotated Bibliography provides a brief account of the available research on a given topic.
It is a list of research sources that includes concise descriptions and evaluations of each source.
The annotation usually contains a brief summary of content and a short analysis or evaluation.
23
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Sharma KS. Nursing Research and Statistics. 2
nd
edition. New Delhi: Elsevier;
2014. P.342-354
2. Polit FD, Beck TC. Nursing Research. 10
th
edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2012.
P. 684
Net reference:
https://www.unh.edu/writing/sites/default/files/documents/chicago_manual_of_style_full-
1.pdf
https://und.edu/academics/writing-center/_files/docs/mla-format-and-documentation.pdf
www.scribd.com
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Sharma KS. Nursing Research and Statistics. 2
nd
edition. New Delhi: Elsevier;
2014. P.342-354
2. Polit FD, Beck TC. Nursing Research. 10
th
edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2012.
P. 684
Net reference:
https://www.unh.edu/writing/sites/default/files/documents/chicago_manual_of_style_full-
1.pdf
https://und.edu/academics/writing-center/_files/docs/mla-format-and-documentation.pdf
www.scribd.com
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