Anthracene

for sem-5 pharmacy student

1. Anthracene (Anthraquinone) Anthracene (Anthraquinone)
GlycosidesGlycosides
Anthracene glycosides are oxygenated derivatives of pharmacological Anthracene glycosides are oxygenated derivatives of pharmacological
importance that are used as laxatives or cathartics, anti-inflammatory, importance that are used as laxatives or cathartics, anti-inflammatory,
antibacterial, antifungal and also as natural dyes.antibacterial, antifungal and also as natural dyes.
based on anthracene molecule
1
4
9
10
8
5
Anthraquinone
Reduction
Oxidation
OxanthroneAnthrone
O
O
O
OHH
O
HH
Oxidation
Anthranol
OH
tautomerization
Reduction

2. 22
Anthranols and AnthronesAnthranols and Anthrones
Reduced anthraquinone derivatives.Reduced anthraquinone derivatives.
Occur either freely (aglycones) or as glycosides.Occur either freely (aglycones) or as glycosides.
Isomers.Isomers.
Anthrone:Anthrone: Parent structure (pale yellow, non- Parent structure (pale yellow, non-
soluble in alkali, non-fluorescent)soluble in alkali, non-fluorescent)
Anthronol:Anthronol: brown-yellow, soluble in alkali, brown-yellow, soluble in alkali,
strongly fluorescentstrongly fluorescent
Anthronol derivativesAnthronol derivatives (e.g. in Aloe – have similar (e.g. in Aloe – have similar
properties – fluorescence used for identification)properties – fluorescence used for identification)

3. 33
OxanthronesOxanthrones
Found in Found in CascaraCascara bark bark
Intermediate products (between Intermediate products (between
anthraquinones and anthranols)anthraquinones and anthranols)
When oxidised oxanthrones it form When oxidised oxanthrones it form
anthraquinonesanthraquinones
Oxanthrones are detected by Oxanthrones are detected by Modified Modified
Borntrager’s Test Borntrager’s Test
(oxanthrones oxidised using hydrogen (oxanthrones oxidised using hydrogen
peroxide)peroxide)
oxanthrone

4. DianthronesDianthrones
Derived from 2 anthrone Derived from 2 anthrone
moleculesmolecules
2 molecules may/not be 2 molecules may/not be
identicalidentical
Dianthrones are form easily Dianthrones are form easily
due to mild oxidation of due to mild oxidation of
anthronesanthrones
It form important It form important
aglyconesaglycones
CassiaCassia
RheumRheum
RhamnusRhamnus
44

5. The activity decreases as oxidation level increase.The activity decreases as oxidation level increase.
Forms of Anthracene derivatives in Plants:Forms of Anthracene derivatives in Plants:
Aglycones:Aglycones:
OH OH
CH
3HO
O
O
OH OH
CH
2OH
O
O
OH OH
CH
3
O
O
OH OH
COOH
O
O
Rhein
ChrysophanolEmodin Aloe-emodin

6. Dimeric Anthracene derivatives:Dimeric Anthracene derivatives:
They are derived from two anthracene unites connected by covalent They are derived from two anthracene unites connected by covalent
C-C bond through C-10.C-C bond through C-10.
Homo-Dianthrones:Homo-Dianthrones:
The two anthrone moieties are similar. e.g. Sennidins A&B and their The two anthrone moieties are similar. e.g. Sennidins A&B and their
corresponding glycosides Sennosides A&B. They are all formed of corresponding glycosides Sennosides A&B. They are all formed of
two Rhein monomers. The A group are (l)-form while the B group are two Rhein monomers. The A group are (l)-form while the B group are
meso compounds with zero optical rotation.meso compounds with zero optical rotation.
OR OH
COOH
O
OROH
HOOC
O
H
H
R= H Sennidin A
R= Glc Sennoside A
R= H Sennidin B
R= Glc Sennoside B
=
=
=
=

7. Hetero-Dianthrones:Hetero-Dianthrones:
The two anthrone moieties are different. e.g. Sennidins C&D and their The two anthrone moieties are different. e.g. Sennidins C&D and their
corresponding glycosides Sennosides C&D. They are all formed of corresponding glycosides Sennosides C&D. They are all formed of
one Rhein and one Aloe-emodin monomers. The C group are (l)-form one Rhein and one Aloe-emodin monomers. The C group are (l)-form
while the D group are meso compounds with zero optical rotation.while the D group are meso compounds with zero optical rotation.
OR OH
CH
2OH
O
OROH
HOOC
O
H
H
R= H Sennidin C
R= Glc Sennoside C
R= H Sennidin D
R= Glc Sennoside D
=
=
=
=

8. Glycosides:Glycosides:
O-glycosides:O-glycosides:
e.g. Cascarosides A & B. They are both O- and C-glycosides. Each e.g. Cascarosides A & B. They are both O- and C-glycosides. Each
one contain two sugar unites.one contain two sugar unites.
C-glycosides:C-glycosides:
e.g. Barbaloin it is formed from the removal of one sugar from e.g. Barbaloin it is formed from the removal of one sugar from
Cascarosides.Cascarosides.
O OH
CH
2OH
O
RR
1
Glc
R= Glc, R
1= H Cascaroside A
R= H, R
1= Glc Cascaroside B
OH OH
CH
2OH
O
GlcH

9. Structure-Activity Relationship:Structure-Activity Relationship:
Glycosylation is essential for activity.Glycosylation is essential for activity.
Hydroxylation at C-1 and C-8 is essential for activity.Hydroxylation at C-1 and C-8 is essential for activity.
Oxidation level at C-9 and C-10 is important:Oxidation level at C-9 and C-10 is important:
Highest level of oxidation (anthraquinones) have the lowest Highest level of oxidation (anthraquinones) have the lowest
activity.activity.
Oxanthrones are less active than anthrones.Oxanthrones are less active than anthrones.
Complete reduction of C-9 and C-10 eliminates the activity.Complete reduction of C-9 and C-10 eliminates the activity.
Substitution at C-3 have great impact on activity:Substitution at C-3 have great impact on activity:
CHCH
22OH > CHOH > CH
33 > COOH > COOH

10. 1010
Introduction to AnthraquinonesIntroduction to Anthraquinones
Historically: Rhubarb, Senna, Aloes and Historically: Rhubarb, Senna, Aloes and
Cascara were all used as purgative drugs.Cascara were all used as purgative drugs.
Monocotyledons:Monocotyledons: Only Liliaceae.Only Liliaceae.
Most commonly C-glycoside: barbaloin.Most commonly C-glycoside: barbaloin.
Dicotyledons:Dicotyledons: Rubiaceae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Leguminosae,
Polygonaceae, Rhamnaceae, Ericaceae, Polygonaceae, Rhamnaceae, Ericaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Lythraceae, Saxifragaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lythraceae, Saxifragaceae,
Scrophulariaceae and Verbenacacea. Also in Scrophulariaceae and Verbenacacea. Also in
certain fungi and lichen.certain fungi and lichen.

11. 1111
Reduced derivativesReduced derivatives of anthraquinones of anthraquinones
Oxanthrones, anthranols and anthronesOxanthrones, anthranols and anthrones
Compounds formed by the union of 2 Compounds formed by the union of 2
anthrone moleculesanthrone molecules
DianthronesDianthrones
Aglycones:Aglycones:
Chrysophanol/Chrysophanic acid Chrysophanol/Chrysophanic acid  Rhubarb and Rhubarb and
Senna.Senna.
RheinRhein  Rhubarb and Senna Rhubarb and Senna
Aloe-emodinAloe-emodin  Rhubarb and Senna Rhubarb and Senna
Emodin Emodin  Rhubarb and Cascara Rhubarb and Cascara

12. Senna - LeguminosaeSenna - Leguminosae
1) 1) Consists of the dried Consists of the dried
leaflets of leaflets of CassiaCassia acutifoliaacutifolia
(Alexandrian senna)(Alexandrian senna)

2) ripe fruit (senna pod) of2) ripe fruit (senna pod) of
Cassia acutifoliaCassia acutifolia
3) dried leaflets of 3) dried leaflets of Cassia Cassia
angustifoliaangustifolia (Tinnevelly (Tinnevelly
senna –indian senna).senna –indian senna).
Use:Use: Laxative & purgativeLaxative & purgative
1212

13. Alexandrian sennaAlexandrian senna
Syn.Syn.: Folia senna, Cassia senna, : Folia senna, Cassia senna,
Egyptian senna, Nubian sennaEgyptian senna, Nubian senna
B.S.: B.S.: dried leaflets of dried leaflets of Cassia acutifoliaCassia acutifolia
Delile.Delile.
FamilyFamily: Leguminosae: Leguminosae
G.s.: Indigenous to Africa (tropical G.s.: Indigenous to Africa (tropical
regions), Sudan, middle and nile regions), Sudan, middle and nile
territoriesterritories
Used since 9Used since 9
thth
and 10 and 10
thth
century century
Itroduced into medicine by Arab Itroduced into medicine by Arab
physicians (used both the leaves and physicians (used both the leaves and
pods)pods)
Exported by Alexandria – name of the Exported by Alexandria – name of the
Sudanese drug.Sudanese drug.
1313

14. MorphologyMorphology
Color:Color: pale grayish green pale grayish green
Odour: Odour: Slight & characteristicSlight & characteristic
Taste:Taste: Slight bitter & mucilagenous Slight bitter & mucilagenous
Shape:Shape: Ovate lanceolate, entire margin, uneven base, acute Ovate lanceolate, entire margin, uneven base, acute
apex, lamina pubesent.apex, lamina pubesent.
Size:Size: 20mm-40mm long & 7mm-12mm wide. 20mm-40mm long & 7mm-12mm wide.

15. Cultivation & collectionCultivation & collection
It is small shrub up to 2 mt. height.It is small shrub up to 2 mt. height.
Obtained from cultivated & wild zone.Obtained from cultivated & wild zone.
Collected inCollected in SeptemberSeptember
Whole branches bearing leaves are dried in the Whole branches bearing leaves are dried in the
sun.sun.
Pods and large stalks are separated with Pods and large stalks are separated with
sieves.sieves.
Leaves are graded (whole leaves and half-leave Leaves are graded (whole leaves and half-leave
mix, siftings).mix, siftings).
Whole leaves – sold to publicWhole leaves – sold to public
Rest – used for galenicals (herbal remidies).Rest – used for galenicals (herbal remidies).
1515

16. 1616
Senna – chemical ConstituentsSenna – chemical Constituents
Senna consist four types of glycosidesSenna consist four types of glycosides: :
Sennoside ASennoside A
Sennoside BSennoside B
Sennoside CSennoside C
Sennoside DSennoside D
In their active costituents are sennoside A, sennosides BIn their active costituents are sennoside A, sennosides B
 Upon hydrolysis of sennosides it gives two molecules Upon hydrolysis of sennosides it gives two molecules
glucose+aglycones: Sennidin A and Sennidin B. glucose+aglycones: Sennidin A and Sennidin B. Rhein Rhein
8-glucosides, Rhein 8-diglucosides8-glucosides, Rhein 8-diglucosides
Aloe-emodinAloe-emodin
Crysophenic acid, myricyl alcohol, resinCrysophenic acid, myricyl alcohol, resin
Tinnevellin glycoside(indian senna), 6-hydroxy mucizin Tinnevellin glycoside(indian senna), 6-hydroxy mucizin
glucosideglucoside

17. Chemical constituents:Chemical constituents:
(i) 1 and 1,8 ‘O’ glucosides (i) 1 and 1,8 ‘O’ glucosides
= 1= 1
stst
series glycosides series glycosides
aglycones: rhein, aloe emodinaglycones: rhein, aloe emodin
(ii) dimeric dianthrones(ii) dimeric dianthrones
= 2= 2
ndnd
series series
reduced productsreduced products
dimer can be split into two parts with FeCl
3

hydrolysis and monomer aglycones assayed for

18. Indian SennaIndian Senna
Syn.Syn.: Cassia leaf, Sonmukhi, senai-ki-patti, bhumiari: Cassia leaf, Sonmukhi, senai-ki-patti, bhumiari
B.S.: B.S.: dried leaflets of Cassia angustifolia Vahl.
FamilyFamily: Leguminosae: Leguminosae
G.S.: G.S.: South India, Tinneveley & Ramanathpurum district, South India, Tinneveley & Ramanathpurum district,
PakistanPakistan
Morphology:Morphology:
Color: yellowish green
Odour: Slight & characteristic
Taste: Bitter & mucilagenous
Shape: lanceolate to ovate lanceolate,
entire margin, uneven base, acute apex,
lamina pubesent.
Size: 2.5 cm-6 cm long & 5mm-8mm wide.

19. Cultivation & collectionCultivation & collection
It is small shrub up to 1-1.5 mt. height. Twice a year & after It is small shrub up to 1-1.5 mt. height. Twice a year & after
paddy crops.paddy crops.
Soil required is sandy loamy, coarse gravelly, loamy soil Soil required is sandy loamy, coarse gravelly, loamy soil
which well ploughed, leveled & semi-irrigated. which well ploughed, leveled & semi-irrigated.
Seeds sawn in Seeds sawn in October & FebruaryOctober & February. Within . Within 2-3 months 2-3 months plant plant
are ready for are ready for collectioncollection..
Leaflets are collected by hand before flowring. Dried in shade Leaflets are collected by hand before flowring. Dried in shade
to maintain natural green color.to maintain natural green color.
11
stst
stage: leaflet are greenish in color & thick stage: leaflet are greenish in color & thick
22
ndnd
stage: harvesting is done after 30 days of 1 stage: harvesting is done after 30 days of 1
stst
stage stage
33
rdrd
stage: plant are uprooted stage: plant are uprooted
Packing: Packing: in bales with pressure that cause oblique impressions in bales with pressure that cause oblique impressions
in leaves. it remain less brittle and in good condition.in leaves. it remain less brittle and in good condition.
Fresh:Fresh: anthron, dried at 20-50◦ - dianthron, above 50◦ - anthron, dried at 20-50◦ - dianthron, above 50◦ -
anthraquinoneanthraquinone
1919

20. 2020

21. Comparison of Comparison of
Alexandrian and Tinnevelly SennaAlexandrian and Tinnevelly Senna
 MacroscopicalMacroscopical
larger than 4 cm in larger than 4 cm in
lengthlength
Grey-green Grey-green
Asymmetric at baseAsymmetric at base
Broken and curled at Broken and curled at
edgesedges
Few press markingsFew press markings
 MacroscopicalMacroscopical
exceeds 5cm in lengthexceeds 5cm in length
Yellow-greenYellow-green
Less asymmetric at Less asymmetric at
basebase
broken and normally broken and normally
flatflat
Often shows Often shows
impressions (mid vein)impressions (mid vein)
2121

22. Comparison between Comparison between
Alexandrian and Tinnevelly SennaAlexandrian and Tinnevelly Senna
MicroscopicalMicroscopical
Hairs – numerous Hairs – numerous
(approximately three (approximately three
epidermal cells apart)epidermal cells apart)
Most stomata have Most stomata have
two subsidiary cellstwo subsidiary cells
MicroscopicalMicroscopical
Hairs less numerous Hairs less numerous
(approximately six (approximately six
epidermal cells apart)epidermal cells apart)
Stomata have 2-3 Stomata have 2-3
subsidiary cells with subsidiary cells with
the respective ratio 7:3the respective ratio 7:3
2222

23. Comparison between Comparison between
Alexandrian and Tinnevelly SennaAlexandrian and Tinnevelly Senna
Chemical TestsChemical Tests
Ether extract of Ether extract of
hydrolysed acid hydrolysed acid
solution of herb with solution of herb with
methanolic methanolic
magnesioum acetate magnesioum acetate
solution givessolution gives
Pink colour in Pink colour in
daylightdaylight
 Pale green-orange Pale green-orange
colour in filtered UV colour in filtered UV
lightlight
TLCTLC
Hydroxymusizin Hydroxymusizin
glycoside presentglycoside present
Chemical TestsChemical Tests
Same TestSame Test
Orange colour in Orange colour in
daylightdaylight
Yellow-green colour Yellow-green colour
in filtered UV lightin filtered UV light
TLCTLC
Tinnevellin glycoside Tinnevellin glycoside
presentpresent
2323

24. Senna – Allied Drugs &Senna – Allied Drugs & SubstitutesSubstitutes
1.1.Bombay, Mecca and Arabian Sennas (found in Bombay, Mecca and Arabian Sennas (found in Cassia Cassia
angustifoliaangustifolia from Arabia). from Arabia).
2.2.Palthe senna( Palthe senna( Cassia Auriculata)Cassia Auriculata)
3.3.Dog senna – Dog senna – Cassia obovataCassia obovata
4.4.Cassia podocarpaCassia podocarpa
5.5.Argel leaves – Solenostemma argelArgel leaves – Solenostemma argel
6.6.Coriario myrtifoliaCoriario myrtifolia
2424

25. Senna FruitSenna Fruit
Definition:Definition: Senna Senna
podspods are the dried, are the dried,
ripe fruits of ripe fruits of Cassia Cassia
sennasenna and and Cassia Cassia
angustifoliaangustifolia, which , which
are commercially are commercially
known as Alexandrian known as Alexandrian
and Tinnevelly senna and Tinnevelly senna
pods respectively. pods respectively.
Both have separate Both have separate
monographsmonographs
2525

26. Senna Fruit - CollectionSenna Fruit - Collection
Pods are collected with Pods are collected with
the leaves and dried in the leaves and dried in
a similar fashion. a similar fashion.
After separation of the After separation of the
leaves, the pods are leaves, the pods are
hand-picked into hand-picked into
various qualities, the various qualities, the
finer being sold finer being sold
(commercially), while (commercially), while
the finer pieces are the finer pieces are
used to make used to make
galenicals.galenicals.
2626

27. Senna Fruit - ConstituentsSenna Fruit - Constituents
Active constituents Active constituents
are found in the are found in the
pericarp.pericarp.
Similar to those Similar to those
actives of the leavesactives of the leaves
Sennoside ASennoside A
SennidinSennidin
2727

28. Senna – Additional usesSenna – Additional uses
Medicinal ActionsMedicinal Actions
Vermifuge, diuretic, Vermifuge, diuretic,
febrifugefebrifuge
Other uses:Other uses: laxative laxative
candy (bitter taste). candy (bitter taste).
Also used to treat Also used to treat
flatulence, gout, fever.flatulence, gout, fever.
Topically:Topically: poultice poultice
prepared with vinegar to prepared with vinegar to
treat pimples.treat pimples.
NOTE: Senna may NOTE: Senna may
cause urine to become cause urine to become
reddish – no clinical reddish – no clinical
significancesignificance..
Contra-indicationsContra-indications
Gout, colitis, GI Gout, colitis, GI
inflammation.inflammation.
Should not be used with Should not be used with cardiac cardiac
glycosides.glycosides.
Seeds/pods Seeds/pods give gentler action give gentler action
than leaves: more appropriate for than leaves: more appropriate for
the young, elderly and those the young, elderly and those
prone to stomach cramps.prone to stomach cramps.
NB:NB: Over-use causes Over-use causes
dependency.dependency.
Overdose: nausea, bloody Overdose: nausea, bloody
diarrhoea, vomiting and nephritis. diarrhoea, vomiting and nephritis.

Long-term use: dehydration & Long-term use: dehydration &
electrolyte depletion, worsening electrolyte depletion, worsening
constipation and weakening constipation and weakening
intestinal muscles.intestinal muscles.
2828

29. Some Drugs containing Anthracene derivatives:Some Drugs containing Anthracene derivatives:
SennaSenna::
Leaves and pods contain Sennosides A-D.Leaves and pods contain Sennosides A-D.
The C-C bond protect the anthrone from oxidation.The C-C bond protect the anthrone from oxidation.

30. Chemical test:Chemical test:
Borntrager’s and Modified Borntrager’s test:Borntrager’s and Modified Borntrager’s test:
For Aglycones:For Aglycones:
Extract plant material with organic solvent.Extract plant material with organic solvent.
Shake with NHShake with NH
44OH OR KOH.OH OR KOH.
For O-Glycosides:For O-Glycosides:
Boil plant material with dil. HCl for 10 min, filter and shake with Boil plant material with dil. HCl for 10 min, filter and shake with
organic solvent (Ether or Benzene).organic solvent (Ether or Benzene).
Separate the organic solvent.Separate the organic solvent.
Shake with NHShake with NH
44OH OR KOH.OH OR KOH.
For C-Glycosides:For C-Glycosides:
Boil plant material with dil. HCl/FeClBoil plant material with dil. HCl/FeCl
33, filter and shake with , filter and shake with
organic solvent (Ether or Benzene).organic solvent (Ether or Benzene).
Separate the organic solvent.Separate the organic solvent.
Shake with NHShake with NH
44OH OR KOH.OH OR KOH.

Positive result indicated by Positive result indicated by Rose Red colourRose Red colour in in
the aqueous alkaline layer.the aqueous alkaline layer.

31. CascaraCascara
Syn: Sacred bark, cortex rhamni, Californian buckthron, cascara Syn: Sacred bark, cortex rhamni, Californian buckthron, cascara
sagrada sagrada
B.S.; B.S.; Rhamnus pershiana Rhamnus pershiana
Family:Family: RhamnaceaeRhamnaceae
G.S.: N.Colifornia, columbia, canada, KenyaG.S.: N.Colifornia, columbia, canada, Kenya
Morphology:Morphology:
Color: outer surface: dark purple to brown (lichens & moss)Color: outer surface: dark purple to brown (lichens & moss)
Inner surface: yellow to reddish brownInner surface: yellow to reddish brown
Odour: cherectericticOdour: cherecterictic
Taste: bitterTaste: bitter
Shape: Single squill, curved or channelShape: Single squill, curved or channel
Size: 5-20 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, 1.2-4 mm thickSize: 5-20 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, 1.2-4 mm thick

32. C&C: Cascaroside A,B,C,DC&C: Cascaroside A,B,C,D
Use: bark extractUse: bark extract
collected, dried and stored for 12 months (↓ anthraquinone collected, dried and stored for 12 months (↓ anthraquinone
content -> less toxic)content -> less toxic)
more violent purgativemore violent purgative
griping actiongriping action
harder to eliminateharder to eliminate
UseUse: night before to clear bowels for x-rays.: night before to clear bowels for x-rays.
Larg dose use as cathartic.Larg dose use as cathartic.

33. Chemical constituents:Chemical constituents:
(i) 4 primary glycosides(i) 4 primary glycosides
O- and C- linkagesO- and C- linkages
(ii) C-glycosides - two aloins(ii) C-glycosides - two aloins
barbaloin – derived from aloe-emodinbarbaloin – derived from aloe-emodin
chrysaloin – derived from chrysophanolchrysaloin – derived from chrysophanol
(iii) a number of O-glycosides(iii) a number of O-glycosides
derived from emodin oxanthrone, aloe-emodin, chrysophanolderived from emodin oxanthrone, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol
(iv) various dianthrones(iv) various dianthrones
incl. emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, herterodianthrones palmidin A incl. emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, herterodianthrones palmidin A
B CB C
(v) aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin in free state(v) aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin in free state
To get aglycones FeCl
3
To get aloins oxidise with acid

34. RhubarbRhubarb
Syn.: Rheum, Radix rhei, da huangSyn.: Rheum, Radix rhei, da huang
B.S.: Peeled & dried rhizomes , root of B.S.: Peeled & dried rhizomes , root of Rheum officinaleRheum officinale
Bail., Bail., R.palmetum LR.palmetum L., ., R.rhaponticumR.rhaponticum Willd (chinese) Willd (chinese)
R.emodiR.emodi Wall., Wall., R. webbianum R. webbianum Royale (Indian)Royale (Indian)
Family: PolygonaceaeFamily: Polygonaceae
G.S.: Tibet to south east china, germany, south europe, G.S.: Tibet to south east china, germany, south europe,
kashmir, kullu, Sikkim, UP, panjab, nepalkashmir, kullu, Sikkim, UP, panjab, nepal

35. MorphologyMorphology
Color:Color: fresh surface after cut pink to dull grey in day fresh surface after cut pink to dull grey in day
light & reddish brown Ulight & reddish brown UVV
Odour:Odour: CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Taste:Taste: Bitter, gritty, astringentBitter, gritty, astringent
Size:Size: 8-10 cm in length, 3-4 cm thick 8-10 cm in length, 3-4 cm thick
C.C.C.C.:: rhein, glucorhein, emodin, aloe emodin and rhein, glucorhein, emodin, aloe emodin and
chrysophenolchrysophenol
Palmidin A, B, CPalmidin A, B, C
Rheinoside A,B,C,DRheinoside A,B,C,D

36. USEUSE
Bitter, stomachic, laxative, purgative, diarrhoea, Bitter, stomachic, laxative, purgative, diarrhoea,
eczema, psoriasiseczema, psoriasis
ADULTRANTSADULTRANTS
Rheum rhaponticum, Rheum rhaponticum,
R. undulatumR. undulatum
R.copactumR.copactum
Japanese rhubarbJapanese rhubarb

37. ALOEALOE
Syn.: Kumari, musabar, korphad, Gheekunwar, Ghrit Syn.: Kumari, musabar, korphad, Gheekunwar, Ghrit
kumarakumara
B.S.: dried juce of leaves of B.S.: dried juce of leaves of Aloe barbadensis Aloe barbadensis Miller( Miller(
Curacao Aloe), Curacao Aloe), Aloe perryiAloe perryi Baker (Socotrine aloe), Baker (Socotrine aloe),
Aloe ferox Aloe ferox Miller., Miller., Aloe spicata Aloe spicata Baker (Cape Aloe)Baker (Cape Aloe)
Family: LiliaceaeFamily: Liliaceae
G.S.: Estern & southern Africa, west Indies, India, G.S.: Estern & southern Africa, west Indies, India,
western region.western region.

38. Aloe perryi, barbadensis, feroxAloe perryi, barbadensis, ferox

39. CultivationCultivation
Sandy, lomy, well drained soil.Sandy, lomy, well drained soil.
Acidic, Basic, Neutral.Acidic, Basic, Neutral.
Grow in dry climate condition. It is xerophytic plant.Grow in dry climate condition. It is xerophytic plant.
Propagated by seed, sawn in spring, germinate in 1-6 Propagated by seed, sawn in spring, germinate in 1-6
mnths at 16 degree C. then transferred in pot.mnths at 16 degree C. then transferred in pot.
Offsets & suckers are available in spring.Offsets & suckers are available in spring.
Suckers planted in raw 50 cm in rainy season.Suckers planted in raw 50 cm in rainy season.
22
ndnd
year harvesting is started upto next 12 year. year harvesting is started upto next 12 year.
After that plant are uprooted.After that plant are uprooted.
Aloitic juice collected after cutting leaves.Aloitic juice collected after cutting leaves.

40. Aloe - LiliaceaeAloe - Liliaceae
Definition:Definition: Aloes are the Aloes are the
solid residue obtained by solid residue obtained by
evaporating the liquid which evaporating the liquid which
drains from the transversely drains from the transversely
cut leaves of various cut leaves of various AloeAloe
species. species.
 The juice is usually The juice is usually
concentrated by boiling and concentrated by boiling and
solidifies on cooling. solidifies on cooling.
Official varieties are the Official varieties are the
Cape Aloes from SA and Cape Aloes from SA and
Kenya (Kenya (Aloe feroxAloe ferox), and the ), and the
Curacao Aloes from West Curacao Aloes from West
Indies (Indies (Aloe barbadensisAloe barbadensis).).
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41. 4141
Preparation of Cape AloesPreparation of Cape Aloes
Cape Aloes are prepared from the wild plants Cape Aloes are prepared from the wild plants of Aloe of Aloe
feroxferox..
Leaves are cut transversely near the base.Leaves are cut transversely near the base.
Two hundred leaves arranged around a shallow hole in Two hundred leaves arranged around a shallow hole in
the ground (lined with canvas or goatskin).the ground (lined with canvas or goatskin).
Cut ends overlap & drain into the canvas.Cut ends overlap & drain into the canvas.
After 6hrs all the juice is collected.After 6hrs all the juice is collected.
Transferred to a drum.Transferred to a drum.
Boiled for 4hrs on an open fire.Boiled for 4hrs on an open fire.
Poured into tins while hot Poured into tins while hot  solidifies. solidifies.

42. Preparation of Cape AloesPreparation of Cape Aloes
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43. Cape Aloes - CharacteristicsCape Aloes - Characteristics
Dark brown or Green-Dark brown or Green-
brownbrown
Glassy massesGlassy masses
Thin fragments have Thin fragments have
a deep olive coloura deep olive colour
Semi-transparent.Semi-transparent.
4343

44. Cape Aloes - CharacteristicsCape Aloes - Characteristics
Powder: green-yellowPowder: green-yellow
 When rubbed two pieces When rubbed two pieces
of drug together – powder is of drug together – powder is
found on the surfaces.found on the surfaces.
Characteristic sour odour Characteristic sour odour
(rhubarb/apple-tart odour).(rhubarb/apple-tart odour).
Taste: nauseous and bitter.Taste: nauseous and bitter.
Microscopy: powder in Microscopy: powder in
lactophenol – amorphous.lactophenol – amorphous.
4444

45. Characteristics of Curacao AloesCharacteristics of Curacao Aloes
Colour: yellow-brown – chocolate brown.Colour: yellow-brown – chocolate brown.
Cut at base, V shaped container of wood 1-2 m long with Cut at base, V shaped container of wood 1-2 m long with
cut surface towards container. cut surface towards container.
Poor qualities (overheated) black colour.Poor qualities (overheated) black colour.
Opaque Opaque
Breaks with a waxy factureBreaks with a waxy facture
Semi-transparentSemi-transparent
More opaque on keeping.More opaque on keeping.
Nauseous and bitter taste.Nauseous and bitter taste.
Thick hot juice taken completely in copper(metal) pan till it Thick hot juice taken completely in copper(metal) pan till it
become thick (hard)become thick (hard)
4545

46. Socotrine aloeSocotrine aloe
Juice collected on goat skin and allow to dry for long Juice collected on goat skin and allow to dry for long
time without heating or boliling.time without heating or boliling.
It forms viscous pasty mass which is filled in It forms viscous pasty mass which is filled in
container of wood.container of wood.
Zinzibar aloeZinzibar aloe
Same as aboveSame as above
Also called monkey skin aloe.Also called monkey skin aloe.

47. Aloes - ConstituentsAloes - Constituents
C-glycosidesC-glycosides
ResinsResins
GlycosidesGlycosides
AloinAloin
BarbaloinBarbaloin
IsobarbaloinIsobarbaloin
Aloe-emodinAloe-emodin
Cape Aloes:Cape Aloes: Also Contain Also Contain
Aloinoside AAloinoside A & & Aloinoside BAloinoside B
(O-glycosides of (O-glycosides of
barbaloin)barbaloin)
4747

48. 4848
AloeAloe - Constituents - Constituents

49. Aloe Constituents & Chemical Aloe Constituents & Chemical
Tests: Tests:
Unlike C-glycosides, O-glycosides Unlike C-glycosides, O-glycosides
of of AloeAloe are not hydrolysed by are not hydrolysed by
heating with dilute acids or alkali.heating with dilute acids or alkali.
Can be decomposed with ferric Can be decomposed with ferric
chloride & dilute HCl - chloride & dilute HCl - NBNB: : Modified Modified
Borntrager’s TestBorntrager’s Test – oxidative – oxidative
hydrolysis. Anthraquinones give a hydrolysis. Anthraquinones give a
redred colour when shaken with dilute colour when shaken with dilute
ammonia.ammonia.
NB:NB: All Aloes give a strong All Aloes give a strong green green
fluorescencefluorescence with borax with borax
(characteristic of anthranols) - (characteristic of anthranols) -
General test for aloes.General test for aloes.
4949

50. AloeAloe - Uses - Uses
Purgative, abortification, Purgative, abortification,
emolient, stomachic, emolient, stomachic,
stimulant & tonic.stimulant & tonic.
Used in solar, tharmal, Used in solar, tharmal,
radiation burns, in skin radiation burns, in skin
irritationirritation
CosmeticCosmetic
5050

51. Aloe – Additional usesAloe – Additional uses
Medicinal Uses:Medicinal Uses:
Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal,
chologoge, emmenogogue, chologoge, emmenogogue,
anti-inflammatory (juice), anti-inflammatory (juice),
anti-inflammatory , anti-inflammatory ,
demulcent, vulnerary, demulcent, vulnerary,
immune-stimulating (gel).immune-stimulating (gel).
Radiation burnsRadiation burns (internal and (internal and
external use)external use)
Contra-indicationsContra-indications
Pregnancy & lactation Pregnancy & lactation
(internal uses)(internal uses)
EtymologyEtymology
Name derives from Arabic Name derives from Arabic
alu, alu, meaning shiny or bitter meaning shiny or bitter
in reference to the gel.in reference to the gel.
Other usesOther uses
Khoi-San hunters rub gel Khoi-San hunters rub gel
on their bodies to reduce on their bodies to reduce
sweating and mask their sweating and mask their
scent.scent.
Used to break nail-biting Used to break nail-biting
habit.habit.
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52. Aloe vera ProductsAloe vera Products
These are derived from These are derived from
the mucilage gel – the mucilage gel –
parenchyma cellsparenchyma cells
Should not be confused Should not be confused
with aloes (juice of with aloes (juice of
pericycle – juice used for pericycle – juice used for
laxative effect).laxative effect).
Cosmetic industry Cosmetic industry
(usefulness often (usefulness often
exaggerated) - Used as exaggerated) - Used as
suntan lotions, tonics and suntan lotions, tonics and
food additives.food additives.
Mucilage = Mucilage =
polysaccharide of polysaccharide of
glucomannans and pectinglucomannans and pectin
5252