Anthropology

SOC SCI

1. GROUP 1 BSMLS 2B ANTHROPOLOGY Mamangon , Louis Marisse N. Juan Carlo Martinez Jhoanne Masangkay

2.  I s the scientific study of the origins of humans, how we have changed over the years, and how we relate to each other, both within our own culture and with people from other cultures . Anthropology is A rts and Science. ANTHROPOLOGY The term originates from two words in Greek: Anthropos meaning “man” as in “human being” logos meaning “study”.

3. KEY CONCEPTS Society and Culture Culture and society are intricately related. A culture consists of the “objects” of a society, whereas a society consists of the people who share a common culture. When the terms culture and society first acquired their current meanings, most people in the world worked and lived in small groups in the same locale Evolution Most anthropologists also believe that an evolution is the natural process by which new and more complex organisms develop over time.

4. There are four main subdivisions (areas) in the study of Anthropology: Physical Anthropology Archeology Cultural Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology

5. Physical Anthropology Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned with thebiological  and behavioral aspects of human beings, their related non-human primates and their extinct hominin ancestors . P hysical anthropologists focus on the evolution of human anatomy and physiology, rather than culture.

6. Archaeology is the study of the ancient and recent human past through material remains. It is a subfield of anthropology, the study of all human culture Archaeology offers a unique perspective on human history and culture. Archaeology

7. Cultural anthropology is a branch of  anthropology  focused on the study of  cultural variation among humans and is in contrast to  social anthrology which perceives cultural variation as a subset of the anthropological constant. Cultural Anthropology Cultural anthropologists study such topics as how people make their living, how people interact with each other, what beliefs people hold, and what institution organize people in the society

8. It seeks to understand human language, written and non-written, spoken and non-verbal. The study of how languages change over time is termed historical linguistics. Explores how language shapes communication, forms social identity and group membership, organizes large-scale cultural beliefs and ideologies, and develops a common cultural representation of natural and social worlds. Linguistic Anthropology

9. Other social sciences Sociology – anthropology involves the study of human society and culture. Human Psychology – anthropology also examines certain aspects of human psychology. Anthropology studies how people become enculturated – shaped by their culture as they grow up in a particular society. History – the term history refers only to periods of time after the invention of writing. Anthropologist often study historical documents to learn more about the past of living people. Economics and Political – anthropologist focus on how aspects of ecomics and politics relate to other aspects of culture, such as important rituals.

10. HISTORY

11. Evolutionary Theory The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring.  Charles Robert Darwin, FRS FRGS FLS FZS was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution Beginnings of Modern Anthropology

12. Anthropological Evolutionary Theories E dward Burnett Tylor  (2 October 1832 – 2 January 1917) was an English  anthropologists, the founder of cultural anthropology . Tylor is representative of cultural evolutionism. In his works Primitive Culture and Anthropology, he defined the context of the scientific study of anthropology, based on the evolutionary theories of Charles Lyell. He believed that there was a functional basis for the development of society and religion, which he determined was universal. 

13. NEW DIRECTIONS IN THEORY AND RESEARCH

14. Franz Boas Born : 9-Jul-1858, Birthplace : Minden, Germany, Died : 22-Dec-1942 Studied and widely collected information on race, linguistics, art, dance, and archaeology. From these studies he developed his theory of relativism, debunking the prevailing beliefs that Western Civilization is superior to less complex societies . THE INFLUENCE OF BOAS

15. Margaret Mead Born: December 16, 1901 , Birthplace: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , Died: November 15, 1978 Proposed that culture and gender roles play just as strong a role as biology in influencing adolescent behavior— Much of her research was completed via participation/observation in Samoa and New Guinea published Coming of Age in Samoa presented the idea that the individual experience of developmental stages could be shaped by cultural demands and expectations

16. Functionalism Emile Durkheim O ne of the fathers of sociology, utilized scientific methods to approach the study of society and social groups. His work influenced the school of anthropology known as functionalism. Durkheim believed that individuals should be considered within the context of the society in which they live.

17. structuralism Claude Levi-Strauss French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss based his understanding of culture on studies of people’s languages and recurring patterns of thought and behavior. His cultural theories are associated with the anthropological movement known as structuralism.

18. Cultural materialism and cultural ecology In the 1960s, American anthropologists such as Julian Steward, Roy Rappaport, Marvin Harris began to study how culture and social institutions relate to a people’s technology, economy, and natural environment. All of these factors together define a people’s patterns of substinence -how they feed, clothe, shelter, and otherwise provide for themselves Julian Steward Roy Rappaport Marvin Harris

19. SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY In the 1970s many anthropologists, including American ethnologist Clifford Geertz and British ethnologists Victor Turner, moved away from ecological and economic explanations of people’s cultures. Instead, these anthropologists looked for the meanings of particular cultural symbols snd rituals within cultures themselves, an approach known as symbolic anthropology Clifford Geertz Victor Turner

20. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology http://www.dictionary.com/browse/anthropology https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/courses-listing/archaeology-and-anthropology?wssl=1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropology http:// www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Anthropology/notes/relationships-with-other-disciplines.html https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMFsgPy1H5M https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_anthropology REFERENCES: