Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by the Green Method Using Rhus coriaria L. Extract Against Oral Pathogenic Microorganisms.pptx

A information about silver nano particles

1. Dr. N.G.P. ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE Coimbatore – 641 048 | Tamil Nadu | India By G.Aanadha kumar Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by the Green Method Using Rhus coriaria L. Extract Against Oral Pathogenic Microorganisms J.M.Anusree Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA Under the guidance of Dr.Devakumar

2. Introduction Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA Oral health has an impact on the quality of life since it can affect nutrition, speech, and facial esthetics. According to the World Health Organization, oral health is part of general health. Dental caries and periodontitis are among the most common oral diseases in Asia. Cariogenic bacteria that play a role in the destruction of tooth structure include Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sobrnus (S. sobrinus) etc. Antimicrobial agents have been suggested as a simple, low-cost strategy for the prevention of oral diseases like Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the gold-standard chemical agent for plaque control. However, several complications have been reported following its extensive use. Considering the global demand for new, easily available, cost-effective, and efficient antimicrobial agents with maximum efficacy and minimal complications, the focus was directed to herbal products. In this regard, nano-drugs were introduced and soon gained popularity due to higher substantivity, targeted tissue delivery, and fewer side effects Recently, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been increasingly used as antibacterial agents.

3. Objectives Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA The piper betel leaves were collected randomly from Chinnavedampatti. Preparation and extraction of secondary metabolites from betel leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the piper betel leaf extracts. Antimicrobial analysis of the betel leaf extract. Formulation of herbal mouthwash using the extract of betel leaf. Evaluate the efficacy of the formulated mouthwash against dental carries causing microbes.

4. Methodology Synthesis of Agnps: A sampler was used to add 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 µL of the extract to tubes 1 to 5. Next, 8 mL of 1 mM silver nitrate salt was added to each tube to obtain 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, 1:80 and 1:160 dilutions. According to previous tests, the best dilution for AgNPs synthesized by the green method was 1:40. After manually stirring the mixtures, the samples were placed in the dark. The extract was then filtered and exposed to silver salt. Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA

5. Spectrophotometry: One milliliter was collected from a 1:40 test tube by a sampler and transferred to a microtube. It was then centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 15 minutes. The obtained sediment was rinsed with deionized water twice, and eventually, 1 mL of deionized water was added to the sediment. The obtained sample was vortexed for 5 minutes. Next, 1 mL of the solution was added to 3 mL of deionized water. To read the optical density, the spectrophotometer was first calibrated (blanked) with deionized water. Next, the sample was poured into a quartz cuvette and its absorbance was read at 300-700 nm wavelength. The MIC and MBC values and the diameter of growth inhibition zones caused by AgNPs synthesized by the green method, R. coriaria extract alone, and chemically synthesized AgNPs were measured to assess their antimicrobial efficacy Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA

6. MIC: The microbial samples were first cultured in a liquid culture medium at room temperature for one day. After the turbidity of the aqueous medium, the specimens were isolated on the culture medium to ensure their purity. Next, the extracts were diluted in 12 tubes containing a liquid culture medium by the ½ dilution technique. In other words, half of the primary concentration was collected and added to the liquid culture medium to obtain a concentration of half of the primary concentration. The number of bacteria was the same in all tubes equal to 1.5 x 105 colony-forming units/mL . After the addition of nanoparticles and incubation for 24 hours at room temperature, the turbidity of the tubes was evaluated to assess bacterial proliferation. Since MIC is defined as the minimum concentration inhibiting the activity of microorganisms, the concentration of the first tube with no turbidity was recorded as the MIC for the respective bacterial strain and reported as μg/mL by the macro-titer method. Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA

7. MBC: The MBC test is somehow equal to the MIC test but in a solid culture medium such that the same MIC concentrations were applied to the discs that were placed on the solid culture medium. Twelve wells were prepared and the concentration of the first well with no microbial growth was recorded as the MBC value. MBC and the diameter of growth inhibition zones were determined by the dilution and disc diffusion techniques, respectively. The diameter of growth inhibition zones was reported in millimeters (mm). The sensitivity of standard bacteria and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms was determined by the well-plate technique Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA

8. Well diffusion method: The plates containing different microorganisms were prepared, different concentrations of R. coriaria extract and synthesized AgNPs were added, and the plates were placed at room temperature for 24 hours; the diameter of the growth inhibition zones was then measured by a ruler. To more precisely assess the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs synthesized by the green method, the extract and chemically synthesized AgNPs were separately tested as controls to assess the efficacy of green synthesis for optimization and increasing the antimicrobial activity. AgNPs synthesized by the green method, extract alone, and chemically synthesized AgNPs all underwent the MIC, MBC, and growth inhibition tests. The results obtained in assessing the growth inhibition zones were analyzed Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA

9. Results The XRD results indicated that the AgNPs synthesized by the green method using R. coriaria extract were spherical in shape, and separate from each other, and had optimal dispersion. Their size ranged from 30 to 100 nm. The maximum absorbance of AgNPs was recorded at 415-450 nm, and particularly at 420 nm wavelength. The MIC of R. coriaria extract was found to be 512 µg/mL against S. mutans, E. faecalis 1024, S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, and L. acidophilus. The results showed that L. acidophilus, S. salivarius, and S. sobrinus had the lowest resistance to AgNPs synthesized by the green method using R. coriaria extract. A comparison of the diameter of growth inhibition zones and the inhibitory effects of different concentrations revealed that the diameter of growth inhibition zones for S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, E. faecalis, and L. acidophilus decreased by a reduction in concentration from 1 to 1:16 Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA

10. Diameter of growth inhibition zones and the inhibitory effect of different concentrations on different microorganisms Concentrations/ microorganisms S. mutans S. salivarius S. sobrinus E. faecalis L. acidophilus 1 13 15 14 12 14 1/2 11 13 11 10 12 1/4 9 11 10 8 11 1/8 7 9 9 5 8 1/16 6 8 8 5 7 Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA

11. Diameter of growth inhibition zones and concentrations on different microorganisms Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA Concentrations R. coriaria extract Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) R. coriaria nanoparticles 100 19 17 12 50 18 16 11 25 17 16 9 12.5 14 12 7 6.25 12 10 6

12. MIC and MBC of the materials against the tested bacteria Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA Bacteria R. coriaria extract Pipe number R. coriaria nanoparticles Pipe number Chemical AgNPs Pipe number S. mutans 1024 2 1024 2 8 9 S. salivarius 512 3 512 3 64 6 S. sobrinus 512 3 512 3 8 9 L. acidophilus 512 3 512 3 32 7

13. Summary & Conclusion The results showed that AgNPs synthesized by the green method were effective against oral pathogens and inhibited their growth and proliferation. Considering the confirmed antimicrobial effects of sumac extract against cariogenic microorganisms, it may be used in the formulation of oral healthcare products such as mouthwashes, toothpaste, or dental floss to benefit from its antimicrobial properties. since clinical isolates were not used in this study, further clinical studies in the oral environment are required. Also, different temperatures should be assessed in future studies, and the most efficient protocol should be determined. Dr. NGPASC COIMBATORE | INDIA

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