Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry Broiler

I. Introduction
Definition of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Importance and Global Concern
Overview of Antimicrobial Agents (Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antifungals, Antiparasitics)
II. Causes and Mechanisms of AMR
Natural and Acquired Resistance
Genetic Mechanisms of Resistance
Mutation
Horizontal Gene Transfer (Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation)
Overuse and Misuse of Antimicrobials in:
Human Medicine
Veterinary Medicine
Agriculture
III. Impact of AMR
Human Health Consequences (Increased Mortality, Treatment Failures, Prolonged Illness)
Economic Burden (Healthcare Costs, Productivity Losses)
Impact on Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
IV. Common Resistant Pathogens ("ESKAPE" Pathogens & Others)
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter baumannii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterococcus faecium
V. Detection and Surveillance of AMR
Laboratory Diagnosis (Culture, Susceptibility Testing, PCR)
Global Surveillance Programs (WHO, CDC, OIE, FAO)
Importance of Data Sharing
VI. Strategies to Combat AMR
Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP)
Infection Prevention and Control (Hand Hygiene, Vaccination)
Development of New Antimicrobials and Alternative Therapies
Role of Public Awareness and Education
Policy and Regulation (Ban on Non-Essential Use, Prescription Control)

1. Technical Case Conference Feeding Success: A Journey of Collaboration and Guidance in Broiler Farming An Adopt-a-farm journey

2. Broiler production in tropical climates faces formidable challenges, such as high input costs, adverse environmental conditions, limited access to veterinary services, disease outbreaks, and the need for innovative management strategies to unlock their genetic potential. MVJ Farm in Isabela grappled with these challenges for years. However, a pivotal feed trial in July 2021, comparing Pilmico feeds to B-Meg feeds, propelled the farm into an epicenter of innovation and success. Pilmico feeds showcased superior performance, with a higher Average Liveweight (ALW) of 1.912 kg compared to 1.694 kg and a better Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of 1.458 in contrast to 1.544. This transformation laid the foundation for market expansion. Complemented by Pilmico's technical support in tackling disease challenges, mortality reduction, and the enhancement of management practices and biosecurity protocols, we extended our influence across various broiler farms in Isabela. This expansion resulted in the capture of approximately 70% of the province's commercial farms, driving a surge in volume from zero in the second half of 2021 to an average of 800.5 MT from January to August 2023, marking a remarkable success and journey in broiler farming. Abstract

3. Farm Details FARM NAME: MVJ Farm FARM OWNER: Dr. Manuel Velilla LOCATION: Alicia, Isabela, Region 2 SPECIES: Broiler CAPACITY: 65 ,000 heads NO. OF BUILDINGS AND TYPE: Site 1: 5 buildings (5k per building), conventional Site 2: 8 buildings (5k per building), conventional TYPE OF CUSTOMER: Current

4. SITE 1 FARM LOCATION: Salvacion, Alicia, Isabela 16°48'37.8"N 121°40'14.1"E

5. SITE 2 FARM LOCATION: Dagupan, Alicia, Isabela 16°46'51.0"N 121°40'05.7"E

6. Farm History/Background 1989-1997 1997-1999 1999-2002 2002-2011 Contract grower of blue circle farm and used JAKA Feeds Start of the farm as a contact grower Switch to Purefoods Switch to Bounty Agriventures 2013-present Switch to commercial grow Feeds used New Hope, Inoza , CP, JetBest , SunJin , BMEG then finally Pilmico

7. First Trial Result ALW FCR B/K AA %HR CTP 1.912 1.458 55.77 31.87 93.01% 42.318 1.694 1.544 52.31 32.63 95.03% 43.494 BPI 319.53 382.72

8. Succeeding Trials Result PILMICO B-MEG

9. Additional Farms 2021 2022 2023 Triple N Farm (Harold Olalia ) – 14,000 heads Danny Uy Farm ( Mallig Site) – 12,000 heads Sagittarian – 200,000 heads GSD Farm – 100,000 heads Richmond Farm – 60,000 heads Danny Uy Farm (Burgos Site A&B) – 24,000 heads Rest of Triple N Farm – 56,000 heads Henson Druja – 60,000 heads Julius Ong – 116,000 heads Edmond Uy – 12,000 heads Venus Noquera – 12,000 heads Vee Nagtalon – 18,000 heads Robert Pinzon – 24,000 heads Juanito Dasig – 12,000 heads

10. Volume Growth

11. Historical Farm Performance

12. Problems/Concerns Observed Space expansion by age Curtain removal by age High heat index in the area Lack of ventilation support No antibiotic rotation Same medication protocol over the years No booster vaccination program High incidence of respiratory concern at Week 3 to harvest High first week mortality High mortality after Week 3 to harvest Lack of biosecurity protocol Chick quality concerns Rat infestation concerns Delayed harvest schedule Lower liveweight price in the area

13. Necropsy Findings DAY OLD Gizzard erosion WEEK 2

14. Necropsy Findings Omphalitis and abdominal cavity infection

15. Necropsy Findings Varying degree of Airsacculitis

16. Necropsy Findings Tracheitis and respiratory concerns

17. Technical Interventions CONCERN/PROBLEM CORRECTIVE MEASURE RESULT Space expansion and curtain removal by age Expansion and curtain removal based on weight gain; discussion during visit and conducted basic management seminar Decreased first week mortality, and better feed efficiency and gain in weight No antibiotic rotation and same medication protocol over the years Introduced new medication protocol and advised usage of different antibiotics after 2 or 3 grows Decreased first week mortality, lessen antimicrobial resistance, and observed faster recovery No booster vaccination program and high incidence of respiratory concern and mortality at Week 3 to harvest Introduced booster vaccination protocol – Day 9 and 16 (ND and IB); Day 11 and 18 (IBD); discussed and conducted common broiler diseases seminar Reduced mortality and respiratory concerns at Week 3 to harvest

18. Technical Interventions CONCERN/PROBLEM CORRECTIVE MEASURE RESULT Chick quality concern Conducted necropsy at Day Old, right after chick –in; chick segregation and isolation; use of acidifier as early as Day 3 to 5. Decreased first week mortality, and better feed efficiency and gain in weight Lack of biosecurity protocols Discussed and conducted importance of farm biosecurity protocol; and discussion during farm visits Reduced mortality rates; increased flock survivability High heat index and lack of ventilation support Administration of electrolytes or betaine supplement, and vitamin C during harvest period; installation of blower fans; controlled feeding during hottest part of the day Reduced mortality; prevention of oversized birds; improved FCR and weight gain; minimized risk of heat stroke cases

19. Future Goals/Recommendations

20. Value Proposition Optimizing poultry business productivity and profitability by providing technical value and assurance to both internal and external stakeholders with proper collaboration and guidance through diagnosing and managing disease challenges, providing technical education and mentorship, delivering data-driven insights, particularly in feed cost impact, maintenance of business, and support in market expansion and volume growth. “I am a Veterinary Services and Technical Specialist (VSTS) who drives poultry business productivity and profitability while fostering strong partnerships and growth.”

21. Conclusion The success of a poultry enterprise is contingent upon several pivotal factors, encompassing the superior performance of feed, adept management of farms and disease, the vigor of partnerships, and the unwavering provision of technical support. Through the formulation and implementation of strategic and pioneering initiatives founded upon empirical insights, observed operational efficiencies, astute management practices, and the imparting of specialized technical knowledge, we, as stakeholders, ensure the perpetuation of business viability, market expansion, and enduring sustainability. By synergistically harmonizing these critical elements, our commitment extends beyond the mere addressing of industry imperatives to the realization of surpassing corporate objectives, thereby charting a trajectory toward a prosperous future.

22. Acknowledgement ALBERT BARCELONA RAMIL SALAZAR Key Accounts Manager Key Accounts Specialist

23. Feeding Success: A Journey of Collaboration and Guidance in Broiler Farming Emiechelle A. Rivera, DVM Veterinary Services and Technical Specialist Technical Case Conference 2023 An Adopt-a-farm journey [phone] [email protected] 465 M. Lagmay St., Sibut , San Jose City, Nueva Ecija 3121

24. Thank you!

25. 25 of # Farm Name: MVJ Farm (Alicia Site and Dagupan Site) Address: Salvacion , Alicia, Isabela; and Dagupan, Alicia, Isablea Species: Broiler Farm Capacity: 20,000 heads in Salvacion Site; and 40,000 heads in Dagupan Site Building Type: Conventional Current feeds used: Pilmico Poultry solutions and B-Meg Essentials Purpose of visit/concern: Farm visit and data collection, and concern in high first week mortality MVJ Farm

26. 26 of # MVJ Farm SALVACION SITE MANURE QUALITY PILMICO (B2)

27. 27 of # MVJ Farm SALVACION SITE WEEKLY PERFORMANCE REPORT B-MEG (B1) PILMICO (B2)

28. 28 of # MVJ Farm SALVACION SITE WEEKLY PERFORMANCE REPORT B-MEG (B3) PILMICO (B4)

29. 29 of # MVJ Farm – Performance Report SALVACION SITE (August 3 Loading)

30. 30 of # MVJ Farm – CTP SALVACION SITE (August 3 Loading)

31. 31 of # MVJ Farm DAGUPAN SITE

32. 32 of # MVJ Farm – Performance Report DAGUPAN SITE A

33. 33 of # MVJ Farm – CTP DAGUPAN SITE A

34. 34 of # MVJ Farm – Performance Report DAGUPAN SITE B

35. 35 of # MVJ Farm – CTP DAGUPAN SITE B

36. Diagnosis 36 DIFFERENTIAL DIGANOSIS Mycoplasma infection ( M. synoviae or M. gallisepticum ) Staphylococcal/Enterococcal/ Colibacillus infection Reovirus Mycotoxin Rat infestation

37. Recommendations 37 Antibiotic medication of Lincomycin-Spectinomycin for 5-7 days in the morning Vitamin B-complex in the afternoon/evening Aerial disinfection Segregation of small, weak and lame birds Check chick/hatchery source