Antiviral Drugs that are commonly used in the country zambia

the most commonly used antiviral drugs within the community

1. Antiviral Drugs used in treatment of viral Diseases

2. ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS FOR HSV AND VARICELLA ZOSTER

3. Mechanism

4. DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS WHAT IS CYTOMEGALOVIRUS? Human cytomegalovirus is a member of the viral family known as Herpesviridae . Human cytomegalovirus is also known as Human Herpes Virus 5. CMV is a double-stranded DNA virus. Like other herpesviruses, after recovery of the initial infection, CMV remains dormant within the host. Viral reactivation occurs during the compromise of the immune system with immunosuppression. direct contact with infectious body fluids, such as urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk . CMV can be transmitted sexually and through transplanted organs and blood transfusions . Maribavir Maribavir belongs to a class of anti-cytomegalovirus antivirals called benzimidazole ribosides It competitively inhibits the human CMV pUL97 viral protein kinase, which results in viable but severely defective viruses upon replication.

5. 2) Human Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin CMV—IGIV mainly consists of immunoglobulin G (IgG), specifically subclasses IgG1 and IgG3 . IgG1 and IgG3 play important roles in viral neutralization in addition to tissue protection and complement activation. Immunoglobulins, such as CMV-IGIV, inhibit extracellular viruses from infecting their specific target cells. Viral neutralization decreases the capacity of viruses to spread from an extracellular location to an intracellular location. CMV-IGIV inhibits infection of cells with CMV due to the fact that the virus is prevented from accessing key cell membrane targets, or because of interference with uncoating or entry. 3) Valganciclovir: Valganciclovir and ganciclovir work by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis, which is essential for the replication of CMV. Induction therapy: 900 mg orally twice daily for 21 days. Maintenance therapy: 900 mg orally once daily.

6. Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma) Antiviral drugs: 1. Ganciclovir: Ganciclovir works by inhibiting viral DNA replication. Dosage: by IV infusion over one hour, 5 mg/kg for every 12 hour for 14 to 21 days , for the risk of relapse 6 mg/kg for 5 days per week or 5 mg/kg daily every day. 2. Foscarnet : interferes with the activity of viral DNA polymerase. Intravenous (IV) Induction therapy : 60 mg/kg body weight, every 8 hours for 2 to 3 weeks. Maintenance therapy : 90 to 120 mg/kg body weight, once daily or every other day 3. Cidofovir : cidofovir interferes with DNA synthesis. IV Induction therapy : 5 mg/kg body weight, administered intravenously once a week for two weeks. Maintenance therapy : 5 mg/kg body weight, once every two weeks or once every four weeks.

7. Hepatitis and Hepatitis B drugs Hepatitis B Drugs Drugs for chronic hepatitis B include entecavir, tenofovir, lamivudine, adefovir and telbivudine which help to fight the virus and slow its ability to damage the liver
WHO recommends the use of oral treatments i.e tenofovir and entecavir as the most potent drugs to suppress hepatitis B virus
For acute hepatitis B there is no specific treatment, therefore care is aimed at:
Maintaining comfort
Adequate nutritional balance
Replacement of fluids lost from vomiting and diarrhea

8. Hepatitis and Hepatitis B drugs CONT… NB The most important measure to undertake is the avoidance of certain medication such as acetaminophen/ Paracetamol and medication against vomiting
WHO also recommends that all infants receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as after birth, preferably 41hrs after birth followed by 2 to 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine at least 4 weeks apart to complete the vaccination series.
Protection lasts at least 20 years and is probably lifelong
Other preventative measure taken
Use of antiviral prophylaxis for prevention of hepatitis B transmission from mother to child
Safe sex practices e.g use of condoms
Minimizing the number of sex partners

9. Mechanism of action of antivirals for chronic Hep B Entecavir is a guanosine nucleoside analogue with selective activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV), by competing with the natural substrate deoxyguanosine triphosphate, entecavir functionally inhibits all three activities of the HBV polymerase. Tenofovir diphosphate inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and the Hepatitis B polymerase by direct binding competition with the natural deoxyribonucleotide substrate (deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate) Telbivudine 5’–triphosphate inhibits HBV DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) by competing with the natural substrate, thymidine 5’–triphosphate.

10. Thank you. The End