Aorta&its branches . pptx.pptx

Aorta

1. Hridya. P And it’s branches it’s Branches

2. AORTA The aorta is the main artery in the human body originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down the abdomen, where it splits into 2 smaller arteries ( The common iliac arteries ) The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all part of the body through the systemic circulation The aorta initialy one inch wide in diameter

3. The aorta can be divided into four sections: 1.The ascending aorta 2.The aortic arch Thoracic 3.The thoracic (descending ) aorta 4.The abdominal aorta. . The first 3 parts are confined to the thoracic cavity and together create the thoracic aorta

4. Function The Aorta Supplies blood to the entire body, except the respiratory zone of the lungs. Ascending Aorta supplies blood to the heart Arch of Aorta- Supplies blood to the Head, neck and arms Descending Aorta- Supplies blood to the Chest Abdominal Aorta-Supplies blood to the Abdomen

5. The Three Layers Of Aorta At the cellular level aorta is composed of three layers: The Tunica Intima ,which surrounds the lumen & is composed of single squamous epithelial cells. The Tunica Media ,composed of smooth cell muscles & elastic fibres. The Tunica Adventitia ,composed of loose collagen fibres

6. Ascending aorta origin and course Ascending aorta originates from the aortic orifice from the left ventricle, and continues as an arch of aorta at the sternal angle. It is about 5cm long and its diameter is about 3cm. It completely enclosed in the pericardium. Lies in the pericardium (in middle mediastinum )below the level of sternal angle.

7. Ascending Aorta Branches : The left and right aortic sinuses are dilations in the ascending aorta, located at the level of the aortic valve. These give rise to: The left coronary artery The right coronary artery - These supply the myocardium

8. Arch of Aorta Located in the superior mediastinum About 2.5 cm diameter. It is a continuation of the ascending aorta and begins at the level of second sternocostal joint. The arch is directed upward, backwards to the left and then downwards on to the left side of vertebral column. The aortic arch ends at the level of sternal angle The arch is still connected to the pulmonary trunk by the ligamentum arteriosum (remnant of the foetal ductus arteriosus)

9. Branchiocephalic trunk Th e first &largest from the aortic arch. It is about 4-5 cm in length. Branchiocephalic artery arises opposite the center of manubrium , ascends upwards, backwrads and to the right. The branchiocephalic artery ends behind the right sternoclavicular joint by dividing to, 1.Right Subclavian artery 2.Right common carotid artery These arteries supply the right side of the head and neck and right upper limb.

10. Left subclavian artery It found below the clavicle It supplies the left arm It runs upwards on the left mediastinal pleura and makes groove on the left lung and enters the neck by passing behind the left sternoclavicular joint. At the outer border of the first rib, it furnishes by becoming axillary artery. it extends along the upper arm as brachial artery to divided into two terminal branches radial and ulnar arteries below the elbow.

11. Parts Each of subclavian artery is madeup of three parts defined in the relation to the anterior scalene muscle of the neck First part- This part of subclavian artery is medial to the anterior scalene muscle Branches : Vertebral artery,Internal thoracic artery,Thyrocervical trunk Second part-This part of subclavian is posterior to the anterior scalene muscle . Branches : Costocervical trunk Third part – This part of subclavian lies lateral to the anterior scalene muscle Branches : Dorsal scapular artery.

12. Left common carotid artery There are 2 common carotid arteries, left and right. These are the main arteries of the head and neck. The left common carotid artery originates directly from the arch of aorta in thorax. It ascends to the back of left sternoclavicular joint and enters the neck. The left common carotid artery runs upwards from left sternoclavicular joint to the upper border of thyroid cartilage. Left common carotid artery supplies the head and neck

13. Descending Thoracic aorta The descendin g thoracic aorta which is contained in the posterior mediastinum It is the continuation of the arch of aorta . Descends in front of vertebral column

14. Thoracic aorta Branches 1 . Bronchial arteries: Paired visceral branch arising laterally to supply bronchial & peribronchial tissue,& visceral pleura. most commonly only the paired left bronchial artery arises directly from the aorta 2. Mediastinal arteries :Small artery that supply the lymph glands & loose areolar tissue in the posterior mediastinum 3. Oe sophageal arteries: Unpaired visceral branches arising anteriorly to supply the oesophagus 4. Pericardial arteries : small unpaired arteries that arise anteriorly to supply the dorsal portion of the pericardium . 5.Superior phrenic arteries : Paired parietal branches that supply the superior portion of diaphragm

15. Intercostal & Subcostal arteries : Small paired arteries that branch off throughout the length of posterior thoracic aorta. The 9 paires of intercostal arteries supply the Intercostal space , with the exception of first & second( They are supplied by a branch from the subclavian artery). The subcostal arteries supply the flat abdominal wall muscles

16. Abdominal Aorta Abdominal aorta is a continuation of the thoracic aorta .It is approximately 13cm long It descends and terminating by divided into right and left common illiac arteries The branches of abdominal aorta are, 1. Inferior phrenic arteries :They supply the diaphragm 2. Coeliac artery : supplies the liver, stomach, abdominal oesophagus, spleen, the superior duodenum & superior pancreas 3. Superior mescentric artery : it supply the distal duodenum, jejuno –ileum, ascending colon& the part of transver 4. Middle suprarenal artery: They supply the adrenal glands

17. 5 . Renal arteries: supply the kidneys 6. Gonadal arteries :Supply the testicular artery,& ovarian artery 7. Inferior mesenteric artery: It supplies the large intestine . 8. Median Sacral artery : supply the Coccyx, lumbar vertebrae,& the sacrum. 9 .Lumbar arteries: supply the abdominal wall and spinal cord.

18. Terminal branches of abdominal aorta Terminal branches of abdominal aorta are two common illiac arteries. External iliac artery& Internal illiac artery Branches of external illiac artery 1.Inferior epigastric artery 2.Deep circumflex artery Internal illiac artery 1.Superior vesical artery 2.Inferior vesical artery 3.Middle rectal artery 4.Inferior gluteal artery 5.Obturator artery 6.Uterine artery( In female) 7.Lateral sacral artery

19. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Aortic Aneurysm It describe the dialation of the artery to more than 1.5 times its original size . The abdominal component of the aorta is the most common site for aneurysmal changes. Patients suffering with an abdominal aortic aneurysm may experience abdominal pulsations,abdominal pain &back pain. The aneurysm may also compress nerve roots causing pain/numbness in the lower limbs. A patient with an aortic arch aneurysm may have a hoarse voice due to the dilation stretching the left recurrent laryngeal nerve .Patients may not have any symptoms at all. Small aortic aneurysms do not usually pose a serious immediate threat.Diagnosis is made from an ultrasound &the weakened vessel wall can be surgically replaced with a piece of synthetic tubing.if left untreated, a large aneurysm can rupture . This is a medical emergency & often fatal.

20. Coar c tation of aorta Coarctation of aorta refers to narrowing of vessel, Usually at the insertion of ligamentum arteriosum( former ductus arteriosus) It is congential narrowing of the aorta just proximal or distal to the entrance of the ductus arteriosus . The narrow vessel has a increased resistance to blood flow which increases the after load for the left ventricle – leading to left ventricular hypertrophy Coarctation are most common in the Arch of Aorta Accordingly it is named as preductal type and postductal type of coarctalion of aorta. The blood supply to the head, neck & upper limbs is not compromised as the vessel that supply them emerge proximal to the coarctation, However yhe blood supply to the rest of the body reduced, This result in a weak, delayed femoral pulse which prevent clinically as radio-femoral delay It probably take place because of hyper involution of the ductus arteriosus .

21. Preductal coarctation The narrowing is proximal to the ductus arteriosus . Life threatening , if severe;seen in Turner’s syndrome . Ductal coarctation The narrowing occurs at the insertion of the ductus arteriosus this kind usually appears when the ductus arteriosus closes. Postductal coarction The narrowing is distal to the insertion of the ductus arteriosus .Postductal coarctation is most likely the result of the extenction of a muscular artery in to an elastic artery .This type is most common in adult.

22. THANK YOU