AP Human Geography: Unit 6: Industrialization

Here is the Power-Point for Unit 6 of Human Geography AP: Industrialization.

1. Unit 6: Industrialization and Development 1

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3. Part One: Key Concepts 3

4. A) Introduction 4

5. What is economic geography? 5

6. Economic Geography studies the impact of economic activities on the landscape and investigates reasons behind the locations of economic activities. 6

7. Economic Geography Agriculture Industry International Trade Resources Transport and Communication Others 7

8. A Day in the Life What might an average worker be doing on an average day in the Spring of 1553? 8

9. A Day in the Life What might an average worker be doing on an average day in the Spring of 1893? 9

10. A Day in the Life What might an average worker be doing on an average day in the Spring of 1973? 10

11. A Day in the Life What might an average worker be doing on an average day in the Spring of 2012? 11

12. What is industrialization? 12

13. Industrialization is the process by which economic activities evolved from producing primary goods to factories that mass-produce goods. 13

14. Primary Economic Activity VS. Secondary Economic Activity Agriculture Industry 14

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17. Societies Most Countries Some Countries Few Countries 17

18. What is the difference between an LDC and MDC? 18

19. Less Developed Countries have not developed industry. More Developed Countries are often post-industrial countries. 19

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21. B ) Economic Indicators of Development 21

22. What is Gross Domestic Product? 22

23. Gross Domestic Product is the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a year. 23

24. US GDP: 14,526,550 Million Dollars 24

25. Per Capita GDP GDP / Total Population US Per Capita: $48,800 25

26. How MDCs and LDCs Differ: Economic development is often accompanied by social development. 26

27. C) Theories of Economic Development 27

28. What is the Modernization Model 28

29. The Modernization Model says that the Industrial Revolution was spurred by a combination of prosperity, trade connections, inventions, and natural resources. 29

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31. A few key points: According to the M.M., any country can reap the benefits of modernization. Tradition is the greatest barrier to economic development. 31

32. A few key points: Culture can discourage people from adopting new technologies that would raise standards of living. High-Income countries can help poorer countries by encouraging them to control population, increase food production, and take advantage of industrial technology. 32

33. Rostow’s Stages of Development 33

34. Industry expands. Luxury items become necessities. High Incomes, a majority of workers involved in the service sector. High Mass Consumption Economic growth is widely accepted. The economy diversifies. Poverty is greatly reduced and material goods much more common. Cities grow, and modernization is evident in the core. International trade expands. Drive to Technological Maturity People begin to experiment with producing goods for trade with others for profit. A state industrial revolution takes place. Urbanization, technology, and production increases. Take-Off Stage Life is built around families. Very Limited Wealth. Subsistence Farmers. Traditional Stage 34

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36. What is Dependency Theory 36

37. Dependency Theory says that the economic development of many countries is blocked by industrialized nations that exploit them. 37

38. A Few Key Points. Dependency theory blames MCDs that control or who once controlled LDCs through colonialism. Argues that political liberation from colonialism has not translated into economic health. Dependency theory is largely an outgrowth of Marxism. 38

39. Wallerstein’s Capitalist World Economy Model 39

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43. Part Two: Growth and Diffusion of Industrialization 43

44. A) Before the Industrial Revolution 44

45. Before the Industrial Revolution There were industrial centers before the late 18 th Century but it was isolated. Most industries were cottage industries . Examples: Chinese Silk Factories Metal Workshops in India 45

46. What is a cottage industry? 46

47. Cottage Industries are home-based manufacturers where people manufacture tools and agriculture equipment for their own communities. 47

48. B) The Start of the Industrial Revolution 48

49. 49 The Early 18 th Century Early factories in Great Britain during the 18 th Century were run by water running down slopes.

50. 50 The Most Important Invention In 1769, James Watt built the first efficient steam engine. This was the most important invention to the Industrial Revolution.

51. What is the Industrial Revolution? 51

52. The Industrial Revolution was the process of technological change that started in the late 1700s that transformed how goods were produced and obtained by the people. 52

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55. C ) Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution 55

56. 56 The United States entered the IR later than Belgium and France but expanded more rapidly. Most of Europe came late to the party because of revolution and strife ( ie . French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars) Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution The Middle East and Africa entered the IR because of WWI and the need for oil.

57. Part Three: The Evolution of Economic Cores and Peripheries 57

58. A ) Introduction 58

59. Why do you think that some places were affected by industrialization while others were not? 59

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61. A ) Location Theory 61

62. What is Location Theory? 62

63. Location Theory explains the locational pattern of economic activities by identifying factors that influence this pattern. 63

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67. What is the Least Cost Theory? 67

68. Alfred Weber’s Least Cost Theory is a theory that explains the location of industries based on transportation, labor, and agglomeration . 68

69. Transportation The site chosen must entail the lowest possible cost of A) moving raw materials to the factory, and B) finished products to the market. 69

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72. Location Triangle The location triangle is used to determine the best place to locate a manufacturing plant based on Weber’s Model. 72 Market Resource1 Resource 2

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74. A ) Least Cost Theory Continued 74

75. A Case Study 75 I am the CEO of a rubber company looking for a place to locate my new plant which will purify petroleum into the rubber products before sending it on to Houston, Texas for further processing. I import petroleum from the Middle East.

76. What is the Break of Bulk Point? 76

77. The Break of Bulk Point is where the transfer of goods among transportation modes is possible. 77

78. 78 Product per Case Cost/Rail Cost/Road Fuzzy Mice .05 .01 Concrete 1.00 2.00 Oil .50 .60 Town Resource 1 Resource 2 5M 6 M 3 M 10 M 11 M

79. What is the Location Interdependence Theory? 79

80. Location Interdependence Theory is a theory that explains the location of industries based on the location of their competition . 80

81. Variable Revenue Analysis The ability of a firm to capture a market that will earn it more money and customers than the competition. 81

82. The Beach 82 How would Locational Inderdependence Theory play a part in where A and C would choose to locate?

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84. Part Four: Contemporary Patterns in Industrialization 84

85. A) Globalization and Infrastructure 85

86. How Does Globalization Affect Industrialization? Every country’s development is dependent on the rest of the world. With the increase of Space-Time Compression, it is possible to locate businesses in places not before considered. The Internet has made it possible for markets to exist where they have not before. In order to accommodate global industrialization a country must develop infrastructure . 86

87. What is infrastructure? 87

88. Infrastructure includes services that support economic activities. It provides for transportation, communication, education, and other external needs of a company. 88

89. B ) Primary Industrial Regions 89

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93. Russia and the Other Soviet Republics Much manufacturing up through the 1930s followed the Volga River. Other regions followed the Trans-Siberian Railroad. 93

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95. Asia 95

96. C ) Secondary Industrial Regions 96

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98. What is the maquiladora? 98

99. The Maquiladora is a manufacturing zone created in the 1960s in Mexico that mostly produces American products. 99

100. What is the NAFTA? 100

101. NAFTA is the North American Free Trade Agreement which eliminated barriers to free trade in North America. 101

102. Part Five: Global Inequalities 102

103. A ) Challenges for More Developed Countries 103

104. Protection of Markets MDCs are having to work to protect their markets from newly developing countries. They often do this by establishing Trading Blocs. 104

105. What is a trading bloc? 105

106. A Trading Bloc is a conglomeration of trade between regions. 106

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109. Most cooperation and competition between trading blocs take place between transnational corporations which are also conglomerate corporations 109

110. Deindustrializatio n In many MDC economies, tertiary development is replacing secondary development. 110

111. B ) Challenges for Less Developed Countries 111

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113. The New International Division of Labor The selective transfer of some jobs to LDCs. 113

114. Part Five: Globalization and the Environment 114

115. Industrialization and Fossil Fuels As more and more countries become revolutionized, the need for fossil fuels grows exponentially. While we know how many proven reserves we have, we do not know how many potential reserves we have. ¼ of the world’s population consumes ¾ of the world’s fossil fuels. 115

116. Environmental Impact Concerns 116

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118. The End. 118