APA REFERENCING STYLE GUIDELINES TO HELP

How to reference using APA

1. APA REFERENCING STYLE by Dr S. B. Mkandawire Ms. M. Olson Ms B. Ahmed LTC 1100: Academic Writing and Study Skills, Lecture series, 2024. The University of Zambia

2. OVERVIEW The APA Style follows Author date citation style. In-text citations have author dates (Narrative and Parenthetical citations). References have author date styles

3. DYNAMICS OF MAKING IN-TEXT CITATIONS IN THE APA REFERENCING STYLE by Dr. S.B. Mkandawire Ms. B. Ahmed Ms. M. Olson LTC 1100 Lecture Series - The University of Zambia - 2024

4. In-text citation guidelines and examples The American Psychological Association (APA, 2020, p. 262) indicated that “In-text citations have two formats; parenthetical and narrative. In parenthetical citations, the author’s last name and publication date appear in parentheses - at the end. In narrative citations, the information is incorporated in the text as part of the sentence.”

5. There are thirteen (13) scenarios or ways or dynamics in which narrative and Parenthetical citations are realised or presented in the APA referencing system. These are discussed below.

6. 5. Where name of the author, year and page number comes before a quoted idea that is more than 40 words or more than 3 full lines which should be indented both sides. E.g While qualitative methods of data collection vary in social sciences, the interview method is the most common one. Corbin & Straus (2015: 37) noted that: There are basically three types of interviews. There are unstructured interviews, semi-structured interviews, and structured interviews. Unstructured interviews are usually open to other questions that might not be planned. Semi- structured interview combines close ended questions and open ones while structured interviews are more restrictive. A researcher may decide to use a semi-structured interview because in a semi-structured interview, some topics are chosen before beginning the research.

7. 6. Where name of the author, year and page number comes after a quoted idea that is more than 40 words or more than 3 full lines which should be indented both sides. E.g While qualitative methods of data collection vary in social sciences, the interview method is the most common one. There are basically three types of interviews. There are unstructured interviews, semi-structured interviews, and structured interviews. Unstructured interviews are usually open to other questions that might not be planned. Semi- structured interview combines close ended questions and open ones while structured interviews are more restrictive (Corbin & Straus, 2015: 37). A researcher may decide to use a semi-structured interview because in a semi-structured interview, some topics are chosen before beginning the research.

8. Common mistakes that students make on in-text citation and how to avoid them Using last name of the author with initials is not allowed e.g. Banda D. (2014) noted that interviews are important. But say Banda (2014) noted that… Do not indent and use inverted commas on the same information. Instead, indent without speech marks. Avoid - E. g. Corbin and Straus (2015:23) observed that: “collecting data using observational method is one of the most relaxing and natural processes which people use on a daily basis when interacting with nature in varying degrees. This help them validate information collected from interviews”. Do not put inverted commas on a paraphrased ideas without page number. E.g. Avoid this: Yin (2012) contended that “research is good as it helps in discovering knew knowledge”. To resolve this, delete the speech marks.

9. 4. You should always use inverted commas when you put an author, year and page number for less than 40 words. E.g. Maala (2015:4) reported that “researches across the world has helped developing in societies from infrastructure to new discoveries”. 5. Mentioning a source with 5 writers or less, you must first list all of them first time. Other times you use the same source you can just use the first author’s last name and et al. E. g. Marshal et al (2001) observed that … 6. A list of references at the end of the essay should have all names of authors cited in the essay. E. g.

10. References Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40. doi:10.3316/QRJ0902027 Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2015). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing, 3rd ed . Los Angeles: Sage Publication. ISBN: 978-1-4522- 7572-7 Corbin, J. & A. Straus (2015). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, 4 th Ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publication. ISBN 978-1-4129-9746-1 Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Marshall, C. and Rossman, G. B. (1989). Designing Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA:SAGE Publications. Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish . New York: The Guilford Press

11. In Class Pair Work - Activity Read the handout given to you in pairs and identify the weaknesses of the text.

12. ASSIGNMENT ONE

13. Compiling A List of References Different materials are cited differently as illustrated in this section.

14. CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE Edwards, A., Steacy, L., Siegelman, N., Rigobon, V. M., Rueckl, J. G., & Compton, D. L. (2022). Unpacking the unique relationship between set for variability and word reading development: Examining word- and child-level predictors of performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(6), 1242–1256. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000696 Mkandawire, S.B., Zuilkowski, S.S., Mwansa, J.M., & Manchishi, P. C. (2023). Instructional strategies used by teachers in multilingual classes to help non-speakers of the language of instruction learn initial reading skills in Zambia. International Multilingual Research Journal, 17(3), 1-26. DOI: 10.1080/19313152.2023.2255777

15. CLASS ACTIVITY Write the reference for the following books and journals.

16. CLASS ACTIVITY IN PAIRS Reference the resources given.

17. THE END THANK YOU