APA Style of Writtinng PRN Post RN .pptx

APA style writing for articles

1. APA (American Psychological Association) writing-style Prepared & Presented By: SADIA KHAN Lecturer English, INS,KMU PRN 1 st , English I 12/12/2023 1

2. Contents Difference between References and Citations Types of Citations APA(American Psychological Association) Basic info of APA writing style Quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing APA Format for One Author One work by two Authors One work by multiple authors(3-5) Cite two or more references within the same parentheses Citing personal Communications in the text Citing a specific part of a source : Email:[email protected] 2

3. Citation References A citation is a reference to the source of information used in research. It gives your readers the information necessary to find that sources again, including: Information about the author The title of the work The name and location of the company that published your copy of the source The date your copy was published The page numbers of the materials you are using This is  a list of the sources you have cited . The references come at the end of your paper. In   APA style , this is not a list of “works consulted”. Every source that is listed in your references also needs to be cited in the body of your paper. Every source listed in your references should be accessible by others who read your work. Email:[email protected] 3

4. Types of Citation Style MLA (Modern language Association) Used by English Humanities & Literature Foreign language Communications 2. Chicago Citation History Art History Fine Arts Anthropology Philosophy Religious Studies 3. APA (American Psychological Association) Psychology Education Business/Economics Nursing Linguistics Studies 4. IEEE Engineering Computer science Information Science 5. CSE Biology Physics Chemistry Geology 6. MHRA (Modern Humanity Research association ) Email:[email protected] 4

5. APA (American Psychological Association) Origin:1929 Used by: Education, Psychology, and Sciences Latest Edition:7 th Uses In-text citation/references Uses sentences style capitalization for titles of books(only first word capital) Uses page number on upper right corner while the title appears on the left. Uses only initials of first and middle name of the author to avoid gender biasness. For more than one author : use ampersand(&) before the name of last author. For more than 6 authors: Only use First author’s name and (et al) for the rest. The year is specifically mentioned along with the author’s name. Book reference name should be in Italics. Email : [email protected] 5

6. BASIC INFO APA Writing style 1 . All pages must be typed on ONE side of the paper. 2. Uniform margins must be kept of 1” at the top, bottom, left and right of every page. 3. Double spacing must be used throughout the entire paper – even the abstract! 4. The order of pages is as follows : a. Title page (includes: running head --flush left – all uppercase) (Numbered page 1 ) b. Abstract (Numbered page 2) c . Text (Numbered page 3, etc.) – includes introduction, body of paper, and conclusion . d . Don’t forget to type the title of the paper at the top (and centered) of page 3 before you begin the text . e. References (Start on a separate page) – Type the word References at the top of the page, centered Email:[email protected] 6

7. b. Abstract (Numbered page 2) 10/19/2023 Email:[email protected] 7

8. TEXT CITATIONS: The last names only of the author or authors and date of publication for general information. Email:[email protected] 8

9. REFERENCES Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" centered at the top of the page (do NOT bold, underline, or use quotation marks for the title). Continue the header from the rest of the paper. All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.  All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin.  Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. Email:[email protected] 9

10. APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized or underlined. Author , A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. Using et al., When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are included every time the source is cited. When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. When that source is cited again, the first author's surname and "et al." are used. Consider the following examples: Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991). Payne et al. (1991) showed that ... Bradley, Ramirez and Soo (1999) stated that….. Then later in the paper you state: This study found that …. (Bradley, et al., 2006) When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's surname and "et al." are used every time the source is cited (including the first time). Email:[email protected] 10

11. Quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing Quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing are similar in that they allow a writer to incorporate another writer's work into his or her own work. However, they are different in the methods of application. Quotations are identical in every way to the original. To quote a source, write out the exact words in the original document and put those words in quotation marks (" "). After the quotation, there will always be an in-text citation attributing it to the original source. Quotations are at their most effective when you use them to comment on the specific wording of the original text. For example: According to Jones(2004), “Students often had a difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time”(p.199) For long Quotes more than 40 words use double space and do not use inverted commas “ ” and use dots(…….) to indicate omitted words We agree with who concluded that Students often had a difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time but rather…………..(Jones, 2004, p.92) Reference at the end of your paper: Author name, year of study, title of study, location and then publication. Jones.K (2004) Neurofeedback practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Email: [email protected] 11

12. Quotation Paraphrase Summary Match the source word for a word. You use the source’s words. Exact same length unless you follow the rules for adding or deleting some material from a quote. Provide credibility for what you are saying. You support your point by quoting an authority Matching the source in term of meaning. You use your own words. Approximately the same length though often shorter than the source. To shorten a section from the source that is too long to quote. Sum up the central point of the source. You use your own words. Much shorter than the source. To avoided unnecessary details when the main point is all of you need. Email : [email protected] 12

13. APA Format for One Author Works by a single author should list the author's last name and initials. Year of the study conducted, title of the study, Books and journal titles should be listed in italic, volume, edition and then page number. If there is date or month given in the reference put it after the year in the parentheses) One-author in-text citations should include the surname without any suffixes (Jr.) and the date of publication in parenthesis. In Text Citations Cite by author and year only even when reference includes month or date. Email:[email protected] 13

14. One work by two Authors Work by two authors should list the last names and first initials separated by an ampersand (&). These names should be followed by the date of publication enclosed in parentheses.If the work is a journal article, the title of the article should immediately follow the publication date. Next, the title of the book or journal should be listed in italics. If the reference is a journal article, provide the volume number, issue number, and page numbers. For books, list the name of the publisher. For example: Kanfer, F. H., & Busemeyer, J. R. (1982). The use of problem-solving and decision-making in  behavior therapy .  Clinical Psychology Review, 2 (2) ,  239-266. Buss, A. H., & Pomin, R. (1975).  A temperament  theory of personality development .  Erlbaum. Two authors In-text citations In-text citations of works by two authors should include the surnames of both authors separated by the word "and" or by an ampersand if using parenthesis. For example: Studies by Buss and Pomin (1975) support... or ………………( Buss & Pomin, 1975 ). Email:[email protected] 14

15. One work by multiple authors(3-5) Reference at the end of your paper: Authors names, year of the study, title of the study, Journal or book work been published in ,then volume and page number. Example: Skinner,M.E,Cornell,R,C,Sun,K.F,& Harlow,R.P(1993).Small Group Learning, Psychological Bulletin,26,57-63 Multiple authors In-text citations: When you are referencing for the is time in the text name all the authors and then comma and year of study Skinner,Cornell,Sun, and Harlow,1993 found……. Second time citation: Name the first author and et al dot year of the study Skinner et al.(1993) found………… Third time Citation and onward: Omit year of the study also Skinner et al.also found………. Email:[email protected] 15

16. Cite two or more references within the same parentheses Two or more work in the same parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them alphabetically, separated by a semi-colon. Example: Several research studies (Miller, 1999; Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998) reported that the result revealed………. Authors with the same last names: Use initials with last name (T.Adams,2011; J.Adams,2003) Two or more works of the same author in the same parentheses: The same author has two or more papers to support the same points. Past studies (Bass,2005,2006) showed………. Email:[email protected] 16

17. Citing personal Communications in the text Because readers cannot retrieve the information in personal communications, personal communications are not included in the reference list; they are cited in the text only. Give the initial(s) and surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible, using the following formats: Narrative citation:  E.-M. Paradis (personal communication, August 8, 2019) Parenthetical citation:  (T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020 ) Citing a specific part of a source: To cite a specific part of source provide an author-date-citation for the work plus information about the specific part. A part might be page, chapter, table. Examples: ( World Health Organization, 2019,p.202) (Merenda,2018, Chapter 3) (Basie & Meagher, 2020, paras. 4-5) (Laser, 2019, Table 3) Email:[email protected] 17