Appendicular.pptx

Anatomy of appendicular

1. The Upper Limb: regions Arm Humerus (2) Forearm Ulna(medial bone)(2) Radius(lateral bone)(2) Hand Wrist (16 carpal bones) Palm (10 metacarpal bones) Fingers (28 phalanges) 1 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

2. The Upper Limb

3. THE UPPER LIMB The upper limb is characterized by its mobility and ability to grasp, strike, and conduct fine motor skills (manipulation). The upper limb consists of four segments : Shoulder: which includes the pectoral, scapular, . Arm : the part between the shoulder and the elbow . Forearm: the part between the elbow and the wrist and contains the ulna and radius 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 3

4. HANDE Hand : the part distal to the forearm and contains the carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges. It is composed of the wrist, palm, dorsum of hand, and fingers . 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 4

5. BONES OF UPPER LIMB The pectoral girdle and bones of the free part of the upper limb form the superior Appendicular skeleton, articulates with the axial skeleton only at the sternoclavicular joint . The pectoral girdle is supported and stabilized by axioappendicular muscles , which attach to the ribs, sternum, and vertebrae of the axial skeleton. 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 5

6. Pectoral girdle 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 6

7. The Pectoral Girdle Consists of: 2 clavicles 2 scapulae Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium (sternoclavicular joint) 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 7

8. The Clavicles Also called collarbones Long, S-shaped bones Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end) It articulates medially with the manubrium of the sternum at (SC) joint & laterally with the acromion of the scapula at (AC) joint 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 8

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10. SCAPULA 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 10

11. SCAPULA The scapula (shoulder blade) . a triangular , flat, & broad bone . have small supraspinous fossa and a much larger infraspinous fossa . Have Superior &inferior angle Have medial & lateral border. 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 11

12. HUMERUS Also called arm bone. the largest & longs bone in the upper limb. articulates with the scapula at the glenohumeral joint and the radius and ulna at the elbow joint . -GHJ allows flexion/ Extention, abduction/adduction, medial & lateral rotation and circumduction of the arm 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 12

13. humerus bone 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 13

14. ulna and radius The ulna: , is the medial and longer of the two forearm bones -Its proximal end has two prominent projections, the olecranon posteriorly & coronoid process anteriorly w/c forms trochlear notch . The radius: is the lateral and shorter of the two forearm bones. Its proximal end consists of a cylindrical head, a short neck, and a projection from the medial surface (the radial tuberosity) . -It flipped over the adjacent head of medial bone , ulna. b/c the hand is articulated with radius, it can efficiently move from a palm-anterior position to palm-posterior position by crossing distal end of radius over ulna. 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 14

15. Cont… 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 15

16. The Wrist or carpal bones 8 carpal bones: 4 proximal carpal bones 4 distal carpal bones allow wrist to bend and twist 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 16

17. cont… From lateral to medial, the four bones in the proximal row of carpals are , Scaphoid : a boat-shaped bone that has a prominent scaphoid tubercle . Lunate : a moon-shaped bone that is broader anteriorly than posteriorly Triquetrum : a pyramidal bone on the medial aspect of the carpus. Pisiform : a small, pea-shaped bone that lies on the palmar surface the triquetrum 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 17

18. the proximal surfaces of distal row of carpals articulates with proximal row of carpals & their distal surfaces articulate with metacarpals From lateral to medial, the four bones in the distal row of carpals are: Trapezium : a four-sided bone, on the lateral side of the carpus. Trapezoid : a wedge-shaped bone, that resembles a trapezium. Capitate : the head-shaped bone that is the largest bone in the carpus. Hamate: a wedge-shaped bone, which has a hooked process that extends anteriorly. 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 18

19. Cont… 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 19

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21. Metacarpal Bones The 5 long bones of the hand Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial Articulate with proximal phalanges 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 21

22. Phalanges of the Hands Thumb: 2 phalanges (proximal, distal) Fingers: 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 22

23. Conti….. 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 23

24. The Lower Limb: regions Thigh Femur(2) Patella (knee cap)(2) Leg Tibia( medial bone)(2) Fibula(lateral bone)(2) Ankle ( 14 Tarsal bones ) Foot ( 10 Metatarsal bones ) Toes ( 28 Phalanges ) 24 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

25. The Lower Limbs Functions: weight bearing motion Note : leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 25

26. Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur (thigh) Patella (kneecap) Tibia and fibula (leg) Tarsals (ankle) Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes) 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 26

27. Femur The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body linea aspera :a prominent double-edge ridge on its posterior aspect of shaft of femur. The proximal end of the femur consists of a head, neck, and two trochanters 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 27

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29. The Femur (longest, heaviest ) Figure 8–11 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 29

30. The proximal end of the femur the fovea capitis: medially placed depression or pit of head of femur. lesser trochanter: extends medially from the posteromedial part of the junction of the femoral neck and shaft. greater trochanter: is a large, laterally placed mass that projects superomedially where the neck joins the shaft. intertrochanteric line : is a roughened ridge running from the greater to the lesser trochanter anteriorly. intertrochanteric crest :smoother ridge posteriorly. 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 30

31. The distal end of the femur femoral condyles (medial and lateral): spirally curved articular surfaces , articulate with the tibial condyles to form the knee joint. The medial epicondyle: is a rounded eminence on the medial condyle and the lateral epicondyle, on lateral surface of the lateral condyle. Just posterosuperior to the medial epicondyle, there is the adductor tubercle . Patellar surface : depression anteriorly b/n condyles. Intercondylar notch : found posteriorly. 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 31

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33. Anterior Femur head fovea capits neck patellar surface 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 33

34. Posterior Femur greater trochanter lesser trochanter lateral condyle medial condyle gluteal tuberosity linea aspera lateral epicondyle medial epicondyle Intercondylar fossa 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 34

35. Bones of the Leg The leg is the part of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint. Includes : Patella, Tibia & Fibula 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 35

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37. Patella Is the largest sesamoid bone (i.e., A bone that develops within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle in front of the knee joint) It is triangular, and its apex lies inferiorly being connected to the tuberosity of the tibia by the ligamentum patellae. The posterior surface articulates with the condyles of the femur. It is separated from the skin by an important subcutaneous bursa. 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 37

38. tibia The tibia is the medial and larger of the two bones in the leg . is the only bone that articulates with the femur ( knee joint ) and head of fibula proximally & with the distally with the fibula . It has expanded upper end ( weight bearing ),smaller lower end and the shaft. consists of a flattened medial and lateral condyles separated by an intercondylar region ( intercondylar eminence ). Medial malleolus : medial projection at ankle 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 38

39. Tibia medial condyle lateral condyle anterior crest tibial tuberosity medial malleolus 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 39

40. Fibula The slender lateral bone of the leg Takes no part in the articulation at the knee joint, but below it forms the lateral malleolus of the ankle joint It takes no part in the transmission of body weight, but it provides attachment for muscles Has an expanded upper end, a shaft, and a lower end The upper end, or head, possesses an articular surface for articulation with the lateral condyle of the tibia. 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 40

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42. Bones of the Foot Are the tarsal bones, the metatarsals, and the phalanges Tarsal Bones Are the calcaneum , the talus , the navicular , the cuboid , and the three cuneiform bones Only the talus articulates with the tibia and the fibula at the ankle joint 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 42

43. Bones of the foot 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 43

44. Ankle - tarsus consists of 7 tarsal bones Figure 8–14a Talus: carries weight from tibia across trochlea & its head articulate anterior with navicular. Calcaneus: (heel bone): transfers weight from talus to ground & attaches Achilles tendon. - largest & strongest bone & articulate talus superiorly and cuboid anteriorly. Cuboid bone : articulates with calcaneus posteriorly & most lateral bone in the distal row of the tarsus. Navicular bone : a flattened ,boat shaped bone w/c located b/n talar head and cuneiform bones. :articulates with talus and 3 cuneiform bones. Cuneiform bones: they are three in number 1, Medial cuneiform 2, Intermediate cuneiform 3, Lateral cuneiform 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 44

45. Figure 8–14a 5 metatarsal bones long bones of foot numbered I–V, medial to lateral Articulate with toes phalanges bones of the toes hallux : big toe , 2 phalanges (distal, proximal) Other 4 toes: 3 phalanges (distal, medial, proximal) Feet 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 45

46. Foot Tarsals (7) 1 2 3 4 5 Metatarsals ( 5) Calcaneus Talus Digits ( 5) 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 46

47. Distal Phalanx Proximal Phalanx Middle Phalanx 3 Hallux (Great Toe ) Distal Phalanx Proximal Phalanx 1 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S 47

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49. The skeletal system Arthrology

50. Introduction Joints or articulations are sites where two or more bones meet. Functions provide skeletal mobility hold the skeleton together Weakest parts of the skeleton but have ability to resist the forces that tear them apart. 50 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

51. Classification of Joints Structural classification focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether or not there is a joint cavity Functional classification based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint 51 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

52. Functional Classification Synarthroses Immovable joints Amphiarthroses Slightly movable joints Diarthroses Freely movable joints 52 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

53. Structural Classification Fibrous Joined by fibrous tissue Cartilaginous Joined by cartilage Synovial Joined and surrounded by a joint cavity 53 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

54. Synovial Joints Articulating bones are located within a fluid containing joint cavity. Permit substantial range of motion 54 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

55. Structures of Synovial Joint Articular cartilage Hyaline cartilage on opposing bone surfaces Joint (synovial) cavity Space filled with fluid Articular capsule Capsule to confine fluid Synovial fluid Fluid to lubricate joints Reinforcing ligaments Maintain joint alignment 55 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

56. Articular Cartilage Hyaline cartilage covers the bone surfaces Cartilage keeps the bone ends from being crushed 56 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

57. Synovial cavity unique to synovial joints filled with synovial fluid 57 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

58. Articular capsule The joint cavity is enclosed by a double layered articular capsule The external layer is fibrous capsule The inner synovial membrane 58 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

59. Synovial Fluid lubricates joint nourishing cells 59 Synovial Fluid 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

60. Reinforcing ligaments Ligaments reinforce joint Extracapsular Intracapsular 60 Extracapsular Ligament Intracapsular Ligament 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

61. Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints Nonaxial : no rotation around an axis Uniaxial : motion is within a single plane Biaxial : allow movement in two planes Multiaxial : movement is possible in all planes 61 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

62. Types of Synovial Joints Based on the shape of their articular surfaces there are six major categories of synovial joints Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle ball and socket 62 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

63. Plane Joint Articular surfaces are essentially flat Allow only short slipping or gliding movements nonaxial joint Examples Intercarpals Intertarsals Vertebrae 63 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

64. Hinge Joint a cylindrical shaped projection of bone fits into a trough shaped surface of another bone. Motion is within a single plane Example elbow joint 64 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

65. Pivot Joint The rounded end of a bone protrudes into a ring of bone and ligaments on another bone Only rotational movement is allowed around long axis Example proximal radioulnar joint 65 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

66. Condyloid Joints The oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary concavity in another biaxial joints Example Metacarpo- phalangeal joints 66 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

67. Saddle Joints Each surface has both a concave and a convex surface that fit together Example carpometacarpal 67 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S

68. Ball and Socket Joint The spherical head of one bone articulates with the cuplike socket of another Multiaxial The most freely moving synovial joint Examples Shoulder joint Hip joint 68 3/14/2023 By Rebuma S