APPENDICULAR SKELETON CK.pptx.@#$_&&_$$#

Anatomy and physiology the skeleton appendicular of the human being and the bones of the pectoral girdle

1. THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

2. GENERAL OBJECTIVE At the end of the discussion, students should demonstrate an understanding of the appendicular skeleton.

3. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson students should be able to; 1.Outline the components of the appendicular skeleton 2. Discuss the bones of the pectoral girdle 3. Discuss the bones of the pelvic girdle

4. INTRODUCTION The bones of the appendicular skeleton contribute to homeostasis by providing attachment points and leverage for muscles, which aids body movements by providing support and protection of internal organs, such as the reproductive organs and by storing and releasing calcium.

5. INTRODUCTION The appendicular skeleton includes the bones that make up the upper and lower limbs as well as the bones of the two girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

6. Appendicular skeleton shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and the lower limbs; shoulder girdle and upper limbs consists of; 1 humerus , 1 radius, 1 ulna, 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges .

7. Appendicular skeleton pelvic girdle comprises of 2 innominate bones and the sacrum. lower limbs consist of 1 femur, 1 tibia, 1 fibula, 1 patella, 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges.

8. Shoulder girdle consists 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles

9. Clavicle (collar bone) S-shaped long bone, articulates with manubrium of the sternum and forms the acromioclavicular joint with acromion process of the scapula. the only bony link between upper limbs and axial skeleton.

10. Scapulae (shoulder blade) is a flat triangular shaped bone, located on the posterolateral part of the thorax, it has 3 bony processes consisting of the spine, acromion process and coracoids process.

11. Scapulae Laterally at the glenoid cavity the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus toform shoulder joint. Acromion articulates with clavicle forming the acromioclavicular joint a slightly movable synovial joint contributes to the mobility of the shoulder girdle.

12. Upper limbs Humerus ; longest bone of the arm comprises of a cylindrical shaft, a broad and flattened distal end and a rounded articular surface on the proximal end head articulates glenoid cavity (scapula)

13. Humerus distal to the head are 2 roughened projections of the bone; greater and lesser tubercles between them is a deep groove called the bicipital groove (intertubercular sulcus) occupied by one of the tendons of the biceps muscles.

14. Humerus The distal end presents 2 surfaces that articulate with radius and ulna to form elbow joint.

15. Humerus

16. Ulna and radius 2 bones of the forearm, ulna is longer and medial to the radius Articulate with the humerus at the elbow joint. they also articulate with carpal bones at the wrist and with each other at the proximal and distal radioulnar joint

17. Ulna and radius an interossoeus membrane fibrous joint connects the bones along their shaft stabilising their association.

18. Carpal (wrist) bones there are 8 carpal bones arranged in 2 rows of 4. Proximal row; scaphoid , lunate , triquetral , pisiform . Distal row; trapezium, trapezoid, capitates, hamate .

19. Carpal (wrist) bones joined to one another by ligaments, articulation among the carpal bones are intercarpal joints. Tendons of muscles lying in the forearm cross the wrist and are held close to the bone by strong fibrous band called retinacula .

20. Carpal bones

21. Metacarpal bones (bones of the hand) 5 bones form the palm of the hand, numbered from the thumb inwards. Proximal ends articulate with carpal bones and the distal ends with phalanges.

22. Phalanges (finger bones) 14 phalanges, 3 in each finger 2 in the thumb articulate with metacarpals bones and with each other.

23. The pelvic girdle and lower limb The pelvic girdle formed by 2 innominate (hip) bones, each of which consists of 3 fused bones; ilium, ischium, and pubis. Lateral surface is a depression called acetabulum (were the three bones unite) forms the hip joint with head of femur.

24. Pelvic bone

25. Ilium upper flattened part, presents the iliac crest, anterior curve is called anterior superior iliac spine. forms synovial joint with sacrum: sacroiliac joint (strong joint absorbs stress of weight bearing)

26. PELVIC BONES CONT’D Pubis I s the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone. A rticulate at the middle by a cartilaginous joint called symphysis pubis. Ischium is the inferior and posterior portion, rough inferior projections called ischial tuberosites bear the weight of the body when seated.

27. The pelvis

28. Lower limbs Femur; longest and heaviest bone of the body the head is almost spherical fits into the acetebulum to form the hip joint. Posterior surface of the lower third forms a triangular area called popliteal surface.

29. Femur Distal extremity has 2 articular condyles with which the tibia and patella form the knee joint. Transmits the weight of the body through the bone below the knee to the foot.

30. Patella (knee cap) a flat, triangular bone, situated on the front of the knee-joint ( sesamoid bone) developed in the tendon of the Quadriceps femoris serves to protect the front of the joint, and increases the leverage of the Quadriceps femoris by making it act at a greater angle.

31. Tibia is the medial bone in the leg, proximal extremity is broad and flat presents with 2 condyles which articulate with femur at knee joint, fibula articulate with inferior aspect of the lateral condyle forming proximal tibiofibular joint.

32. Tibia Distal extremity of tibia forms ankle joint with talus and fibula. Medial malleolus is a downward projection of the bone medial to the ankle.

33. Fibula lateral bone in the leg, lower extremity articulates with tibia. The fibula does not articulate with the femur, but it does help stabilize the ankle joint. The head of the fibula, the proximal end, articulates with the inferior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia below the level of the knee joint to form the proximal tibiofibular joint.

34. Tibia and fibula

35. Tarsal (ankle)bones 7 tarsal bones form posterior part of the foot; talus, calcaneus , navicular , cuboid and 3 cuneiform bones. Calcaneus forms the heel of foot . The calcaneus is the largest and strongest tarsal bone

36. Tarsal bones

37. Metatarsals (bones of the foot) 5 bones numbered from inside out forms greater part of the dorsum of the foot. Proximal ends articulate with tarsal bones at the distal end with the phalanges.

38. Phalanges (toe bones) 14 phalanges, 3 in each toe 2 in the greater toe ( halux ).

39. SUMMARY The appendicular skeleton which consists of the bones that make up the upper and lower limbs as well as the bones of the two girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. The human body has two pectoral or shoulder girdles that attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

40. REFERENCES 1. Feder, ME; Bennett, AF; WW, Burggren; Huey, RB (1987). New directions in ecological physiology. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-34938-3 . 2. Waugh. A & Grant. A. (2010). Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness . 11 th Edition. Churchill Livingstone. Toronto.

41. REFERENCES 3. Scanlon V. C. & Sanders T. (2007). Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology . 5 th Edition. F. A. Davis Company. Philadelphia. 4. Tortora .G. J & Derrickson . B (2009) Principles of anatomy and physiology. 12th edition. John wiley & sons, Inc. USA