APPLICATION OF ENZYMES FOR PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES.pptx

Enzyme are used in pharmaceutical industries in various applications like therapy, antibiotic production, ointments, etc.

1. APPLICATION OF ENZYMES FOR PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES Presented by u.Aathilakshmi 810021509001

2. Enzyme in pharmaceutical industries The application of enzymes in the pharmaceutical industry has long been used in the manufacturing of API’s and other compounds . Benefits : Improved eco-efficiency Lower operating costs Use of alternative raw materials Synthesis of products not accessible by chemical synthesis The possibility to implement enzyme cascades

3. Production of Pharmaceutical Enzymes Most of the industrial enzymes including those used in pharmaceutical industries are produced through fermentation of suitable microbial strains mainly belonging to bacteria and fungi due to their easy handling, fast growth rates, and convenient scale up in large vessels (fermenters) . Bacteria : escherichia coli , bacillus subtilis , lactic acid bacteria, Filamentous fungi : aspergillus oryzae , aspergillus niger , trichoderma atroviride , Yeasts : saccharomyces cerevisiae, pichia pastoris , P roduction processes : S ubmerged fermentation (SMF) and Solid-state fermentation (SSF).

4. Enzymes Used in Industrial Process Modification Proinsulin to Insulin Insulin is a human hormone used for the treatment of diabetes type I patients. Microbial sources : Escherichia coli and saccharomyces cerevisiae. During the synthesis of insulin, the step of conversion of proinsulin to insulin is catalyzed by enzymes like trypsin and carboxypeptidase . They are used for removing unwanted side chains by cleaving peptide bonds.

5. Semisynthetic Penicillin Penicillin acylase enzyme falls under the family of hydrolases , which act on carbon nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds. This enzyme is used in the process of production of semisynthetic penicillin by catalyzing the reaction of penicillin G and H 2 O as a substrate to produce 6-aminopenicillanate . After gaining resistance to penicillin by microbes, semisynthetic penicillin was developed which has extended its effectiveness against a wide range of infectious microorganisms such as streptococcal and staphylococcal species, aerobic gram-negative, and many anaerobic organisms.

6. Enzymes for the synthesis of amino acids Amino acids are building blocks of life and thus are in dispensable for proper health and nutrition of both humans and animals. In addition, due to their chirality , they are biochemically very significant and are very useful in chemical synthesis . Enzymes and whole cell biocatalysts have been important in the production of proteinogenic and non proteinogenic D- and L-amino acids.

7. Enzymatic production of proteinogenic amino acids The production of L -methionine , which is used in special diets, has been carried out using enzymatic resolution with acylase of A spergillus oryzae . Several hundred tons of L-methionine and L-valine are now produced each year using enzyme membrane reactor technology to minimize the enzyme loss.

8. Enzymatic synthesis of statin intermediates Statins such as atorvastatin and rosuvastatin are primarily used as lipid lowering agents and for prevention of cardiovascular diseases. These drugs act as specific inhibitors of the hydroxylmethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase, which reduces HMG- C oA into mevalonate , a rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Two intermediates that are converted to atorvastatin and rosuvastatin . t-butyl 6-chloro-(3 r ,5 s )- dihydroxyhexanoate (3s,5r)-dihydroxy-6-( benzyloxy ) hexanoic acid, ethyl ester.

9. Enzyme Therapy Adenosine deaminase Adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase , or ADA) is an enzyme involved in metabolism of purine bases. This enzyme has emerged as therapeutic agent for the treatment of immunological disorders - severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). Adenosine deaminase is used for the treatment of ADA plays an important role in the metabolism of excess adenosine present in the circulation of these patients and decreases the toxicity to the immune system of the raised adenosine levels. The success of the treatment depends upon the modification of ADA with PEG.

10. Enzymes used as digestive aids Lactose intolerance Lactose intolerance is a condition in which the patient is unable to produce sufficient quantities of lactase enzyme that is responsible for the digestion of the milk sugar lactose. For such people, lactase supplements such as milk fortified with lactase, lactase powder, and so on are available. These supplements help to break down the lactose into its monomers, that is, glucose and galactose and alleviate the symptoms of lactose intolerance such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea.

11. Enzymes Used in Topical Ointments COLLAGENASE Collagen is a protein that joins and holds cells and tissue together such as the muscle, skin, bone, and tendons. Collagenase is obtained from clostridium histolyticum , which is an endopeptidase having debridement activity that digests native collagen in damaged cells and tissues within the skin layers and helps recover severe burns, skin ulcers, etc. It helps to discontinue and remove dead skin and tissue and thus helps in the repair of skin during the healing of burns and skin ulcers.

12. reference Meghwanshi , G.K., Kaur, N., Verma , S., Dabi , N.K., Vashishtha , A., Charan , P.D., Purohit , P., Bhandari, H.S., Bhojak , N. And kumar , R., 2020. Enzymes for pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry , 67 (4), pp.586-601. Singu , B. And annapure , U., 2018. Role of enzymes in pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. In E nzymes in Food technology (pp. 167-185). Springer, singapore .

13. Thank you