Application of Nanotechnologies in the Energy Sector

Applications of nanotechnology for increasing efficiency of generated power at low cost and the other hand,increasing efficiency of storage energy and transmission power.

1. Application of Nanotechnologies in the Energy Sector Nano science future 1 Basiony Shehata Atia M ohamed Faculty of Energy Engineering Electrical Engineering Department ASWAN UNIVERSITY

2. 2 Nano science future What is nanotechnology…? Nanotechnology is the design, production and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size of the nano scale. Nanoscience, that is the understanding of matter at the nanometer scale is expected to have a strong impact and other properties on the future products. Nanotechnology is a creative and transformational technology on our needs. 1nm= .  

3. Nanoscale Materials….!! Nanoscale materials contain nanoparticles by using nanotechnology and this nanoparticles materials have at least one dimension that is less than 100 nm and Thin films, layers and surfaces in two dimensions. Nanoparticles have tiny size, light weight, incredible surface area per unit mass and are very strong. There are several processes to create nanomaterials, classified as “ top-down ” and “ bottom-up ”. Nano science future 3

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5. Approaches in Building small objects bottom-up Nano science future 5 top-down

6. Energy applications of nanotechnology..! Photovoltaic solar cells.. Generate electricity directly from sunlight by two main types: Single crystal silicon (traditional): Widespread. Expensive to manufacture. Less efficiency. Dye-sensitized (nano): Newer. Inexpensive to manufacture. High efficiency Flexible. Nano science future 6

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8. Disadvantages of solar cells Less efficiency, high manufacturing cost and converts only bluish light of sunlight not red light. Most times incoming photons and light have less band gap energy. Because of less band energy electrons doesn’t move to generate electricity. Extra energy is wasted in heat form . Nano science future 8

9. nano for improvements .. ! Solar cells coated with thin film of silicon of 1 nanometer are most efficient and offers more Absorption of photons. Thin films improve performance by 60% of UV rays are absorbed . Single wall carbon Nanotubes are most efficiency than nanoparticles alone . Nano science future 9 Thin Films

10. Quantum Dots (QDs) Nanotechnology use Quantum dots(QD) to increase efficiency of solar cells . Conventional materials in one photon generates just one electron . Quantum Dots have potential to generates multiple electrons . Use of dots increase the electrons to move from Valance band to conduction band very easily. Nano science future 10 schematic of Quantum dots

11. Plastic solar cells Scientists have invented a plastic solar cell that can turn the suns power into electrical energy even on a cloudy day. The new material uses nanotechnology and absorbs the infrared part of the sun’s energy.  Flexible, roller processed solar cells have the potential to turn the sun’s power into a clean, green, consistent source of energy. Nano science future 11

12. Wind energy.. Convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy. Use wind to generate electricity. Uses a source to power a generator, without the harmful emissions. Nano science future 12

13. Disadvantages of Wind Turbines.. Variation in wind speed. Power control. Life time, weight, power losses and efficiency. Nano science future 13

14. Nanotechnology in Wind Turbines.. Nano science future 14

15. Nano-optimized Energy Storage.. Electrical Energy Storage Using Supercapacitors by advanced nanocarbons (CNTs or graphene). Carbon aerogel as nanoporous substances are perfectly suitable as graphitic electrode materials in supercapacitors . Due to.. Extremely high inner surface. Power densities of more than 10 kw/kg Used in mobile applications, where high energy amounts have to provided in a short period of time. Nano science future 15 aerogel

16. Electrochemical energy storage Using supercapacitors and batteries . Nanotechnology can enhance the safety and capacity of lithium ion batteries greatly. By nanotechnology can find materials suitable for use as electrodes have high surface area and a llow charge to flow more freely. By nanotechnology can replace liquid electrolytes due to higher capacity and shorter charge cycles. Nanoparticles enhance the conductivity and reduce the chance of a short circuit. Changing the atoms to which the lithium bonds and changes the- electrochemical reaction gives more energy and increasing the power. Nano science future 16

17. Nanomaterials for batteries..! Electrodes Several types of nanomaterial allow for higher storage densities of lithium than standard metal or graphite electrodes. Carbon-coated silicon nanowires. Carbon nanotubes. Layered, nanostructured vanadium oxide and manganese oxide. Nano science future 17

18. Electrolyte Nanoparticles added to solid polymer gel. Enhance the conductivity and storage capacity. Solid ceramics have high temperature resistance. high-stress applications like large vehicles. Nano science future 18

19. Fuel Cells… Converts a fuel directly into electricity in an electrochemical reaction Limitations of fuel cells. Use expensive materials such as platinum are needed for the electrode catalysts. Hydrogen is costly and difficult to store. Fuel cells are often considered in the context of hydrogen, because they convert hydrogen and oxygen to water, producing electricity and heat in the process. Nano science future 19

20. Nano-optimized fuel cells..! Use platinum nanoparticles instead of solid platinum surface. Increases efficiency , and allows much less metal to be used. Support platinum nanoparticles on a porous surface. Further increases the accessibility of the platinum surfaces. CNTs may be important for composite components in fuel cells because of high strength and toughness-to-weight characteristics Nano science future 20 Membrane electrode unit of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Hydrogen ( ) is catalytically oxidized at the anode ( left ), and the arising proton ( ) move through the polymer membrane( center ) to the cathode ( right ). where, together with oxygen ( ), they are converted to water molecules.  

21. Hydrogen Energy The hydrogen economy is a future economy in which hydrogen is the primary form of stored energy for mobile applications and load balancing . Promising form of energy storage and efficient Process . Exhaust gas produced is pure water. Nanotechnology can help by using nanomaterials at reduced cost . Nanostructured materials absorb full capacity of fuel in short time . Nanotechnology may help hydrogen storage problems . Nano science future 21

22. Production of Hydrogen Energy Solar water splitting considered as most effective and cleanest way. Solar energy directly produce hydrogen thereby making the fuel efficient alternative to batteries for storing clean energy. Nano science future 22

23. Storage of Hydrogen Energy Storage of hydrogen gas an issue, as it is highly flammable in its free gaseous form. There are two ways to store hydrogen in materials. A bsorption of the hydrogen within the material. Storing the hydrogen in a container. The challenge for absorption is to control the diameter of the nanotube and the absorption energy of hydrogen on the outside and inside of the tube is high enough to provide the desired storage capacity at an acceptable pressure and low cost. Nano science future 23

24. Single-walled CNTs are solving the storage problem for hydrogen-fueled cars and trucks . CNTs could still facilitate storage in a container and may be used in super-strong composites in the bodies of the vehicles to make them lighter. Nanoparticles which are titanium dioxide, a common white pigment in its bulk form have strong photo-catalytic activity, the ability to use the energy from sunlight to decompose molecules . Nano science future 24

25. Nanotechnology Applications Relevant to Electricity Transmission…! Nanotechnology may help improve the efficiency of electricity transmission wires . Now there are conventional wires for transmission electricity such as aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) wire . Developing a nanomaterial-based metal-matrix overhead conductor known as the aluminum conductor composite reinforced (ACCR) wire. Nano science future 25

26. Advantages of ACCR Provide more than twice the transmission capacity of conventional conductors of similar size and high-performance. Designed to resist heat sag. S trength and life time provided by its composite “nano-crystalline aluminum oxide fibers’’. MWCNT SWCNT Nano science future 26

27. Using CNTs Single-walled CNTs extremely high electrical conductivity (more than 10 times greater than copper ). Possessing flexibility, elasticity and tensile strength. Replacing current wires with nanoscale wires called (Quantum wires). The electrical conductivity of QW is higher than that of copper at one-sixth the weight. QW is twice as strong as steel . HTS cables can carry more power at the same voltage than conventional cables. T hey have a lower susceptibility to temperature-related faults than overhead lines. Nano science future 27

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29. Questions….?? Nano science future 29