Application of recombinant dna in the pharmaceutical and medical fields

ppt on Application of recombinant dna in the pharmaceutical and medical fields

1. ekelle university f natural and computational science DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Application of Recombinant DNA in the Pharmaceutical and Medical Fields COMPAILED B Y :- UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Presentation Title on Advisor Name:-

2. BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Application of rDNA Technology in Pharmaceutical and Medical Fields

3. © Introduction © Objectives of the Presentation © Steps of Genetic Engineering © Application of Recombinant DNA Technology in Pharmaceutical and Medical Fields Human Insulin Human Growth Hormone Vaccines © Conclusion TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED BY: MAIREG KEBEDE

4. At the end of this presentation we will be able to: Define Genetic engineering and Recombinant DNA technology. List down the six major steps of Genetic engineering. Briefly describe the application of Recombinant DNA technology in Pharmaceutical and Medicine. BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Objectives of The Presentation

5. Genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology is the procedures by which DNA from different species can be isolated, cut and spliced together . New "recombinant " molecules are then multiplied in quantity in populations of rapidly dividing cells (e.g. Bacteria, yeast ). It is simply the addition, deletion, or manipulation of a single trait in an organism to create a desired change. INTRODUCTION

6. 1. Isolation 1 (a ) Isolation of a specific gene from donor e.g. human Cells broken open Genetic probe added Reveals position of the gene of interest STEPS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Position of gene of interest Genetic probe Donor DNA

7. (b) Isolation of plasmid from a bacterial cell STEPS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING… BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Bacterial cell Plasmid

8. 2. Cutting Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut DNA at specific sites called restriction sites. BY: MAIREG KEBEDE STEPS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING… Restriction site Restriction site Restriction enzymes

9. BY: MAIREG KEBEDE STEPS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING… Restriction site Restriction site Donor DNA PLASMID Restriction enzymes © Biology Support Service 2007

10. BY: MAIREG KEBEDE STEPS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING… Donor DNA Sticky Ends Plasmid

11. 3. Ligation Re-joining cut fragments of DNA and forming artificial recombinant molecules. BY: MAIREG KEBEDE STEPS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING… DNA Ligase

12. 4. Transformation Recombinant DNA introduced into bacterial cell BY: MAIREG KEBEDE STEPS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING… Bacterial chromosome Bacterial cell Recombinant DNA

13. 5. Recombinant selection or Screening BY: MAIREG KEBEDE STEPS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING…

14. 6. Expression of cloned DNA Reasons for attempting to express cloned genes (i) T he construction of expression libraries ( cDNA libraries where the donor DNA of each clone is expressed, allowing screening for structural or functional properties of the encoded polypeptide) (ii) T he analysis or exploitation of gene function at the protein level ; (i ii ) T he commercial production of proteins ; (iv) T he production of antibodies BY: MAIREG KEBEDE STEPS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING…

15. Recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to treat many diseases by replacing damaged and diseased genes in the body with new genes. It has brought revolutionary changes in the field of medicine and introduced such methods of treating diseases and delivering drugs that were once just imaginary. Human Insulin Human Growth Hormones we will disscussed briefly on those topics Vaccines Monoclonal Antibodies Interferon Antibiotics BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE

16. 1. Human Insulin Insulin is basically a hormone, which is made up of proteins. This hormone is secreted in cells of the pancreas that are commonly referred to as the ‘Islets Of Langerhans’. This hormone plays important role in controlling the glucose level in body, because decreased level of insulin may cause diabetes. Recombinant DNA technology has allowed the scientists to develop human insulin by using the bacteria as a host cell. A variety of different recombinant insulin preparations are in widespread use. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. This is supposed to be safer than traditionally prepared drugs. Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

17. It is a necessary hormone that enables bodily cells to allow blood sugar to enter and be converted into energy. Pig and cattle pancreas glands were once the only viable method. This was sufficient for most diabetics however there was issues: Animals insulin caused some allergic reactions. Not a true human match to insulin. Not the most efficient way to obtain insulin. Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

18. Before insulin was discovered in 1921, everyone with diabetes died within weeks to years of its onset. Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

19. In 1969, Dorothy determined the spatial conformation of the molecule , the so-called tertiary structure. She had been awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for the development of crystallography. In 1958 british molecular biologist Frederick Sanger determined the primary structure of insulin. It was the first protein to have its sequence be determined. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work. In 1977 Rosalyn received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for the develpoment of radioimmunoassay for insulin. Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

20. Synthetic insulin was first made in 1978 by scientists at Genetech, Inc. and City of Hope National Medical Center. Herbert Boyer was the scientist first who succeded in making a synthetic “human” insulin through gene-engeneering in a laboratory in 1977. Made possible by the discovery of restriction enzymes & DNA ligase. Found naturally in bacteria. Catalysts to cut and rejoin DNA fragments. Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

21. BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE... Human Insulin Production by Bacteria

22. BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

23. BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

24. Benefits Less expensive Absorbed more rapidly by the body Has a shorter more manageable duration of effectiveness Causes fewer allergic or autoimmune reactions than the animal insulin hormone. Side Effects E xtreme lethargy M ental confusion M emory loss J oint and muscle pains D epression G eneral feeling of being unwell. BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

25. 2. Human Growth Hormones Human growth hormone is a polypeptide hormone. It is responsible for growth, reproduction of the cells and regeneration in humans as well as animals. It is secreted by somatotroph cells present in the pituitary glands. Before recombinant HGH became available, HGH for therapeutic use was obtained from pituitary glands of cadavers. This unsafe practice led to some patients developing Creutzfeldt_x0002_Jacob disease. Recombinant HGH eliminated this problem, and is now used therapeutically. It has also been misused as a performance enhancing drug by athletes and others. In recent days biotechnology has helped scientists to produce many growth hormones. The dwarfism disease is successfully treated with this hormone BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

26. Production of Growth Hormone BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

27. How HGH methods work Injection: a synthetic substance injected into the body. They tend to be very expensive a single injections costs as much as $29. Oral Spray: not scientifically proven to have an effect. Some say they see results faster then the other methods. Natural releasers: they increase the HGH levels in our bodies. They are like vitamins taken in a tablet form. Usually taken just before bed seeing how the pituitary gland is most active during sleep. Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

28. Intended use Children with growth disorders Adults with hormone deficiency Short bowel syndrome(intestinal disorder) Side effects Increased risk of diabetes High blood pressure Arthritis Joint swelling Joint pain Headache Nausea, vomititing BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

29. 3. Vaccines Vaccine is a biological substance that is prepared from the suspension of weak or dead pathogenic cells. It is injected in the body to enhance the production of antibodies against a particular antigen. Recombinant DNA technology has made it easier for scientists to develop vaccines by cloning the gene used for protective antigen protein. Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

30. Edward Jenner used the cowpox virus to vaccinate individuals against smallpox virus in 1796 . BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

31. Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

32. DNA vaccines Vs Traditional vaccines DNA V accines Traditional V accines BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE... Uses only the DNA from infectious organisms. Avoid the risk of using actual infectious organism. Provide both Humoral & Cell mediated immunity Refrigeration is not required Uses weakened or killed form of infectious organism. Create possible risk of the vaccine being fatal. Provide primarily Humoral immunity Usually requires Refrigeration.

33. ADVANTAGES Elicit both Humoral & cell mediated immunity Long term immunity Refrigeration is not required Stable for storage DISADVANTAGES Extended immuno - stimulation leads to chronic inflammation Some antigen require processing which sometime s does not occur BY: MAIREG KEBEDE Application of RECOMBINANT DNA IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINE...

34. Recombinant proteins are widely used as reagents in laboratory experiments and to generate antibody probes for examining protein synthesis within cells and organisms. Thus the use of this advanced technology, Recombinant DNA technology produces variety of products which are used for medical purposes. It is a challenging field, and play a key role in preventing genetic diseases, producing targeted medicines, and providing patients with less toxic pharmaceuticals. Hence it is gaining tremendous significance in the field of medicine today. BY: MAIREG KEBEDE CONCLUSION

35. Thank's for your attention If you have ANY question, suggestion, comment welcome !!!