Applications of Nanomaterials

Applications

1. Applications of Nanomaterials

2. Applications of Nanomaterials
Some of the following Industry

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3. Nanotechnology in day to day life

9. Energy applications of nanotechnology
•An important subfield of nanotechnology related to
energy is nanofabrication.

•Nanofabrication is the process of designing and
creating devices on the nanoscale.

•Creating devices smaller than 100 nanometres opens
many doors for the development of new ways to
capture, store, and transfer energy.

10. Industrial applications of nanotechnology
Surfaces and coatings
self-cleaning or "easy-to-clean" surfaces on ceramics
or glasses.

Nano ceramic particles have improved the
smoothness and heat resistance of common
household equipment.

11. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology provides two basic types
1) Nano-materials
2) Nano-devices
Bionano materials used for
•orthopedic or dental implants or as scaffolds for tissue-
engineered products.

•Their surface modifications or coatings might greatly enhance
the biocompatibility by favouring the interaction of living cells

•These materials can be sub classified into Nanocrystalline and
Nano-structured materials.

12. Nano-crystalline materials are readily manufactured
Raw nano-materials can be used in
drug encapsulation,
bone replacements,
prostheses (artificial mechanical devices to replace body parts
lost in injury and or by birth)
EX: artificial limbs, facial prosthetics and neuroprosthetics etc.), and
implants.

•Nanostructured materials provide special shapes or functionality,

•Ex: quantum dots, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology

13. General Applications

Intracellular targeting
Treatment of chemotherapy
Avoidance of Multi-drug resistance
Treatment of leprosy
Ocular drug delivery
Brain drug delivery
DNA delivery
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology

14. Current applications of
nanotechnology in pharmacy

Nano-medicine,
Tissue Engineering,
Nano-robots,
Advance Diagnostic,
Biosensor,
Biomarker,
Image Enhancement

18. Dendrimers
•a synthetic polymer with a branching, tree-like
structure

19. Biocide: poisonous substance, especially a pesticide

28. (large scale)

29. •Nanofiltration membranes are used in
softening water,
brackish water treatment,
industrial water treatment,
product separation in industry,
 salt recovery

•Reverse Osmosis is based on the basic principle of
osmotic pressure, now its easy by the help of
nanoflitration

Application of Nanotechnology in water purification

30. Application of Nanotechnology in water purification

Nanoparticles are effective for water treatment due to
More surface area

Small volume

The higher the surface area and volume, the particles become
stronger, more stable and durable

Materials may change electrical, optical, physical, chemical, or
biological properties at the nano level

Makes chemical and biological reactions easier

31. Solar Cells

32. Infrared Plastic Solar Cells

37. Thin film Solar Cells

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38. Thin film Solar Cells

39. 
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Thin film Solar Cells

40. Nanotechnology in Solar cells

•Berkeley (Chemist at University of California), have designed
Plastic Soar Cell which utilize tiny nanorods to convert light
into electricity

•These soar cells consist of a layer of tiny nanorods only 200
nm thick, dispersed within a polymer

•So far these cells can produce only 0.7 Volts, so they are only
appropriate for low-power devices

•These cells could be mass produced because the nanorod
layer could simply be applied in separate coats

41. Why nanotechnology in Solar Cell ?
•
•
•

42. Nanotechnology enhancement provide

Improved efficiencies

Lower costs
–cheaper than conventional

Flexibility
–thin film flexible polymers

43. Dye-sensitized solar cell
•A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC, DSC, DYSC or
Grätzelcell) is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the group
of thin film solar cells.


•It is based on a semiconductor materials
•It is formed between a photo-sensitized anode and an
electrolyte,
•a photoelectrochemical system.

45. http://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=plkillme&logNo=10103744039

46. How does a DSSC function?

A DSSC functions due to the
•interactions between the anode and the cathode and
the nanoparticles of titanium oxide, coated with light
sensitive dye and surrounded by electrolyte.
Anode – Cathode – Nano TiO
2 – Dye - Electrolyte

47. Components of DSSC
Transparent conducting Electrode ( Glass)
Counter conducting electrodes (Pt or Carbon)
The nanostructured wide band gap semiconducting layer (TiO
2,
ZnO, SnO
2)
Dye molecules (Photo sensitizer) (Ru based)
Electrolyte (Redox electrolyte, I
- /
I
3-
)

48. Nanostructured photoelectrode

•In the old generations of photo electro chemical solar cells
(PSC) photo electrodes were made from bulky
semiconductor materials such as Si, GaAs or CdS.

•However, these kinds of photo electrodes when exposed to
light they undergo photo corrosion that results in poor
stability of the photoelctrochemical cell.

•To reduce this issue, The use of sensitized wide band gap
semiconductors such as TiO
2, or ZnO resulted in high
chemical stability of the cell due to their resistance to
photo corrosion.

49. •Another problem of bulky single or poly-crystalline wide
band gap materials is the low light to current conversion
efficiency

–due to inadequate adsorption of sensitizer because of
limited surface area of the electrode.

•This issue is reduced by using large surface of photo
electrode.

Nanostructured photoelectrode

50. DSSC - Cell Efficiency

•One of the important factors that affect the cell's efficiency is the
thickness of the nanostructured TiO
2
layer which must be less
than 20 nm

•TiO
2 is the most commonly used nanocrystalline semiconductor
oxide electrode in the DSSC as an electron acceptor (Gratzel,
2003).

•Other wide band gap semiconductor oxides is becoming common
is the zinc oxide ZnO.
•ZnO possesses a band gap of 3.37 eV and a large excitation
binding energy of 60 meV.

51. Advantages of DSSC
The DSSC has a number of attractive features;
It is simple to make
semi-flexible
semi-transparent which offers a variety of uses
most of the materials used are low-cost
Pollution free
Low light performance
Easy to handle
Efficiency of DSSC is 14.1 %

52. DSSC Applications

54. Perovskite Solar Cell
Origin And History:
•Perovskite was first discovered in the Ural mountains of Russia
by Gustav Rose in 1839.

•It was named after the Russian mineralogist Lev Perovski.

•It is Found in the Earth’s mantle

55. Introduction Perovskite
•Perovskite is any mineral which has ABX
3crystal structure,

•A and B are 2 cations of very different sizes and X is an anion
that bonds to both.

•Most Common type is crystal structure for CaTiO
3

•Synthetic Perovskites are inexpensive materials for high -
efficiency of up to 20%.
Most common perovskite material is methylammonium lead trihalide CH
3NH
3PbX
3
(optical band gap between 1.5 and 2.3 eV)

56. MA
+
- metal cation with valence 6

60. •All deposition process happens at a low temperature (below
150°C), which is suitable for the fabrication of flexible solar cells

•The concentration of the CH
3NH
3I solution affects the crystal size
from about 90 nm to about 700 nm.

• Photovoltaic performance was strongly influenced by the
CH
3NH
3I concentration,


•CH
3NH
3PbI
3 degrades in humid conditions and forms PbI
2 at
higher temperatures due to the loss of CH
3NH
3I

•Lead (Pb) compounds are very toxic and harmful to the
environment.

61. •Perovskite is very good for absorbing light energy

•It use less than one micrometer of materials to capture the same
amount of sunlight

•Perovskite is a semiconductor, but very good for electric energy
transfer when lights hits it.

64. What is conversion efficiency of solar cell?

•Solar cell efficiency refers to the portion of energy in
the form of sunlight that can be converted via
photovoltaics into electricity.
Portion of energy converted into Sunlight to Electricity

65. Electrochemical methods
•Analytical techniques that measure potential, charge, or
current to determine an analyte’s concentration or to
characterize an analyte’s chemical reactivity.
It is a qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis based on
electrochemical phenomena

It involves analysis of changes in the structure, chemical
composition, or concentration of the compound

These methods are divided into five major groups: potentiometry,
voltammetry, coulometry, conductometry, and dielectrometry.

66. Type of Electrochemical Methods
1. Potentiometry methods
•it measures the potential of a solution between two electrodes.
•The potential is related to the concentration of one or more
analytes.
2. Voltammetry method

 It is based on the applies a constant and/or varying potential at an
electrode's surface and measures the resulting current

It is variety of methods,

It is commonly used for the determination of compounds in solutions
(for example, polarography and amperometry).

67. Type of Electrochemical Methods
3.Coulometry methods
•It is based on the measurement of the amount of material
deposited on an electrode.
•Based on Faraday’s laws.
4. Conductometry methods:
Electrical conductivity of electrolytes (aqueous and non-aqueous
solutions, colloid systems and solids) is measured

It is based on the change in the concentration of a compound or
the chemical composition of a medium in the inter electrode
space;

68. What is Capacitor?
•Electrochemical device
•Also called as condenser
•When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the
conductors,
–a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing
positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge
on the other plate.
–Energy is stored in the form of electrostatic field.
Supercapacitors
very large capacitance.
Supercapacitors combine the properties of capacitors and batteries

69. What is Supercapacitor ?
•It is a electrochemical capacitor
•that can store a large amount of energy,
•typically 10 to 100 times more energy per unit mass or volume
compared to electrolytic capacitors.
•It is preferred to batteries owing to its faster and simpler
charging, and faster delivery of charge.
•A supercapacitor is also known as ultracapacitor or double-layer
electrolytic capacitor.
•high energy density when compared to common capacitors.
•They are of particular interest in
–automotive applications for hybrid vehicles
–supplementary storage for battery electric vehicles

71. Advantages of Supercapacitor
Very high rates of charge and discharge.
Little degradation over hundreds of thousands of cycles.
 Good reversibility.
Low toxicity of materials used.
 High cycle efficiency (95% or more).
High energy density
High power density
High capacitance
Longer life

72. Applications of Supercapacitor
1.Maintenance free applications
2.Public transportation, HEVs, Start-Stop System
3.Back-up and UPS systems
4.Systems of Energy recovery
5.Consumer electronics
6.Start up mechanism for automobiles
7.Start up in submarines & tanks
8.Backup power system in missile
9. Power source for laptop, flash in cameras
10.Voltage stabilizer

73. Basic Construction of Supercapacitor
It consist of two porous electrode (positive & Negative
electrode)
Positive & negative electrodes are separated by membrane
These 2 electrodes are electrically connected with ionic
liquid electrolyte

74. Working of Supercapacitor

76. Hybrid Capacitor
•It is a combination of EDLC (electrical double layer capacitor) and
Pseudocapacitor
•Optimize Power density of EDLC with energy density of
Pseudocapcitor

•Ex. Li-ion capacitor
Types:

Asymetric
Composite
Battery type

77. Li-ion Capacitor (LIC)
•Activated carbon is typically used as the cathode.

•The anode consists of carbon material which is pre-doped
with lithium ions.

•This pre-doping process lowers the potential of the anode and
allows a relatively high output voltage compared with other
supercapacitors.

•The packaged energy density of an LIC is approximately 20 Wh/kg

•Energy density of LIC ,is generally four times higher than an EDLC
and five times lower than a lithium ion battery.

78. •The positive electrode (anode) was originally made from lithium
titanate oxide, but is now more commonly made from graphitic
carbon to maximize energy density.

•The graphitic electrode potential initially at -0.1 V and it is lowered
further to -2.8 V by intercalating lithium ions.

•This step is referred to as "doping" and often takes place in the
device between the anode and a sacrificial lithium electrode.

•Electrolyte used in an LIC is a lithium-ion salt solution that can be
combined with other organic components
Li-ion Capacitor (LIC)

79. •The pre-doping process is critical to the device functioning

•it can significantly affect the development of the solid electrolyte
interphase (SEI) layer.

•Doping the anode, lowers the anode potential and leads to a
higher output voltage of the capacitor.

•Typically, output voltages for LICs are in the range of 3.8–4.0 V
but are limited to a lower voltage of 1.8–2.2 V.

Li-ion Capacitor (LIC)

80. Properties of Hybrid Capacitor
•high capacitance compared to a capacitor, because of the large
anode,

•high energy density compared to a capacitor(14 Wh/kg reported)

•high power density

•high reliability

•operating temperatures ranging from −20 °C to 70 °C

•low self-discharge (<5% voltage drop at 25 °C over three months)

81. Application

•Lithium-ion capacitors are quite suitable for applications which
require a high energy density, high power densities and excellent
durability.
•no need for additional electrical storage devices in various kinds of
applications, resulting in reduced costs.
•Potential applications for lithium-ion capacitors are, for example, in
the fields of
–Wind power generation systems,
–Uninterruptible power source systems (UPS),
–Voltage sag compensation,
–Photovoltaic power generation,
–Energy recovery systems in industrial machinery, and
–Transportation systems

82. Applications of Electrical devices
electronic, photonic, and biochemical sensing applications

Nanowire-based nanophotonic devices, including light emitting
diodes, lasers, solar cells, thermoelectric devices, and
photodetectors

Artificial photosynthesis on nanowire arrays, including one-step
solar-to-hydrogen conversion and photoreduction of carbon dioxide
Nanoelectronic devices are very small devices and overcome limits on
scalability

Nanorods used in Display technology due less electricity consumption &
less heat emission

Nanoelectronic

83. •Functionalised of graphene used as transistors for gas sensing,
pH sensing, bolometry, thermoelectrics and other applications.

•Cryo-refrigeration

•Graphene/nano-particle composites for applications such as Li-
ion battery anodes

84. Nanoelectronics
•Nanotechnology play a vital role to improve capability of
electronic products
•It improve
•To make light weight product
•Easy carry or move
•Reduce the power requirement
•Ex. Computer Hardware
•Display Devices
•Mobile & Communication Products
•Audio Products
•Camera & Films

85. Magnetic devices
•Magnetic devices are components for creating, manipulating or
detecting magnetic fields.
•This can include magnetic memories, magnetometers and devices
for magneto-optics.
•Magnetism can also play a central role in spintronic devices.

Magnetic Storage Devices
Floppy disks
Hard disks
Zip disk
Magnetic tape drivers

86. Sensor
Sensor is a device, module, or subsystem
Respond to a physical stimulus (heat ,light, sound, magnetism,
motion)
 Purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and
 Send the information to other electronics, frequently a computer
processor.

87. What is Nanosensor?
•Biological, Chemical or Physical sensory point

•used to convey information about Nanoparticles



Smaller
Require less power to run
Greater sensitivity
Better specificity

88. Nanosensors
Physical
nanosensors

Chemical
nanosensors

Biological
nanosensors
Mass
Pressure
Force
Displacement
Chemical Composition
Molecular Concentration
DNA Interaction
Enzymetic Iteraction
Antiboday interaction

89. Biological Applications of Sensors

DNA Sensor- Genetic Monitoring, Disease
Immunosensors: HIV, Hepatitis, other Viral disease
Cell based Sensor: Functional sensors, drug testing
Point of care Sensors: Blood, Urine, electrolytes, gases,
steroids, drugs, hormones, proteins
Bactria sensor (E-coli, streptococcus): food industry, medicine,
environment
Enzyme Sensor: Diabetics, drug testing

90. Detection of environmental pollution and toxicity
Agricultural monitoring
Ground water screening
Ocean monitoring


Environmental Applications of Sensors

91. solid oxide fuel cell
A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device
that converts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, heat, and water
as a result of a chemical reaction.
CATHODE- the positive electrode
ANODE- the negative electrode
ELECTROLYTE- in which the reactions take place
INTERCONNECT - electron transfer
SEALS- To act as barrier between components

92. Types of Fuel Cell
Alkali fuel cells
Molten Carbonate fuel cells (MCFC)
Phosphoric Acid fuel cells (PAFC)
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells
Solid Oxide fuel cells (SOFC)

93. Solid Oxide fuel cells (SOFC)

Fuel cells can continuously make electricity if they have a constant fuel
supply.

SOFCs that operate at higher temperatures -- between about 1100 and
1800 degrees Fahrenheit

Can run on a wide variety of fuels, including natural gas, biogas,
hydrogen and liquid fuels such as diesel and gasoline
Characteristics of SOFC:

Each SOFC is made of ceramic materials, which form three layers: the anode,
the cathode and the electrolyte

SOFC is more efficient than traditional power generation

94. Working Principles of SOFC
•SOFC essentially consists of two porous electrodes separated by a
dense, oxide ion conducting electrolyte.

•Oxygen supplied at the cathode (air electrode) reacts with incoming
electrons (from the external circuit) to form oxide ions

•These ions migrate to the anode (fuel electrode) through the oxide
ion conducting electrolyte.

•At the anode, oxide ions combine with
hydrogen in the fuel to form water (and/or
carbon dioxide), liberating electrons.

•Hence, Electrons (electricity) flow from the
anode to cathode through the external
circuit.

95. ADVANTAGES:
high efficiency,
long-term stability,
fuel flexibility,
low emissions, and
relatively low cost.

DISADVANTAGES:
high operating temperature
longer start-up times and
mechanical and chemical compatibility issues

96. Applications

SOFC are used as power and heat generation for homes and
Industry

auxiliary power units for electrical systems in vehicles.

SOFC also can be linked with a gas turbine, in which the hot,
high pressure exhaust of the fuel cell can be used to spin the
turbine, generating a second source of electricity.

Using planar SOFCs, stationary power generation systems of
from 1-kW to 25-kW size have been fabricated and tested by
several organizations

97. Applications

•Rolls-Royce Fuel Cell Systems Ltd is developing a SOFC gas turbine
hybrid system, fueled by natural gas for power generation
applications. It is megawatt scale high efficiency SOFC (e.g.
Futuregen).

•Ceres Power Ltd. has developed a low cost and low temperature
(500–600 degrees) SOFC stack, using cerium gadolinium oxide
(CGO)

98. Applications

•SOFC, has developed a unique, low cost cell architecture that
combines properties of planar and tubular designs, along with a
Cr-free cermet interconnect.

•The high temperature electrochemistry center (HITEC) at the
University of Florida, Gainesville is focused on studying ionic
transport, electro catalytic phenomena and micro structural
characterization of ion conducting materials.

•SiEnergy Systems, a Harvard spin-off company, has demonstrated
the first macro-scale thin-film solid-oxide fuel cell that can
operate at 500 degrees.

99. Applications

•Delphi Automotive Systems are developing an SOFC that will
auxiliary power units in automobiles and tractor-trailers

•Research is also going on in reducing start-up time to be able
to implement SOFCs in mobile applications

100. Nanotechnology in Self Cleaning
•Lotus plant, Although it grows in muddy waters, its leaves
always appear immaculately clean.
•The plants' leaves are superhydrophobic, i.e. drops of water roll
off free of residue, taking any impurities with them.
Lotus plant
Electron microscope photograph of the surface of a
lotus flower leaf.
The combination of surface roughness and water-
repellent wax crystals gives it superhydrophobic
properties.

101. Self-cleaning glass:
•It is a specific type of glass with a surface that keeps
itself free of dirt and grime.

•The field of self-cleaning coatings on glass is divided
into two categories: hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

102. Nano-TiO
2 for Self cleaning
•Improves the self-cleaning property of concrete
•It help to clean the environment by the degradation of pollutant
Nox, CO, VOCs, coming from vehicle and industries.
•Nano TiO
2 also improve the self cleaning property of glass
•Nano TiO
2 particles covering the fibres (20 nm) which is used for
self cleaning of Cloths

103. Nano self Cleaning Coating:
•It is efficient & cost effective cleaning solution
•Used for, cleaning building, roads, industrial facilities,
car and Solar panels

Self Cleaning Buildings:
•Clean itself with the help of sun and rain and protect
themselves against organic pollutants , UV, Bacteria,

• it is energy saving technology that also purifies the
air.