Approach to childhood disabilities .pptx

Approach to childhood disability

1. Approach to childhood disabilities Lecture for Semester VIII 2021

2. Problem Overview Child disability is an emerging global health priority Children and young people with disabilities constitute about 4 - 6.5% of the population in many countries In the US, 15%, of children aged 3-17 yr have a one or more developmental disabilities In the UK, 7.3% of children aged <18 yr are disabled

3. Childhood Disability Definition:  Disability is a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on a person's ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities

4. UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) adopted in 2006 defines persons with disabilities as “those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others”

5. Understanding disability Disability is part of the human condition Almost everyone will be temporarily or permanently impaired at some point in life, and those who survive to old age will experience increasing difficulties in functioning Most extended families have a disabled member, and many non-disabled people take responsibility for supporting and caring for their children, relatives and friends with disabilities

6. About 10% of the world’s population lives with a disability Children with disabilities are much less likely to attend school than others

7. Categories of childhood disabilities • Physical disabilities: e.g. Traumatic Brain injury, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, neural tube defects, muscular dystrophy, poliomyelitis, congenital or acquired musculoskeletal deformities • Cognitive/Intellectual disabilities: e.g. Mental retardation. • Emotional/behavioral disorders: e.g., Anxiety, depression, phobias, conduct disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • Sensory disabilities: Visual impairment (non-correctable vision problems): (partially sighted, blind) Hearing impairment: partial or complete hearing loss (deafness) Speech-language disorders (which have an adverse effect on the child educational performance) • Autism: A disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior • Specific learning disabilities: e.g., Reading, writing, math • Chronic health conditions: e.g. Asthma, TB, Juvenile DM, Rheumatic heart disease, Congenital heart disease, and malignancies

8. Causes • Prenatal causes • Chromosomal abnormalities and Genetic diseases • Rh -incompatibility • Environmental causes • Exposure to x-ray radiation • Teratogenic drugs • Teratogenic chemicals and environmental pollutants • Maternal malnutrition: folic acid deficiency • Infections during pregnancy: TORCH infection • Maternal diseases during pregnancy

9. Perinatal causes: • Drugs taken during labor and delivery • Prematurity: common among economically deprived mothers. Smoking, alcohol taken during pregnancy • Oxygen deprivation: brain hemorrhage and failure to breathe • Birth injuries: brain damage, Erb's palsy • Neonatal infections: sepsis, meningitis • Congenital anomalies

10. • Childhood causes: • Injuries • Childhood infections: Postnatally acquired meningitis and encephalitis • Severe and prolonged malnutrition can adversely affect both physical growth and mental development of the child • Environmental deprivation: For some children environmental deprivation has a debilitating effect on the development of abilities such as language use, adaptive behavior, and cognition

11. Child with a disability

12. Common Childhood Disabilities ADHD Autism spectrum disorder Cerebral palsy Hearing loss Intellectual disability Learning disability Vision impairment Developmental delays

13. IDEA Categories of Qualifying Disabilities   There are thirteen disability categories that qualify students for special education: 1) Mental Retardation, 2) Traumatic Brain Injury 3) Specific Learning Disabilities 4) Emotional Disturbance 5) Autism 6) Speech or Language Impairments 7) Deafness 8) Hearing Impairment 9) Visual Impairment (including blindness) 10) Deaf-Blindness 11) Orthopedic Impairments 12) Other Health Impairments 13) Multiple Disabilities Ref: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), American legislation

14. Rights of Disabled Children Children as a whole are marginalized, but children with disabilities face even greater discrimination because: 1) they have a disability 2) more vulnerable to exploitation, and abuse Unless these groups are specifically mentioned in human rights treaties, they may be deprived of the protections and guarantees of the general children’s human rights agenda, including the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) For this reason children with disabilities are mentioned in a separate article in the CRPD

15. Disability and Classification of Disability (Nepalese law) Definition: It is defined as a condition where a person feels difficulty to perform day-to-day activities and participate fully in their social life due to problems in body organs and system, including physical, socio-cultural and communication barriers

16. Disability classification (Nepalese law) Disability has been classified into seven categories: (1) physical disability; (2) visual impairment: blind and low vision; (3) hearing impairment: deaf and hard of hearing; (4) deaf blind; (5) speech impairment: (6) mental disability: intellectual disability, mental illness and autism; and (7) multiple disabilities.   Ref: Governmanr of NepL , 2007 nepal disability policy review - Kathmandu University Availableat: http :// ku.edu.np /arts/ drc / policy.review.pdf

17. Incidence of various types of disabilities in Nepal Incidence of various types of disability in Nepal in 2001 (UNICEF and National Planning commission): Vision related 5.6% Hearing and speech related 38.5% Bodily movement related 34.3% Mental retardation 6% Mental illness 4.6% Epilepsy 11.1% Available at: https://rcrdnepa.wordpress.com/nepalese-disability-policy-documents/disability-related-policies-and-laws/

18. Management of a child with disability The development of the disabled child and future life chances, including those of siblings, are critically affected by the support and services received by the disabled child and their families during the early years following diagnosis. The diagnosis is the first step to be considered in the management of these cases Medical management may be at home, in the community or in the hospital environment Genetic counselling may be needed

19. Multi-professional input Children with complex difficulties may need a multi-professional input Members of the team include a developmental pediatrician, physiotherapist, occupational therapist, speech and language therapist, psychologist, special needs teacher, social worker and liaison health visitor The provision of many services is organized by social services This may include preschool child care, respite care, home help, advice about benefits and assessment for services on leaving school

20. Education Education is crucial - both the nature of the problem and the management strategies. Families may be in for a long physical and emotional haul; they need to feel involved in the process at every stage and can only do this with enough appropriate information to hand

21. Voluntary agencies can also play a valuable role in support and provision of information Key-workers should be in place to provide continuous support, provide necessary information, improve communication and co-ordinate multi-agency interventions

22. Thank You The year 1981 was proclaimed the International Year of Disabled Persons (IYDP) by the United Nations. It called for a plan of action with an emphasis on equalization of opportunities, rehabilitation and prevention of disabilities