Approaches to counselling

Approaches to counselling

1. Approaches to counselling
Shujaat Ali MEd. AKU-IED
Visiting Lecturer Department of
Educational Development KIU
Skardu Campus

2. OVERVIEW OF THE
PRESENTATION
Introduction
Need of counselling
Need of a framwork
main approaches used by professional
counsellors,
Cognitive, Psychodynamic, Humanistic
And Behavioural Approaches
 There are many more approaches

3. Introduction
Counselling is to assist individuals in
•Learning about themselves
•Learning about environment around them
•Relationship of individual to environment
Conscious effort to help in learning about Role
and responsibilities
•Not always remedial
•understanding the behaviour pattern
•Undesirable pattern and change in behaviour
•Emotional and interpersonal adjustment

4. Need of guidance and
counselling
Need for Personal adjustment
Problems of adjustment is universal
What is adjustment???
in biology Adaptation
in psychology how an individual
manages living by his/her wisdom
Young and adults determination of
psychological and social identity

5. Frustration is Frustration
prevent (a plan or action) from
progressing, succeeding, or being
fulfilled. prevent (someone) from doing or
achieving something.
2cause (someone) to feel dissatisfied or
unfulfilled.
Inferiority

6. Need of guidance and
counselling
Personal adjustment in crucial situations
Elementary level students are in
developmental stage i.e. physical, social
emotional and personality
Need of a referee/ critical friend
High school level students need physique
relationship, skills behavioural aspects
and values
At dropout situations of schooling period

7. Cont…
At college level Adult learners need
support in problems like crime, offence
and drugs


8. Task
How teaching is different from
counselling????

9. Approaches to counselling
Need of a theory
“A system composed of emperical
dataderived from observation and/or
experimentation, and of their
interpretation ”
Counselling is based on a theory
 A theory becomes an approach when it
is practiced for problem solving
From many approaches we will discuss

10. Approaches to counselling
•Humanistic approach
–Self- Actualization
–Person centered
Cognitive approach
Behaviouristic approach
Eclectic approach

11. Self actualization of Abraham H Maslow

13. Humanistic Approach
Believes in
Self-perfecting
Personal growth
Creativity and self-sufficiency

14. The counsellr
Freedom-determination
Rationality-irrationality
Holism-elementalism
Constitusionism - environmentalism
Changability - unchangeability
Proactive-reactive
Homeostasis - hetrostasis
Knowability- unknowability

15. Huministic theory
Person centered by Carl Rogers
Client centered- A theory of therapy
People are positively motivated
Individuals are rationalized
In reasonable situations individual can
guide , control, and regulate him/herself
Three basic constituent

16. Three basic constituent of personality
1.The organism
2.The phenomenal field
3.The self
People are fully functioning/person in
process
Reinstitute the process towards self
actualization

17. Conditions for Counselling
Psychological contact
Minimum state of anxiety
Counsellor genuineness
Unconditioned positive regard
empathetic understanding
Client perception

18. Conditions for counselling
Humanists School of Thought
the counselor as facilitator
Enabling the client to make decisions
the child-centered and existential
approaches to counseling together with the
pastoral and African counseling approaches
incorporates religious beliefs and insights in
their practice, (Hagedorn, 1992).

19. EXISTENTIAL MODEL
Borrowed heavily from the existentialist
philosophers.
The existential approach is one, which, more than any other, stresses
the individual’s capacity for freedom and choice (Hough, 2006).
Search for meaning is at the core of
existence
Inability to find this meaning is the source
of people’s problems (Hough, 2006;
Beckie, 1964).
The role of a counselor to assist the
clients to find meaning in their lives reduce
the anxiety

20. EXISTENTIAL MODEL
Individuals who lack meaning
characterized by such behavioral
tendencies as hopelessness, personal
neglect, disorderliness, untidiness and
filth, lack of initiativeness and focus,
together with harboring suicidal
tendencies.
Get out of these negative and life
threatening behavioral inclinations.
 To adjust effectively to the demands of
everyday living
Make rational decisions and choices in
life.

21. The Cognitive School of Thought
Cognitive learning theory
People become what they are through
their thoughts and perceptions.
Individual has unique experience and
interpretation of environment
 Behavior and emotions originate from
thoughts, which are influenced by positive
or negative perceptions based on past,
present or future events (Hough, 2006; Kiriswa,
2005; Mwiti, 2005).

22. Cont…
Negative perceptions anxiety and life
threatening feelings manifested by
nervousness, fear to make initiatives,
withdrawal and isolation from the group,
as well as the general lack of motivation t
Positive perceptions creativity, versatility
in actions and the general self motivation
in education, play, personal hygiene and
grooming acts of gregariousness,
socializing and forging of healthy
relationships

23. development of effective individuals.
Using this school of thought, counselors
assist
to improve and modify their personal
effectiveness by helping them analyze
and change their thought patterns
through interactive counseling sessions.
 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy is
derived from this school of thought.

24. The behavioral School of
thought
Based on the work of a group of
behavioral psychologists interested in the
nature of human learning.
Observation of human behavior and the
way in which behavior is perpetuated
throughout life by the process of
reinforcement and punishment (hough, 2006;
yalom, 2004)
 Human beings are born without any
information, a condition referred to as
tabula rasa (Akong’a, 2009).

25. The behavioral School of
thought
Individuals’ interactions with the
environment for learning; learning from
their interactions with the environment.
The role of guidance and counseling to
enable to identify the appropriate learning
opportunities that lead to desired results
and avoid undesirable stimulus (stimuli )

26. PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING .
Guidance and counseling is based on
psychological theories formulated
through research and scientific inquiry.
Theories help in the understanding of
human behavior with regard to causes
and effective ways of its modification

27. THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
work of Sigmund Freud’s (1856-1939)
theory of psychoanalysis.
unconscious motivation, psychosexual
stages of development, innate sexual
and aggressive drive, links between
childhood and present behavior and the
nature of defense mechanisms and
their use (Hough, 2006). people are,
affected by unconscious motives and
drives.

28. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Human beings relate to their environments
through their various levels of
consciousness (Hagedorn, 1992).
Three levels of consciousness which
influence the behaviour
Preconscious level
Subconscious level
The unconscious level (Coon and Mitterer,
2007; Patri, 2005).

29. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
psychoanalysis enables to uncover the
repressed psychic forces
psychological techniques of free association,
dream analysis and hypnosis.
administration and interpretation of projective
techniques
thematic apperception tests and hypnosis
Mediating irrational fears and phobia
Learners’ earlier experiences are exposed,
understood resolved using the
psychoanalytic procedures of behavior
modification.

30. RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR
THERAPY (REBT)
propounded by Ellis (1979).
combination of the cognitive and
behavioral approaches to counseling.
stoic philosophers (Rao, 1992). people
are disturbed not by things, events or
other people but by the perceptions
they take of things, events or other
people (Hough, 2006; Mwiti, 2005; Rao,
1992).

31. Cont…
Counselor to help the client to emote or
self- expression of all that is causing
psychic pain
helps to realistically lessen a person’s
anxiety through the skilled help
Counselors’ capability in the use of
cathartic interventions, self-disclosures,
interviewing and other listening skills
are emphasized.

32. Some other models
ECLECTIC MODEL OF COUNSELING
PASTORAL MODEL OF
COUNSELING
TRADITIONAL AFRICAN GUIDANCE
AND COUNSELING APPROACH

33. Conclusion
 Practitioners require to be grounded in
clear understanding of the various
guidance and counseling theories and
approaches
Counselors and practitioners must
understand the tools of understanding
human behavior
Effective counseling requires sound
understanding of theories and
approaches that drive the practice.