APPURTENANCES.pptx

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1. APPURTENANCES SEASON SHAKYA 075BAR045

2. PLUMBING APPURTENANCES Plumbing appurtenance  means a manufactured device or prefabricated assembly of component parts which is an adjunct to the basic piping system and plumbing fixtures. An appurtenance does not demand additional water supply, nor does it add any discharge load to a fixture or the drain system. It is presumed that the appurtenance performs some useful function in the operation, maintenance, servicing, economy, or safety of the plumbing system.

3. USES OF APPURTENANCES The main purpose of water supply appurtenances is to make the distribution of water easy and effective. To avoid wastage and leakage of water. To change the direction of flow of water in pipe line. To make the efficient use of water. To control the flow of water in opposite direction in pipe. To regulate the flow of water.

4. REQUIREMENTS It should be strong. It should be durable. It should be economical. It should have resistance to corrosion. It should have resistance to internal pressure of water. It should be easy to remove & repair. It should not affected by chemicals, acids.

5. TYPES OF APPURTENANCES Valves Manholes Fire Hydrants Water Meters

6. VALVES Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and pressure within a system or process. In water works practice, to control the flow of water, to regulate pressure, to release or to admit air, prevent flow of water in opposite direction valves are required.

7. FUNCTIONS OF VALVES Stopping and starting flow Reduce or increase a flow Controlling the direction of flow Regulating a flow or process pressure Relieve a pipe system of a certain pressure

8. TYPES OF VALVES GATE VALVES Gate valve is the most widely used type of valve in plumbing systems. It includes a wedge-shaped metal gate that can be lowered to stop the flow of water or raised to allow the flow to continue . Gate valves cannot control the water flow as they are designed to be fully opened or fully closed. If used to adjust the water flow, it can wear out the valves.

9. BUTTERFLY VALVE This valve has a rotating metal disc that allows and inhibits the water flow, creating an image similar to that of a butterfly due to which is called a butterfly valve. These valves are very compact, light, and relatively short, making them significantly lighter than the other types. Butterfly valves rely on a gasket which eventually needs to be replaced . Butterfly valves are less durable and slower to operate.

10. BALL VALVES Ball valves are the most reliable and common type of valves used to regulate the flow of water. It involves a rotating sphere with a hole that is attached to a lever handle to operate the valve . In the open position, the hole in the sphere is in line with the pipe, allowing the water to flow through it. When in a closed position, the hole in the sphere is perpendicular to the pipe, thus completely restricting the water flow. The lever handle also serves as an indicator of whether the valve is open or closed. When the lever is perpendicular to the pipe, the valve is closed.

11. GLOBE VALVE The   Globe valve is commonly used to regulate or limit the water flow in plumbing applications, where the flow needs to be adjusted regularly . The interior design features contain a stopper on the end of a valve stem that is raised and lowered by the valve's twist knob. Globe valves get their name due to the globe-like or ball-like appearance of their body.  The globe valves are suitable for regulating flow; they are often used for outdoor faucets (hose bibs) and similar utility faucets.

12. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE Pressure relief valves are used in the plumbing system to reduce water pressure to the desired limit and protect equipment or piping systems from bursting. The mechanism consists of a spring and diaphragm adjusted to a specific limit, depending on the pressure of the water supply . The pressure relief valves are also known as pressure-reducing valves, pressure safety valves, and pressure balance valves.

13. MANHOLES A manhole or an inspection chamber is a unit constructed underground to provide access to the utilities like a sewer system, drainage system, etc. Hence, with the help of a manhole, underground utilities are inspected, modified, cleaned and maintained.

14. Purpose of Manhole To perform inspection, cleaning, and removal of any obstruction present in the sewage line. The joining of sewers, the change of direction or the alignment of sewers can be performed with the help of manhole. These have a perforated cover which helps the foul gases to escape. Hence it is a good means of ventilation for the underground sewage system. Manholes help to lay the sewer line in the conventional lengths.

15. FEATURES OF MANHOLE The main parts of a manhole are the chamber or ring and the Vertical Circular Pipe. The vertical circular pipe is available in varying depth and sizes. These pipes are used to access the inspection joints in the system. Manholes are mainly positioned 0.5m away from the curb lines of the road. Mostly it is constructed such that it is away from the wheel line of the traffic.

16. The cover of a manhole is a plug that protects the manhole from any unauthorized access. The covers used for manholes can be either rectangular, square or circular in shape. The material of cover can be precast concrete, composite material or any glass-reinforced plastic material. The provision for access through the manhole is performed through steps. If the depth of the manhole is less than 1 m, a step ladder is constructed. If the depth of the manhole is greater than 2.5m, a regular ladder is fitted. Now modern manholes do not demand physical entry.

17. The three main types of manhole depending on the depth are: Shallow Manhole A shallow manhole has a depth ranging between 75 to 90 cm. These are constructed at the start of a branch sewer or in an area where there is not much traffic. The shallow manhole is provided with a light cover called as the inspection chamber. Normal Manhole These are provided at the sewer line with a heavy cover on its top. It has a depth of 150cm. Normal manhole takes a square shape. Deep Manhole Deep manhole is provided at a depth greater than 150cm with a very heavy cover at its top. The size can be increased and the facility for going down is also increased.

18. FIRE HYDRANT A hydrant is an outlet provided in water pipe for tapping water mainly in case of fire. They are located at 100 to 150m apart the roads and also at junction roads. They are of two types namely 1 . Flush hydrant 2.Post hydrant

19. REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FIRE HYDRANT Should be cheap . Easy to connect with hose or motor pump. Easily detachable and reliable. It should function properly and should not go out of order during operation. It should permit undisturbed flow of water when being fully opened.

20. WATER METER To determine the quantity of water flowing through pipes, water meters are installed. The readings obtained from the meters help in working out the quantity of water supplied and thus the consumers can charged accordingly. The water meters are usually installed to supply water to houses, industries, hotels, big institutions, etc. Metering prevents the wastage of purified water.

21. REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD METER It should not offer any resistance to the flow of water . It should measure the discharge up to 2% accuracy. All its parts should be of non-corrosive alloy. It can be easily maintained and repaired. It should be economical. It should have screen on its inlet side, to exclude the clay, silt, grit, etc. It should be capable of registering even small quantity of flow of water.

22. CLASSIFICATION Positive displacement type meters 2 . Velocity meters.

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