apuntes-de-ingles-a1-a2.pdf

Apuntes de ingles

1. INGLÉS A1-A2
2012–2013
NEW MACEGOLD
&
CARPE VITAE
CARLOS TOMÁS MARTÍNEZ

2. Índice New Macegold
Pronombres Personales_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 02
Artículos A, An, The_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 02
To be_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 02
Saludos, despedidas, introducciones_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 03
Abreviaturas_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 04
This&That_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 04
To have&To do_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 05
Present simple_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 07
Adjetivos posesivos _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 09
Franjas horarias, numeros, notas útiles_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 09
Present simple negative - interrgative_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10
Present Continuous_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11
Past simple_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12
Pas simple negative - interrogative_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12
Orden de adjetivos_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _14
Preposiciones_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _14
Interrogative words_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15
Past continous_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _16
Contables e incontables_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _16
Plurales irregulares _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _17
There is&There are_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _17
Índice Carpe Vitae
Personal pronouns, Possessives, To be, Articles_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19
To be negative - interrogative_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _20
This/These, That/Those, Here/There, There is/There are_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _20
To do_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21
Modal verbs_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21
To have_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21
Cuantitivos_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21
Genitivo Sajón_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22
Hours_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _22
Prepositions _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23
Object Pronouns_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23
Past simple_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23
So do I, Neither do I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23
Adjectives_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24
Link Words_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24
Vocabulario_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _25
1

3. CURSO INTRODUCCIÓN NEW MACEGOLD
16/02/2012
A eiB biC siD diE iF efG giH eich I ai
J jeiK keiL elM emN enO ouP piQ kiu R ar
S esT tiU iuV viW dubliuX ecsY uái Z sed
Pronombres Personales
I yo
You tu
He/She él/ella
It neutro
We nosotros/as
You vosotros/as
They ellos/as
Artículos A, An, The
A Si la palabra empieza por consonante.
An Si empieza por vocal, salvo U o EU.
(Ambos son artículos indefinidos)
The Artículo definido.
Verbo To Be
I am, You are, He is, She is, It is, We are, You are, They are.
I am a teacher.
You are an employer.
He is a police officer.
She is an office worker.
It is a pen/ It is the pen (Refiriéndose a un boli cualquiera o a uno en concreto)
We are people/ the people (Gente en general, o unas personas en concreto)
You are students.
They are secretaries.
2

4. 20/02/2012
Greetings (Saludos)
Good Morning - Buenos Dias.
Good Afternoon- Para después del medio día.
Good Evening – A partir de las 5 o las 6.
Nice to see you again - Me allegro de volver a verte.
Saludos Informales
How you doing/How are you doing?
What’s going on?
What’s happening?
What’s up?
What’s new?
Introductions
-Hello, how are you?
-I am well/fine/o.k., thank you/thanks. And you?
-I am ok too.
Otras respuestas más informales podrían ser Not Bad, Not too bad, so so (así así), se
usan cuando yo se tiene confianza con el interlocutor. Una situación más formal
podría ser asi:
-How do you do? (Podría traducirse “¿Cómo esta usted?”)
-How do you do? (Se responde con la misma pregunta)
-My name is Benny.
-Nice to meet you.
-Nice to meet you too (forma corriente)/ Please to meet you (formal)
-What is your name?
-My name is…
Despedidas
Good bye/ Bye Bye/ Bye.
See you later/tomorrow.
Good Night – Buenas noches, solo se usa para despedidas.
Despedidas Informales
Take care – Cuidate
Take it easy – Podría traducirse como “que vaya bien”
Cheers (BE)- También se usa para brindar y para decir gracias.
3

5. Abreviaturas en lenguaje coloquial
I am – i’m
You are – you’re
He Is – he’s
She is – she’s
It is – it’s
We are - we’re
You are – you’re
They are – the’re
Para preguntar se invierte: Am i? Are you? Is He?
Abrevituras en Negativo
I am not/ i’m not
You are not/ you aren´t
He/she/it is not – he/she/it isn’t
We/you/they are not we/you/they aren’t
Abrevituras en Interrogativo
What’s my name? your name? his name? her name? its name? our name? your name?
their name?
Mr-señor, Mrs-señora casada, Mss-señorita, Ms-señora no se sabe si casada o no
-How old are you?/ is he/she?
-I’am 23 years old/ I’m 23
Es importante recordar que los años “se son” no “se tienen”.
21/02/2012
This/That
This – Se utiliza para señalar algo cercano. Su forma plural es these.
That – Se utiliza para señalar algo alejado, su plural es those.
What is this? -> What’s this?
What is that? -> What’s that?
What are these?/ What are those?
Para señalar a personas se utiliza who:
Who is that?/ Who is this? (“¿Quien es ese?” se ha de tener en cuenta que en inglés no
tiene matiz despectivo)
4

6. También pude usarse con el pronombre personal, Who is he/she?
Si te preguntan por algo que esta cerca del interlocutor pero lejos de ti se adapta:
-What is this?
-This is a Blackboard
23/02/2012
To Have (Tener/tomar) To Do (verbo auxiliar/hacer)
I have a car
You Have a pen
He has a house
She has a book
It has a bone
We have a class
You have a teacher
They have a telephone
El verbo to do se utiliza como verbo auxiliar para formar frases negativas e
interrogativas.
I Do/ don’t (Do not, esta forma complete se usa para negar con énfasis)
You do/don’t
He does/doesn’t (Do not)
She does/ doesn’t
It does/ doesn’t
We do/don’t
You do/don’t
They do/don’t
I don’t have an apple
-Do you have a car?
-Yes I do/ No I don’t (Se utiliza el to do para la respuesta, no el verbo principal)
- Does she have a car?
-Yes she does/ No she doesn’t
-What do you do? (¿A qué te dedicas?
-What does she do?
- I don’t know (no lo se)
Do I have a date? Does he have a table? Does it have a name? Do whe have a clock?
Do you have a pencil? Do they have a radio?
5

7. 27/02/2012
Verbos en present simple
Se debe tener en cuenta que la tercera personal del singular (he/she/it) cambia la
forma del verbo. Como se ha visto en la sección anterior para la forma interrogativa de
la tercera persona del singular no se altera, pero lo hará en su lugar el verbo auxiliar
do.
To Arrive
I arrive
You arrive
He/She/ It arrives
We arrive
You arrive
They arrive
-Do i arrive? -Yes i do/No I don´t
-Do you arrive? –Yes you do/ No you don’t
-Does he/she/it arrive? –Yes he does/ No he doesn’t
-Do we arrive? –Yes we do/No we don’t
-Do you arrive? –Yes you do/ No you don’t
-Do they arrive? –Yes they do/ No they don’t
To Begin
I begin
You begin
He/She/ It begins
We begin
You begin
They begin
To Drink
I drink
You drink
He/She/ It drinks
We drink
You drink
They drink
6

8. To Come (Venir)
I come
You come
He/She/ It comes
We come
You come
They come
To Eat
I eat
You eat
He/She/ It eats
We eat
You eat
They eat
To Leave (Dejar)
I /You leave
He/She/ It leaves
We/You/They leave
To Like
I /You like
He/She/ It likes
We/You/They like
To Live
I /You live
He/She/ It lives
We/You/They live
To Practice
I /You practice
He/She/ It practices
We/You/They practice
To Pronounce
I /You pronounce
He/She/ It pronounces
We/You/They pronounce
7

9. To Speak
I /You speak
He/She/ It speaks
We/You/They speak
(Se usa para referirse a hablar un idioma, o a hablar a un grupo de gente, como dar
una conferencia)
To Talk
I /You talk
He/She/ It talks
We/You/They talk
To Discuss (Discutir, debatir)
I /You discuss
He/She/ It discusses
We/You/They discuss
To Argue
I /You argue
He/She/ It argues
We/You/They argue
Tener una discursion – to have an argument.
No me gusta tener una discursion – i don’t like to have an argument.
No me gusta discutir- i don’t like to argue.
To teach: teach, teaches. To undersantd (entender): understand, understands.
To work: Work, works. To read: read, reads. To write: write, writes.
To run: Run, runs. To send: send, sends. To play: play, plays.
To want: want, wants. To search: Search, sarchs. To go: go, goes.
To learn: learn, learns. To listen (escuchar): listen, listens. To hear (oir): hear, hears.
To open: open, opens. To close: close, closes. To walk: walk, walks.
To type (teclear): type, types. To wash (lavar): wash, washes. To catch: catch, catches.
To watch (mirar fijamente, observar): Watch, watches. To know: Know, Knows.
To need: need, needs. To Try (probar, intentar): Try, tries.
To taste (probar): Taste, tastes.
8

10. 28/02/2012
Possessives
My Mio
Your Tuyo
His/Her Suyo
Its Suyo neutro
Our nuestro
Your vuestro
Their de ellos
Franjas horarias
In the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.
At Noon/Midday (AE-BE) (Medio dia), At night, At Midnight
Numbers
0 zero/oh (00=double oh) 1 One, 2 two, 3 three, 4 four, 5 five, 6 six, 7 seven, 8 eight, 9
nine, 10 ten.
11 eleven, 12 twelve, 13 thirteen, 14 fourteen, 15 fifteen, 16 sixteen, 17 seventeen, 18
eigteen, 19 nineteen, 20 twenty. (21 twenty one, 22 twenty two, etc)
30 thirty, 40 forty, 50 fifty, 60 sixty, 70 seventy, 80 eighty, 90 ninety, 100 one hundred/
a hundred.
1000 One thousand/ a thousand. 2012 two thousand and twelve/ twenty twelve
(20,12 se fracciona la cifra para agilizar pero solo para años.)
I talk a lot with my sister. A lot/lots se usa tanto para cosas contables como no
contables.
05/03/2012 - 06/03/2012
Recodarotiro de estructura correcta: I arrive to clase late (que, donde, cuando)
I come to my house in the evening.
I practice english at home every day.
They lisen to the song on the radio (a lisen siempre le sigue to)
I walk in the country on monday (los días de la semana siempre precedidos de on)
(contry se traduce como campo o pais, campo de cultivo o de deporte se dice field)
9

11. Veces se traduce como times. Dos veces two times, tres veces three times, etc. Una
vez se dice once time.
I think about my problems. (About significa a cerca de)
Eso creo se puede traducir como: I think so, o i believe so.
From X -> To Y (Desde aquí hasta aquí, se usa para preguntar direcciones)
Negatives
I/you don’t
He/she/it doesn’t
We/you/they don’t
I am not/ I’m not
You are not/ you aren’t
He is not/ he isnt’t
She is not/she isn’t
The students don’t have a class
They
James doesn’t speak spanish
He
Es importante observar que como el verbo ya esta conjugado en el auxiliar do al
principal no se le cambia la forma (se mantiene como speak, no cambia a speaks)
The students go to school on Sundays -> The students don’t go to school on Sundays
I don’t do any thing. I don’t want to sing a song. I don’t play any sports.
Nota: No es correcto poner dos negativos juntos en la misma frase.
Interrogative
To be: Am I?, Are you? Is he/she /it? Are we?, Are they?
Are you students? Am i a techaer? What’s your name? who are you?
¡Importante recordar que en interrogativo el verbo siempre va delante!
You are techer -> Are you teacher?
El resto de verbos necesitan del auxiliar do.
10

12. Do you like oranges? Does she speak spanish? Do you arrive to the train in time?
Wich hotel?
Where are you?
When do you come?
Where are you coming from?
Where are you from?/Where do you come from? (AE)
Interrogative + negative
Don't you like the pizza?
Doesn't he speak spanish?
Presente continuo
Se usa para hablar del momento actual o de planes a corto plazo. No confundir con el
presente simple, que se usa para rutinas o hechos.
To be + ing
I’m speaking/ i’m not speaking
You’re listening / you’re not listening
He/She is playing/ Isn’t playing
I’m sitting/I’m not sitting
You’re listening/ you aren’t listening
-What are you doing tonight?
-I’m coking, I’m studing, I’m eating at home, I’m diner, etc.
Nota: No usar “going to…” ya que es una forma de futuro, El verbo go se conjuga
directo. I’m going home.
La estructura correcta de una frase es Sujeto-Verbo-Donde-Cuando. Si hay más de un
elemento de lugar y/o tiempo se ordena de menor a mayor.
I’m Sleeping at home tonight.
I’m meeting whit some friends to have a drink in a pub in a central park this evening.
-What are you doing on the weekend?
-I don’t’ know what I’m doing on the weekend.
(En presente simple por que es un hecho, el resto en continuo por que es futuro)
1 persona = person, más de una persona = people.
11

13. Interrogativa negativa continua
Aren't you watching tv?
Isn't she drinking?
22/03/2012
Past Simple
To be
I Was
You Were
He/She/It Was
We Were
You Were
They Were
We were at the School in 1995.
The fridge was empty this morning.
Infinitive/Past (ver lista de verbos)
To be, Was/Were
To have, Had
To do, Did
To arrive, Arrived
To Live, Lived
I did the homework yesterday.
She arrived the last Monday.
It rained last night.
Past Negative
I Wasn’t
You Weren’t
He/She/It Wasn’t
We Weren’t
You Weren’t
They Weren’t
I wasn’t good student.
You weren’t in your house.
Did -> Did Not (abreviado Didn’t)
You didn’t study yesterday.
12

14. I didn’t have plans for holidays.
(El verbo mantiene la forma porque se conjuga el auxiliar Did)

Past Interrogative
Was I? Where you? Was He/She It? Where We/You/They?
Where you in your house this morning? Was I a good singer?
Notese que en interrogativo el verso se pone delante.
I was a good Singer -> Was I a good Singer?
El resto de verbos necesitan el uxiliar Did.
Did she watch the film yesterday?
Did I lose the keys?
Did we pass the test?
(El verbo mantiene la forma porque se conjuga el auxiliar Did)
Past interrogative negative
Didn't you like the film?
13

15. Adjectives Order 02/04/2012
El sufijo “ish” tras un color forma un nuevo adjetivo: reddish, bluish, greenish, yellowish, orangish... (rojizo, azulado,
verdoso, amarillento, anarajado). Siempre de pequeño a grande: the books is on the table in the room. I have a
test at 10 A.M. on Monday.
Prepositions
14

16. Other Prepositions
From- A present from Jane.
Of- A page of the book, the picture of a palace.
By- A book by Mark Twain.
On- On foot on horseback, Get on the bus.
In- Get in the car.
Off- Get off the train.
Out of- Get out of the taxi.
By- Prices have risen by 10 percent. By car, by bus.
At- She learned Russian at 45.
Questions 10/04/2012 – 23/04/2012
What? - ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? What is your father’s last name?
Which? - ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? Which film is better? (refiriendose a dos)
Where? - ¿Dónde? ¿Adónde? Where is your new black coat?
When? - ¿Cuándo? When is your birthday?
Why? - ¿Por qué? Why is this car so expensive?
Who? - ¿Quién? ¿Quiénes? Who are the guys playing with George?
How? - ¿Cómo? ¿Cuán? How do you like the pizza?
Where do you have coffee? (¿Donde tomas café?)
Where are you having coffee? (¿Dónde estás tomando café?)
Where did you have coffee? (¿Dónde tomabas café?
15

17. Past continuous 24/04/2012
Se forma con I was/were + ING. Se utiliza para una acción en un tiempo concreto.
-I was camping out in Easter.
-I was watching TV last night.
Para decir que una acción fue interrumpida se necesitan dos acciones, una larga
(was/were + ing) y la que se interrumpe.
-I was taking a shower when you arrived.
-I was watching tv when the kid cried.
Count Noncount 26/04/2012
Contables si podemos contarlo o si sabemos el numero exacto. Incontables si no se
pueden contar (por ejemplo agua). Algunas no coinciden con el español, por ejemplo
cake es incontable, el contble sería “a piece of cake”.
Some: Algunos (no sabemos numero exacto). Se usa en contables e incontables. Some
books, some apples, some cats. / Some water, some cake, some paper, some fish,
some money.
A lot: Mucho. Se usa en contables e incontables. A lot of books, a lot of money.
A few: Unos pocos, algunos. Se usa con contables. A few books.
Many: Muchos. Se usa en contables. Many books.
A little: Un poco. Se usa en incontables. A little money.
Much: Mucho. Se usa en incontables. Much money.
Excepciones al plural
Man-Men , Woman-Women, Tooth (diente) – Teeth, Foot-Feet, Mouse-Mice, Shelf
(estante)- Shelves, Leaf- Leves, Loaf (barra)-Loaves.
Los no contables no usan el artículo:
A bread -> A loaf of bread
A water -> A glass of water
16

18. There is/There Are
There is/There Are significa Hay. There is an apple on the table. There are four apples
on the table.
Las formas de pasado son There was y There were. (Había).
En interrogativo: is there?, are there?, was there?, were there?,
En negativo: there isn't, there aren't, there wasn't, there weren't.
La forma futura es there will be (Habrá).
07/05/2012
Para referirse a cosas que hacíamos antes pero ya no se utiliza I used to.
I used to play videogames when I was 10.
Después de like va ing: She likes buying clothes, She doesn’t like buying food.
17

19. CURSO CARPE VITAE 2012-2013
17/10/2012
Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives
I We I-My We-Our
YouYou You-Your You-Your
He They He-His They-Their
She She-Her
It It- Its
To be To be abreviado
I Am We Are I’m We’re
You Are You Are You’re You’re
He Is They Are He’s They’re
She Is She’s
It Is It’s
Articles
A boy/ A girl. An Indian/ An eagle.
The house/ The car. The boys/ The Girls.
22/10/2012
To understand- Entender.
To mean- Querer decir, significar.
To know- Saber, Conocer.
I’m Sorry- Lo siento.
Excuse me- Disculpeme.

29/10/2012
Todo lo que acaba en “ción” en español es “tion” en inglés: Constitution, Revelation,
Relation…
El To delante de un verbo denota que está en infinitivo, es equivalente a las formas ar, er, ir del
español. To look, to speak, to walk… para formar el imperativo se suprime el to.
Añadiendo el sufijo “er” a los verbos que son de acción se forma una palabra derivada:
Eat-Eater (comedor), Drin-ker, Wal-ker, Teach-er.
19

20. 30/10/2012
To be (negative)
I am not - I'm not We are not - We aren't
You are not - You aren'tYou are not - You aren't
He is not - He isn't They are not - They aren't
She is not - She isn't
It is not - It isn't
—Are you student?
—Yes I'm student.
—No I'm not a student.
05/11/012 - 18/11/2012
So puede significar así, tan o asi que.
—I don't think so (así).
—That car is so expensive... (tan). Is not so rich -no es tan rico-.
—I was ill so I stayed at home (así que).
What: Que, ¿Qué...?, ¿De qué?, etc.
—What I think (lo que pienso).
—What color is your car?
Verbo + ing para forar el gerundio: To come – coming.
Solo el verbo, sin el to, es para formar un imperativo.
26/11/2012
Interrogative - Afirmative - Negative
To be + sujeto + …? Is the school cheap?
Sujeto + to be. The school is cheap.
Negativo + to be. The school is not cheap.
Is the car new? The car is new. The car is not new.
Is the hospital far? The hospital is far. The hospital is not far.
28/11/2012
The car is new (verb adj).
Tat is a new car (adj sustan).
The students are intelligent.
The intelligent students are lazy.
This/These: Este/Estos. This is my car, These are my cars.
That/Those: Aquel/Aquellos (o Ese/Esos). That is my car, Those are my cars.
Here/There: Aquí/Allí.
There is/There are: hay (Individual/plural) There is a book, There are books.
20

21. 03/12/2012
To do present simple
I do – do not (don't)
You do – do not (don't)
He/She/It does – does not (doesn't)
We/You/They do – do not (don't)
-Do you like italian food?
-Yes I do/No I don't = Yes I like italian food/No I don't like italian food.
Cuando se usa la tercera persona se conjuga el auxiliar en lugar del verbo:
-Does she live in Paris?
-Yes she does/No she doesn't = Yes, she lives in Paris/ No, she doesn't live in Paris.
Modal verbs
No utilizan Do como auxiliar:
-To be (ser/estar).
-To have got (tener).
-Can (poder).
-Must (deber -de boligación-).
-May (poder refieriendose a pedir permiso -May I help you?-).
You are not a good friend (nunca you don't are).
Have you got a gar?.
Can I help you?.
You must not go out.
May I open the door?.
10/12/2012
To have
I have, You have, He/She/It has, we/you/they/have.
Al contrario que have got, si admite auxiliares. To have to significa “tener que”, denota
obligación.
Do you have a car?.
I have to study.
12/12/2012
Cuantitativos
Much – mucho, Many – Muchos.
A lot of – un montón de.
21

22. 07/01/2013
Genitivo Sajón (Posesivo)
Al poseedor/es se le añade un apostrofo y una ese:
Jose's car is Blue.
The women's books.
Si la palabra acaba en ese se añade solamente el apostrofo (').
Charles' house.
My brothers' room (la habitacón de mis hermanos).
También se emplea con nombres de animales, nombres de países, ciertas expresiones de tiempo,
espacio, distancia, peso, etc..
The cat's ears (Las orejas del gato).
France's cities (las ciudades de Francia).
Yesterday's meeting (La reunión de ayer).
A mile's walk (Un paseo de una milla).
El posesivo mediante la preposición of se una normalmente cuando el poseedor no es una
persona.
The window of the house (La ventana de la casa).
Combinar el genetivo con of puede servir para distinguir el sentido de propiedad.
A photo of Peter's (Una foto de Pedro, la foto es de su propiedad).
A photo of Peter (Una foto de Pedro, de su persona).
Se debe tener en cuenta que el uso del genetivo puede cambiar el sentido de la frase.
John and Ann's cars (Los coches son de ambos).
John's and Ann's cars (Cada uno tiene su propio coche).
14/01/2013
El sufijo “ly” esquivale a “mente”: completely, honestly, boringly.
No se debe poner “I don't go never”, la forma correcta es I never go.
Plus se usa para sumas de numeros: six plus five equals eleven.
También puede ser sinonimo de además. I have a car and plus I have a motorbike.
16/01/2013
Hours
Seven o clock, Quarter to eight, Half past eight, Quarter past six, Ten past four.
X days/hours ago – hace X horas/dias.
22

23. 18/02/2013
Prepositions
To = a. To the = al, a la, a los, a las... To the cinema, to the church.
Of = de. The = El/la Los/las.
In: years, months, seasons, week, moring.
On: days, dates.
At: night, time (clock), festivals (christmas, easter, halloween...)
04/03/2013
Object Pronouns
I-Me We-Us
You-You You-You
He-Him They-Them
She-Her
It- It
Se utilizan cuando se sustituye el sujeto por el objeto directo.
Can you help me?
I can help you.
Can you see him?
Give it to her.
Give it a kick.
Can you see us?
I see you.
He can help them.
25/03/2013
To be (past simple)
I was, You where, He/She/It was, You where, They where.
25/03/2013 - B1
Nota: going to como forma de futuro proximo, similar a “voy a” , “va a”, “vamos a”...
I'm going to watch a film. I'm going to go shopping on Saturday.
Are you going to go shopping? What are you going to buy?
He is going to leave his jobs.
We are going to boy a house near the beach.
So do I: Yo también. Neither do I: Yo tampoco. Oh, I do: yo sí. Oh, I'm not/I don't: Yo no.
1)I love travelling. 2)I don't go out much. 3)I don't like cycling. 4)I'm a vegetarian.
El “do” cambia con la forma verbal: So does she, So do we... o con el tiempo:
—They danced —So did I.
—We went out for a walk. —So did we
El “do” se cambia por los vervos can y be: -I can't swim -Neihter can I. -She is tall -So am I.
“Do”También debe adaptarse a formas como will y woul:
-They would do it if they could. -So would we. (Ellos lo harían si pudieran. Nosotros también).
23

24. 28/03/2013 – B1
Adjetivos
Towns/Cities People Weather Food
Industrial, Polluted,
Touristy,
Cosmopolitan,
Crowded (concurrido)
Welcoming
(acogedor)
Helpful (Servicial)
Relaxed Reserved
Wet, Freezing,
Changeable, Windy
Delicious, Spicy, Bland
(templado,poco
fuerte)
Healthy, Salty
Bride significa “novia” y Groom “novio” pero solo durante la ceremonioa. Antes son boyfriend
y girlfriend, y después Husband y Wife.
10/04/2013 – B1
Let's + verbo = imperativo plural
Let's go = vamos, Let's drink = vevamos, Let's play = juguemos.

To get + adjetivo = verbo
To get old = envejecer, To get tired = cansarse, To get young = rejuvenecer, To get white =
blanquear.
To get + past participe = acción reflexiva
To get lost = perderse, to get corrupted = corromperse, to get exhausted = “exhaustarse”, to get
driven = ser conducido, to get married = casarse, to get divorced = divorciarse.
03/05/2013
Link words
In spite of – a pesar de, no obstante. Although – a pesar de que, aunque.
Instead of – en vez de. But – pero. While – mientras. Then – entonces.
After – despues. Before – antes. With – con. Without – sin. However – sin embargo.
22/05/2013
Once time, twice time, three times, four times...
Get wet = mojarse.
No se puede usar launch como verbo, se dice to have a launch.
24

25. NACIONALIDADES E IDIOMAS
Countries Nationalities Language
Spain Spanish/Spaniard Spanish
Austria Austrian German
Australia Australian English
Russia Russian Russian
France French French
Portugal Portuguese Portuguese
Germany German German
Sweden (Suecia)Swedish Swedish
Switzerland (Suiza)Swiss Italian, French, German
Italy Italian Italian
Belgium Belgian Dutch, French
Holland Dutch Dutch
USA American English
Canada Canadian English, French
Ireland Irish English
The United KingdomBritish English
-England
-Scotland
-Wales
-Northen Ireland
-Where are you from?/Where do you come from?
-I’m from Spain/ I come from Russia
-What language do you speak?
-I speak Spanish
-What language does she speak?
-She speaks Russian

DIRECCIONES Y UBICACIONES
Go along: Seguir a lo largo. Go along this road.
Turn: Girar. Turn left, Turn right.
Over there: Por ahí.
Near the cinema, Next to the cinema. Opposite the cinema. In this street/ on this.
On the left/right.
MEDIDAS DE TIEMPO
Días de la semana (Days of the week): Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,
Friday, Saturday, Sunday. Los días se dicen siempre preceididos de “on”: On Sunday,
On Monday.
Meses del año (Months of the year): January, February, March, April, May, June, July,
August, September, October, November, December. Los meses llevan delante “in”.
25

26. Estaciones del año (Seasons of the year): Spring, Summer, Autumn/Fall, Winter
HOGAR Y MOBILIARIO
Air Conditioning - Aire acond.
Balcony - Balcon
Bath-Room - Cuarto de baño
Bed-Room - Dormitorio
Beed - Cama
Ceiling – Techo Cellar sotano
Chair - Silla
Clock - Reloj
Closet - Armario grande
Cooker (BE) – Cocina
(electrodoméstico)
Cupboard - Armario superior
Desk - Escritorio
Dining-Room - Comedor
Door – Puerta
Floor - Suelo
Hall - Vestibulo
Hallway - Pasillo
Heater - Calentador
Kitchen - Cocina
Living-Room - Sala de estar
Micro Wave oven -
Microhondas
Office - Despacho
Oven - Horno
Refrigerator - Nevera
Roof - Tejado
Room - Habitación
Stove (AE) - Cocina
(electrodoméstico)
Terrace - Terraza
Toilet - Servicio Publico
Upstairs/downstairs: Piso
de arriba, piso de abajo.
Wall - Muro
Wardrobe - Armario ropero
Window – Ventana
Yard (BE) – Terraza
26

27. VESTUARIO
Boots - Botas
Coat - Abrigo
Jacket - Chaqueta
Pants - Pantalones
Pullover - Jersey
Shirt - Camisa
Shoes - Zapatillas
Sweater - Jersey
Trousers - Pantalones
T-Shirt – Camiseta
Vest: chaleco
FAMILIA
Aunt - Tía
Brother - Hermano
Cousin/e – Primo/a
Childrens - Niños,
Hijos/as
Daugther - Hija
Father – Padre
Grand Mother, Grand
Father – Abuela/o
Grand Daugther,
Grand Son – Nieta/o
Mother - Madre
Niece - Sobrina
Nephew - Sobrino
Parents - Padre y
Madre
Sibling: hermano/a
Sister - Hermana
Son - Hijo
Uncle - Tío
PROFESIONES/ TRABAJO
Aide: Ayudante
Attendant/Dependent/Shop assitant: Dependiente
Clerk: Secretario, administrativo
Clerical work: Trabajo de oficina.
Civil Servant: Funcionario
Daycare: Guardería
Engineer: Ingeniero
Firefigther: Bombero
Housewife: Ama de casa
Mason: Albañil
27

28. CUERPO
Cheek: mejilla. Shoulder: hombro. Elbow: codo. Navel: ombligo. Wrist: muñeca. Nail: uña.
Knee: rodilla. Ankle: tobillo. Heel: talón. Waist: cintura. Toe: dedo del pie. Forehead: frente.
Chin: barbilla. Bottom: trasero.
Head, hair, face, nose, mouth, eye, ear, neck, arm, palm, finger, chest, leg, foot/feet, tooth,
tongue, back, hand, nose.
EXPRESSIONS
of course not por supuesto que no
that's fine está bien; no pasa nada
that's right es verdad

sure claro
certainly seguramente
definitely definitivamente
absolutely absolutamente

as soon as possible tan pronto como sea posible
that's enough es suficiente

it doesn't matter no importa
it's not important no es importante
it's not serious no es nada serio
it's not worth it
To mind
I don't mind
no vale la pena
Tener en cuenta, importar
No me importa

I'm in a hurry tengo prisa
I've got to go tengo que irme
I'm going out voy a salir

sleep well qué duermas bien
same to you! ¡lo mismo te digo!

not bad
To be fed up
Had in
Force of habit
By the way
what shall we do?
no está mal
estar harto
Entregado en mano
Fuerza de la costumbre
Por cierto, a propósito
Qué podríamos/deberíamos hacer?
28

29. Where shall we meet?
What time shall we meet?
Top up.
Can I get you a top-up?
To fire up.
To patch it up.
I'll drink to that
I'm growing bored
it's up to you
Shall funciona igual “do”. Es un futuro.
Shall = “tener que” o “deber de”
Rellenar una copa, pero cuando ya se ha
tomado al menos una. Es similar a
ofrecer otra copa.
Encender, arrancar.
Hacer las paces, arreglar una relación.
Estar de acuerdo con algo. También es
un brindis.
Tu decides.
- Have a bun in the oven. Literalmente dejar un bollo en el horno, significa dejar embarazada a
una chica.
- Have you ever es una frase hecha que se usa como “¿Alguna vez has...?”.
Have you ever drive a car?
- Have you heard? Has oido?/Te has enterado?
- Bide one's time: Esperar el momento oportuno.
- Take it Easy: Tomalo con calma.
- I'm rooting for you: Te estoy apoyando.
- Free will: libre albedrío
- My own free will: Mi propia voluntad
Phrasal Verbs
find out: averiguar
get up: levantarse
go up: subir
look after: cuidar
look at: mirar de reojo
look for: buscar
see to: vigiliar
show off: presumir, pavonearse, mostrar
stand up: levantarse
SUSTANTIVOS
Aim: Objetivo.
ATM: Cajero automático (“ei-ti-em”), también llamado cash point.
Behavior: Comportamiento.
Burden: Carga.
Burial: Entierro, sepultura.
Bystander: Espectador.
Commitment: Compromiso.
Copper: Cobre.
Country : Campo, País.
Demise: Muerte, fallecimiento.
29

30. Expenses: gastos.
Farwell: despedida.
Fiance & Fiancee: Prometido y prometida (en matrimonio).
Field ; Campo de cultivo, deporte o profesión
Fluke: casualidad.
Folks: gente.
Fright: susto.
Kind: tipo.
Kindness: amabilidad.
Half: Media, mitad.
Light: Luz, fuego mechero.
Lighter: Mechero.
Motorway: autopista
Output: Salida, producción
Parcel: paquete.
Pickpocket: carterista
Pineapple: piña.
Rubbish: comida.
Sightseeing: turismo.
Sorrow: dolor, tristeza, pena, pesar.
Spark: chispazo
Square: Plaza
Token: Ficha, simbolo
vow: voto
Warm: Calido
Wit: Ingenio
Whole: todo, entero
Witness: Testigo
Youth: juventud
ADJETIVOS
Adamant: firme
Awful: Horrible
Both: ambos, los dos
Burdened: Agobiado
Comfy: confortable, cómodo.
Engaged: Comprometido/a (de matrimonio). Ocupado.
Damp: húmedo, mojado
Dependable: Digno de confianza
Frail: fragil
Frightening: Aterrador.
Hooked: Enganchado
Kind: amable
Light: Ligero
Loud: ruidoso
Mild: templado (temperatura y carácter), apacible.
Odd: Impar, raro
Prone: propenso
Self-centred: Egoísta.
30

31. Selfish: egoísta
Side trip: Excursión
Square: cuadrado
Tough: duro, difícil
Weary: Cansado, fatigado
Worthy: Digno
VERBOS
Annoy: Molestar
Bide: Permanecer
Commission: Encargar
Conceive: Concebir
Encompass: Abarcar
Erode: Erosionar
Facing: Enfrentar
Hesitate: Dudar, vacilar
Inherit: Heredar
Overdo: Exagerar
Pronate: Poner boca abajo
Reach: alcanzar
Regard: Considerar
Release: Liberar. También lanzamiento (en el sentido de lanzar al mercado) o estreno.
Settle: Resolver, establecerse
Sort: Ordenar, clasificar
Squeeze: Exprimir, apretar
Struggle: luchar, esforzarse
Suit: Acoplar, convenir
Swap: Intercambiar
Trace: Rastrear
Unleash: liberar, desatar, soltar
Vexing: Fastidiar, irritar
Witness: Testifar
Warn: Advertir
Wonder: Preguntase (a uno mismo), maravillarse. I wonder if I did right.
Yell: Gritar.
ADVERBIOS
Already: ya
Quite: bastante
Likewise: Igualmente
Perhaps: quizás
Twice: dos veces
OTROS
Indeed: En efecto / Indeed yes!: Claro que sí!
Should: Debería
So that: para que
Though: Aunque
Won't (will not)
31

32. ABOUT GET
When we use 'get' with a direct object (non our pronoun) it often -a menudo- means
recive, obtain, fetch, catch, give or something similar.
Alice got a Valentine form a secret admirer (Recibió).
Can I get you a refill -recambio-? (Ofrecer).
He gets the train to work (“Atrapó” en el sentido de que alcanzó ).
Would you mind getting the kids after school? I have to wor late tonight.
(Cuidar, hacerse cargo)
When we use 'get' before an adjective, it often means become.
Even after she took the medicine, her cold just got worse and worse.
He got rellay angry when she was late for the tird time this week.
She doesn't want to get old. She wants to stay a teenage forever.
When we use 'get' with and object + adjective, it means make someone o something
become.
Let's get this show stated.
You need to get this room tidy before you go out.
Get often means travel and when we use get before a word like up, out, away, etc. it
usually means movement of some kind. For example:
What time do you get thome usually?.
We need to get off the bus the next stop. (Bajarse)
When she gets back from work, she likes to wath tv for a bit. (Return, come back)
Do you know how to get to the cinema from here? (Arrive)
When we use get with a past participle (driven, eatem spoken) it often has a reflexive
meaning (something that we di to ourselves -nosotros mismos-).
They are getting married next month. (Van a casarse).
She gets dressed really quickly in the morning. (Se viste).
You need to get washed before you go to bed. (Lavarte).
ABOUT SUCH
Such como adjetivo puede significar tal, semejante o parecido. También tanto.
This material is of such importance that it has a powerful bearing on the case.
(Este material es de tal importancia que tiene una influencia poderosa sobre el caso.)
There is no such thing as a free lunch.
(no hay tal cosa como un almuerzo gratis)
Como adverbio es equivalente a tan:
I am so lucky. I have such wonderful friends! (Tengo tanta suerte. ¡Tengo amigos tan
maravillosos!)
That is such a pretty dress! You should wear it more often. (¡Este vestido es tan bonito!
Debería llevarlo más a menudo.) It is such a beautiful day (¡Que día tan bonito!)
32

33. ABOUT INFINITIVE
El infinitivo va normalmente precedido de la partícula 'to' (To be, to run, to eat..). El
infinitivo expresa el significado del verbo de una manera general, sin referencia a
tiempo alguno.
Hay varios tipos de infinitivo:
Infinitive Simple (to speak, hablar)
Continuous Infinitive (to be speaking, estar hablando),
Perfect Infinitive (to have spoken, haber hablado)
Perfect Continous Infnitive (to have been speaking, haber estado hablando)
Passives infinites(to be spoken, to be being spoken, have been being spoken. Estar
hablado, Estar siendo hablen, Haber estado siendo hablado)
El infinitivo puede ser usado solo (suele ser imperativo) o como parte de una frase de
infinitivo.
Run! / We began to run.
Puede expresar un deber u obligación cuando sigue al verbo to be
You are not to smoke here (No debe fumar aquí).
Puede expresar propósito o el motivo por el que alguien hace la acción
He went to England to learn English.
She went to the supermarket to buy some chocolate.
Puede ser usado sin 'to' después de 'do' o de un verbo modal auxiliar como 'must',
'may', 'might', etc.
I might go to the pub after dinner.
33