APUSH Lecture Ch. 14

APUSH Lecture Ch. 14

1. The$Civil$War,$186101865

2. Critical$Thinking$Questions
•How did the Union
win the war?
•How did the Civil
War change the
United States
politically, socially
and economically?
U.S. Capitol, 1860

3. Civil War

Strategy
“Anaconda”

Plan” – Winfield
Scott

4. Comparing$the$North$&$the$South

5. Men
Present for
Duty 

in the Civil
War

6. Resources:
North vs.
South

7. Railroad
Lines,
1860

8. Facts$and$Stats
•Three$million$total$fought$in$war$(2.2$
million$in$the$Union$and$800,000$in$the$
CSA)$
•620,000$died$(2%$of$national$population)$
•Disease$took$2$lives$for$every$1$from$battle$
wounds$
•The$most$common$ailment$the$“Virginia$
Quickstep”$
•“Buck$&$Ball”$combined$1$musket$ball$with$
3$buck$shots$in$one$cartridge.$$
•Instant$coffee$was$first$experimented$with$
in$a$paste$form$
•April$1864$the$Motto$“In$God$We$Trust”$
appears$on$all$US$coins

9. Western Theater
Eastern Theater

10. 1st$Battle$of$Bull$Run$(Manassas,$VA)
•July$21,$1861$0$Gen.$Irvin$McDowell$
(Union)$suffers$a$defeat$to$Thomas$
Jackson$(Stonewall)$forcing$a$retreat$
•McDowell$had$hoped$to$flank$Jackson$
and$Beauregard$however,$
inexperienced$troops$failed$and$
Jackson$famously$stood$his$ground$
(defensively)$
•Lincoln$was$distraught$over$loss$as$
he$realized$the$war$would$be$much$
longer$and$bloodier$than$expected.$
“Its$damned$bad”

11. First&Battle&of&Bull&
Run&(Manassas)
Locals$out$on$a$picnic$
watching$a$‘show’

13. Lincoln$Struggles$with$Military$Command
•July$27,$1861$George$B.$McClellan$
was$promoted$to$Commander$of$the$
Potomac$forces$(over$McDowell)$
•John$C.$Fremont$is$relieved$of$
command$after$declaring$Missouri$
emancipated$by$the$military$
(without$Lincoln’s$orders)$
•November,$1861$0$McClellan$is$
promoted$to$general0in0chief,$or$
head$of$the$Union$army.$
•Winfield$Scott$0$resigns
Union&General&&
George&B.&McClellan

14. Trent$Affair
•Nov$1861$0$British$ship$The$
Trent$was$stopped$and$two$
Confederate$emissaries,$James$
Mason$and$John$Slidell$were$
captured.$
•Lincoln$fears$war$with$British$
and$releases$them.$
-“King$Cotton” –$CSA$has$
value$to$the$British$
•Fear$on$both$sides$(Brit.$and$
Union)$will$lead$to$a$stand$off$
and$no$war$between$them.

15. Naval$Warfare$Changes
•March$8$and$9th,$1862$0$
Monitor&and&Merrimac&
fight$in$the$first$battle$of$
non0wooden$ships$
(Ironclads).$
•No$naval$battles$will$take$
place$after$this$with$
wooden$ships$as$they$are$
deemed$obsolete.$
•Northern$industrial$power$
enables$a$quicker$
turnaround$on$construction$
of$iron0plated$ships.

16. Shiloh
•April$6/7,$1862$0$Grant$is$attacked$by$
surprise$at$Shiloh$on$the$Tennessee$river.$
•13,000$union$troops$are$killed$
•10,000$confederates$are$killed$
•The$total$number$of$troops$killed$at$Shiloh$
were$more$than$all$previous$American$wars$
combined.$
•Lincoln$has$to$fight$to$keep$Grant$as$a$
General$as$most$demanded$for$his$
resignation$“I$cannot$spare$him.$He$Fights!”$
•Fallen$Timbers,$April$8$–$Sherman$finds$CSA$
field$hospital.$Nathanial$Bedford$Forrest$
leads$cavalry$attack$and$nearly$kills$himself

17. The&War&in&
the&East:&&
1861C1862

18. Second$Battle$of$Bull$Run
•August$29,$1862$0$Union$Gen.$
Pope$is$defeated$by$“Stonewall”$
Jackson.$
•Jackson’s$overwhelming$defeat$
gives$Lee$hope$to$crush$Union$
army$quickly$and$swiftly.$
•Lee$invades$the$North$with$50,000$
troops$0$pursued$by$McClellan$
who$has$90,000$troops

19. Union General
George B. McClellan
Robert E. Lee

General, CSA

20. The$Battle$of$Antietam
•Sept.$17,$1862$0$the$bloodiest$day$in$US$
military$history$(approx.$26,000)$
•McClellan$and$Lee$meet$at$Antietam,$MD$
•Union:$12,400$casualties,$double$those$of$
D0Day$
•Lee:$10,700$casualties,$25%$of$his$army$
•Thousands$more$would$die$later$due$to$
injuries$sustained$in$battle$
•Tactical$Draw$0$McClellan$halted$Lee’s$invasion$
•Almost$all$the$corn$stalks$were$cut$to$the$
ground$by$gun$fire$on$the$40$acre$farm$
•Britain$decides$to$stay$out$of$war$due$to$
overwhelming$loss$of$lifeBloody&Lane&&&&(Library$of$Congress)$

21. After$Antietam

Lincoln$Meets$with$McClellan$and$Staff

22. Fallout$from$Antietam
•McClellan$is$removed$from$
command$and$Ambrose$Burnside$
replaces$him.$
•Lincoln$is$desperate$for$a$major$
victory$and$presses$Burnside$to$
pursue$CSA$
•Fredericksburg&0$Dec.$13,$1862$0$
Burnside$attacks$entrenched$rebel$
forces$at$Fredericksburg,$VA.$
Suffers$losses$of$13,000$troops$and$
fails$to$take$the$town.$
•Union$losses$2x$that$of$CSA$
•Pontoon$bridges$delayed$
•“We$might$as$well$have$tried$to$
take$hell”

23. Fallout$from$Antietam
•“Copperheads”$or$Peace$Democrats$in$the$North$
demand$peace.$$
•Lincoln$also$feels$the$weight$of$balancing$
Republican$moderates$vs.$radicals.$
•Sept.$22,$1862$0$Lincoln$issues$a$Preliminary$
Emancipation$Proclamation$of$all$African$slaves$in$
an$effort$to$justify$the$carnage$of$the$battle.$
•It$was$one$of$the$riskiest$political$moves$in$
American$History$given$the$timing.$$
•Jan.$1,$1863$Lincoln$issues$official$Emancipation&
Proclamation$to$boost$morale$of$Union$army$
which$has$suffered$numerous$defeats$
•Although$it$freed$no$slaves,$it$turned$the$war$into$a$
crusade$and$kept$European$nations$from$
recognizing$and$allying$themselves$with$the$CSA

25. Blacks$in$the$Military
•After$the$Emancipation$Proclamation$
blacks$began$to$join$the$Union$Army$
•Initially$they$were$only$used$for$
manual$labor$
•54
th$regiment$out$of$Massachusetts$
•African$Americans$constituted$less$
than$one$percent$of$the$northern$
population,$yet$by$the$war’s$end$
made$up$ten$percent$of$the$Union$
Army.$A$total$of$180,000$African$
American$men,$more$than$85%$of$
those$eligible,$enlisted.

26. Blacks$in$the$
Military
Union$soldier$‘Gordon’$
upon$inspection$
became$the$most$
famous$black$soldier$
in$the$Union.$

28. Military$Draft$Riots
•End$of$1862$(Congress$issues$Greenback$
currency$to$fund$war$and$pay$troops$0$$430$
million)$
•Conscription$Act$(draft)$0$March,$1863$
•Draft$is$enacted$for$all&men&who$are$aged$
20045.$Those$who$sign$up$willingly$are$
given$several$hundred$dollars$as$a$
payment.$Wealthy$could$“gift”$$300$
payment$to$avoid$draft.$
•“Bounty$jumping”$or$enlisting,$ditching$and$
reenlisting$becomes$rampant.$
•New$York$City$Draft$Riots$July,$1863$–$
frustrated$over$rich$being$exempted$and$
potential$job$competition$from$freed$blacksBattle&at&Second&Avenue&

29. Expansion$of$the$Federal$
Government
0Lincoln$suspends$habeas$corpus$and$
declares$martial$law,$1861$
0”…$shall$not$be$suspended,$unless$when$in$
cases$of$rebellion$or$invasion,$the$public$
safety$may$require$it."$
0Sued$and$loses$to$Taney$in$Ex0Parte$
Merryman$over$constitutionality$of$
actions.$Lincoln$ignores$ruling$(and$
Taney)$
0Confiscation$Act,$1861$–$allowed$
Lincoln$to$confiscate$slaves$captured$
by$the$Union$as$“contraband$of$war”

30. Transformative$Legislation
0Lost$in$the$chaos$of$the$war,$Lincoln$
passes$legislation$that$completely$
changes$the$American$government$
01
st
$Income$Tax$passed$
0National$Currency$“greenbacks”,$1862$
0Pacific$Railway$Acts,$1862$&$1864$
•Union$Pacific$and$Central$Pacific$
Co.$
0Homestead$Act,$1862$
0Morrill$Land$Grant$Act,$1862$

31. Inflation$Cripples$the$South
•“$100$for$a$barrel$of$flour”$
•CSA$bank$rolls$the$war$by$issuing$war$
bonds$for$people$to$buy$
•Most$of$CSA’s$capital$was$tied$up$in$land$
and$slaves$(and$cotton)$and$very$few$
had$the$cash$available$to$purchase$
bonds.$CSA$bank$notes$also$dropped$in$
value.$$
•CSA$continued$to$print$treasury$notes$
to$try$to$compensate$for$low$value$but$
this$only$worsened$the$problem.$$
•April$2,$1863$bread$riots$break$out$in$
Richmond,$VA$equal$in$volume$to$that$of$
the$draft$riots$in$NY

32. War$goes$high0tech
•Railroads:$22,000$miles$compared$to$9,000$miles$$
•Transformed$the$speed$at$which$soldiers$and$supplies$were$
able$to$move$and$relocate.$Traditional$war$was$limited$to$
speed$of$a$horse.$$
•The$Telegraph$
•Lincoln$was$the$first$president$in$history$to$communicate$on$
the$spot$with$battlefield$generals.$Telegraph$reports$from$the$
front$lines$allowed$more$direct$presidential$monitoring$and$
planning$
•1$million$messages$sent$using$over$4,000$miles$of$telegraph$
line$
•Submarines$and$Balloons$
•Submarines$such$as$the$C.S.S.$Hunley$were$utilized$as$an$
unconventional$strategy$mostly$as$mines/torpedoes$to$
blockades$
•Union$spies$drew$maps$and$reported$back$to$generals$using$
hot$air$balloons,$a$first$for$battlefields.$
•Repeating$guns$
•Minie$ball$and$rifled$guns$account$for$90%$of$all$battlefield$
fatalities

33. Battle$of$Chancellorsville
•Burnside$is$replaced$by$Joseph$
Hooker$
•May$204,$1863$0$Lee$outnumbered$2$
to$1$easily$defeats$Joseph$Hooker,$
however$Stonewall$Jackson$is$fatally$
wounded$in$battle.$
•“I’ve$lost$my$right$arm”$
•Without$Jackson,$Lee$promotes$
George$Pickett$to$his$post.$Next$major$
conflict$in$Gettysburg$Penn.$will$be$
Pickett’s$first$in$new$position.

34. Battle$of$Gettysburg
•July$103,$1863$Gettysburg,$PA$
•90,000$Union$troops$vs.$75,000$Confederate$troops$
•Lee$realized$the$South$could$not$continue$the$battle$of$attrition.$Needed$
to$end$the$war$soon.$Felt$a$swift$attack$could$end$the$war.$Invades$Penn.$$
•Confed.$bombardment$569$tons$of$ammunition;$Union$held$firm$$
•July$3,$General$Pickett$led$15,000$Confed.$Troops$across$open$fields$0$
Union$mowed$them$down$(=$"Pickett’s$Charge")$$
•Lee$was$defeated$and$retreated$to$Virginia$$
•Gettysburg$is$the$largest$battle$in$the$history$of$the$Western$hemisphere.$$
•Over$100,000$casualties$in$3$days:$It$was$the$last$time$the$South$invaded$
the$North.$

35. "A$Harvest$of$Death“:$Gettysburg$After$the$Battle

36. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address

November 1863

37. Civil War in the West
General Ulysses S. Grant
• Ulysses S. Grant
• Shiloh
• New Orleans
•Vicksburg
(May 19-July 4, 1863)

38. Vicksburg$Campaign
•July$4th,$1863$0$Grant$is$victorious$at$
Vicksburg,$splitting$the$South$and$cutting$
them$off.$
•Grant$had$cutoff$Vicksburg$from$any$
outside$supplies.$Conditions$were$so$bad$
that$many$soldiers$ate$rats$to$stay$alive.$
•Siege$lasted$48$days$0$Fourth$of$July$
celebrations$were$not$celebrated$for$
another$81$years$in$Vicksburg.$
•The$tide$has$completely$shifted$to$the$
Union.$$
•Vicksburg,$Gettysburg$and$Sherman’s$
southern$campaign$are$key$victories$and$
help$get$Lincoln$reelected$in$1864$

40. War$in$the$East,$
186401865
•Wilderness$Campaign$(May0June$1864)$
•Siege$of$Petersburg$(June$18640Apr$2,$1865)$
•Fall$of$Richmond
Ulysses S. Grant at Cold
Harbor Virginia, June
1864

41. Cold$Harbor$and$Petersburg
•June$3,$1864$0$Grant$decides$on$flanking$Lee’s$
forces.$The$Union$suffers$heavy$casualties$as$7000$
troops$fall$in$20$minutes,$however,$Grant’s$iron0
will$won$out$and$forced$Lee$to$retreat$past$
Richmond$
•Several$Union$troops$predicted$failure$–$“...June$3,$
Cold$Harbor,$VA$I$was$killed”$0$written$prior$to$
battle.$
•Union$troops$surround$Confederate$forces$at$
Petersburg$and$conduct$a$9$month$siege$from$June$
’64$to$April$‘65

42. Richmond

April$1865





After$Burning$by$
Union$Forces

43. Richmond



April$1865

44. Richmond,&April&1865

45. Presidential
Election of
1864

46. Election$of$1864
•Lincoln$runs$on$National$Union$ticket$with$Andrew$Johnson$
(Democrat)$
•Spring$of$‘64$war$weariness$in$the$North$was$at$an$all$time$high$
•Wade0Davis$Bill$–$proposed$by$Radical$Republicans$and$pocket0
vetoed$by$Lincoln$
•Radical$Republican’s$called$for$Lincoln’s$removal$and$nominated$
John$C.$Fremont$
•Lincoln$wins$with$55%$of$vote$due$to$(1)$Sherman’s$victories,$(2)$
passage$of$Homestead$Act$for$West,$(3)$Pacific$Railroad$Act$and$
Morrill$Tariff$Act$for$N.$Industrialists$and$(4)$rapid$growth$of$
economy

47. Lincoln’s$Inauguration,$March$4$1865
•Second$Inaugural$Address$
•Lincoln$calls$for$a$conciliatory$stance$by$Republicans$towards$the$CSA.$$
•“With$malice$toward$none,$with$charity$for$all,$with$firmness$in$the$right$as$
God$gives$us$to$see$the$right…”$$
•Ten&Percent&Plan:$Lincoln’s$plan$for$reconstruction$of$the$Southern$states.$$
•He$believed$the$Southern$states$could$not$leave$the$Union$and$therefore$
they$did$not$need$to$‘re0enter’$
•Plan$to$rebuild$the$South$with$significant$Federal$investment$
•Only$a$10%$loyalty$oath$would$be$required$
•Blacks$must$be$recognized$as$free$and$education$must$be$provided$
accordingly

48. Lincoln’s$Second$Inaugural$Address$March$4,$1865

49. The$War$in$the$South,$186301865
•Chattanooga$$
•Lookout$Mountain$&$
Missionary$Ridge$(Nov.$1863)$$
•William$T.$Sherman$
•Atlanta$(Sept.$1864)$
•“March$to$the$Sea”
Union General William T. Sherman

50. Sherman’s$March$through$Georgia
Sherman’s$campaign$brings$war$to$the$farmhouses$of$the$South.$
•Sherman's&March&through&Georgia$May$0$Sept$1864

With$100,000$men,$Sherman$left$Chattanooga,$TN$in$May$1864$to$invade$GA,$
facing$CSA$Gen$Joseph&E.&Johnston&(later&replaced&by&John&Bell&Hood)&
•Bell$abandoned$Atlanta$(Sept$1)$leaving$the$city$to$Sherman$on$the$next$day.

The$fall$of$Atlanta$lifted$Northern$morale,$which$had$been$staggered$by$
Grant's$heavy$casualties$in$pursuit$of$Lee,$and$contributed$to$Republican$
victories$in$Nov$1864.$
•“War$is$Hell”$0$Sherman’s$remarks$after$the$sacking$and$burning$of$Atlanta.

51. Ruined$railway$near$Atlanta,$destroyed$by$Sherman’s$troops$

52. Sherman’s$March$to$the$Sea
Sherman's&March&to&the&Sea$Nov$0$Dec$1864$
•Before$leaving$Atlanta,$he$confiscated$or$destroyed$all$useful$
equipment$

Sherman$cut$a$swath$through$Georgia$60$miles$wide$and$300$miles$
long,$systematically$destroying$factories,$cotton$gins,$warehouses,$
bridges,$railroads$and$some$public$buildings$
•Looting$was$rampant$
•Sherman's$advance$was$virtually$unopposed,$reaching$Savannah$in$
December$which$fell$to$the$Union$on$December$22$and$was$
presented$as$a$Christmas$gift$to$President$Lincoln

53. Surrender$at$Appomattox$Courthouse
•Grant$and$the$Union$forces$surrounded$Lee$cutting$off$his$
reinforcements.$$
•Lee's$forces,$now$less$than$30,000,$had$few$rations$and$were$slowly$
starving$
•Apr$7$00$Grant$requested$Lee$to$surrender$and$Lee$asked$for$terms.$
•Lee$met$Grant$at$Appomattox$Courthouse$and$quickly$came$to$terms$on$
Apr$9,$1865$
(1)$Lee's$soldiers$were$paroled$to$return$home

(2)$Officers$were$permitted$to$retain$side$arms.

(3)$All$soldiers$could$retain$their$private$horses$and$mules.

(4)$All$equipment$was$to$be$surrendered.

(5)$25,000$rations$were$issued$by$the$Union$army$to$the$Confederates.

54. Surrender
•
$Lee’s$Surrender,$Appomattox$Court$House$(April$9,$1865)
McClain$House,$Appomattox$C.H.,$April$1865

55. Surrender$at$Appomattox

56. Capture$of$Jefferson$Davis,$May$10,$1865

57. Lincoln’s$Assassination$April$14,$1865
•Apr$14$0$At$10:15$PM,$while$sitting$in$his$
box$at$Ford's$Theater$in$Washington$at$a$
performance$of$Our$American$Cousin$,$he$
was$shot$by$John&Wilkes&Booth$,$carried$
unconscious$across$the$street$and$died$at$
7:15$AM$(15$Apr).$
•Simultaneously$with$the$assassination$of$
Lincoln,$Secretary$Seward$was$attacked$and$
severely$wounded$by$Lewis$Powell$(aka$
Payne),$Booth's$conspirator.$
•Escaping$to$VA,$Booth$was$allegedly$trapped$
in$a$barn$near$Bowling$Green$where$he$
supposedly$shot$himself$(26$Apr),$although$
rumors$persisted$that$he$survived$
•Nine$people$were$implicated$in$the$
assassination$plot

59. War$Deaths

60. Critical$Thinking$Questions
•How did the Union win the war?
•How did the Civil War change
the United States politically,
socially and economically?U.S. Capitol, 1860

61. IMPORTANT RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR
POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL