AQUAPULSE - MAGAZINE

Pulse Of Fishcos , Aquapulse magazine 2018 published by TNJFU THOOTHKUDI , NAGAPATTINAM

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- THE PULSE OF FISHCOS























Life is 10% what happens to you and 90% what you react to it

-Charles R.Swindoll
AQUAPULSE-18

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STUNNERS
(2015-16)
FISHCOS PUBLICATION (2018 –19)
TAMILNADU DR.J.JAYALALITHAA FISHERIES UNIVERSITY
NAGAPATTINAM - 01
FISHERIES COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
THOOTHUKUDI – 08











BY
S.Babuganesh (IV B.F.Sc)
BFT15083

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Fisheries College and Research Institute
Tamil Nadu Dr.J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University
Thoothukudi-628 008
Tamil Nadu, India
Phone : [phone]
Fax : [phone]
Email : [email protected]
Dr. G. Sugumar, Ph.D.,
Dean

Date: 24.12.2018






MESSAGE

A Weak link is better than a strong memory. Nothing exemplifies it better than
the nostalgic feeling one gets when leafing through pages of one‘s college magazine.
It can make a reader travel down the lanes of memory, giving rise to a surge of
emotions of many hues and colours. Aquapulse -18 magazine is going to give the
pleasure to all the brilliant minds who traverse through the portals of this temple of
learning.

I am happy to see the enthusiasm of the students to contribute to the magazine.
Not to be outdone, our students have devoted time and plunged into creating such an
informative Fisheries articles, news and notes/ hints which would enrich the readers
and of use good to Fisheries professionals. I stand awed by the sheer number and
quality of articles that have poured in for the magazine. This shows the positive and
creative energy of faculty members and students of this college. We intend to continue
presenting the talent and creativity of our staff and students through this aquapulse

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magazine. Special appreciation to the editor and his team for the good work done in
time.

I invite you to read and immerse yourself in the unfolding art and be exulted.

“Education is the most powerful weapon
which you can use to change the world”



DEAN
FC&RI, Thoothukudi

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Fisheries College and Research Institute
Tamil Nadu Dr.J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University
Thoothukudi-628 008
Tamil Nadu, India
Phone : [phone]
Fax : [phone]
Email : [email protected]

Dr.P.Jawahar, Phd.,

Co-ordinator (2015-16 batch)

Date: 24.12.2018

MESSAGE

Education is a process where one learns subjects in specific field for deeper
understanding and consequent advancing of its horizons beyond the current levels.
University education is principally meant to be in this direction. However, it would not
be possible for all to pursue many topics of frontier science to an understandable
level. It is therefore imperative that the educationists should mould the students not
only lead them to excellence in the specific subject area, but also to horn their skills
and knowledge in the new developments in the associated subject areas which may
not be covered under the class room teachings. For the young people, who are
growing up through the system of formal education, the formative years of the person
would be completely covered during the span of the educational period.

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Hence, the talents of the young students in collecting and articulating the
subjects and topics of their interest has to be nurtured and encouraged during their
college life. It has to be nurtured and encouraged. Fisheries College and Research
Institute has been a frontrunner in their aspect of scouting for talents among all the
students. Due to limited community size, every student of the college has a chance to
exhibit and extend their abilities in many areas of their interest.

Aquapulse, the magazine brought out by students of FCRI, Thoothukudi, is an
effective instrument in these two directions where the authoring aptitude of the young
minds could find a place in and also for all the students to understand current
developments in fisheries which may fascinate them. The articles presented are
interesting and containing in-depth information. I do hope that this edition will generate
creativity among students and provided a good platform for bringing out their abilities.

I appreciate the efforts taken by the editorial team, to prepare the magazine to
find critical information for preparing Competitive exams and updating innovative
advanced ideas. The printing and publishing of this magazine also gives the involved
persons a sea of experiences in collecting articles and editing them suitably. I applaud
the team behind the publication of “AQUAPULSE 2018” and wish them all the best.

“Every Mountain top is within reach , if you justkeep climbing ”
- Barry Finlay


(Dr. P.JAWAHAR)
Co-ordinator (2015-16 batch)

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From Editordesk,
Here we bring a cent percent Fisheries Magazine ―Aquapulse 2018‖ which
comprises the contribution of staff and students on fisheries sciences. This
magazine is dealing with “Tips to Remember fisheries”, “Recent
Advancements about Fisheries articles”, “ICAR Hints”, “Handbook of
fisheries and Aquaculture” and “Newspaper Information on
Fisheries”(2017-2018) etc. At the outset, I express my gratitude to our
respected Dean, Dr.G.Sugumar and the Vice president, Dr.S.Athithan for their
encouragement and support. I am very much thankful to our co-ordinator
Dr.P.Jawahar, Professor, Department of Fisheries Resource Management and
our counselor Tmt.D.Manimekalai, Assistant professor, Department of Aquatic
Environment and Management.
A word of special thanks is due to the Co-Editor Miss.E.Manimozhi (I M.F.Sc. at
CIFE) and also Miss.R.Abinaya (IV B.F.SC), Mr.D.KamilAkamad (II B.F.Sc.),
Mr.V.Nitheswara (II B.F.Sc.), Miss.S.Krishnaveni (II B.F.Sc.), Miss.R.Abarna
(II B.F.Sc.) respectively for their support and timely work. I am thankful to every
student of this institution for providing financial support for preparing
thismagazine.
Finally,I thank my batchmates (B.F.Sc. 2015-16 batch) (STUNNERS) for
their encouragement and inspiration of preparing and releasing this
“AQUAPULSE 2018” magazine for the welfare of students.
(Editor :S.Babuganesh IV B.F.Sc.,)

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CONTENT

S.NO PARTICULARS P.NO
1. Tips To Remember Fisheries 12-79
2. Handbook of Fisheries and Aquaculture

• Indian Fisheries Resources AndProduction
• Fish In HumanNutrition
• Fish Genetics Resources And Their Conservation
Pelagic Fisheries OfIndia
• Demersal Fisheries OfIndia
• Oceanic And Deep Sea Fisheries OfIndia
• Crustacean Fisheries InIndia
• MolluscanFisheries
• Riverine Fisheries
• IslandFisheries
• EstuarineFisheries
• ReservoirFisheries
• Oxbow LakeFisheries
• ColdwaterFisheries
• SportFisheries
• Carp Breeding And SeedProduction
• Catfish Breeding AndCulture
• Freshwater Prawn Breeding AndCulture
• Integrated FishFarming
• Waste WaterAquaculture
• Cage And PenCulture
• Ornamental Fish Breeding And Culture
• Shrimp SeedProduction
• Shrimp Farming
• Mariculture InIndia
• SeaweedCultivation
• Soil And Water Quality Management In
Aquaculture
• FishGenetics
• Biotechnology In Fisheries AndAquaculture
• Nutrition In Finfish AndShellfish
• Fish HealthManagement
• FishPheromones
• AquaticPollution
• OrganicPollution
• Oil Pollution
80-361

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• ToxicPollution
• Fish In HumanNutrition
• Fish ProcessingTechnology
• Trade And Export Of FisheryProduction
• FisheryEducation
• Responsible Fisheries AndAquaculture
• Fisheries Legislation InIndia
• Fisheries Financing InIndia
• Disaster Management In MarineSector
• Information And CommunicationTechnology

3. ICAR Hints 362-731



4. Articles from Staff and Students

 TheSeabin
 Insect Larvae As Replacement Of FishMeal
 Recent Advances In FisheriesBiotechnology
 Useful Facts AboutCephalopods
 Rain Of Fish
 Reason, Reponse, Stranding Code AndCarcass
Disposal Of MarineMammals
 Gulf Of Mannar Marine NationalPark
 Life Of Olive RidleyTurtle
 Chitosan Nanoparticles For The Removal Of
Mercury FromWater
 Way Forward To Sustainable AquacultureIn
Reservoirs
 Cloudy And Green Water In TheAquarium
 The Importance Of Biosecurity InAquaculture
 Antifreeze Proteins(Afps)
 Entrepreneurship
 Future Of Eco-Friendly Fishing InIndia
 The Role Of N-3 Fattyacids In PsychNeuro
Immunology
 Effects Of Sargassam InWSSV
 Colour Enhancing Foods For AquariumFish
732-803
5. Newspaper Information on Fisheries

(2017-2018)
804-814

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TIPS TO REMEMBER FISHERIES



S.Babuganesh (IV B.F.Sc.)

Coastal Length of districts in Tamilnadu:
Thiruvallur 27.9km
Chennai 19km
Kancheepuram 87.2km
Viluppuram 40.7km
Cuddalore 57.5km
Nagapattinam 187.9 km
Thiruvaur 47.2km
Thanjavur 45.1km
Pudukottai 42.8km
Ramanathapuram 236.8km
Thoothukudi 163.5km
Tirunelveli 48.9km
Kannyakumari 70km
Total no. of Coastal Districts in Tamilnadu – 13
Total no.of Coastal or Maritime States in India - (9- States and 4-Union
Territories)

- Totally 13

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Status of Indian Fisheries
PresentFishProduction 10.16MMT
Inland 6.5PMMT
Marine 3.65MMT
FishSeedProduction 21000 millionFry
Hatcheries 1070
FFDA 429
BFDA 39
GlobalPosition 3
rd
in Fisheries, 2
nd
in Aquaculture
( overall 7
th
Position ofIndia)
Contribution of FisheriestoGDP 1.1
Contribution ofAgricultureGDP 5.30
Per capitaFishAvailability 9.0Kg
Annual ExportEarnings 30,420.83
Employmentin Sector 14.50milllion

(Source: MPEDA and National Fisheries Development Board 2015-16)

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Source: CMFRI (2017-18) Marine Fisheries data:
Marine Fish Production: 3.88 million metric tonnes
Pelagic Fisheries Contribution: 54%
Demersal Fisheries Contribution: 26.8%
Crustacean Fisheries Contribution: 12.6%
Molluscan Fisheries Contribution: 6.6 %

Landing of fish production at different maritime states:
Gujarat – 7.86 lak tonnes
Tamil Nadu – 6.55 lak tonnes
Kerala – 5.85 lak tonnes
Karnataka – 5.48 lak tonnes
Maharastra – 3.81 lak tonnes
West Bengal – 3.61 lak tonnes
Andhra pradhesh – 2.0 lak tonnes
Odisha – 1.27 lak tonnes
Goa – 1.0 lak tonnes
Daman and Diu – 0.64 lak tonnes
Pudhucherry – 0.27 lak tonnes

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Abbreviations‟:

Ach Acetylcholine
Ach E Acetylcholine esterase
NE Nor epinephrine
DA Dopamine
GABA Gamma Aminobutylic Acid
COMT Catechol-o-methyl transferase
IFPI Integrated Fisheries Project of India
IFRI Inland Fisheries Research Institute
INET Institute of Nautical Engineering and Technology
FSI Fishery Survey of India
IIFT Indian Institute of Fisheries Technology
EDV End Diastolic Volume
ESV End Systolic Volume
SV Stroke Volume
SMR Standard Metabolic Rate
AMR Active Metabolic Rate
RCD Raw Cow Dung
BRD By catch Reduction Devices
VMS Vessel Monitoring System
JTED Juvenile and trash Excluder Devices
GEO Ginger Essential Oil
MIPQC Modified Input Process Quality Control
NACA Network of Aquaculture Centres In Asia-Pacific

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ICES International council for Exploration of Sea
IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Comission
BOBP Bay of Bengal programme
IPN Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis
VHS Viral Hemorrhage Septicemia
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
ICLARM International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management
ULT Ultra Low Temperature
PSP Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
ASP Amnestic Shellfish Poisoning
NSP Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning
DSP Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning
OCP Organo chlorine Pesticides
PCB Poly chlorinated Biphenyls
TTX Tetrodatoxin
VSP Venerupin Shellfish Poisoning
CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid
UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea
IS Indian Standards
VPF Vertical Plate Freezer
HPF Horizontal Plate Freezer
IQF Individual Quick Freezing
NCSA National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture
NRLP National River Linking Project
IWMI International Water Management Institute

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AICRP All India Coordinated Research Project
EOE Easy Open Ends
GRP Good Retail Practices
TTE Time Temperature Indicator
EC European Comission
GAP Good Agriculture Practices
EU European Union
PTWI Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake
PTMI Provisional Tolerable Monthly Intake
EFSA European Food Safety Authority
SCF Scientific Committee on Foods
JECFA Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food additives
ADI Acceptable Daily Intake
ICMSF
Foods
International Commission on Microbiology Specification of
RFLP Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
NGRBA National Ganga River Basin Authority
NWPA National Water Policy Adopted
NLCP National Lake Conservation Plan
NRLP National River Conservation Plan
GAP Ganga Action Plan
APD Apparent Protein Digestibility
ALD Apparent Lipid Digestibility
NWP National Water Policy
PDTO Peeled Deveined Tail On

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GIH Gonad Inhibiting Hormone
GSH Gonad Stimulating Hormone
GnRH Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
LH Luteinizing Hormone
FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone
MIH Maturation Inhibiting Hormone
MPF Maturation Promoting Factor
WSSV White Spot Syndrome Virus
SPR Specific Pathogen Resistance
SPF Specific Pathogen Free
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
IWC International Whaling Commission
WORMS World Register of Marine Species
FCR Feed Conversion Ratio
IE Intake Energy
ME Metabolize Energy
RE Retain Energy
UE Urine Energy
ZE Gill Energy
SE Surface Energy
NPU Net Protein Utilization
PER Protein Efficiency Ratio
ZSI Zoological Survey of India
TAC Total Allowable Catch
MLS Minimum Legal Size

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GRAS Generally Recognized asSafe
MPEDA Marine Product Export DevelopmentAuthority
CIFE Central Institute of FisheriesEducation
AFS Asian Fisheries Society( Kula Lumpur,Malaysia)
GAFS Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries in Section
CMFRI Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
CIFT Central Institute of FisheriesTechnology
CICEF Central Institute of Coastal Engineering forFishery
CAA Coastal AquacultureAuthority
T3 Triodothyronin
T4 Thyroxin
PI ParsIntermedia
PD ParsDistalis
CIFA Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture
CIBA Central Institute of Brackish waterAquaculture
CIFRI Central Inland Fisheries ResearchInstitute
NIFPHATT National Institute of Post Harvest Technology andTraining
FISHCOPFED National Federation of Fishers Cooperative Limited
NFDB National Fisheries DevelopmentBoard
NBA National BiodiversityAuthority
NADP National Agriculture Development Programme
NIOT National Institute of OceanographicTechnology
FITT Fisheries Institute of Technology and Training
RDF Radio DirectionFinding
RADAR Radio Detection andranging

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FP Fluroprotein Foam
ISSCGF International Standard Statistical Classificaion of Fishing Gear
PFP Pelagic Fisheries Project
IFP Integrated Fisheries Project
HAB Harmful Algal Blooms
MCC Maximum Carrying Capacity
ISO Indian Standard Organization
TAC Total Allowable Catch
MAP Modified Atmospheric Packaging
CAP Controlled Atmospheric Packaging
TMT Tri methyl Tri butylin
TCBS Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salt
ASTP Aquaculture Sewage Treatment Plan
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Covention on Climate Change
MR Mitochondrian Rich Cells
IGF Insulin-like Growth Factor
HIG Heterogenous Individual Growth
ISWFM Integrated Soil and Water Fertility Management
IGEF Indira Gandhi Environmental Facility ( New delhi)
HSDT High Speed Demersal Trawler
BOLD Barcode of Life Database
AFP Anti freeze Protein
NNP Net National Product
GNP Gross National Product
CPP Controlled Pitch Propellar

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FPP Fixed PitchPropaller
CQR Coastal Quick Release Anchor
SART Search And Rescue Transponder
PFZ Potential Fishing Zone
JTED Juvenile and Trash ExcluderDevice
CMS Convention on MigratorySpecies
IUU Illegal Unreported and Unregulated Fishing
FPC Fish protein Concentrate
CBR Cost BenefitRatio
BCR Benefit CostRatio
PBP Pay Back Period
SRR Simple Rate ofReturns
ELEFAN Electronic Length FrequencyAnalysis
RNG Random NumberGenerator
EPV Extra Purchase Value
OHP Over Head Projector
CRP C-Reactive Protein
TSV Taura SyndromeVirus
PLOT Porous Layer Open Tubular
WCOT Wall Coated Open Tubular
SCOT Support Coated Open Tubular
FISHCOFED National Federation of Fisherman CooperativeLtd
POP Persistent OrganicPollutants
PCD Programmed Cell Death
GAAP Global Aquaculture AdvancementPartnership

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ECFFS European Chilled Food Federation
PHD Partially Hydrolysed and Deodourized
TDT Thermal Death Time
CUT Come up Time
CP Critical point
CCP Critical control point
FDC Federal Food, Drug, Cosmetic
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
OTS Open Top Sanitary Can
DWI Draw and Wall Ironed
DRD Drawn and Redrawn can
BOPP Biaxially Oriented PolyProphylene
RFB Regional Fisheries Bodies
FFDA Fish Farmers Development Agencies
BFFDA Brackish water Fish Farmers Development Agencies
IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
IFSI Inland Fisheries Society of India
FIFSI Fellow of Inland Fisheries Society of India
SSO Specific Spoilage Microorganisms
CTXs Ciguatoxin
PTXs Pectinotoxin
YTXs Yessotoxin
DSFS Deep Sea Fishing Station
VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal
IVLP Institute Village Linking Programme

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PISFHP Pre Investment Survey of fishing Harbours
LORAN Long range aid to Navigation
EIC Export Inspection Council
DDT Dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane
IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization
GSI Gastro somatic Index
GPS Geographical Positioning System
GIS Geographical Information System
NPO Nucleus Preopticus
NLT Nucleus Lateralis Tuberis
GHP Good Hygienic Practices
FRS Free Radical Scavangers
CMC Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose
IRI Index of Relative importance
DDE Dichloro Diphenyl Dichloroethane
B- cells Bursa cells
T- cells Thymus cells
SMS Spent Mushroom Substrate
DDM Dichloro Diphenyl Dicholoromethane
PA Polyamide
PES Polyester
PP Polyprophylene
PE Polyethylene
PVC Poly vinyl chloride
PVD Poly vinylene dichloride

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AI Absolute importanceindex
GSI Gonado/gastrosomatic index
FAD Fish AttractingDevices
GAS General Adaptation Syndrome
GAR General AlarmReaction
TDT Thermal DeathTime
QTL Quantitative TriatLoci


ERA:
Devonianperiod Golden age of Fishes
Carboniferousperiod Age of Amphibians
Cenozoic era Age ofMammals
Mesozoicera Era ofReptiles
Paleozoic Era Era ofVertebrates


Nameof Shrimps Minimum age ofSpawning
P.indicus 4-8months
P.japonicus 7-12months
P.merguiensis 4-8 months
P.monodon 9-15months
P.vannamei 8-9months

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Culture ofAlgal Media Culture of SpecificMicroalgae
Chu –10Medium Myxophyceae,Chlorophyceae,
Bacillariophyceae,Euglenophyceae
Foggs medium Blue greenAlgae
Zarrouks medium Spirulina
ModifiedFmedium Chlorella
Walnesmedium Commmonly used allMicroalgae
Conwaymedium Dinoflagellates
Guillardsmedium/ Diatom
Modified f/2medium

Non- Guarded Eggs:
Open Substrate Spawners
Spawners calledas Examples
Pelagic Pelagophils Lates niloticus
Rock and Gravel withPelagic Larvae Lithopelagophils Prochilodus sp
Rock and Gravel withBenthicLarvae Lithophils Labeosp
Non-ObligatoryPlant Phytolithophils Common carp
ObligatoryPlant Phytophils Puntius gonionotus
Sand Psammophils Gobiogobio
Terrestrial Aerophils Bryconpetrosus

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Brood Hiders:
Spawners Called as Examples
Beach Aeropsammophils

Annual Fishes Xerophils Nothobranchias sp
Rock and Gravel Lithophils Salmonid
Cave Speleophils Tilapia



Guarded eggs:
Substrate choosers:
Spawners calledas Examples
Pelagic Pelagophils Channa sp, Anabassp
Abovewater Aerophils Copeina arnoldi
Plant Polypterus sp
Rock Loricariaparva
Nest Spawners:
Nesters Examples
Froth/Bubblenest Fighter fish, Gourami(Aphrophils)
Hole Several Cichilids
MiscellaneousMaterials Notopterus chitala(Polyphils)
RockandGravel Ambloplitessp
Anemone Clown fish
Plant material with Glue making Gastrosteus aculeatus
Plant material withNon-Glue making Micropterus salmonids
Sand nesters Cichlasomasp

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Bearers :
InternalBearers Examples
Facultative Rivulusmarmoratus
ObligateLecithotrophic Poecilia reticulata
Viviparous Trophoderms Anablepsdowii

ExternalBearers Examples
TransferBrooders Oryzias sp, Callichthyssp
Skin Bunocephalussp
Forehead Kurtius gullivers
GillChambered Typhlichthyssp
Pouch Pipe fish, Seahorse, BrazilianCatfish
Mouth Tilapia, Marine Catfish
Intestinal Tachysurus barbus




Larval StageofShrimps Feeding Rates
PL 8- PL10 15g/feed x 2times
PL 11-PL15 25g/feed x 3times
PL 16-PL20 40g/feed x 5times

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Materials Sources Limit values
PCB Inland and Migratory fish 2.0ppm
PCB Marine fishes, Crustaceans and Molluscans 0.5ppm
Benzopyrene Smoked Fishery Products 5 ppb





Blood volume of fishes:
TypeofFishes Blood volume (ml)
Bonyfish 2-4
Lampreys 8.5
Hagfish 17
Elasmobranch 5-7
Tuna 8 (9 kg), 13(4.5kg)




(For Artificial Hypophysation Technique )
Number/SizeofNeedle Weight of brooder Fish
24 <1
22 1-3kg
19 >3kg

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Great Fathers:
Fathers Field/subject
F.A.Forel Limnology
Sir FredericGowland Hopkins Biochemistry
EdwardForbes Oceanography
M.F,Murray Physical Oceanography
RobertBoyle ChemicalOceanography
Aristotle Zoology
PeterArtedi Ichthyology
CarolousLinnaeus Taxonomy
Benjamin Franklin FreezingTechnology
Birdseye Modern FreezingTechnology
Adamsmith Economics
PaulA.Samuelson Modern Economics
KaryB.Mullis PCR
Lavosier Nutrition
AlecJeffery DNA FingerPrinting
PaulHebert DNABarcoding
AntonVanLeuwenhoek Microbiology
LouisPasteur ModernMicrobiology
Nicholas Appert Canning
BryanDonkin Modern Canning
Buccheism Pharmacology
OswaldSchmiedeberg ModernPharmacology

30. 30

Dr.RamnathChopra IndianPharmacology
Paracelsus Toxicology
MathieuOrfila Modern Toxicology
RudolfVirchow Pathology
Vasant RamjiKhanolkar IndianPathology
AugustComte Sociology
J.P.Legans Extension
JosephLister AntisepicSurgery
Edward Jenner Vaccine
Paul Ehrilch Chemotherapy
CaulNieberg Biochemistry

H.L.Chauduri Blue Revolution/ Induced Breeding inIndia
M.S.Swaminathan Green Revolution inIndia
Verghese Kurien WhiteRevolution

Ronald AFisher Statistics
PrasantaChandraMaholanobis Modern Statistics
Gervase Markham Angling
JamesHornell Chank Fisheries InIndia

Prof.YoramAvimech BioFlocTechnology

KarlErecky Biotechnology

RobertOwen Co-operation

ElieMechnikoff Probiotics

Humboldt Ecology

31. 31

Victor Hensen Plankton

Ernest Haekel Nekton,Protista



Optimum Water quality parameters for Shrimp culture

Total Ammonia <1.0 ppm
Nitrite(NO2-N) < 0.5 ppm
Dissolvedoxygen >4 ppm (AM)
Alkalinity 80 – 120ppm
Hardness >1500ppm
Ph 7.5-8.3



TypeofMaterials Density

Freshwater 1000kg/m3

Seawater 1025kg/m3

Ice 0.92g/cm2

Air 0.0012g/Cm3

Mild steel 7850kg/m3

Diesel 850kg/m3

32. 32

Specific Gravity of Floats :


Materials Specific Gravity
Cork 0.22-0.26
Sponge 0.10
Wood 0.50
Glass 2.60-3.70
Plastic 0.95
Rubber 0.29
Artificial 0.24



Specific gravity for Sinkers:


Materials Specific gravity
Lead 11.3
Iron 7.84
Tungsten 19.62
Brick 1.9
Clay 2.2
Glass 2.6
Cement 2.24- 2.4

33. 30
Materials Specific Gravity
PVD 1.7
PES 1.38
PA 1.14
PP 0.91
PE (HDPE) 0.96
PE (LDPE) 0.91
PVA 1.3




Materials Specific gravity
Wood 1.56
FRP 1.6
Cotton 1.54
Aluminium 2.7
Steel 7.84
Ferrocement 3.4-3.6

Floating materials

Density ( g/1000cc)
Wood 650
Cork 825
Thermacole 900
Sponge plastic 800-860
Porcelain 1.7

34. 31
For Modified Atmospheric Packaging(MAP),

Depends on Species CO2 N2 O2
Lean fish 40% 30% 30%
Fatty fish 60% 40% -





PredatoryFishes Weedyfishes Weed eatingFishes

Murrels Puntiussp Grasscarp

Magur Barbus sp Common Carp

Stinghi Oxygastersp Gourami
Featherbacks Ambassissp Silver barb
ClimbingPerch Gadusiasp
Pangassius Amblypharyngodonsp

Mystus Colisasp

Ompak Rasborasp

Wallagoattu Aplocheilus sp

Glossobicusgiuris Osteobrama sp, Esosmus sp

35. 32
Authorities and their Headquaters:
Authority Headquaters
CIFNET Cochin
CICEF Bangalore
CAA Chennai
CIFA Bhuvaneshwar
CIBA Chennai
CIFRI Barrackpore
CIFT Cochin
FSI Mumbai
INCOIS Hyderabad
FISHCOPFED NewDelhi
NFDB Hyderabad
NIFPHATT Cochin
ISRO Bangalore
KVK Puducherry
FSSAI NewDelhi
ICES Denmark
NACA Bangkok
ICLARM Penang(Malaysia)
SEAFDEC Thailand
IFP Kochin
NIO Panagi

36. 33
Authority/Institutes and their Year of establishments:

Authorities Years
ICAR 1929
CIFA 1987
CMFRI 1947
CIFRI 1947
CIFNET 1963
CIFE 1961
IGFA 1939
EEZ 1977
IWC 1946
MPEDA 1972
CAA 2005
GAP 1985
KVK 1974
WHO 1993
EIA 1963
NBA 2003
PFP 1971
IFP 1952
IUCN 1948
NABARD 1982
NAEP 1983
IVLP 1996

37. 34
IFP 1952
PFP 1971
RBI 1935
ISO 1946
BIS 1947
BOBP 1979
EIC 1963
EIA 1964
IPQC 1977
FDC 1938
BIS 1947
NIO 1966
EPA 1986
ICLARM 1975
NACA 1990
ICES 1902
CIFNET 1963
CICEF 1968
SEAFDEC 1967
NIOT 1993
NBFGR 1983
TNFDC 1974
NFDB 2006
NIPHATT 2008
CCRF 1995

38. 35
FSI 1983
RBI 1935
NFDB ,TNEFDB 2006
WSSV 1994
INCOIS 1999
COMAPS 1991
NCSCM 2011


Institutes/Authorities Directors(2018)
ICAR TrilochanMohaptra

PresidentofICAR Radha mohansingh

CIFRI Dr.B.K.Das

CIBA Dr.K.K.Vijayan

CIFA Dr.Sudhanju sekarmishra(Acting)

CIFE Dr.GopalaKrishna

CMFRI Dr.GopalaKrishnan

CIFT Dr.Ravishankar

NBFGR Dr.Kuldeykumarlal

DCRF Dr.Debajith Sharma cacting

39. 36
Authorities/Institutes and their developmentfeed:
Authority/Institutes DevelopementalFeed
CIFA CIFAX (Medicine) for EUSDisease
CIFA CIFAMA (CatfishFeed)
CIFA CIFA Brood IMCFeed
CIFA CIFAPRA (Prawn feed)
CIFA CIFACA (Grow out feed forCarps)
CIFA Pangas grow I and grow llfeed
CIFTandCMFRI Silofeed
CMFRI Mahima (Shrimpfeed)
CMFRI Cadalmin Varna (Ornamental FishFeed)
DCFR Golden Mahseerfeed
CIBA Phosphmidon ( For agriculturalindustry)
CIBA Bhetkiahar feed for Seabass
ICAR-CIBA Vannamei shrimpapp
ICAR-CIBA Vannamei Plus (Desi brand Formulatedfeed)
ICAR-CIBA CIBAMOX (WaterProbiotic)

40. 37
Commonnames Examples
Seafoam Cuttlebone
SeaMonster Cetaceans
Sea pen Umbelllula lindhal
Seaslater Ligiaoceanica
Sea Lilly Crinoidea
Seaarrow Squid
Sea pig Scotoplanes
Insect ofSea Lobster
Live GoldofSea Lobster
Pinkish GoldofSea Shrimp
Bullof Sea Marlin
Best Friendof Sea Dolphins
FishermanFriend Turtle
SeaPotato Ascidians
Sea Spike Barracuda
Tiger oftheSea Tuna
AquaticChicken Tilapia
Seafan/SeaWhips Gorgonids
Sea Gooseberry CombJelly
Sea Monkey Artemia
Sea apple Paracucumaria
Seamice Chitin
Seaslug Tritonia

41. 38
Sea horse Hippocampussp
ChickenofSea Tuna
Sea Urchin Echinoidea
Seacucumber Holothuriasp
Sea Hare Aplysia
SailorbyWind Velellavellela
Rainforest oftheSea CoralReef
Seabream Sparusauratus
Sea perch Lateolabraxjaponicas
RainbowPearl Pteriasp
Seabass Latescalcarifer
Seasawdust Trichodesmiumsp
SeaWalnut Combjelly
Sea Trout Salmo truttatrutta
Sea Louse/Seafleas Lepeophtheriussp
Seacow Dugong dugong
Jewels ofSea/Cowries Cyprea
Sea Mouse/Coat ofMail Shell Chiton
SeaLettuce Green Algae
Seagrass Zostreasp
Mangroves FloweringPlants
Sea Gull Laurussp
Sea Lion Pinnipeds

42. 39
Short Notes :
Squid pen/ Gladius made of Chitin
Cuttle bone made of Calcium/ Sepion
North Pole - Red
South Pole -Blue
Angle between True North and Magnetic North- Variation (Place specific)
Angle between Magnetic North and Compass Needle – Deviation( Vessel
specific)
Variation and Deviation called as Standard Error
Dredging by dreaming of water at jet speed called as Scouring
Single abducted andadducted muscle -Oysters, Pecten
Double Abducted and adducted muscle - Clams,Mussels
N-Cut mesh – Bar cut or Point cut
T-Cut mesh – Mesh cut
One Bell – Starboard side ( Right side and Green Signal)
Two Bell - Port Side ( Left Side and Red Signal)
Three Bell – Head on
Trepang Processed Seacucumber
Namamko Fresh Sea Cucumber
Calipee Processed SeaTurtle
Pla–ra Lactic acid FermentedProduct
FishSatay FermentedFish
Pindong Salted BoiledFish
ColomboFish MarinatedFish

43. 40
Maldive fish Smoked fish
ColamboFish - Marinated Fish
Ceviche - Fermented product
Petro Engine – 7:1 to10:1
Diesel Engine- 12:1 to 19:1
Hypoxanthine measured by Enzyme method is Xanthum oxide
Prime Spoiler of Surimi is Bacilli
Chitin Digester is Vibrio
Wet card compass made of Mica
Dry card compass made of Rice paper
Kelp is a food for Sea urchin
World Largest Living Arthropod is Mantis Shrimp
Fast Swimming Invertebrate is Octopus
Largest Freshwater lake is Kolleru lake
Largest Saline water lake is Samphar lake
NUVAN-EC 100 fish Poison Contain DDVP
Kainite is a Potash Fertilizer
T test is used for Small Sampletest(n<30)
Z test is used for Large Sampletest(n>30)
Menthol Crystal powder used to open the Shell forSurgery
Water Fleas - Daphnia,Moina

44. 41
Different layers ofPearloyster calledas
Innerlayer Nacreous
Middlelayer Prismatic
Outerlayer Conchiolon





Type of Feed Moisture Content
Wet 45-70%
Moist 25-45%
Semi moist 15-25%
Dry 7-13%






Type of Flags Numbers
Alphabet 26
Numeric 10
Substitute 3
Answering 1

45. 42
Nameof Flag Meanings
Alpha I have a diverdown
Bravo I am talkingin
Charlie Yes
Echo Altering Course to Starboardside
India Altering Course to Portside
Juliet Fire
Mike My Vessel isStopped
November Negative (No)
Oscar Man over board
Qubec My Vessel isHealthy
Romeo Not allocated. I have received your LastSignal
Sierra My engine is goingastern
Tang Keep clear on me. I am engaged on Pair Trawling
Whisky I required MedicalAssistance
Zulu I need tug . I shout myNet

46. 43
ExamplesofRefrigerants Symbols
CFC R12
HCFC R22
C2Cl2F4 R114
Mixture of R12andR22 R502
NH3 R717
CO2 R744
SO2 R764
Air R729
H20 R718






Floating Weeds Marginal weeds Submerged weeds
Eichhornia Phragmites Hydrilla ,Najas
Sagitaria Ipomoacea Vallisneria, Utricularia
Salienea Colocasia Potamogeton, Nechamandra
Pistia Jussiae Ceratophylim, Nymphoides
Azolla Marselia Otellia
Lemna

Nelumbo
Spirodela

Nymphae

47. 44
Nutrient Requirements for Carp Spawn:
Nutrients Compositon
Protein 35-40%
Fat 4-6%
Carbohydrate 22-26%
VitaminBComplex 0.1%
VitaminC 600mg/kg
VitaminA 200IU/Kg




Type of Boat Year of Established Life span
Steel 1878 30-40 years
Aluminium 1892 More than 40 years
Wooden

20-25
Ferrocement 1842

GRP 1946

FRP 1968




TypeofExtinguisher Colour of Extinguisher
CO2 Black
Foam White,Creamy
Water Red
Dry Blue

48. 45
TypeofOrganisms LarvalStage
Brittlestar Ophiopleuteus
Sea Urchin Echinopluteus
Balanoglossus Tornaria
Isopod Cryptonisid
Jellyfish Medusa
Shrimp,Artemia,Copepod Nauplius
Barnacles Cypris
Lamprey Ammocoate
Salmon Alvein
Eel Leptocephalus
Squilla Alima
Hermit Crab Glaucothoe
Lobster Phyllosoma, Puerulus
Jellyfish Planula,Scyphistoma,Strobila,Ephyra
Plathyhelminthes MullersLarvae
Polycheata Trochopore
Branchipods LingulaLarvae
Krill Naupli,Calyptosis,Furcilia
SeaCucumber Auricularia,Doliolaria,Pentacularia
Starfish Bipinnaria,Brachiolaria,Pentacularia
FreshwaterPrawn Zoea

49. 46
Organisms
None
Water activity
1
Gram Negative Rods 0.95
Spoilage bacteria 0.91
Yeasts 0.88
Staphylococcus 0.86
Molds 0.80
Halophilic bacteria 0.75
Xerophilic mold 0.65
Osmophilic Yeasts 0.60




Organisms International Years
Dolphin 2007
Coral 1997
Ocean 1998
Karimeen 2010-11




Institutes India (nos) Tamilnadu (nos)
BFDA 39 5
FFDA 429 13
KVK 692 30

50. 47
TypeofVitamins Source
VitaminA Shark LiverOil
VitaminD Cod LiverOil
VitaminE Fish LiverOil




Pigments Source
XanthophoresandErythrophores Carotenoids
Brownish black Eumelanin
Black Melanin






Fishes NPN Compounds
Teleost 9-18%
Elasmobranch 33-38%
Molluscans, Arthropods 20-25%





TypesofRadiation Radiation Limit
Radappertization 30-40 KGy
Radicidation 2.5-10 KGy
Radurization 0.75-2.5 KGy

51. 48
Accessory Respiratory Organs in Fishes:
Organs Fishes
OpercularChamber Mudskipper
Labrynith Anabas,Trichogaster
Airbladder Notopterus, Polyterus, Amia,Lepidosiren
Pharygyngeallungs Channa, Amphinous
Buccopharyngeal Monopterus
Intestine Lepidocephalichthys
Skin Amphinous, Anguilla,Mudskipper
OralPapillae Electriceel
GutEpithelium Loach
Pharyngealdiverticula Murrels,Periophthalmus
Pelvic fin Lepidisiren (during breeding season}
Tubularbranchialdiverticula Heteropneustes
Dendritic (Arborescentorgan) Clariusbatrachus


Under Fisheries departments,
Fish Seed Production Centres are 4 like
 Karanthai (Thanjavur)
 Manimuthar
 Mettur
 Bhavani sagar

And also Fish Seed rearing Centres are 28

52. 49
Under TNFDC,
Fish Seed Production Centres 1 ( Sathanur in Tiruvannamalai district)
Fish Seed Rearing Centres are 5

Famous days and their dates:
FamousDays Months andDates
WorldWetlandDay Feb2
WorldWhaleDay Feb 18
NationalScience Feb 28
Central Industrial SecurityFoundationDay Mar 12
World Consumer and NationalSafetyDay Mar 14
World Forestry and FishMigrationDay Mar 21
WorldWaterDay Mar 22
WorldMeterological Day Mar 23
NationalMaritimeDay Apr 5
WorldHealthDay Apr7
WorldDolphins Day Apr14
World MigratoryBirdsDay May8
NationalTechnologicalDay May11
WorldTelecommunicationDay May14
WorldBiodiversityDay May23
WorldOceanDay Jun 8
WorldEnvironmentalDay Jun 5
NationalFishingDay Jun18

53. 50
National FishFarmersDay Jul10
WorldPopulationDay Jul 11
WorldMangroveDay Jul 26
Koi CarpDay Aug 8
International WhaleSharkDay Aug30
WorldOzoneDay Sep16
WorldHabitatDay Oct3
World AnimalWelfare Day Oct 4
World WildAnimalDay Oct6
UN International day for naturaldisaster reduction Oct 13
WorldStandardsDay Oct 14
Rastriya MahilaKisanDiwas Oct15
WorldFoodDay Oct16
WorldServiceDay Nov9
WorldFisheries Day Nov21
World EnvironmentProtectionDay Nov26
WorldNavyDay Dec4
WorldSoilDay Dec5
National EnergyConservation Day Dec14




Fish organs Ph
Blood 7.46
Stomach 5.6
Intestine 6.2

54. 51
Seas SalinityRate
Deadsea 200ppt
Red sea 49ppt
Mediterraneansea 36ppt




Major minerals in freshwater and marine water


Major minerals Freshwater (ppm) Marine water(ppm)
Chloride 7.8 19,000
Sodium 6.3 10,050
Calcium 20 422
Magnesium 4.1 1,350
Potassium 2.3 380
Sulphate 11.2 2,700




TypeofCompounds Molecularweight
Haemoglobin 65000dalton
Haemocyanin 3 lakh to 9 crore
HumanChorionicGonadotrophin 36000 dalton
RBCin Fish 20000 to 3 million/cubicmillimetre
WBCin Fish 20000 to 150000/cubicmillimeter

55. 52
HaemoglobinCompounds Example ofFishes
One Hb Hag fish
TwoHb Eel
ThreeHb Goldfish
FourHb Rainbowtrout
Different kinds of Teeth:
Type Shape Fishes

Cardiform Numerous short/pointed Catfish, Sea bass
Villiform Elongated cardiform teeth Needlefish
Canine Dog toothed/Sub conical Moray eel, Shark
Incisor Sharply edge Cutting Sea bream, Parrotfish
Molariform Flattened teeth Skates, Chimaeras


Colouring Additives:
Iron/Sulphur Amberglass
Chromeoxide Emerald glass
Cobalt oxide Blueglass


Indigenous Fishing Techniques
Bahini Fishing /Janos/Khadasfishing Chilka lake
Padu Fishing Pulicatlake
WuchangFishing Kanyakumari
Padal Fishing Asthamudi Lake
CheerFishing TaptiRiver
DoryFishing Kerala

56. 53
Type of Microorganisms
B.stearothermophiles
D-Values
4-5
C.thermosaccharolyticum 3-4
C.nigrificans 2-3
C.boutilinum[type A and B ] 0.1-0.23
C.sporongenes 0.1-1.5
B.coagulans 0.01-0.07
C.boutilinum[type C] 0.3-3.0




Types of Compounds
Bacterial Spore
Z-Values
7-12
Vegetative Cells 4-8
Vitamins 25-30
Proteins 15-37
Enzymes 10-50
Overall sensory Quality 25-45
Texture and Cooking 17-47
Colour degradation 17-57

57. 54
Zones ofAlimentaryCanal Parts
IngressiveZone Mouth
Progressive Zone Pharynx/Oesophagus
DegressiveZone Intestine
Ergressive Zone Rectum/Anus


TypesofMouths Fishes
Subterminal/inferior Sucker fish,Sturgeons
Superior Grouper, Lionfish
Small/thinsnout Butterflyfish, Pipefish
Slipmouths/protrussible Leiognathids
Lowerjawelongated Halfbeaks
Upperjawelongated Paddlefish
Bothjawelongated Needlefish


Gestation Period For Aquatic Animals:
Dugong 12-18months
CommonDolphin 10-12 months
SeaOtters 105days
Seals 245days
Whales 350days
Guppy 6weeks

58. 55
Type of Eggs Yolk percent Examples
Isolecithal 5% Starfish/Mammals
Centrolecithal 50% Arthropods
Teleo/Macrolecithal 50-80% Reptiles/Amphibians/Fishes
Discoidal 90-98% Birds





Type ofCaudalfin Fishes
Homocercal Teleostfishes
Heterocercal Sharks
Protocercal Lampreys
Diphycercal Lungfishes
Isocercal Atlanticcod
Lepotocercal Ratfishes
Gephyrocercal Sunfishes

59. 56
Different State Fishes in India:
States Fishes
WestBengal Hilsasp
Bihar Magur
Tripura Pabda
Arunachal,Himachal,Uttarkhand,Kashmir Golden mahseer
Haryana Labeocalbasu
Kerala Pearspot
Karnataka Karnaticcarp
UP Chitala
AP Channastriatus
Mizorum Nahavang
Nagaland,Assam Chocolate Mahseer
Orissa Tor mahanadicus
Manipur Osteobrama belangeri
Goa GreyMullet


Traditional Fish Farmings in India:
WestBengal Bherry/Bhasabandha
Kerala Pokali
Karnataka Kharlands
Goa Ghazan
Odisha Gherry

60. 57
Reproductive Strategies:


Guarded Eggs (22%)


Egg Burrier Killifish
EggDepositer Rasbora
NestBuilder Gourami/fighter fish
Mosquitoincubator Cichilids
Egg Splasher SplashingTetra
Egg Scooper Orange Chromide
EggHider Dwarf Cichilids
EggCarrier JapaneseMadaka
Edd hangler Lyretail
EggStowers Bitterlings


Non- Guarded Eggs (88%)


Adhesive Gold fish,Tetra
Non-Adhesive Zebrafish

61. 58

Poisoningtype Toxins Examples Limits
PSP Saxitoxin Gymnodium,Alexandrium 80micro g/100g
Cigautera Gambiertoxin Gambierdiscus, Gonoyalax 0.01ppb(Pacific)
DSP Okadaicacid Dinophysis,Aurocitrum 160 micro g/100g
NSP ------ Ptychodiscus ------
ASP Doimicacid Pseudonitzschia 20 micro g/100g
BTXs Brevitoxin Gymnodiniumbrevis 20 Mouse units
YTXs Yessotoxins Gonyalax, Protoceratium1mg/kg
AZP Azaspiracids ----- 160 micro g/g
TTXs Tetratodoxin ----- 2mg equivalent TTX/kg
PTXs Palytoxin Ostreopsis ,Palythoasp(Corals) -----
VSP Oyster/Asaripoisoning Prorocentrumminimum -----




Type of Materials
Turbidity
Tolerance Limit (mg/l)
10(units)
pH 6.5-9.2
Total Solids 1000
Total Hardness 600
Sulphate 200
Fluoride 1.5
Chloride 250
Cyanide 0.01
Selenium 0.05

62. 59
Iron 0.3
Magnesium 75
Manganese 0.20
Copper 1
Lead 0.1
Chromium 0.05
Zinc 15
Arsenic 0.2
NO3 20
Phenolic Substances 0.001
Cadmium 0.01
Mercury 0.001
Water 20 Hazen units




Type of Compounds
Water
Specific Heat
1
Wet fish 0.96
Frozen fish 0.4
Air 0.25
Ice 0.5
Most Metals 0.1

63. 60
Coding :
TypeofProduct Abbrevation
Whole FSWL
Headless FSHL
Fantailround FSFR
Fantail Deveined FSFD
Butterfly FSBF
Peeledand Deveined FSFD
Peeled undeveined/rawpeeled FSPUP/FSRP
CookedandPeeled FSCP
Peeled andcooked FSPC
Peeled deveined cooked FSPDC
Wholecooked FSWC




Sarcoplasmic Protein:
IonicStrength <0.15M
FishmeatContain 25-30%
MammalsContain 30-40%
ContainProteinLike Albumin,globulin

64. 61
Myofibrillar Protein:
Ionic Strength 0.5 M
Fish Meat contain 65-75%
Mammals contain 40%
Protein like Actin, Myosin, Tropomyosin, Trophonin
Myosin 29%
Actin 13%
Tropomyosin 3.2%
Troponin 3.2%
Actinin 2.6%
Myosine N-line protein 3.7%

Paramyosin mostly in Molluscans( 14% IN Squids)




Stroma Protein :
Teleost 3%
Elasmobranchs 10%
Mammals 17%

Rigor mortis Starts 1-7 hrs, Peak range 5-22hrs, Total duration 31-120hrs
Shore line measured by Rotometer
Fish Freshness measured by Torrymeter
Surimi Gel Strength measured by Rheometer
Dark muscle Shrinks upto 52%
White Muscle Shrinks upto 15%

65. 62
Body partsof organisms Bacterial counts
Skinsurface 10
3
- 10
5
Cm
2

Gill Surface 10
4
-10
6
/g
GutSurface 10
5
-10
8
/g


Colour of gillnet most suited for differentfishery:


Targetedgroup/area Colour of Gillnet


Pomfret Yellow,White
Prawn Green, Orange,Red
Hilsa Yelow,White
GovindSagarReservior Yellow
HirakundReservior Yellow, Green,Grey
SaurashtraReservior Yellow,White

66. 63
Biochemical parameters Freshfish Spoiledfish
KValue 20-25% 50-60% acceptable
HxValue <2.5micromole/g >2.5 micromole/g
TVB-N 5-20mgN/100g 35-40acceptable
TMA <1.5mgTMAN/100g 10-15TMA-N/100g
Indole 25 micro gram/100g
Peroxide Value 1 milli equivalentO2/Kg
TBA Value 1-2 mgMelanoldehyde/kg
Iodinevalue 145-180
Saponificationvalue 185-205
Unsaponifiablematter 2.0
Freefattyacid 1.0
Refractive Index 1.4739-1.4771
Histaminevalue 50mg/100g

67. 64
Short Notes:
Omega 3 fattyacids – Fishy odour( Linolenic and Linileic acid)
Omega 6 fattyacids – Grassy and Beany Odour( Arachidonic acid)
Omega 9 Fattyacids – Oleic acid
Mitochondrian Rich Cells known as Salt Secreting / Chloride Cells
Insulin like Growth factor is produced by Liver
Programmed Cell death is Apoptosis
Gill ray is made up of Calcified Chondroid
Excellent Quality Indicator of Squid is Ammonia
Excellent Quality Indicator of Fish is Peroxide value
Excellent Quality Indicator of Shrimp is Indole
PVC known as Saran
PES known as Mylar
Daily milk yield of Blue whale is 600 Litres
Daily milk yield of Pinnipeds is 2-5 Litres
Egg heads of Fishy World is Cyprinus carpio
One eye Giant is Cyclopes
Diatoms have more of DHA
Dinoflagellates have more of EPA
Wheel animalcules – Rotifers
Sunanimalcules -Molluscan
Living Jewels – Ornamental fishes
Fairy/Brine Shrimp – Artemia

68. 65
Groupof Fishes Calledas
Whales Pod/gam
Sharks Shiver/colage
Penguins Colony
Herrings Army/Seige
Jellyfish Smack
Fish Shoal/School/Haul/Nest
Barracuda Battery
Cobras Collision/Quiver
Goldfish Troubling/glint
Platypus Puddle
Salmon Run
Stingrays Fever
Starfish Constellation
Sandpipers Fling
Cod Lap
Crabs Cast
Dolphins Pod
Eels Swarm/bed/fry
Lice Flock
Lizard Lounge
Minnows Swarm/shoal/steam
Mosquitos Scourge
Oysters Bed

69. 66
Pilchards Shoal
Sardines Family
Scorpions Bed/Nest
Seabirds Wreek
Seals Pod/bob/harem/herd/rookery
Seaurchin Vagrant
Swallows Flight/gulp
Trout Hover
Turtle Bale/nest/turn/dole
TurtleDoves Pitying
Unicorn Blessing
Viper Generation/nest
Walruses Herd/Pod
Wasp Nest/Swarm


Percentage of Various Fishes in The Sea:( Source:2016-17, FAO)

Pelagic Fishes 57%
Demersal Fishes 25%
Crustaceans 13%
Molluscs 5%

70. 67
Types of Soluble Protein:
Water 25-30%
Salt 70-80%
Acid 1-3%



Standard value for Import Fish and Fishery Products (Raw Products):
TPC at 37degreecelcius 500000/g
Fecal Coliform 20/g
E.coli 20/g
CoagulaseStaphylococci 100/g
Salmonella Absent in25/g
V.cholerae Absent in 25/g
Listeriamonocytogenes Absent in 25/g
Histamine <50ppm
Indole <50microgram/100g
PSP 80microgram/100g
DSP 20microgram/100g
TVBN <30mg/100g
DDT/DDE <5ppm
Cadmium <3ppm
Lead <1ppm
Mercury 0.5ppm
Arsenic 76ppm
Nickel 70ppm
Chromium 12ppm

71. 68
Sulphite 100ppm
Nickel 70ppm
Nitrires 200ppm
Sorbic andBenzoicacid 200ppm
EDTA 75ppm
AntibioticResidues NIL


In Cooked Products:
TPC AT 37Degreecelcius 100000/g
E.coli <1/g
Fecal Coliform <1/g
Cadmium <3ppm
Lead <1ppm
Mercury 0.5ppm

72. 69
Numbers and Costant Values:
In Aquarium Surface area forfreshwater fish 30cm square
In Aquarium Surface area forMarinefish 75cm square
Diurnal temperaturevariationrange 4.8-5.2 °C
Maximum densityof Freshwater 4°C
Maximum densityof Marinewater -2°C
Coefficient of ExpansionofIce 1.125
FreshwaterFreezeat 0°C
SeawaterFreeze at -2°C
Specific gravityofIce 0.91
Specific gravityofFat 0.86
In length weight relationship ‗b‘valuerange 2.5-4
Kn value range 0.9-1
Freezing pointof Freshwater -0.6°C
Freezing pointof Marinewater -0.75°C
Transducer of Sonarangleat 360°
C:N ofPigmanure 14:1
C:NofCowfung 25:1
Protein grossenergyvalue 5.6Kcal/g
Fat gross energyvalue 8.5-9.5 K cal/g
Carbohydrate grossenergyvalue 4.1Kcal/g
Pressure ofSeasurface 15 lbs
FishMuscleContaction 10-45seconds
Gill epithelium thicknessof fish 1-5micro

73. 70
Temperature ofDryice -78.7°C
Temperature ofColdstore -18°C
TemperatureofAmmonia -33°C
Temperature ofLiquidNitrogen -196°C
Temperatureof Oil 180 °C
Temperature ofNitrousoxide -88°C
1 tonofRefrigeration 233.33KJ/min
1Gray 1 J/Kg/10rad
1 Rad 0.01GY
Specific heat offrozenfish 0.5Kcal
Specific heatoffish 0.9Kcal
Monohybrid cross 3:1
DihybridCross 9:3:3:1
Testcross(Monohybrid) 1:1
Testcross(Dihybrid) 1:1:1:1
Dominantepistasis 12:3:1
Recessiveepistasis 9:3:4
Thermal ConductivityofWater 0.52 Kcal/m/hr°C
Thermal Conuctivityof Ice 2.07 Kcal/m/hr°C
Sea watersurfacedensity 1.024gm/cm
3

1atm 1013300dyne/cm
2

1bar 750mm ofHg
1 Hb 0.750mm ofHg
1 unitofRefrigeration 4.186KJ/sec
Dielectric ConstantofWater 81V

74. 71
Speedof Radiowave 3 ×10
8
m/sec
Speed of Soundin Water 1500m/sec
StandardFloppySize 3.5 inches
International DistressSignalFrequency 2182 KHz
MAP for LeanFishN2:CO2:O2 30:40:30
MAP For FattyfishN2:CO2 40:60
1pound 0.4535kg
1gallon 4.54litre
1 Acre 4046.85km2
1ha 10,000m2
1 Ounce 28.34gram
1 Knot 1Nm/hr




Organisms Concentration of fat
Cetaceans 25-50%
Cows 3-5%
Seals 50-60%

75. 72
Specific NameofFishes Common name
LittleScorchers Mackerel
Unparalled Spirit AtlanticSalmon
Shine SeaTrout
HandsomeFighters Black bass
Aerial Fighter Sailfish
Bull of Sea Marlins
Silver King Tarpon
Lightening Fish BoneFishes
BigWhiskeredScavanger Silurusglanis
GiantPerch Barramundi
OneEyeGiant Cyclopes


Pisivorous air breathing fishes:
Magur
Singhi
Climbing Perch


Non-Pisivorous air breathing Fishes:
Giant Murrel
Striated Murrel
Spotted Murrel

76. 73
Non-Air breathing Fishes:
Wallago attu
Pabda
Pangassius



States
Kerala and Goa
Year Adopted by Marine Fishing Regulation Act
1980
Maharastra 1981
Orissa 1982
Tamilnadu 1983
Andhrapradhesh 1984
Karnataka 1986
West Bengal 1993
Gujarat 2003

Andaman andNicobarIslands 2004
Puducherry 2008



Toxins Species Limits
Stenoxic Trout 10mg/l
Mesoxic Perch 5 mg/l
Euryoxic Carps 0.5 mg/l

77. 74
Heavymetals Disease

Cadmium Itai itai or Ouchouch

Mercury Minamita

Selenium Keshan

Arsenic Blackfoot

Lead Boneproblem




In canned foods :
Heavymetals Limits
Arsenic 1ppm
Lead 5ppm

Copper 10ppm

Zinc 50ppm

Tin 250ppm

78. 75
Examples of bacteria able to degrade pesticides:
Chlorinated hydrocarbon:
Dichloro dimethyl triphosphate(DDT) : Alcaligenes eutrophus

Phenoxy compounds (2,4-D): Alcaligenes eutrophus, Flavobacterium,
Arthrobacter , Pseudomonascepacia
Triazine(atrazine): Norcardia, Pseudomonas,Rhodococcus



Organophosphates:

Parathion : Flavobacterium ATCC 27551, Pseudomonas diminuta
Diazinon: Flavobacterium ATCC 2755
Fenthion: Bacillus

Carbofuran :Achromobacts, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium

79. 76
Organisms and their indicator species:

TypeofOrganisms Indicators
Oil sardine Fragilariaoceanica
Lessersardine Hemidiscushardmanianus
Tuna Tern bird
Pomfret Scalpa Planktonic Algae
Herrings,Mackerel Calanus
Oilpollution Foraminiferan
Mercury,Organochlorine Pike fish( Largemouthboss)
HighlySuspendedwater Stoneflynymphs
Acidsoil Mosses
Salinesoil Greasewood
Sewage seepage Tubifexworms
Temperate, marinewaterpollution Polychaete (Capitella capitella)
Freshwaterpollution Rotifer
Baleen whale Antartic Krill (Euphausia superba)
Airpollution Lichens



Specific Spoilage organisms of Seafood Spoilage:

Products Specific Spoilage organisms(SSO)

IcedMarinefish Shewanella putrefaciens

IcedFreshwaterfish Pseudomonassp

CO2 packedchilledfish Photobacteriumphosphoreum

Fish stored in ambient temperature Motile Aeromonads

80. 77
TypesofMangroves Scientificname

Red Rhizoporasp

Black Avicenniasp

Orange Bruguiesasp

Spur Ceriopssp

Mangrove apple Sonneratiasp



Typesof lime Chemicalformula

Slaked/Hydratedlime Ca(OH)2

Agrilime CaCO3

Quicklime CaO

Dolomite CaMg(CO30

Gypsum CaSO4

Epsum MgSO4



TypesofNanopeptides Examples
Isotocin(Ichthyotocin) Teleosts
ValitocinandAspargtocin Sharks
Glumitocin Rays
Mesotocin Lungfish

81. 78
Commodities and their tax rate :

Type of Commodities


Tax Rate


VAT

GST
Fishing Hooks 0 %

12%
Fishing Rods 0 %

12%
Fishing Ropes 0 %

18%
Fishing Ropes(Nylon) 0 %

-
Fishing Tackles 0 %

12%
Fishing Twines 0 %

12%
Fishing Rods and Sport Requisites 5%

-
Fishing Tackles and Sport Requisites 5%

-
Line Fishing Tackles and Sport Requisites 5%

-
Fishing Vessels 5%

5%
Outboard motor 14.5%

28%
Ice Boxes 14.5% 18%

82. 79
Handbook of Fisheries and Aquaculture


Indian Fisheries Resources and Production

1. Blue revolution during inIndia--------

A. 21 B.24 C.18 D. 20

Ans. :- A

2. Fish eating population inIndia----------

A.60% B.56% C. 55% D. 50%

Ans. :- B

3. Continental shelf are exploited upto---------

A. 40m B. 30m C.50m D. 55m

Ans. :- C

4. The Asian Countries which ranks India, inAquaculture-------

A.First B.Third C. Fifth D. Second

Ans. :- D

5. Which ranks India in Capture Fisheriesis---------

A.Second B.Third C.First D. Fifth

Ans. :- B

6. Declaration of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)in.-------

A.1975 B.1977 C. 1877 D. 1840

Ans. :- B

7. The EEZ area available in India is--------

A. 2.05Sq.Km B. 3.02Sq.Km C. 5.05SqKm. D. 2.02 Sq. Km

Ans. :- D

8. The EEZ area is available on Eastcoast.--------

83. 80
A. 0.86 millionSq.Km B. 0.56 million Sq.Km

C. 5.01 millionSq.Km D. 2.03 million Sq.Km

Ans. :- A

9. Which Coast is 0.56 million Sq. Km EEZ areaisavailable --------- --.

A.EastCoast B.West Coast C. Andaman&Nicobar D. Island

Ans. :- B

10 Which depth about 58% of resources are available in.---------

A.0-15m B. 0-10 m C. 0-35m D. 0-50m

Ans. :- D

11. India has also acquired the responsibility to conserve, Protect develop and optimally
exploitthe marine living resources up to nautical miles ontheCoastline ------- --.
A. 100nauticalmiles B. 150nauticalmiles C. 200nauticalmiles D. 250
nauticalmiles Ans. :-C
12. The harvestable Potential of marine fishery resource in the EEZ has beenestimated
at how milliontones.----------
A.2.8 B.3.9 C.4.9 D. 1.6

Ans. :- B

13. How EEZ area available in Andaman & NicobarIslandis ------ --.

A. 0.40 millionSq.Km. B. 0.50 million Sq.Km.

C. 1.05 millionSq.Km. D. 0.60 million Sq.Km.

Ans. :-D

14. How Percent (%) in 50 – 200 m depth of resources availableis------

A.40% D. 35% C. 45% D. 50

Ans. :- B

15. Which depth is 7.0% resources are availablein.------

A. beyond100m B. beyond50m C. beyond150m D. beyond 200m

84. 81
Ans. :- D

16. How Coastline area is available ofGujarat.-----

A.1600km B.720km C.974km D. 1076 km

Ans. :- A

17. How Coastline area is available ofMaharashtra----

A.104km B. 45km C.132km D. 720km

Ans. :- D

18. Which State have largestCoastline.------

A.Gujarat B.Maharashtra C. TamilNadu D. Andhra Pradesh

Ans. :- A

19. How many large Fishing Vessel of 21 m overalllength (OAL) --- --.

A.150 B.125 C. 170 D.160

Ans. :- C

20. Which State haveSmallest Coastline --- --.

A.170km B. 40km C.112km D. 104km

Ans. :- D

21. Marine aquarium Fish trade is gaining in creasing Popularity the world over withan
estimatedValue.------
A. 3.5 billionUS$ B. 4.5 billionUS$ C. 2.5 billionUS$ D. 1.5 billionUS

Ans. :- B

22. The Gulf on manner , Palk Bay, Gulf on Kutch, South west Coast and the
Lakshadweep and Andaman group or Islands arerichin ----- --.
A.Cat Fishes B. Bill Fishes C.OrnamentalFishes D. All orthese.

Ans. :-C

23. The major aquarium Fishes represented in South west Coastat----.

A.170species B.200species C. 175species D. 180 species

85. 82
Ans. :- D

24. How many islands meet to formLakshadweep.-----

A. 9 B. 12 C. 10 D.15

Ans. :- A

25. How many Species at Sponges are found in IndianSea.------

A.540 B.519 C. 515 D.425

Ans. :- B

26. Gorgonids Popularly known as the-------

A.Rotifer B. CladoCerans C.Seamonkey D. Sea fans / Seawhips

Ans. :- D

27. The edible Seaweed are rich in-----

A.Protein B.Carbohydrate C. Lipid D. Vitamins.

Ans. :- A

28. The edible Seaweed are Protein Percentageis-------

A.10-25% B. 25-30% C.20-25% D. 10-15%

Ans. :- C

29. The Live Seaweed are CarbohydratePercentage-------

A.20-25% B. 6-11% C. 12-25% D. 16-24%

Ans. :- D

30. How many Percent at lipid inSeaweed.-------

A.10-12% B. 6-11% C. 12-25% D. 20-25%

Ans. :- B

31. Which Country is Second largest in land Fish Production Producer is------

A. India B.China C. Japan D. Shrilanka

Ans. :- A

32. Which ranks at India in inlandFishProduction----- --.

86. 83
A.First B.Second C. Third D. Fourth

Ans. :- B

33. How many major rivers System of the country Comprisesat.-----

A. 10 B.20 C.14 D. 16

Ans. :- C

34. How many medium river systemare.----

A. 40 B.20 C.44 D. 34

Ans. :- C

35. The different river systems of the Country having a Combinedlengthof ------- --.

A.25,000km B.30,000km C. 21,000km D. 29,000km

Ans. :- D

36. The resource under Pond and tanks are availablein.------

A. 2.254 million ha. B. 1.2million ha. C. 2.154 million ha. D. 1.254 millionha.

Ans. :- A

37. How many coastal area has been identified as Potential resources for Finfish and
Shell FishFarming.-------
A. 1.5millionha. B. 1.2millionha. C. 2.5millionha. D. 0.5 millionha.

Ans. :- B

38. How many total fish Species recorded worldwide----

A.21,000 B.18,000 C. 25,000 D. 32,000

Ans. :- C

39. The major river System of India on the basis of drainage Can be divided into---

A.Three B. Four C. Two D. Fifth

Ans. :- C

40. The total length of Ganga river systemis.----

87. 84
A.4,000km B.12,000km C. 15,000km D. 12,000km

Ans. :- D

41. How many length of Brahmaputra river Systemis----.

A.2,000km B. 4,025km C. 25,00km D. 3,000 km Ans. :-B

42. The originating of Ganga riverfrom----

A.Himalayas B. West Coast C.EastCoast D. South eastCoast

Ans. :- A

43. The originating of ganga river from Himalayas, it drains in to the Bay of Bengal after
traversing a distance of.-------
A.2318km B.2225km C. 3518km D. 3,000 km

Ans. :- B

44. The Ganga river Systemharborsabout ---------- Fish Species---.

A.355 B.255 C. 265 D.155

Ans. :- C

45. Brahmaputra river originates from in-----

A.Bexar B.Bhagalpur C.Allahabad D. Tibet

Ans. :- D

46. The Fisheries in the upper, middle and lower stretches of the Brahmaputra riveris
dominatedby------
A.Catfishes B. Elasmobranch Fishes C.SardineFishes D. All ofthese

Ans. :- A

47. The major portion of Indus river System lieswithin-----

A.India B.Pakistan C. Srilanka D.Bangladesh

Ans. :- B

48. The Indus river System originate from----

88. 85
A.West Coast B.SouthernHimalayas C.WesternHimalayas D. Eastern
Himalayas Ans. :-C
49. The Jhelum is a tributaries of Indus river Systems & these tributaries flow inwhich
State are----
A.Rajasthan B.Bihar C.Punjab D. Jammu &Kashmir

Ans. :- D

50. The Peninsular river System may be broadly categorized into----

A.Two B. Four C. Six D. Eight

Ans. :- A

51. Which Coast of Pen in solar riverSystem----

A. South east & South west CoastriverSystem B. East Coast & West Coastriver
System C. both A&B D. None.
Ans. :- B

52. The total length of Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi, Cauvery isabout------

A.4,525km B.5,215km C. 6,437km D. 7,450 km

Ans. :- C

53. How River System in eastCoast------

A. 2 B. 12 C.8 D. 4

Ans. :- D

54. Total Catchment area of east Coast riverSystem.----

A. 121millionha. B. 111millionha. C. 150millionha. D. 110 millionha.

Ans. :- A

55. What is CPUE?

A. Culture Perunit effort B. Catch Per uniteffort.

C. Capture Peruniteffort D. Catch Per unit Economic

Ans. :- B

89. 86
56. Which river is the West Coast riverSystem?

A.Ganga B.Cauvery C.Narmada D. Mahanadi

Ans. :- C

57. How many West Coast riverSystem?

A.One B.Four C.Three D. Two

Ans. :-D

58. Which two West Coast river Systemare.?

A. Narmada / Tapti B. Cauvery / Mahanadi C. Krishna/Ganga D. Narmada /
CauveryAns. :-A
59. Which river is about 2.6 tones of Fish / day is captured from?

A.Narmada B.Cauvery C. Khrina D. Tapti

Ans. :- D

60. The total Projected growth of reservoir by 2000AD.-------

A. 3Millionha. B. 6Millionha. C. 5Millionha. D. 8 Millionha.

Ans. :- B

61. The total area under reservoir at during the midsixtiesis ----- --.

A. 6Millionha. B. 8Millionha. C. 3Millionha. D. 5 Millionha.

Ans. :- C

62. How many total reservoir in the Countryis-------

A.19,370 B.20,370 C. 15,570 D. 18,370

Ans. :- A

63. The total 19,370 reservoir in the Country with total area of------

A. 4.1millionha. B. 3.1millionha. C. 2.5millionha. D. 5.1 millionha.

Ans. :- B

64. How many area of the small reservoiris-----

A.>500 B. <800 C. <1,000 D. > 1,000

90. 87
Ans. :- C

65. How many area as Considered to mediumreservoirare----- --.

A. 1,000-2,000 B. 4,000–5,000 C. 2,000-5,0000 D. 1,000 –5,000

Ans. :- D

66. How many area is Considered as large reservoirare.

A. >5,000ha. B. <5,000ha C. > 10,000ha. D. < 3,000ha.

Ans. :- A

67. The Production of small reservoir isabout------

A.35Kg./ha./year B.50Kg./ha./year C. 12 Kg./ha./year D. 25Kg./ha./year

Ans. :- B

68. How Production of medium reservoir isabout-----

A.10Kg./ha./year B. 11.5 Kg./ha./year C. 12.3 Kg./ha./year D. 15.2Kg./ha./year

Ans. :- C

69. The Production of large reservoir isabout---

A.8Kg./ha./year B. 9.5 Kg./ha./year C. 11.25 Kg./ha./year D. 11.5Kg./ha./year

Ans. :- D

70. The Average Production of reservoir isabout---

A.20Kg./ha./year B.15Kg./ha./year C. 10 Kg./ha./year D. 25Kg./ha./year

Ans. :- A

71. How many small reservoir In India isabout----

A. 19,370 B.19,324 C. 20,517 D. 15,419

Ans. :- B

72. The medium reservoir in Indiais----

A.200 B.150 C. 180 D.165

Ans. :- C

73. In India how many large reservoiris------

91. 88
A. 20 B.40 C.37 D. 56

Ans. :- D

74. The total area of the reservoiris-----

A.3,153,366ha. B.1,485,557ha. C. 5,27,541ha D. 1,140,268ha.

Ans. :- A

75. The estimated area of Floodplain lake isavailable----

A.1,013,213ha B.2,013,213ha. C. 4,413,425ha. D. 3,516,314ha

Ans. :- B

76. The Floodplain lakes in Assam is to Consideredare-----

A.Wetlands B. backwaters C.beels/bells D. all of these

Ans. :- C

77. Which State have 150 bellsare?

A.Assam B.Rajasthan C. Kerala D. WestBengal

Ans. :- D

78. Which river on the Dogra beels?

A.Ganga B.Brahmaputra C.Indus D. Cauvery

Ans. :- B

79. In Bihar is estimated area of Ox-bowlake-----

A.4,735ha. B. 2,525ha C. 6,115ha D. 3,725ha

Ans. :- A

80. The area of Hooghly Matlahestuary-----

A.18,000ha B.144,000ha C. 1,34,000ha D. 30,000ha

Ans. :- C

81. The area of Godavariestuary-----

A.10,000ha B.15,000ha C. 16,000ha D. 18,000ha

Ans. :- D

92. 89
82. How area of the Mahanadi estuaryis-----

A.3,000ha B. 1,000ha C. 5,000ha D. 2,000ha

Ans. :- A

83. The area of the Narmada estuaryis-----

A.20,000ha B.40,000ha C. 30,000ha D. 10,000ha

Ans. :- C

84. How area of the chilka lagoonis-----

A.2,036,000ha B.1,036,000 C.5,236,000ha D. 3,435,215ha

Ans. :- B

85. The area of the Pulicat lakeis----

A.26,000ha B. 3,000ha C. 34,000 D. 36,900ha

Ans. :- D

86. The area of the Vembanad lake and Kerala backwaters is------

A.50,000ha B.40,000ha C. 60,000ha D. 65,000ha

Ans. :- A

87. The Verbena estuary located east Coast of the------

A.Kittenedregion B. Cochin C. Chennai D. Bhubaneswar

Ans. :- B

88. Which estuary is classified as a Salt-wedge estuary where fresh water flow
predominates.------
A.Godavari B.Tapti C.Narmada D. Sabarmati

Ans. :- C

89. River Narmada is having an estuarine Strech of about 120 km which endsin-----

A. GulfofKutch B. Gulfof Manner C. A&B D. Gulf ofChambery

Ans. :- D

90. The family of the Mahseeris-----

93. 90
A.Cyprinid B.Cobitidae C. Sisoridae D. Salmondoe

Ans. :- A

91. Which family of the Snowtrout------

A.Salmonidae B.Cyprinid C. Sisoridae D.Cobitidae

Ans. :- B

92. The family of the minor carp is------

A.Combitidae B.Sisoridae C.Cyprinidae D. Salmomitiloe

Ans. :- C

93. The family of the Catfishes is------

A.Cyprinidae B.Combitidae C.Salmonidae D. Sisoridae

94. The family of the trout is-----

A.Salmonidae B.Sisoridae C.Cyprinidoe D. Combitidae

Ans. :- A

95. Which carp contribute top about 84% of India‘s aquaculture production is mostly
ruralbased----.
A.ExoticCarp B. IndianmajorCarp C.minorCorp D. Miscellaneousspecies

Ans. :- B

96. The annually seed production of carps has been standardized, with commercial
hatcheries producingover-----..
A. 10,000millionfry B. 16,000millionfry C. 19,000 million fry D. 20,000
millionfry Ans. :-C
97. The fresh water aquaculture resources in the Country comprise 2.25 million ha.of---

A. Bells & derelict water B.Paddyfields C. Lakes&reservoirs D. Ponds &tanks

Ans. :- D

98. The fresh water aquaculture resource in Country the area of bells & derelictwaters-.

A. 1.3Million ha. B. 2.25Million ha. C. 2.09 Million ha. D. 0.12 Millionha.

94. 91
Ans. :- A

99. The fresh water aquaculture resource in Country the area of lakes &reservoirs-

A. 2.25Million ha. B. 2.09 Million ha. C. 2.3Millionha. D. 1.3 Millionha.

Ans. :- B

100. The fresh water aquaculture resources in the country the area of irrigation canals&
channels.-----
A. 2.3Millionha B. 2.09Million ha C. 0.12 Millionha D. 1.3 Millionha

Ans. :- C

101. The fresh water aquaculture resources in the country the area of paddyfields.----

A. 2.25millionha. B. 1.3million ha. C. 3.3millionha. D. 2.3 millionha.

Ans. :- D

102. Carp hatchery in the public Sector have contributed to a large extent for the
increase in seed production from 20,700 million inwhichyear ---- --.
A.2004-05 B.2005-6 C. 2006-07 D. 2007-08

Ans. :- A

103. India is basically whichcountry.----

A.WarmCountry B. CarpCountry C. Cold Country D. Largest Country

Ans. :- B

104. The Scientific name of rohu is----

A.LabeoColbasu B.Labeobata C.Labeorohita D. Labeofimbriatus

Ans. :- C

105. The Scientific name of Mrigalis-----

A.Cirrhinuscirrhoses B. CirrhinusMrigala C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- B

106. The Scientific hane Grass carp is -----

A.Cyprinuscarpio B. Ctenopharyngodonidella

95. 92
C.Clariusbetrachus D. Hypophthaimicthysmolitrix

Ans. :- B

107. The Scientific name of Catla is -------

A. Gibellion Catla B.Catla Catla C.Cirrhinusmrigalla D. None

Ans. :- A

108. The Scientific name of Silver carpis-----

A.Ctenopharyngodonidella B. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

C.Cyprinus carpio D. None

Ans. :- B

109. The Scientific name of common carp is-----

A.Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix B. Ctenophryngodonmolitrix

C.CyprinusCarpio D. None

Ans. :- C

110. The following which species isair-breathing?

A.CommonCarp B. Golden mahseer C.Browntrout D. Magur

Ans. :- D

111. The Scientific name of Ganga river Prawnis-----

A.Macrobrachiumchoprai B. Macrobrachiumrosenborgii

C.MacrobrachiumMalcolmsonii D. None

Ans. :- A

112. Which Fish isColdwater?

A. Golden MahseerB.Singhi C. ClimbingPerch D. Lamellidens sp

Ans. :- A

113. The following Fish in which is WarmWater?

A. Golden mahseer B.Anabastestudinaus C. Snowtrout D. Scale Carp

Ans. :- B

96. 93
114. How many Percentage of both Indian and exotic Carp Contribute of total fresh
water aquacultureProduction------
A.75% B.60% C. 90% D. 83%

Ans. :- C

115. Which state is 94 Potential ornamental Fishesfrom?

A.Karnataka B.Gujarat C.Westbenal D. Kerala

Ans. :- D

116. What is NBFGR?

A. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources B. National Bureau of Fish Genetic
Research C. New Bureau of Fish Genetic Research D. National Bureau of Fish
genetic Research Ans. :-A
117. In which year the NBFGR has listed 106 Species endemic to the WesternGhats.?

A.1999 B.2001 C. 2005 D. 2003

Ans. :- B

118. In India Potential Brackish Water aquaculture areais------

A. 2,909millionha. B. 1,415 million ha. C. 1,909 million ha. D. 841 millionha.

Ans. :- C

119. What isBFDA?

A. Backwater Fish Farm DevelopmentAgency

B. Brackish water Fish Farm DevelopmentAquaculture

C. Brackish water Fish Farm DevelopmentAgriculture

D. Brackish water Fish Farm Development Agency

Ans. :- D

120. How many Brackish water Fish farm development Agencies establish InIndia?

A. 39 B.28 C.35 D. 32

Ans. :- A

97. 94
121. There was a drop in production due to White Spot Virus disease out break since---
A.199-2000 B.1995-96 C. 1997-98 D. 1996-97
Ans. :- B


122. The TASPARC Shrimp hatcheries locatedon----

A.Karnataka B.Kerala C. Andhra Pradesh D.Gujarat

Ans. :- C

123. The OSPARC shrimp hatcheries located on------

A. Andhra PradeshB.Kerala C. Gujarat D. Orissa

Ans. :- D

124. In late 1980 the establishment of 2 shrimp hatcheries TASPARC inAndhra
Pradesh and OSPARC in Orissaby-------
A.MPEDA B. CMFRI C. CIFA D. CIFRI

Ans. :- A

125. How many shrimp hatcheries along the Coastline of theCountry?

A.144 B.266 C. 290 D.275

Ans. :- B

126. How many hatcheries in AndhraPradesh?

A.140 B.120 C. 133 D.145

Ans. :- C

127. In Tamil nadu How many hatcheriesare-------

A. 68 B.39 C.82 D. 72

Ans. :- D

128. How many hatcheries established in the east Coast ofIndia?

A.214 B.220 C. 210 D.200

Ans. :- A

98. 95
129. The induce breed mahseer species met with successat------

A.Mahabaleswar B.Lonavla C. AmerKantak D. Risod

Ans. :- B


130. The two hatcheries for mahseer have been developedat------

A. Mahabaleswar/Dehradun B. Risod /Bhimtal

C. Lonavala/Bhimtal D. Amerkantak /Bhimtal

Ans. :- C

131. The Mahseer cultured in ponds has also been bred by usingSuccessfully-----

A. WOVAFH /Ova tide B. Ovapel / ovatide

C. Steroid harmonies/WOVSFH D. Ova prim / Pituitarygland

Ans. :- D

132. The Scientific name of Pearl oysteris---

A.Pinctadafucuta B. Crassostrea madrasensis

C.Meretrixmeretrix D. Etroplussurratensis

Ans. :- A

133. The Scientific name of edible oyster is------

A.Pinctadafucuta B. Crassostrea modrasensis

C.meretrix meretrix D. Etroplussuratensis

Ans. :- B

134. The Scientific name of green mussel is------

A.Pernaindica B.Meretrixmeretrix C. Pernavirdis D. Pinctadafucata

Ans. :- C

135. The Scientific name of brown mussel is------

99. 96
A.Pernaviridis B.Pinctadafucuta C.Meretrixmeretrix D. Pernaindica

Ans. :- D

136. The Scientific name of Bloodclam-----

A.Anadaragranesa B. Rernaindica C.PernaVisids D. None

Ans. :- A

137. The Sea cucumber is Commonly knownas----

A.edibleoyster B. Beach – de-mer C.Pearloyster D. Sea weed

Ans. :- B

100. 97
Fish in Human Nutrition

138. Through research over the years, it is now proved that many of the diseases and
health problems of people today are due to unhealthy liberty, characterized by-----
A.Balanceddiet B. Unbalanced diet C.Environmentimpact D. None

Ans. :- B

139. The How many percentage of the world fish Production today is used forhuman
consumption (Year 2010)------
A.75% B.60% C. 50% D72%

Ans. :- A

140. The remainder is converted into fish – meal and oil which are used mainlyfor----

A.Poultryfeed B. Pigfeed C. Animalfeed D. duckfeed

Ans. :- C

141. The Fish consumption rate is generally in developed Countries than indeveloping
Countries.------
A.lower B. higher C.middle D. Verylower

Ans. :- B

142. The lowest level of Consumption is in-------

A.Africa B.Europe C. Asia D. None

Ans. :- A

143. The recommendations for human diets are less-----

A.Protein B. Fat C.Carbohydrate D. Vitamin

Ans. :- B

144. The recommendations for human diets are less fat, but more of----

A.Protein B.Carbohydrate C. unsaturatedfat D. Vitamin

Ans. :- C

101. 98
145. The more fat Soluble Vitamins are-----

A.VitaminD&B B. VitaminA&C C. VitaminA&E D. Vitamin A&D

Ans. :- D

146. Which Vitamin have more water Soluble----

A.VitaminB B. VitaminD C. Vitamin E D. Vitamin A

Ans. :- A

147. Which is are characteristic land-animalfats.----

A. Monounsaturatedfattyacid B. Saturatedfatty

C. Unsaturatedfattyacid D. Polyunsaturatedfatty

Ans. :- B

148. Certain fatty acid have Some of their carbon-carbon links in a said differentform
called ------
A.Tripalbond B.Singlebond C.doublebond D. all of these

Ans. :- C

149. Which of land, air and Water is a universalPhenomenon?

A.environment B.Pollution C. A&B D. None

Ans. :-B

150. Which has large Populations and a relativity high per caput consumption is by for
the most important fish consuming region, followed by Europe.----
A.Asia B. Africa C.Europe D. None

Ans. :- A

151. It earns around Rs. 7,000 crore of foreign exchangeis

A.Monthly B.Annually C. Everyfourthnight D.weekly

Ans. :- B

152. What is theFAO?

A. Fishery &Agricultureorganization B. Fishery & Agriculture officers.

102. 99
C. Food andAgricultureOrganization D. Food and AquacultureOrganization

Ans. :- C

153What is mean by WHO?

A. WorldHumanOrganization B. World HeathOfficers

C. WomenHealthOrganization D. World HealthOrganization

Ans. :- D

154. The dietary requirement of protein is for Supplyingis

A. Essentialaminoacid B. Non. Essential aminoacid

C.Carbohydrate D. Lipid

Ans. :- A

155. It is Calculated that approximately 39% of dietary intake of the ideal protein should
be composed of essential amino acidsfor
A.Adult B.Infants C. Children D. 18 Yearsold

Ans. :-B

156. How families of polyunsaturated that are important in humannutrition

A. Six B. Ten Omega – 3 Omega–6 C. Three D. Four Omega –9

Ans. :- C

157. The more essential fatty acidespecially

A. Omega –3 B. Omega –6 C. Omega–9 D. all
of these Ans. :-A
158. Which is form essential part of antioxidants and other immuneSystem

A. Protein/carbohydrates B. Minerals /Vitamins

C. Lipids/Protein D. Vitamins /Protein

Ans. :- B

103. 100
159. Thy mus gland is the Organ in which cell of immune systemmature

A.B.cell B. D cell C.Tcell D. all of these

Ans. :- C

160. Researchers have found that when selenium levels are low in diet whichviruses
including can multiplyfaster.
A. AIDS B. HIV C.bothA&B D. MBV

Ans. :- B

161. The Carbohydrate level in fish is.

A.Verylow B. VeryHigh C. Medium D. None

Ans. :- A

162. Fish meat is generally a good Sourceof

A.Vitamin‗A‘ B.Vitamin‗C‘ C.Vitamin‗B‘ D. Vitamin‗D‘

Ans. :- C

163. The Species with good amount of liver oils are good Sourceof

A.VitaminA&C B.VitaminD&B C. VitaminC&A D. Vitamin A&D

Ans. :- D

164. The lean Speciesare

A. Surfacedwellingfishes B. Bottom dwelling fishes

C. Mid – dwellingfishes D. all ofthese

Ans. :- B

165. Which fatty acid lower risk of developing an irregular heart rhythm and are Known
to reduce blood cholesterol.
A.Omega -3 B. Omega–6 C. Omega–9 D. all of these

Ans. :- A

166. There is considerable evidence that fish oil consumption can delay or reduce
tumour developmentin

104. 101
A.earCancer B. neckCancer C.breast Cancer D. StomachCancer

Ans. :- C

167. Some findings also indicate that Consumption of fish will reduce riskof

A.earCancer B. Stomach Cancer C.breastcancer D. coloncancer

Ans. :- D

168. The human brain is one of the largest consumersof

A. (DHA) –docosahexaenoicacid B. (EPA) – eicosapentaenoicacid

C.arachidonic acid D. all ofthese

Ans. :- A

169. The lung diseases is suchas

A.Cystic fibrosis B.WSSV C.emphysema D. A&C

Ans. :- D

170. The Stroma or Connective tissue Proteinsis

A.actin B. Collagen C. globulin D. troponin

Ans. :- B

171. Which is amino acid is 8.8% in fishis

A.Histidine B.Threonine C.Lysine D. Valine

Ans. :- C

172. The red meat has higher Content of which vitamins than Whitemeat

A.Vitamin‗A‘ B.Vitamin‗K‘ C.Vitamin‗C‘ D. Vitamin ‗B‘

Ans. :- D

173. Which is rich Vitamin in tunaFishes

A.Vitamin‗A‘ B.Vitamin‗B‘ C.Vitamin‗B‘12 D. Vitamin B6

Ans. :- A

105. 102
Fish Genetics Resources & Their Conservation

1. Endangered sp. of western ghats of Peninsular India (Sauthern region)

A.Bariliuscanarensis B. GonoproktopterusKurali

C. Etropluscararensis D. All theabove

Ans. :- D

2. Puntius denisonni in southern region includedin

A.Endanqeredsp B. Valnerablesp C. raresp D. All

Ans. :- C

3. Recently Sicyopterus qriseus is reported as rare endangered sp. from.

A. Southwesternghat B. North C.Easternghat D. Central easternghat

Ans. :- A

4. Endangered sp. of upland water ofIndia.

A.TorKhudree B.Tormussullah C.Tortor D. Torputitora

Ans. :- B

5. Gangetic shark (Glyphis gangeticus) is reportedas

A.Criticalendanqered B.Endanqerd C. Rare D. Vulnarable

Ans. :- A

6. Which of the following is the slowest growing marine chordates (120 Year tomature)

A. Dogshark B.WhaleShark C. Duskyshark D. Whiteshark

Ans. :- C

7. Rhinodon typus (whale shark ) consideredas

A.Criticalendangered B.Extinct C. Rare D. Vulnerable

Ans. :- A

8. Sand tigersharkproduces ---------------- youngs every alternateYear.

A. 4 B. 10 C.5 D. 2

106. 103
Ans. :- B

9. The MFRA restricts the cod end mesh size of trawler upto-------

A. below30mm B.30-50mm C. 50mm D. Above 50mm

Ans. :- A

10. Which of the following include in genetic cause for decline of natural fishes.

A.Negativeselection B. Over fishery

C.Habitmodification D. Exotic introduction

Ans. :- A

11. Genetichomozygosity

A.improvefishers B.Reducefitness C. Resistdiease D. B&C

12. simple population census is denotedby

A. N B.No C. Nm D. Nr

Ans. :-A

13. Genetic effective population is denotedby

A. N B.Ne C. Nm D. Nr

Ans. :- B

14. Which of the following is problem of smallpopulation

A.Bottleneck B. Drift C.Inbreeding D. All

Ans. :- D

15. Which of the following has greater probability of being lost in geneticdrift.

A.Commonall B. Rareallel C. Both D. None

Ans. :- B

16. Allele which frequency is lossis

A.commonallele B. Rareallele C. Both D. None

Ans. :- B

107. 104
17. Reduction or change in the alletic frequency due to accidental losscalled

A. Geneticbottleneck B. Geneticdrift C.Inbreedingdepression D. None

Ans. :- B

18. Inbreeding leads to genetic ---------------

A.Homozygosity B.Heterozygosity C.Polyzygosity D. All

Ans. :- A

19. In India 2-17 % inbreeding depression in year among IMC was recorded when No
rangedfrom ------------------ in fishfarm
A.3-30 B.5-50 C. 8-29 D. 50-55

Ans. :- A

20. Population variation lostthrough

A.Convergentselection B. Drift C.Bottleneck D. All

Ans. :- D

21. Bhimtal, Naukuchiata & sattal of the Kwnaon Himalayans is famousfor

A. Natural breedingofMahseer B. Auto stocking / ranching ofMahseer

C. Natural breeding ofLabeodusswnieri D. 1 & 2

Ans. :- D

22. Who conduct the programme for ranching of artificially breed goldenmahseer
fingerlings
A. NBFGR B. NRCCWF C. NFDB D. A & B

Ans. :- D

23. The concept of stock improvement through sea ranching was 1st adopted bythe

A. USA B.Norway C.Indonesia D. A & B

Ans. :- D

24. Gulf of kutch National marine park presentin

A.Gulf B.T.N. C. Kerala D.W.B.

108. 105
Ans. :- A

25. Establishment year of Gulf of Kutch NMPis

A.1980 B.1986 C. 1950 D. 1966

Ans. :- A

26. Gulf of Mannar National marine park is presentin

A. RameswarantoTuticorin B. KerdatoKarnataka C.OnlyKerala D.
Karnataka Ans. :-A
27. Wandoor national marine park presentin

A.T.N. B.WB C.SouthAndaman D. NorthAndaman

Ans. :- C

28. Bhitarkanika Gahirmatha sanctuary situatedin

A.Kerala B.WB C.Orissa D. T.N.

Ans. :- C

29. Point calimer sanctuary situatedin

A.T.N. B.W.B. C. Orissa D.Karnataka

Ans. A

30. Which of the following sanctuary for Protection for mahseer inHP.

A. Sidhu & Machial(Mandidistinet) B. Baijnath & Chandratal (Kangra dist)

C. Renuka lake(Sirmaurdist) D. All

Ans. :- D

31. Sanctuary & National park are indudedin

A. Ex-situ conservation B. Insitu conservation C. Both D. None
Ans. :- B

32. Gene bank included in

A. Ex situ conservation B. Insitu conservation C. Both D. None
Ans. :- A

109. 106
33. In Gamete Gene bank gamete is Preserved. at

A. 196c inliquidnitrogen B. -230
0
c in liquid buffer

C. -196
0
c inliquidammonia D. -230
0
c in liquidN2

Ans. :- A

34 ---------------- are mainly inhabited by Tor for , Tor modal Tor progesius &Aquarius

binaries

A. Head waterof India B. Head water ofGanga

C. Head waterofBrahmaputra D.All

Ans. :- C

35. In 14 major River systemshareabout -------------------- of thedrainage.

A.83% B.13% C. 75% D. 100%

Ans. :- A

36. The principle fish fauna of Godavariare

A.LabeoFimbriatus B. Hisla C. TransplantedGangeticcarp D. All

Ans. :- D

38. Salinity of Brackish water rangefrom

A. 0.5 –30ppt. B. 0.5 –50ppt. C. 10-30ppt. D. None

Ans. :- A

39. Scientific name of malabassole

A.Cynoglossussemifasciatus B. Pseudocaruospecies

C.Cosliadusssumieri D. Trichuras lepturus

40. Problem that reduce geneticVariability

A.Inbreeding B.Geneticdrift C. Both D. None

Ans. :- C

110. 107
42 ------------------ is landmark in the conservation offishes

A. Indian fisheryAct(1851) B. Wildlife Act.(1972)

C. Marine fishespolicyact D. Environmental Protection Act(1986)

Ans. :- A

43. Beels area in Indian fishery resources is-----------

A.2.254mh. B.1.3mh. C. 2.9mh. D. 1.235mh.

Ans. :- B

44. Total B.W. area in Indian fishery resourceis

A.1.235mh. B.2.254mh. C.2.0mh D. 1.3 mh

Ans. :- A

45. InIndia ------------------major river system

A. 14 B.16 C. 5 D. 20

Ans. :- A

46. Highest peaks of greater Himalaya inIndia

A.NangaParbat B. 1& 3 C.Nandadevil D. None

Ans. :- B

47. The temperature of the upland cold water rangesbetween

A.0-20
o
c B.10-20
0
c C. 10-12
0
c D. All theabove

Ans. :- A

48. The NBFGRhas listed ----------------------- fish SP.

A.157 B.258 C. 580 D.680

Ans. :- A

49. The rapid & clear hardwater 2000 of Ganga are mainly inhabited by-----------

A.Rheophilicloaches B. Diptyehus macueatus (Snowtrout)

C. RheophilicschisoHaoracids D. All

Ans. :- D

111. 108
50. Osteobrama belangeri the anderic fish to loktak lake is disappearing due to
introductionof
A.Catla B.Commoncarp C.Silvercarp D. Grasscarp

Ans. :- B

51. A tax on when it & an extremely high risk of extinction into wild in theimmediate
future
A.Criticallyendangered B.Endangered C.Vulnerable D. Rare

Ans. :- A

52. A tax on when it is a very high risk of extinction in the wild in nearfuture

A.Endangered B.Criticalendangered C.Vulnerable D. Rare

Ans. :- A

53. A tax on when it high risk of extinction in the wild in medium thanfuture

A.Endangered B.Criticallyendangered C.Vulnerable D. Rare

Ans. :- C

54. Which of the following not induces in category of lowerrisk

A.Conservationdependent B. Near threatened

C.Leastconcern D. Datadeficient

Ans. :- D

55. The establishment of common carp & silver carp resulted in alarming decline of the-

----------- in the Govind savor

A.Torputirora B.Tor tor C. Torkhuderi D. Cirrhihinus sp

. Ans. :-A

56. Sperm whale (Physter macrocephalous) are Categorizedin

A.Endangered B.Vulnerable C. Rare D. Critical endangered

Ans. :- B

112. 109
57. Blue whale (Balaenoptora musculus) are Categorisedin

A.Endangered B.Vulnerable C. Rare D. CR

Ans. :- A

113. 110
PELAGIC FISHERIER OF INDIA

1. In 1960 the Portion of Indian Pelagic Fisheries in theworld.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV

Ans. :- C

2. In this III Portion the Production of Indian Pelagic Fish inWorld

A. 138 million tone B. 128.8milliontone C. 125.8milliontone D. 120.2
million tone Ans.:-B
3. In III Perition the Indian Pelagic Fish Contributionis

A.4.81% B. 4.21% C. 4.51% D. 5.01%

Ans. :- A

4. In 1997 the marine fish production in India hadreached

A. 12.7 million tone B. 2.72 million tone C. 22.8milliontome D. 4.9 milliontone

Ans. :- B

5. How many area covered with continental shelf the Indian PelagicFisheries

A. 0.5millionKm
2
B. 10.7 million km
2
C. 18.5 million km
2
D. 8.6 millionkm
2


Ans. :- A

6. Which craft is used to exploitation of Indian PelagicFisheries

A.Catamaran B. Pabdotypeboats C. Both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

7. Karnataka state when type of craft arerued

A.Catamaran B. Pabdotypeboats C.Rampani D. Non

Ans. :- C

8. In 1985-2005 the annual pelagic fish production of Indiais

A. 11.5milliontonne B. 1.4 million tonne C. 31.25 milliontonne

D. 21.52milliontonne Ans. :- B

114. 111
9. In 2005 which state hang fish rank in pelagic fishproduction

A.Karnataka B.Kerala C. Gujrat D.Maharashtra

Ans. :- B

10. In 2005 how many contribution of total pelagic fishproduction

A.20% B.24% C. 25% D. 18%

Ans. :- B

11. Which region is more productive for pelagic fisheriesis

A.Southeast B.Southwest C. North east D. Northwest

Ans. :- B

12. In 1990-2005 how many production of pelagic fisheries inIndia

A. 1.02milliontonne B. 11.2milliontonne C. 4.1 million tonne D. 21.3
million tonne Ans. :-A
13. Oil sardinefoundis ------------------------ Latitude

A. 8
0
N&17
0
N B. 8
0
N&16
0
N C. 8
0
S&16
0
N D. 8
0
N & 17
0
S

Ans. :- B

14. In 1950 all India production of oil sardineis

A.14000tonne B.15000tonne C. 14400tonne D. 15050tonne

Ans. :- A

15. In 2003 the production of Indian oil sardine is

A. 43.77 lakh tonne B. 13.5 Lakh tonne C.3.78tonne D. 33.6 tonne

Ans. :- C

16. In 2005 pelagic fish production which state is first inIndia

A.Karnataka B.Tamilnadu C. Andhra Pradesh D.Kerala

Ans. :- D

17. The higher % of which pelagic fishcontribution

115. 112
A.Oilsardine B.Medieval C.Barracudas D. Anchovies

Ans. :- A

18. The scientific name of oil sardineis

A.SaidinellaLongiceps B. Rartrelling kenagurta

C.Harpadonnchereus D. both A &B

Ans. :- A

19. Indian oil sardine distributed extending to adistanceof ------------------ from thecoart.

A.3-15km B. 3-20 km C.4-15 km D. 4-20 km

Ans. :- B

20. Which is the family of oil sardineis

A.Scombridae B.Magilidre C.Harpadontidae D. Clupidae

Ans. :-D

21. The fishery season of oil sardine in Karala coastis

A.March-May B.march-April C.May-June D. jun-Jully

Ans. :- A

22. The fishing season of oil sardine in Karnataka coastis

A.Sep.-Nov B.Sept.-Oct. C.May-june D. Sep.-Dec.

Ans. :- B

23. The fishing season of oil sardine in Andhra Pradesh coastis

A.April-June B. Oct.-Nov. C. Jun-Oct. D. Jully-Aug.

Ans. :- D

24. The fishing season of oil sardinein

A.April-June B. Oct.Nov. C.Jully-Aug. D. Jun-Oct.

Ans. :- A

25. Oil sardine at the ageof

A. >2 Year B. >1Year C. <1 Year D. None

116. 113
Ans. :-B

26. Peak spawning of oil sardine on west coastis

A.Jan-Aug. B. Jun-July C. jan. -Feb. D. jan – March

Ans. :-A

27. Which type of diatoms are abundance of oil sardineis

A.Trochedismus B.Fragilariaoceanica C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- B

28. The size of juveniles of oil sardineis

A. 80 –120mm B. 90 –100mm C. 80 –100mm D. 80 – 110mm

Ans. :- C

29. In Northern region the oil sardine itappears

A.March B.September C. Jun D. October

Ans. :- B

30. Oil sardine having Life spanis

A.2Years B. 3Years C. 4 Years D. 2Years

Ans. :-D

31. Oil sardine mature at thesize

A.160mm B. 130mm C.150mm D. 140mm

Ans. :-C

32. Spawning of Oil sardine on south west coastis

A.June-Aug. B.Jun-July C.Aug.-Sep. D. Oct.-Dec.

Ans. :- A

33. The optimum temperature of salinity of Oil sardineis

A. 27-28
0
c &22.8-33.5ppt B. 27-28
0
c & 22-33ppt

C. 27-28
0
c & 22-33.5ppt D. 27-20
0
c & 22-33ppt

Ans. :- A

117. 114
34. In 1986-2000 on avgerage production of Lesser sardineis

A.17122tonne B.16175tonne C. 16122tonne D. 16185tonne

Ans. :- C

35. Which crafts are used for Lessersardine

A.Canoe B. Planle-buit C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

36. The Lesses sardine matureat.

A. befer1year B. After1 Year C. 1 1/2 Year D. 2Year

Ans. :- A

37. In 1985-2000 average annual catch of Anchoviesis

A. 11.41Lakhtonne B. 21.33Lakhtonne C. 1.31 Lakh tonne D. 21.32
Lakhtonne Ans. :-C
38. In 1991 the production of Anchoviesis

A. 1.66Lakhtonne B. 21.33Lakhtonne C. 61.32Lakhtonne D. 41.42
Lakhtonne Ans. :-A
39. The fishing reares of Anchovies in Karnataka stateis

A.July-Aug B. Oct.-March C. Jun-July D. Oct.-Nov.

Ans. :- B

40. The fishing season of Anchovies in kerala coastis

A.Oct.-Nov. B.April-May C.Oct-March D. April-Dec.

Ans. :-D

41. Anchovies life span on at which age.

A.1Year B.0.5Year C. 1½Year D. 2Year

Ans. :- B

42. Anchovies spawning season startsfrom

A. Oct-July B.Jen-Feb. C.Nov-July D. Dec.-Jan.

118. 115
Ans. :- C

43. The scientific namewhitebaits

A.Stolephorumbuccaneer B. Celiac dursemielri

C.Rerdinallahandicaps D. RetellingsKanegurta

Ans. :- A

44. The whitebaits is matureat

A.0.5Year B.2Year C. 1 Year D. 1 ½Year

Ans. :- A

45. The family of Mackerelis

A.Claridae B.Magatidae C.Scombridae D. Harpadontidae

Ans. :- C

46. The scientific name of mackerelis

A.Sardinellalongiceps B. Rastrelligar knagurta

C.Sardinellagibbosa D. Harpadon dhereus

Ans. :- B

47. The scientific name of golden Averyis

A.Coiliadussunieri B.RestrelligerKenagurta C.Sardinellegibbosa D. none

Ans. :- A

48. In 1990 – 2001 the production of mackerelis

A. 21.26 – 1.2Lakhtonne B. 4.26-0.9 Lakhtonne

C. 2.1-0.0Lakhtonne D. 6.1-1.2 Lakhtonne

Ans. :- C

49. For the catch of mackerel ringseinein

A.Karnataka B.Kerala C.AndhraPradesh D.Tamilnadu

Ans. :- B

119. 116
50. Which is the fishing season of kerala &Maharashtra

A. Fub.–Nov. B.Aug-Sept. C. Jun-Sept. D. Aug.-Dec.

Ans. :- D

51. Which species of mackerel is dominant in southcoast

A.Rertrelligerkanagurta B. Rartrelliga fighuni

C.Rertrelligabrachyremes D. none

Ans. :- B

52. The size of the first maturity of mackerel rangesfrom

A.184-225mm B.185-225mm C.180-200mm D. 184-220mm

Ans. :- A

53. The interview spawning a mackerel startsby

A.April/May-July B.April/May-June C.April/June-July D. April/May-Augst.

Ans. :- A

54. The Cambered catch darts onsize

A.180-250mm B.180-240mm C.180-200mm D. 180-220mm

Ans. :- B

56. Skipjack tuna attain maturity sizeis

A.30-60cm B.30-80cm C. 35-80cm D. 35-70cm

Ans. :- C

57. In 2000 the prod of skipjack tunais

A.30285tonne B.54007tonne C. 34000tonne D. 540000tonne

Ans. :- B

58. The common name of Thunnus albacoresis

A.Skipjacktuna B. Yellowfentuna C. Longtailtuna D. bullettuna

Ans. :- B

120. 117
59. The common name of Euthynnus affinisis

A.Skipjacktuna B. Yellowfentuna C. Longtailtuna D. Little tuna

Ans. :- C

60. Which type of gears is used for tuna fishingis

A.longline B.Poleline C. both A& B D. Cill net

Ans. :- C

61. The skipjack tuna of peak spawningis

A.jan-Feb B.Sept.-Nov. C. Oct.–Nov. D. jon.-April.

Ans. :- D

64. Spotted sea was dominant alongthe

A.West Bengal B.Maharashtra C. Gujarat D. All

Ans. :- D

65. Which is the common name of Scomeromorusstatues

A. Spottedseafish B.Tone C. Hairtail D. None

Ans. :- A

66. In 2003 the production of seer fish is

A.54998tonne B.55998tonne C. 58996tonne D. 53989tomme

Ans. :- A

67. The spotted sear fish spawning periodis

A.Jan-Sep. B.Jan-Aug. C. Jan-Oct. D. Feb-April

Ans. :- B

68. The spotted sea fish at first maturityis

A. 78cm B.79cm C. 75cm D. 72 cm

Ans. :- C

69. Megalopsis cordyla size at first maturityis

A.240mm B. 245mm C.250mm D. 280mm

121. 118
Ans. :- C

70. The spawning season of megecarpris cordylais

A. April– July B.April-May C. March-April D. march-may

Ans. :- D

71. Ribbon firhes commonly knounis

A.Seapike B. Hair tail C. Bombaytrek D. Seenfish

Ans. :- B

72. Which is the family of seer fishis

A.Trichuridae B.Scombridae C.Magicidae D. Clupidae

Ans. :- A

73. In 2005 Bombay dark catch from west Bengalis

A.36024tonne B.35024tonne C. 22508tonne D. 73292tonne

Ans. :- A

74. In which state pre born fishes isabundant

A.Gujrat B.Kerala C. Maharashtra D. Both A &C

Ans. :- D

75. For catch of ribbon fishes which crafts areused

A.Catenaries B.Plerkbuilt C.Dugout D. All

Ans. :-D

77. Which is the family of Bombay duckis

A.Harpedontidae B.Clupeidae C.Scombridae D. Stromatidre

Ans. :- A

78. Which type of gear is dominant for Bombay duckis

A. Gillnet B. Delnet C. Trandnet D. Perse seine

Ans. :- B

122. 119
79. Bombay duck is very porcine is whichstate

A.Gujarat B.Kerala C.Maharashtra D. Karnataka

Ans. :- A

80. What is the common name of Herpadonneheres

A.Bombayduck B. Haintail C. Senfish D. Tone

Ans. :- A

81. Bombay duck landingat

A.Maharashtra B.Kakinada C. Tuticorin D. Both A &C

Ans. :- B

83. Pomfret belonging to whenfamily.

A.Stromatidee B.Sconbridre C.Clupeidre D. Herpedontidre

Ans. :- A

84. What is the scientific name ofPomfret

A.PanpusChenenris B. Pampus argenteus

C.Parstroneteusniger D.None

Ans. :- B

86. What is the scientific name of Hilsshed

A.Tenulora ilisha B.Pompusargenters C.Pareptrometeus D. None

Ans. :- A

87. In 2003 the production of Hilsa shed is

A.21086tonne B.44734tonne C. 27940tonne D. 19831tonne

Ans. :- B

88. Barracuda Known as

A.Seerfish B. sea-plkes C. Tone D. hairtail

Ans. :- B

123. 120
89. In 2001 the Production ofBarracuda

A.27940tonne B.44734tonne C. 18576tonne D. 19831tonne

Ans. :- C

90. Which is the family of Barracudais

A.Stromeleidae B.Scombridae C.Sphyrenidae D. Chpcidae

Ans. :- C

91. Berracudais ---------------- type of feeder

A.Vorecious B.Scaenger C.Carnivores D. Omniveres

Ans. :- A

92. Bombay drunkfoundin ------------------ Latitude

A. 18
0
N&22
0
S B. 18
0
S&22
0
C C. 18
0
N&22
0
N D. 18
0
S &22
0
C

Ans. :- C

94. What is the common name of Chirocentrusdoreb

A.Clupeids B.WolF–herring C. Fish D. Heiltail

Ans. :- B

95. What is the common name of Bregmaceros melellondiis

A.Clupeids B. Wolf– herring C. Unlearnfish D. Hairtail

Ans. :- C

99. In 1999-2003 the annual production of flying fishis

A.4247tonne B.4517tonne C.4520tonne D. 4217tonne

Ans. :- D

100. What is the common name of Parartonoteus spis

A.SilverPomfret B. Clnesepomfret

C.Brownpomfret D. None

Ans. :- C

124. 121
Demersal Fisheries of India

1. The important demersal finfish group of Indian coastis

A.Sharks,groupers,snappers B. Threadfins, pomfrete, Indianhalibut

C. Neither A&B D. All ofabove

Ans. :- D

2. The species those are distributed from theseafloorto -------------- m depthabove

A.4m B. 5m C. 6m D. 8m

Ans. :- B

3. The depth of 5m above the seafloor of the sea surface is known as--------------------

A.Pelagic B.Demarsal C. Oceanic D. Allabove

Ans. :- A

4. Inshore Fishingmeansa -------------- Water depthbelow

A. 40m B. 80m C. 100m D. 50m

Ans. :- D

5. During the 1995-2004 the trawl Landing along the Indian coast consisted of demersal
900m up which included demersal finfishes -------------- % and invertebrates---------------
-----% are following below.

A. 73% demersal 900up and 36% demersal finfish, 36% invertebrates

B. 76% and38%,38% C. 77% and39%,39% D. Allabove

Ans. :- B

6. Which state comprise the bottom trawl catch is-------------------

A.Mumbai B.Chennai C. Goa D. NewDelhi

Ans. :- B

125. 122
7. Almost Indian mackerel is obtained from within the depth zone--------

A.30-60m B.30-70m C.30-80m D. 30-90m

Ans. :- C

8. The demarsal finfish Landing increased by & times from an annual average of---------

-- tonnes during 2000-04 along the Indian coast

A.720,515tonnes B.730,517tonnes C. 740,514 tonnes D. 720,517tonnes

Ans. :- D

9. The contribution of demersals sp the potential marine Landing which was---------------

---- during 1974-1988decreasedto -------------------during1989-2004

A. 31.6%and26.0% B. 31.7% and27.0%

C. 31.8%and28.0% D. Not only A butB

Ans. :- C

10. The south east coast of india covers thestates

A. GujaratandMaharashtra B. Gujarat andKarnataka

C. GujaratMaharashtra,Goa D. Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and
pondicherry Ans. :-D
11. Which is almost equal sp the explortedcatchof -------------------------- millionpnnes

(including demersal finfish and shellfish)

A.1.20 B.1.18 C. 1.19 D.

1.15 Ans. :-B

12. Which of the following groups contributes maximum catch from the india sea
bottom.
A.PinkPerches B.Cat Fishes C.Sciaenid‘s D. Pomfrets

Ans. :- C

13. The south west coast of india covers the species by------------------

A.Sciaenids B. threadfin breams C.otherPerches D. either B andC

126. 123
Ans. :- D

14. The Landing of Lizard Fishes increasedfroma ------------------- tonnes during2004

A.35,911tonnes B.36,461tonnes C. 34,811tonnes D. 33,711tonnes

Ans. :- A

15. The scientific name of Lizard Fish is -----------------------

A.SphyraenaLewini B.Sauridatumbil C. Sphyraena mokkaram D. Allabove

Ans. :- B

16. The Common name of Bregmceros mcclellandii

A.WhiteFish B. Halibut C. unicorn cod D. Flounders

Ans. :- C

17. Which of the following demersal finfish Landing decreased considerably from---------

---- % during 2000-04.

A.24.-% B.47.6 C. 10.3% D. 47.4

Ans. :-A

18. The Scientific name of threadfin breams is--------------

A.Porupeneassp B. Nemipterussp C.Johnieopssp D. Gazasp

Ans. :- B

19 ----------------------------- Species of sharks known from the Indianwaters

A. 39 B.40 C.41 D. 42

Ans. :- C

20. TheOrder ----------------------- s represented by 30 species and the remaining11

species represent 7 taxonomic orders

A.Orectolobiformes B. Laminiformes C. Squali formes D.Carcharhiniformes

Ans. :- D

127. 124
21. The sharksareprimarily ----------------------------------------- organisms

A.Freshwater B.Brackishwater C.marine D. estuaries

Ans. :- C

22. The Echinorhinus braces that occur in watersupto ------------- mdepth

A.10m B.100m C.1,000 D. 10.000,

Ans. :- C

23. The Largest Fish in the worldis

A. Zebrashark B. Nursesharks C.Whale shark D. Thresher shark

Ans. :- C

24 --------------------- is the family of whaleshark

A.Alopidae B.Rhinodontidae C. Stegostomatidae D. Allabove

Ans. :- B

25. The scientific name of whale shark is--------------------

A. Eridacnis Radcliffe B. Rhyncodon typus C.Galeocerdocurvier D. None ofabove

Ans. :- B

26. The maximum Length of whale sharkis

A.600cm B.800cm C.1,400cm D. 1,500 cm

Ans. :- C

27. The maximum Length of 6 species that contribute major fisheries along the Indian
coastrangefrom -------------- and
A. 501 and 600 cm B. 60P309cm C. 201and300cm D. 301 P400cm

Ans. :- B

28 embryo exist in a temperateshark

A.euryphagous B.oviphagous C.metaphagious D. Allabove

Ans. :- B

128. 125
29 is the capacity of hammerheadshark.

A.2-4Youngones/brood B. 80 and 30Youngones/brood

C.Notonly D. Incorrect

Ans. :- B

30 is the capacity of Exismallestsharks.

A. 1 to 2 Youngones/brood B. 2-4 Youngoner/brood C.both A & B D. All above

Ans. :- A

31. The maximum Length of shark at first maturity rangesfrom---------

A. 52.1to 84.4% B. 52.2 to85.4% C. 52.3P86.4% D. 52.4 P86.4%

Ans. :- B

32. The annual growth (K) of the sharks rangesfrom

A. 0.33to 1.08 B. 5.21p8.4 C. 0.22 p1.08 D. 0.33 p1.07

Ans. :- A

33. In 2002, about 2.50 tonnes of dried shark fins exported from-------------------

A.Thailand B. China C.Japan D. India

Ans. :- D

34. The whale shark (R.typus)migratestowards ------------------ Coast

A.Indian B.Saurashtracoast C. both Aand B D. Neither A notB

Ans. :- B

35. In 2001 protect the elasmobranches the Government of india placed 4 species of
sharks arefollowing-------
A. Whale shark,pondicheryshark B. gangetic shark, spear – toothedshark

C. both AandB D. Zebra shark, Nurseshark

Ans. :- C

36. The wildlife (protection) Act was introduced in theYear

A.1970 B.1972 C. 2002 D. 2005

129. 126
Ans. :- B

37. The Scientific name guitarfish is---

A.Urogymnusasperinus B. Anoxypristis cuspidate

C.Rhynchobatusdjiddensls D. Allabove

Ans. :- C

38 ----------------------- is the family ofGroupers

A.Lethrinidae B.Serranidae C.Nemipteridae D. Spariday

Ans. :- B

39. Themajor---------------------- are bottom dwellers and they usually inhabit rockyand

coral ores

A.Threadfinbreams B. Perches C.Sciaenids D. Allabove

Ans. :- B

40. The 100 km wadge Bank coast extendingfrom

A. KoralamtoKanyakumari B. Manglone C. Neither A&B D. All

Ans. :-A

41. The Kalara (grouper) grounds are Located in the depth range of 75 – 100m along
the 100 km long southwest coast.petween
A. 8
0
N (Kanyakumari) and 14
0
N(manglore ) B. 7
0
N (Kanyakumari) and 14
0
N
(manglore ) C. 8
0
N (Kanyakumari) and 13
0
N(manglore) D. None ofabove
Ans. :- C

42. The area of rocky grounds of wadge Bank inperches

A.3,300km
2
B.12,000km
2
C. 11,000km
2
D. 10,000km
2


Ans. :- B

43. The area of Quilon Bank are rich in the majorperches

A.Protogynous B.Protandrous C. Both A &B D. All

Ans. :- A

130. 127
44. Groupers are ---------------------

A.3,300km
2
B.12,000km
2
C. 11,000km
2
D. 10,000km
2


Ans. :- A

45. The Females of Epinephelus Cuboids mature at --------------------- cm Length
A. 20 to25 cm B.25-30cm C. 35 to40cm D. 40-45cm
Ans. :- B

46. The Fecundity of grouper is --------------------- ova for a Fish of 35 cm length and------

-------- ova for a fish g 62 cm Length.

A. 0.55 million to2.80million B. 0.84 million to 2.70million

C. 0.85 million to2-.70million D. 0.85 million to 2.10million

Ans. :- C

47. The groupers feed on------------

A.Fishes B.Crustaceanssephalopods C.trashFishes D. Allabove

Ans. :- D

48. The Feeding rate of grouper in the production cages is------------

A.3% B. 4 % C. 5% D.6%

Ans. :- C

49. India exported a few consignments of groupers in live or fresh chilled condition
through cargovesselsin -------------- Year
A.1996 B.1997 C. 1998 D. both A &B

Ans. :- D

50. The groupers were held in captivity in floating framed net-cages off the--------------

coastl.

A. SouthWest B.Tuticorin C.Indian D. Northeast

Ans. :- B

131. 128
51. The thread Fin breams belong to thefamily

A.Serranidae B.Lethrinidae C.Nemipteridae D. Sparidae

Ans. :- C

Serrinidae = groupers, Lethrinidae = pigface breams, Sparidae = Rhabdosorgas sorba

52. How much species occurring in the threadfin breams in the commercial catchesin
India
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

Ans. :- C

=Nemipterusjaponicas =N.mesoprion =N. delagoae = N. tolu

=N. luteus = Nmetopias

53 ----------------------------- is also recorded in the deeper areas up p 300mdepth.

A.Nemipterusjaponicas B. Nemipterusmetopias

C.nemipterusmesoprion D. Nemipterusdelagoae

Ans. :- A

54. The resource appraisal survivals indicated that the stocks occur in 100 to 200m
depth conpur off kerala during ---------------------- and below 100 m= depth between-------
A. December – April and July– November B. December – April and July –October

C. December – May and July– September D. December – April and July –August

Ans. :- B

55. The Zebra shark belong to theorder

A. HexanchiformesB.Squaliformes C.Laminiformes D. Orecalobiformes

Ans. :- D

Hexanctoiforms =Cowshark, Squaliformes = Bramble shark, Laminiformes =
Threshershark
56. Which of the following sawfishes.

A. Anoxypristiscuspidate B. Pristis microdon

132. 129
C.Pristiszijsron D. Allabove

Ans. :- D

57 ------------------------- bveed over a short and definiteperiod

A.NemipterusJaponicus B. Nemipterus mesoprion

C.Nemipterusdelagoae D. Nemipterus plu

Ans. :- A

58. Nemipterus Japonicus spawn during june-Septemberalongthe --------------- coast

A.Northwestcoast B. Northeast coast C. Southwest coast D. Southeastcoast

Ans. :- A

59. The N. japonicus in annual fecundity (Batches) ranges from ------------ to--------------

eggs

A. 22,000 to 139,200 eqqs B. 23,000 to 139,200 C. 24,000to140,200 D. None

Ans. :- B

60. The Fishes of the family sciaenidae are representedby

A. 15 genera and32 species B. 16 genera and 33species

C. 17 genera and34 species D. None

Ans. :- C

61. The maximum size of different species of sciaenid‘s ranges form-----------------

A. 15 p150cm B. 16to160cm C. 17 to170cm D. 18 to 180cm

Ans. :- B

62 is the small sciaenids of 45cm inlength

A.25species B. 6species C. 3species D. All

Ans. :- A

63 is inhabits depth up to70m.

A. o tolithoidesbiauritus B. Protonibeadiacanthus

C.johnieopsdussumieri D. both A andB

133. 130
Ans. :- B

64. The spawning season of sciaenid is restricted for ------

A. 1 or2months B. 3 or4months C. 4 or5months D. 5 or 6months

Ans. :- B

65 ------------------ is the prolonged spawning for 6 or 7months

A.Johnieopssina B.Johnieopsdussumieri C.Johnieopscarutta D. None

Ans. :- C

66. The relative Fecundity of Otolithoides raber in---------------------------

A. 142,000 to225,988ova B. 44,621 to 179,659ova

C. both A& B D. Neither B norA

Ans. :- B

67. The relative Fecundity of Johnieops dussumieriis

A. 142, 000 to225,988ova B. 44,621 to 179, 659ova

C. 165,000 to225,988ova D. Allabove

Ans. :- A

68. The post larvae and juveniles of the sciaenid‘s feed mainlyon-------------------------

A.Copepods B. Amphipods C.PrawnsandAcetes D. Allabove

Ans. :- D

69. The silver bellies belonging to-----------------

A. 18 species to3genera B. 19 species to 3genera

C. 20 species to5genera D. Allabove

Ans. :- B

70. The ----------------- are mostly demersal and are restricted to the coastal areas, upto

the depth of about 40m.

A.Perches B.Threadfinsbreams C.Sciaenids D. Silverbellies

Ans. :- D

134. 131
71. The silverbellies are abundant --------------------

A. GulfofKutch B. Gulf of manner and palkBay

C. Andamandandnicobar D. None

Ans. :- B

73. For their food requirement the kingseer forinstancerequests ----------------- % sardines

and --------- % silverbellies

A. 65%and0.1% B. 66%and0.2% C. 67%and0.3% D. 68% and0.4%

Ans. :- C

74. The silver bellies attain first maturityis

A. 8 to10months B. 10 to 12 months C. 12 to 14 months D. 14 to 15months

Ans. :- B

76. The consolidation of available dataonthe --------------------level

A.minimum(mid) B. maximum (wgh) C.Trophic D. both A andB

Ans. :- C

77. The topic Level of 417 species of demersalfinfishes

A. 2.32 (mullets) to 3.30 (Indian halibut) B. 2.42 (mullets to 4.40 (Indian halibut)

C. Neithes Aand B D. Allcorrect

Ans. :- B

78. ----------------- of the demersal are mid-Level carnivores the trophic Level is------------

to -------

A. 47%, 2.01to2.50 B. 50%, 3.01to 3.50 C. 48%, 2.02to3.50 D. Allabove

Ans. :- C

80. The expansion of commercial trawling sincethemid ---------------- Year

A.1950s B. 1962 C.1960 D. 1990

Ans. :- C

135. 132
81. The experimental trawling followed by pilot scale trawling in the Late 1950susing

A. 7.5 – 9m vessels B. 8.5 – 10 mvessels C. 9.5 – 11m vessels D. 10.5 – 12m vessels

Ans. :- B

82. The mexican trawler length isabout

A.20-23m B.22-25m C.24-26m D. Allabove

Ans. :- B

83. The mid 1970 s for shrimps in thesandheadsgrounds -------------------- state.

A.West Bengal B.Karnataka C. Andhra Pradesh D.Tamilnadu

Ans. :- A

84. In 1998therewere ---------------------- trawlers ranging from 9 to 17m over alllength

with----------------to ------------------------- up engine.

A. 20,979, 20to110 B. 30,979,30 to 220 C. 30,979, 40to220 D. 40,979,

40to220 Ans. :- C

85. The Few offshore steel trawlers operation at present are of 17. P 30 m Lengthwith

------------ HP engine

A. 40to220 B. 150to400 C. 100to200 D. 951 to200

Ans. :- B

86. The number of trawlers increased twice the estimated efficiency in creased by
nearly a timer from-------------------------to -------------------------- s 1998
A.952,200Hp to 3,448,510HP B. 961,200 HP to 4,448,510HP

C. both AandB D. None

Ans. :- A

87. The trawlers are also employed for deep-sea fishingupto -------------------- m depthby

modifying the winch drum and the trawl net.

A.2200m B.300m C.400m D. 500m

Ans. :- C

136. 133
89. The combination of the following four factors pared the way for substantial increase
in demersal fish Landings during 1961 -1994
A. increase intrawleffort B. extension of trawling grounds alon and off thecast

C. increase in the mouth opening of thetrawlnet D. Allabove

Ans. :- D

90. The annual demersal Landing by the trawlers did not increase and stagnated at
around ------------ tonnes along the Indiancoast
A.360,000tonnes B.370,000 C. 460,000 tonnes D.470,000

Ans. :- C

91. The catch rate of demersals decreased from -------------- in 1994 to -----------------------

-- in 2004

A. 18.3 kg/h to12.6kg/h B. 17.3 kg/h to 13.6kg/h

C. 16.3 kg/h to11.6 kg/h D. 15.3 kg/h to 10.0kg/h

Ans. :- B

92. The cod end mesh size is obtained fromtrawl

A. <10mm B. <15mm C. >20mm D. > 25mm

Ans. :- B

93. The estimated that about 40 million jureniles of the thread fin breams (Nemipteras
joponicus) areexploitedannually ---------------------------- state.
A.Chennai B.Kerala C.Tamilnadu D. Goa

Ans. :- A

94. The discard along the kerala coast has been estimateatabout -------------- % ofthe

trawl catch in 2001 and 2002

A.10% B.15% C. 20% D. 25% Ans. :- B

95. The investigations on the effect of bottom trawling on the benthic fauna is-----------

A.Banglore B.Manglore C.hyderabad D. None

137. 134
Ans. :- B

96. For increasing catch from inshore water along the coast in very muchlimited.

A.SouthCoast B. Indian coast C. both AandB D. Allabove

Ans. :- B

97. The annual peak of 7 major demersal fish peak decreased from--------------------

during1980-84to ---------- during 2000-04 offchennai

A. 3,954 tonnes to2,704tonnes B. 4,954 tonnes to 3,704tonnes

C. 5,954 tonnes to4,704tonnes D. 6,954 tonnes to 5,704tonnes

Ans. :- B

98. The marine fishing regulation Acts is closure of trawling by mechanized vessels for-

-----------to ---------------------- days

A. 35 to70days B. 40 to60days C. 55 to 1000 days D. 65 to 110days

Ans. :-B

Match the pairs

1.

Sr. No. A B
1 Whale shark Glyphis genetics
2 Pondicherry shark Glyphis glyphis
3 Genetic shark Chrcharhinus hemi den
4 Speas – to othed shark 1972
5 Wildlife protection Act Hinodontypuy


Ans.:- 1.Rhinodontypes 2. Carcharhinus hemiodon

3. Glyphisgangeticus 4.Glyphisglyphis 5. 1972

2.

138. 135
Sr. No. A B
1 Whale shark Eqqeating
2 Oviphaggous Protoqynous
3 Perches 1400cm
4 Threattin breams Nemipterus japonicus


Ans. :- 1. 1400cm 2.Eqqeating 3.Protogynous 4. NemipterusJaponicus




3.

Sr. No. A B
1 Zebra shark Chennai
2 Sharks Scyliorhintdae
3 Catsharks Sphrynidae
4 Nurse Sharks Stegostomatidae
5 Bottom trawl Ginqlymostomatidae


Ans. :-1.Stegostomatidae 2.Sphrynidae 3. Scyliorhinidae

4. Ginglymostomatidae 5.Chennai

139. 136
OCEANIC AND DEEP SEA FISHERIES OF INDIA

1. Marine distance production of india is1950

A. 0.5 million tonnes B. 1.2 million tonnes C. 0.9 million tonnes D. 3 millions tonnes

Ans. :- A

2. In year 1997 Marine distance production of Indiais

A. 9.1 million tonnes B. 2.7 million tonnes C. 3.5 million tonnesD. 4.1 million tonnes

Ans. :- B

3. During 1950 – 1997 marine distance production was largely increased dueto

A. Introduction of Mechanizedfishingvessel B. Developement of infrastructure for
preservation C. Both A&B D. None
Ans. :- C

4. EEZ areais

A. 3.9millionkm
2
B. 2.02millionkm
2
C. 4.0millionkm
2
D. 1.9 millionkm
2


Ans. :- B

5. The maritime zones of India Act comein

A.1989 B.1981 C. 1885 D. 1999

Ans. :- B

6. The maritime zones of India Act ruleswerw

A.1882 B.1962 C. 1899 D. 1982

Ans. :- D

9. Poteatial Yiea of dist stacks in the Indian EEZis

A. 5.0Million tonnes B. 3.92 milliontonnes

C. 3.1milliontonnes D. 6.2 milliontonnes

Ans. :- B

10. The under exploitation zone range between----------------to ---------------------- is

140. 137
A.100-300m B.200-400m C.100-200m D. 50-100m

Ans. :- C

11. Which sp is found in the Andaman water on the depth 150-500m

A.Lineparessummonses B. Priacantussp.

C.Symplectoteuttisoalariensis D. A &B

Ans. :- A

12. Production area found the depth beyond of 200mis

A.Andaman B.Quiton C. Gujarat D. Gulf of mannar

Ans. :- B

14. The threadfin breams catch at the North westcoast

A.13% B.71.7% C.35% D. 2.0%

Ans. :- B

15. The total Production of Reef finishes in south west coastis

A.94% B.21% C. 36% D. 67%

Ans. :- D




16. Match thePair

ScientificName Lon nor Name

A. Thesanacbacares 1. Skipjacktuna

B. KalsuwonusPolonius 2. Bigeyetuna

C. Theranusuterus 3. Yeccowfin tuna .

Ans. :- A-3, B-1, C-2.

17. Westcoast covers ---------------- Km
2
area in the IndianEEZ

A. 561.4km
2
. B.7.71km
2
C.860.0 km
2
D. 260.0km
2


Ans. :- C

141. 138
18. Eastcoastcovers -------------------- Km
2
area is the IndianEEZ

A.860.0km
2
B.7.95km
2
C.561.4km
2
D. 26.7 km
2


Ans. :- C

19. AndamanNicobarcovers ------------------------ Km2 area is the IndianEEZ.

A.596.5km
2
B.7.95km
2
C.860.0km
2
D. 26.7 km
2


Ans. :- A

20. Total area available in IndianEEZ

A.2,017.9 km
2
B.4,000.1km
2
C. 3,009.2 km
2
D. 1,234.0 km
2


Ans. :- A

22. Estimated Potential of silverbellies of Pelagic fishery resourcesis

A. 1.74milliontonnes B. 2.32 milliontonnes

C. 0.25milliontonnes D. 2.93 milliontonnes

Ans. :- A

23. Estimated Potential ( Million tonnes) of fishery resources is the Indian EEZ indudes
are deferral, pelagic & overlieresources.
A.4.55 B.2.40 C. 3.92 D. 1.21

Ans. :- C

24. Scientific name of spearlobster

A. Priacathus sp B. Centroloplus niger C. Lineeparus Summonses D. P. Monodon

Ans. :- C

25. What is PFZ?

A. Pelagic dist zone B. Particular dist zone C. Potential fishing zones D. P. mow don

Ans. :- C

26. What is NRSA?

A. New Regionsurveyarea B. Remole sensing

142. 139
C. national RemotesensingAgency D. All ofthose

Ans. :- C

27. National Remote sensing Agencyat

A.Pune B.Hyderabad C.Nagpur D. Aurangabad

Ans. :- B

28. What is FAD?

A. FishAggregatingDevices B. Filet AggregatingDevices

C. FutureAggregating Devices D. None

Ans. :- A

29. Fish Aggregating Deices beganis

A.1990 B.2000 C. 1900 D. 2010

Ans. :- C

30. Inpulpinesstotal ------------------ FADS are use forprod

A.3000 B.9000 C. 6000 D. 3000

Ans. :- D

31. FAD‘s are mostarefor --------------------- dist production

A.Threadfinbreams B. Squid C. Yellow fintunas

Ans. :- C

32. In India development of shoaling FAD‘s as started off----------

A.Nagpur B.Hyderabad C. Nagapattinam (TailNadu) D.Pune

Ans. :- C

33. What is NIOT?

A. National institute ofOceanTechnology B. Nautical institute of Ocean
technology C. New Institute forOceantechnology D. North Institute ofOcean
Ans. :- A

143. 140
34. Where is situates NIOT ?

A.China B.Chandrapur C. Chennai D. Chakur

Ans. :- B

35. why Productive Zone in the Indian EEZis

A. Latitude 12-30 N & Longitede60-74E B. Latitude 20-30 N & Longitude12-10E

C. latitude 60-70N & Longitude12-10E D. All

Ans. :- A

36. What isDSL?

A. Deep Scattering layer B. DarkScatelayer C. Deep scale layer D.None

Ans. :-A

37. In which year demersal isdiscover

A.1950 B.1999 C. 1942 D. 1990

Ans. :- C

39. Which sp supported to DSlresources

A.Bexlhosenapteroten B.Scylla serrata C.Rhynocodon D. All

Ans. :- A

40. DSFPmeans

A. Deep seaFishingPolicy B. Deep sea FishPopulation

C. DeferralFishPopulation D. None

Ans. :- A

41. UNCLOS standsfor

A. United National Convection on the laws ofseas

B. United National Centre‘s on the lows ofseas

C. Unequal lational Centres for the laws ofseas

D. All

Ans. :- A

144. 141
42. Match thepair

C.N. S.N

A. Fatheads 1.Centrolophusniger

B. Bullseye 2. Engrallis japonicas

C. Blackruff 3. Cubicepspalsciradiatus

D. Anchovies 4. PriacantusSPP.

E. Greeneyes 5. Clcoroplthalaus SPP

Ans. :- A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3, E-5

145. 142
Crustacean Fisheries in India

1. Crab Post – larval growth is often rapid in-----------------------

A. PrePubertalstage B.Pubertystage C. both A& B D. None ofthese

Ans. :-A

2. Which two major species of lobster exploited along the Southeast Coast ofIndia

A. Panulirus Polyphagus &PverulusSewelli B. Panulirus Versicolor &
Pverulus sewelii C. P. homarus and p.ornatus
D. Noneof these Ans. :-C

3 ----------------------- is one of the highly Priced crustaceans inindia

A.stomatopds B.crab C. Lobster D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

4. The total length of Panulirus homarus isattainedby ------------------------- mm.

A.120mm B.190mm C. 200mm D. 320mm

Ans. :- D

5 ------------------------- is the total length of Panuliruspolyphagus

A.450mm B. 320mm C.200mm D. None ofthese

Ans. :- A

6. Total length of Panulirusornatus is ---------------------- mm

A.450 B.500 C. 320 D. None of these

Ans. :- B

7. The sexual maturity of Thenus orientalis is attained at----------------------

A. 100mmTL B. 112mmTL C. 80mmTL D. 124 mm
TL Ans. :-D

146. 143
8. In india Annual lobster landingsincreasedfrom ---------------------------- n 1968

A.800tonnes B. 400tonnes

C.300tonnes D. 500tonnes

Ans. :- A

9. The common name of Fenneropenaeus indicus is ---------------

A. GainttigerPrawn B. Green tiger Prawn

C. IndianwhitePrawn D. BananaPrawn

Ans. :- C

10 is the scientific name of PenaeusSemisulcatus

A. GainttigerPrawn B. Kurma Prawn C. RedtailPrawn D. FlowerPrawn

Ans. :- D

11 million tonnes was the average annual estimated landing ofmarine

crustaceans during last 10 years (1995-2004)

A.0.42 B.0.24 C. 0.32 D. 0.87

Ans. :- A

12. Stomatopods are used as an ingredients in-------------------

A. Fishmeal B.Poultryfeed C. both A& B D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

13. The average annual landing of edible crustaceans of Indian during 1995-2004 was
estimatedat -------------------- million tonnes
A.0.42 B.0.57 C. 0.37 D.

0.87 Ans. :-C

14. Which net is the most effective gear to exploit demersal resources--------------

A. Gillnet B.Trawl net C. both A& B D. None ofthese

Ans. :- B

147. 144
15. Code-end mesh size of the trawl netmeasuresbetween --------------- in most ofthe

maritime states

A. 15 and18mm B. 5 and10mm C. 6 and15mm D. 18 and 20mm

Ans. :- D

16. Mostly which sized vessels (38-48) Operate trawl net to exploit marine crustaceans
from inshore to deep sea grounds -------------
A.Small B.Large C. Medium D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

17. Acetus indicus size range from--------------

A. 8 to 38mmTL B. 4 to 20mmTL C. 8 to 20mm TL D. None ofthese

Ans. :- A

18. The fecundity of Nematiopalaemon tenuipes varies from-----------

A. 200 to2,648eggs B. 400 to3,648eggs C. 100 to1,248eggs D.
242 to3,648eggs Ans. :-D
19. The fecundity of Exhippolymata ensirostris is-----------------

A. 476 to13,260eggs B. 200 to2,648eggs C. 376 to 12,260 eggs D. None of
these Ans. :-A
20. Which of the following state has maximum crab landing is------------------

A.T.N B.W.B C. Kerala D. None ofthese

Ans. :- A

21 ---------------------- is the common of Metapenaeusdobsoni

A. Speckled Prawn B.YellowPrawn C. Flower –tailPrawn D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

22. The scientific name of speckled prawn is---------------

A. P.penicillatus B.M. kutchenis C.M. brevicornis D. Metapenaeusmonocerus

Ans. :- D

148. 145
23. The common name of Metapenaeus affinisis

A.BananaPrawn B.JingaPrawn C.YellowPrawn D. none of these

Ans. :- B

24 -------------------- is the scientific name of Gingershrimp

A.Metapenaeusmonoceros B. Metapenaeus

C.Metapenaeusaffinis D. MetapenaeusKutchensis

Ans. :- D

25. The scientific name of Gaint tiger Prawnis

A.P.monoden B.P.japonicus C.P. pencillatus D. none ofthese

Ans. :- A

26. The common name of F. merguiensisis

A.YellowPrawn B.BananaPrawn C.SpearPrawn D. none of these

Ans. :- B

27. The scientific name of Kurma Prawnis

A. Metapenaeusjaponicus B. F-merguiensis

C. P.penicillatus(Penaeus) D. P.monodon

Ans. :- A

28 ------------------ is the scientific name of Red tailPrawn

A.Penaeuspenicillatus B.P.monodon C.P.hardwickii D. none ofthese

Ans. :- A

29. The scientific name of yellow prawnis

A.Metapenaeusaffinis B.Metapenaeus

C.Metapenaeus D. none ofthese

Ans. :- C

30. The common name of Parapenaeopsis stylifera is-------------

A.KiddiPraawn B.SpearPrawn C. Rain bow Prawn D. RoughPrawn

149. 146
Ans. :- A

31. The common of Parapenaeopsis hardwickii is--------

A.SpearPrawn B.YellowPrawn C. Rain bow prawn D. UnctaPrawn

Ans. :- A

32 is the scientific name of Rainbowprawn.

A.Parapenaeopsishardwickii B. Parapenaeopsis

C.ParapenaeopsisUncta D. none of these

Ans. :- B

33 is the common name of Parapenaeopsis unta

A.UnctaPrawn B.SpearPrawn C.RoughPrawn D. none of these

Ans. :- A

34. The scientific name of Fiddler shrimp is-----------------

A.ParapenaeuslongicePs B. Parapenaeopsis stylifera

C.Metapenaeopsisstridulans D. none of these

Ans. :- C

35. The scientific name of Rough Prawn is ---------------

A.Metapenaeopsisstridulans B. Trachysalanbriacurvirostris

C.Parapenaeuslongiceps D. Parapenaeopsisstylifera

Ans. :-B

36. Acetus indicusisan ----------------------- Plantonic shrimp

A.Pelagic B.nonPelagic C.epipelagic D. none of these

Ans. :- C

38. Male and female of Acetus indicus exhibit differential growth rates of ------------------

A. 6.15 mm and5.96mm/month B. 2.15 mm and 3.96 mm/month

C. 1.25 mm and 1.46 mm/month D. both B &C

Ans. :- A

150. 147
39 ---------------------- is the Peak spawning activity of Acetesindicus

A. June –August B. April–May C. Sept– January D. Sept – Oct.

Ans. :- C

40. How much tonnes Maximum catch of Non-Penaeid was recorded in1998

A.173,942tonnes B.145,232tonnes C. 153,636 tonnes D. none ofthese

Ans. :- A

41. Which year minimum catch of non PenaeidPrawnis ----------------- (73, 999tonnes)

A.1996 B.1995 C. 1998 D. 1997

Ans. :- B

42. The scientific named of coastal mud prawn is------------

A.SolenoceraCrassicornis B. Parapenaeopsisstylifera

C.Parapenaeuslongiceps D. none of these

Ans. :- A

43. MSY is the -------------

A. Minimumsustainableyield B. Maximum substanceyield

C. Maximumsustainableyield D. none of these

Ans. :-

44. In 2004 the Production of lobster is-------------------

A.1,245ton. B.1,332ton C.1,124ton D. 1,371 ton

Ans. :-D

45. The production of crab in 2004 is--------------

A.40,999tonnes B.36,192tonnes C.1,332tonnes D. none of these

Ans. :-A

46. How Many Peak of abundance shaw non penaeid shrimp In Maharashtraand
Gujarat.
A. 2 B.4 C. 3 D. none ofthese

151. 148
Ans. :- A

47. A Johni occurs in huge quantities during--------------

A. JunetoAug B. Mayto June C. JunetoAug D. Oct-Nova.

Ans. :- D

48. Bulk catch of the A indicus is--------------

A. MarchtoApril B. Mayto June C. junetoAug D. none ofthese

Ans. :- A

49. How many Percentage of the Penaeid cutch was landed along the west coast of the
country during 1995-2004 is-------------------
A.50% B. 64% C.74 % D. 80 %

Ans. :- D

50. The scientific name of Reticulate crabis-----------

A.Portunussanguinolentus B. Portunuspelagicus

C. both A& B D. none of these

Ans. :- B

51. How many species of Acetus is------------------

A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 5

Ans. :- D

S species Acetes indicus

A.Johni A.Sibogae A.erythraeus A. Japonicus

* First 2 species support commercially important fisheries from marinewaters

* The rest are exploited on a low key from estuarine & nearshore coastal seas along
both the northeast & north westregion.
52. The common name of Nematopalaemon tonuipes is----------------

A.spiderprawn B.Roughprawn C.Yellowprawn D. Rain bowprawn

Ans. :- A

152. 149
53. The scientific name of Hunter shrimp is ---------------

A.SolenoceraCrassicornis B. Exhippolysmata ensirostris

C. P.Penicillatus(Penaeus) D. none of these

Ans. :- B

54. The scientific name of spotted crab is-------------

A.Portunussanguinolentus B. Portunus Pelagicus.

C.Charybdisferiatus D. none of these

Ans. :- A

55. The common name of charybdis fermatas is--------------------------

A.Spottedcrab B.Reticulate crab C. Crosscrab D. Three spotcrab

Ans. :- C

56. How many species of crabs recorded from Indian water are-----------

A.200 B.100 C. 400 D. 600

Ans. :- D

57 ---------------- s the annual landing of edible crabs improved (40%) from nearly in1075

& 1999

A. 18,000 tonnes &25,000tonnes B. 20,000 tonnes & 28,000tonnes

C. both A& B D. none of these

Ans. :- B

58. How much Parentage was reportable to the total landing as A/P is

A.10.4 B.8.4 C.5.4 D. none ofthese

Ans. :- A

153. 150
Mollscan Fisheries

1. How many class of phylumMollusca

A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

Ans. :- B

2. The cuttle fishes come under theorder

A.Sepiodea B.Octopoda C.Teuthoidea D. none

Ans. :- A

3. The squids Come under theorder

A.Sepiodea B.Teuthoidea C.Octopoda D. None

Ans. :- B

4. The Octopus are member oforder

A.Octopoda B.Teuthoidae C.Sepiodea D. None

Ans. :- A

5. The shell of squidis

A.enternal B.internal C.medial D. None

Ans. :- B

6. How many sessile arm insquid

A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 10

Ans. :- C

7. How many tentacular arm insquid

A. 6 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2

Ans. :- D

8. How many circumoral arm inOctopus

A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 10

Ans. :- C

154. 151
9. In Octopus tentaclesare

A.Present B.absent C.Somesp. D. none

Ans. :- B

10. Molluscan Fisheries in india the targeted fishery mostly in mechanizedtrawler
operatingupto ----------------- mdepth
A.100m B.300m C. 400m D. 200m

Ans. :- D

11. The annual average clam productionis

A.14,900tone B.105,000tone C.14,900tone D. 18,800

tone Ans. :-C

12. The annal average oyster Productionis

A.57,000tone B.14,900tone C. 18,800tone D. 105,000tone

Ans. :- C

13. The annual average marine muscles productionis

A.14,900tone B.57,000tone C. 18,800tone D. 17,700

tone Ans. :-A

14. In gastropods the chank is most important with annual productionis

A.4000tones B.3000tones C.2000tones D. 1000tones

Ans. :- D

15. The Bivalve shell Composedwith

A.CalciumCarbonate B. Cocliumbicarbonate

C.Sodiumthosulphate D. Potassiumnitrate

Ans. :- A

16. The body of bivalves Coveredby

A.Shell B.mantle C. Gonadaltissue D. Intestinal tissue

Ans. :- B

155. 152
17. Scientific name of yellow clomis

A.Sunettascripta B.Merciaopima C.Meretrinmeretrin D. Geloinabengalensis

Ans. :- C

18. Scientific name of boby clumis

A.Sunettascripta B.Merciaopima C.Meretrinmeretrin D. Geloinabengalensis

Ans. :- B

19. Geloina bengalensis is also knownas

A.Surfclam B.marineclam C.Placentaplacenta D. Bodyclam

Ans. :- C

20. Cockle is also knownas

A. Anadara granosaB. Sunettascripta C.Placentaplacenta D. Donan Sp.

Ans. :- A

21. Short neck clam is also knownas

A.VilloritaCyprinoides B. Placenta placenta

C.Anadaragranosa D. Paphia malabarica

Ans. :- D

22. Scientific name of greenmussel

A.Pernaviridis B.Pinctadafucata C. Pernaindica D. Pinetadamargeritetera

Ans. :- A

23. Scientific name of Brownmussel

A.Pernaviridis B.Pernaindica C. Pinctoda fucata D. Pinctadamargeritetra

Ans. :-B

24. Scientific name of Indian pearloyster

A. Anadara ganosa B.Crassostreamadrasensis C. Pinctada fucata D. both A &
B Ans.:-C

156. 153
25. Blacklip pearloyster

A.Pinctadafucata B. Pinctada margeritefera

C.Placentaplacenta D. Crassostrea madrasensis

Ans. :-B

26. The fresh water pearl musselis

A.Lamelidenscarrianus B. Lamelidens marginalls

C.Porreysiacorrugate D. all ofthese

Ans. :- D

27. Scientific name of Indian back wateroyster

A.Pinctadafucata B. Pinctadamargeritetera

C.Crassostreamadrasensis D. SaccostreaCucullata

Ans. :- C

28. Scientific name of rockoyster

A.Pinctadafucata B. Pinctada margeritetra

C.Crassostreamadrasensis D. SaccostreaCucullata

Ans. :- D

29. Black clam is also knownas

A. Villorita cyprinoids B. Meretrin meretrin C. Mercia opium D. Geloina bengaiensis

Ans. :-A

30. Which mesh size of nylon net is used for fishing ofclam

A.30mm B. 60mm C.45mm D. 50mm

Ans. :-A

31. The black lip peare oyster is also knownas

A.Pinctadafucata B. Pinctada margeritetera

C.Pinetadamargaritifera D. Saccostreacucullata

Ans. :- C

157. 154
32. Loligo duvauceli is also knownas

A.Indian squid B. Littlesquid C.Needlesquid D. oce anicsquid

Ans. :- B

33. Doryteuthis spices is also knownas

A.Indian squid B. Littlesquid C.Needlesquid D. oce anicsquid

Ans. :- C

34. Loliolus investigatoris is also knownas

A.oceanicsquid B.Palkbaysquid C. Needlesquid D. investigatorsquid

Ans. :- D

35. Scientific name of palkbaysquid

A.Sepioteuthislessoniana B. Symplecoteuthisolialaniensis

C.Thysanoteuthisrhombus D. Doryteuthis sp.

Ans. :- A

36. Scientific name of oceanicsquid

A.Sepioteuthislessoniana B. Symplectoteuthisovalaniesis

C.Thysanoteuthisrhombus D. Doryteuthis Sp.

Ans. :- B

37. Scientific name of old woman octopusis

A. Octopus dollfusi B.Octopuslobensis C.Octopusindicus D. None

Ans. :- C

39. The annual average production of Chanks during early Seventies was about
A.4000,000 B.500,000 C.600,000 D. 700,000
Ans. :-B

158. 155
40. Rameswaram coast a modified shrimp trawlknownas--------------- is used tofish

chanks

A.Gumbha B.Chankumudi C.both D. None

Ans. :- B

41. Chank resources occursin

A. Gulfofkutch B. Andaman& Nicobar C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

42. The Goverment of which increase Central over the chankfisheries

A.Kerala B.Andhrapradish C. M.P. D.T.N.

Ans. :- D

43. Scientific name of Diamandsquid

A.Sepioteuthislessoniano B. Symplectoteuthisovalaniesis

C.Thysanoteuthisrhombus D. Doryteuthis Sp.

Ans. :- C

44. Sepia pharaonis is also knownas

A. GoldenCuttlefish B. Splneless cuttlefish C. Pharaohcuttlefish D. None

Ans. :-C

45. Sepia elliptica is also knownas

A. Golden cuttlefish B.SpinelessCuttlefish C.PharaohCuttlefish D. None

Ans. :- A

46. Seplella intermis is also knownas

A.GoldenCuttlefish B.SpinlessCuttlefish C.Pharoahcuttlefish D. Non

Ans. :- B

47. Octopus Membranaceous is also knownas

A. Marbled Octopus B.Lobedoctopus C. Webfoot octopus D. Commonoctopus

Ans. :- C

159. 156
48. Octopus dollfusi is also knownas

A.LobedOctopus B.Webfootoctopus C.CommonOctopus D. Marbled
Octopus Ans. :-D
50. Scientific name of common octopusis

A.Octopusmembranaceous B. Octopusdollfusi

C.Octopuslobensis D. Octopus vulgoric

Ans. :- D

51. The manimum size of Lejal caplure ofchank

A.54mm B. 74mm C.64mm D. 84mm

Ans. :- C

52. Chank fishing ared dividedinto

A. 6 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3

Ans. :- A

53. Chankbedis ---------------------- m depthzone

A.30-40m B.20-30m C. 10-20m D. 5-10m

Ans. :- C

54. In North area chank are insidantly cote by light trawl locally knownas

A.Vellaivalai B.Thurivalal C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

55. T.N. fishery department as organising fishery Seasonduring

A. Nov. –may B. June–July C. July–September D. Oct - Nov

Ans. :- A

56. The Chank are increasing Caught gearis

A.bottomtrowl B. Gillnet C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

160. 157
57. Which depth trawl net isoperated

A. 14 –36m B. 24 –46m C. 34 – 56m D. None

Ans. :- A

58. Cephalopods with an average annual production inindia

A.100,000tones B.105,000tones C.125,000tones D. 18,800tones

Ans. :- B

59. Scientific name of moon Snailis

A. Natiluca albulus B.Natilucalineate C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- C

60. Scientific name of spindleshells

A.Hemifusespugilinus B.Fusinustoreuma C. both A&B D. none

Ans. :- C

61. Scientific name of Buttonshells

A. Ammoniumvestum B.Oliviagibbons C.Turbointercostals D. None

Ans. :- A

161. 158
Island Fisheries of India

1. The Common species of tuna in the Lakshadweep waterare

A. Skipjack(KatsuwonusPelamis) B. Frigatetuna

C.Aurcisthazard D. All Ans. :-D

2. The CMFRI (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute) has reported---------------

Species of Fish from Lakshadweep water

A.650 B.701 C. 601 D. 750

Ans. :- C

3. Pitti island is Small reef sand bank covering an area of----------------

A.0.5ha B.0.1ha C.1.2ha D. 1.5ha

Ans. :- C

4. Theuninhabitedislands ------------------ a coconut growing and fishingcenter.

A.Suheli B. Pitti C.Bitra D.Amini

Ans. :-

5. Allislandexcept ---------------- have alagoon.

A.Androth B.Amini C. Kalpeni D. none

Ans. :- A

6. The major fishery resources of Island includethe

A.Oceanicresources B. Freshwater resources

C. Brackishwaterresources D. All

Ans. :- A

7. The Commercial tuna Fishery of island presently depend onthe

A.Skipjack B.halfbeaks C.Snappers D. All

Ans. :- A

8. Live baits are essential for operation of---------------

162. 159
A. Pole fishery B. Line fishery C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

9. Thereare ---------------- species of live baits avaible in the Lakshadeepwater

A. 11 B.21 C.31 D. 41

Ans. :- B

10. Andaman and Nicobar island are situated in the-----------------

A. Bay of Bengal B. MH. C.Gujrat D. T.N.

Ans. :-A

11. Andaman and Nicobar island are oceanic in nature and encompass an EEZ of-------

----------

A. 0.6millionKm
2
B. 0.5millionKm
2
C. 0.8millionKm
2
D. 0.7 millionKm
2


Ans. :- A

12. The Andaman and Nicobar island areaisabout ----------------- % of Indian EEZ

A.80% B.38% C. 20% D. 28%

Ans. :- D

13. The Andaman and Nicobar Island have aggregate costlineof

A.1,962km B.962km C.1,507km D. 507km

Ans. :-A

14. In Andaman and Nicobar Island the mangroves occupy around the
A.115km
2
B.95km
2
C. 135km
2
D. 85
km
2
Ans. :-A
15. In Andaman and Nicobar Island the mangrove coral reefs are spread across anarea
of morethan
A.500km
2
B. 1000km
2
C.1500km
2
D. 2000 km
2


Ans. :- D

163. 160
16. The Andamanseasare ------------------ in nature

A.Oligotrophic B. Eutrophic C. Mesotrophic D. Dystrophic

Ans. :- A

17. Primary production of Nicobar rigion is significanty higher than that of---------------

A.Andamanseas B.LakshadeepIsland C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

18. The harvestable potential of marine fishery resources in the EEZ hasbeen
estimated
A. 3.9milliontone B. 2.9milliontone C. 4.1milliontone D. None

Ans. :- A

19. The Andaman and Nicobar haveislandhave ---------------------- active andfull-time

fisherman.

A.1000 B.1973 C. 2000 D. 2973

Ans. :- D

20. The Union territory of Lakshadweep consist of achainof -------------- inhabitedand

several uninhabited islands

A. 11 B. 9 C.8 D.12

Ans. :- A

21. There are 36 island covering in area of----------------

A.32km
2
B.34km
2
C.36 km
2
D. 38km
2


Ans. :- A

22. The inhabited island are-------------

A.Androth B.Amini C. Kalpeni D. All

Ans. :- D

23 ------------------- has a magnificentlagoon

A.Bitra B.Amini C.Androth D. None

164. 161
Ans. :- A

24. The territorial water around the islandprovideabout ---------------------- km
2
offering

extensive fisheries potential

A.400,000km
2
B.300,000km
2
C.200,000 km
2
D. 100,000km
2


Ans. :- A

25. One of the limiting factor in the developmentofthe ------------------ fishing isthe

availability of live baits.

A.Pole B.Line C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

26 --------------------- Fishes are used for chumming and attracting the tunashols.

A.Livebaits B.Clupids C.Carangids D. breams

Ans. :- A

27. The ------------------ of which over a dozen used forfishing.

A.Lakshadweepwater B. Pitti island region

C. Bitraislandregion D. Andaman and Nicobar islandregion

Ans. :- A

28. The major fish landing center of Lakshadweep islandof

A.Agatti,suheli B. Bitra,Minicoy C.Androth D. All

Ans. :- D

29. What is LDCL?

Ans. :- Lakshadweep Development cooperation limited

30. The highest landings are agate which on avg. Contributedto

A.30% B.35% C. 40% D. 31%

Ans. :- D

165. 162
31. In Lakshadweep island region the traditional pole and line fishing account for over--

--------- of catch followed by the troll line.

A.80% B.87% C. 90% D. 97%

Ans. :- D

32. The Andaman and Nicobar groupofislands ----------------- the status ofarchipelago

A.enjoy B. C. D.

Ans. :- A

33 islands have been a group of historically isolated andsegregated

islands

A.Lakshadweep B. AndamanandNicobar C. Pitti D. All

Ans. :-

34 island system provided and excellent habitat for open sea maricultureof

many spp. Finfish shellfish seaweeds.

A.Lakshadweep B. Andaman and Nicobar C.Pitti D. None

Ans. :- B

35. The Andaman and Nicobar islandhavearound ------------------ Brackishwater/salt

affected area besides 33,000 ha of mangrove

A.110,000ha B.115,000ha C. 120,000ha D. None

Ans. :- A

166. 163
Riverine Fisheries of India

1 ------------------------ have played a vital role in the development of humancivilization

since they provide basic necessities of live, water and good on which depends the
survival of living-beings
A.Sea B.Reservoir C.River D. Pond

Ans. :- C

2. The 29,000 km of riverine resource of ourcountrycomprises ----------------------- major

rivers

A. 15 B.14 C.16 D. 17

Ans. :- B

3. Indiahas------------------ medium rivers which have the catchment area between2000

to 20,00 km
2


A. 44 B.45 C.47 D. 49

Ans. :- A

4. The catchment area of minor riveris

A. <2000 km
2
B. >2000 km
2
C.2000km
2
D. None

Ans. :- A

5. The Ganga river system which has a total length ofabout.

A.2,900km B.8047km C. 6437km D. 857km

Ans. :- B

6. -------river system is the most Important river system In India and one of the largest in
theworld
A.Brahmaputra B. Godavari C.Mahanadi D. Ganga

Ans. :- D

167. 164
7. The Ganga river flowson

A.Uttaranchal B. UttarPradesh C. Bihar D. All thestates

Ans. :- D

8. The height of Gangariversystem ---------------- m from sea level in GarhwaliHimalayas

in Uttaranchal.

A.6000m B. 4000m C. 2000m D. None

Ans. :- A

9. The Ganga river first flows in a westerly directionforabout--------- km beforeturning

southwards

A. 20km B. 30km C. 40 km D. 60 km

Ans. :- B

10. Ganga river flows south east and meamders over a distanceofabout ------------ kmin

the IndoGangetic plains in U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand and W. Bengal before Ultimately
joining Bay of Bengal
A.2000km B.2790km C. 2290km D. 2590 km

Ans. :- C

11. The major tributaries of Gangais

A.Yamuna B. Burhi C. Varuma D. None

Ans. :- A

12. The minor tributaries of Gangais

A.Kosi B. Gumani C.Ghoghra D. All theabove

Ans. :- D

13. River --------------- ayter flowing for about 150 km in west Bengal enterslong

estuarine zone

A.Maghnariver B.Padmariver C.Bhagirathiriver D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

168. 165
14. About -----------------km from sea face Bhagirathi Hooghly river system beginsto

spread in to mony small distributaries, forming the Great Gangetic delta.
A.300km B.200km C. 150km D. 250 km
Ans. :-A
16. The Hooghly estuarine system extendsforabout -------------------- km from northto

southandabout -------------- km from east towest

A. 300 km to200km B. 300km and 150km

C. 150 km and300km D. 200km and 150km

Ans. :- B

17. The entire estuarine system is estimated to beabout

A.8019km
2
B. 8020km
2
C.8029km
2
D. 8043 km
2


Ans. :- C

18. The total area of Sundarbans estuarine water In India isabout

A.2,340km
2
B.2440km
2
C.1230 km
2
D. 25 km
2


Ans. :- A

19. There are ----------------- major mon-made projects for exploitation of water of river
Ganga for irrigation / hydelgeneration
A. 4 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5

Ans. :- A

20. The Ganga – basin receives 48.96 million ha-m of annual run off from acatchment
areaof
A. 96.7 million B. 96.6 million C. 95.7 million D. 95.6 million

Ans. :- B

21. The Ganga river with a drainage basin of 1.1 million km
2
carries a sediment load of-

--------------- million tonnes

A. 2.46 million B. 1.46 million C. 2.05 million tonnes D. 2.52 million

169. 166
Ans. :- B

22. The main channel carries it‘s maximum Volume of waterduring

A. Julyto ogust. B. JunetoOgust. C. Julyto September D. July toOctober

Ans. :- C

23. The main charmel of Ganga flows rates between------------and ----------------------- m
3
/

sec

A. 30,000and40,000 B. 40,000and50,000 C. 25,000and35,000 D. Noneof

these Ans. :- B

24. The mean flows in the maintributariesis ---------------- 400m
3
/second.

A.Morethan B.Lessthan C. None of these

Ans. :- B

25. The ----------------- is the hub of all types of Industrialactivities

A.Ganga-basin B.Gangeticbasin C. Gangetic-plains D.Ganga-plains

Ans. :- C

26. Bio-accumulation of heavy metals wasobservedin ---------------- and fish inlower

stretch of river Ganga.

A.Macro-benthos B.Micro-benthos C.meso-benthos D. Meo-benthos

Ans. :- A

27. The discharge from various industries in to Ganga river systemis estimated to
generate biological oxygen demand (BOD) loadof
A. 1.267millionkg/day B. 1.166 millionkg/day

C. 2.166million kg/day D. 2.066 millionkg/day

Ans. :- B

28. The domestic sewage discharge wasestimatedas --------------- million m
3
generating

a BOD load of 2504 million kg/day

170. 167
A. 1.628.1millionm
3
B. 1,428.1millionm
3
C. 1528.1millionm
3
D.
None Ans. :-C
29. Fertilizers used in agriculture activities in the basin were estimated torelease
annually
A. N2 of about 887.333 Phosphate 137.445 torms potassium 91.247tonnes

B. N2 777,333 phosphate 137.445 tonnes potassium 81,247tonnes

C. None ofthese

Ans. :- A

30. The Agriculture sector drained wastes into Ganga- basin to the tone of-------------

A. 134.74 million m
3
B. 124.74 million m
3
C. 134.84 million m
3
D. 124.64 million m
3


Ans. :-C

31. The total length of Brahmaputra river systemis

A.8047km B.2900km C.1465km D. 857km

Ans. :- B

32. Themighty ----------------- river system is a freshwater moving oceom of the northcast

India

A.Brahmaputra B.Mahanadi C.Godavari D. Krishna

Ans. :- A

33. The Brahmaputra riverflows about ---------------- km south east of Lake MansorvarIn

Tibet.

A.100km B.200km C. 150km D. 300km

Ans. :- A

34. Thereare --------------- are the main tributaries of Brahmaputrariver

A. 42 B.43 C.41 D. 45

Ans. :- C

171. 168
35. ----------- on the northernbankand ---------- on the Southernbank

A. 25and17 B. 24and 18 C. 20and16 D. 25 and16

Ans. :- D

36. The river flows throughheartof ------------- for about 740 km beforeentering

Bangladesh.

A.Bihar B.Assam C. U.P D. W.Bengal

Ans. :- D

37. The river flows through heart of assam for about 740 km before entering
Bangladesh where it is called asriver
A.Padma B.Yamuna C. Jumna D. None

Ans. :- C

38. The combined length of the river with it‘s 41 main tributaries in In India isabout
A.4000km B.5200km C. 4200km D. 5000km
Ans. :- A

39. The total catchment area ofabout

A.570,00km
2
B.580,000km
2
C.680,000km
2
D. 470,000 km
2


Ans. :- B

40. The Catchment area inIndiais ----------------- km
2


A.185,000km
2
B.175,000km
2
C.195,000 km
2
D. 20,000km
2


Ans. :- C

41. Pollutionloadin -------------- river system has not much of impact on the environmentof

the river.

A.Krishna B.Ganga C.Godavari D. Brahmaputra

Ans. :- D

42 ---------- major industries are located in Brahmaputravalley

A. 13 B.12 C.15 D. 11

172. 169
Ans. :- A

43. The river Brahmaputrareceivesabout ------------- lakh litres of waste water per day

from industries located in the valley

A.1,140Lakh B.1240Lakh C.1340 Lakh D. 1540 Lakh

Ans. :- A

44. The important rivers of Indus river system in India are partsof

A.Jhelum B. Sutlej C. Beas D. Allthese

Ans. :- D

45. The East coast river system main constituentsare

A.Mahanadi B.Godavari C. Krishna D. All theseabove

Ans. :- C

46. The total Combined lengthisabout ------------------- km

A.5437km B.6437km C. 7437km D. 8437km

Ans. :- B

47. The river mahanadioriginatedfrom --------------------- state

A.Jharkhand B.Orissa C.W.Bengal D. U.P

Ans. :- B

48. The total length of Mahandi river isabout

A.867km B.877km C. 857km D.767km

Ans. :- C

49 --------------- dom is located on the Mahanadirivers

A.Ramgorh B.Rihond C.Bhavonisagar D. Hitakud

Ans. :- D

50. After hirakud reservoir it runs eastforabout ------------- km in Orissa before joiningbay

of Bengal at parodip

A.415km B.420km C. 315km D. 320km

173. 170
Ans. :- A

51 ------------------ river is the largest of peninsular rivers and the third largest riverin

India.

A.Krishna B.Godavari C.Vavery D. Mahanadi

Ans. :- B

52. The total length of Godavari orverisabout -------------------- km

A.6,437km B.8047km C. 1465km D. 857km

Ans. :- C

53 ---------------- river has it‘s origin near from bakeswar in Deolali hills near Nasikin

Northern western Ghats to it‘s tidal limits below Rajahmundry

A.Krishna B.Godavari C.Mahanadi D. Cauvery

Ans. :- B

54. The Godavari river flow through Maharashtraabout

A.693km B.772km C. 694km D. 773km

Ans. :- A

55. The Godavari river flow through Andra Pradesh isabout

A.693km B.772km C. 694km D.773km

Ans. :- B

56. River -------------- Splits into a northern distributary (Gautormi Godavari) anda

Southern one (Vasista Godavari)

A.Godavari B.Vasista C. both A&B D. None ofthese

Ans. :- A

57 --------------- Joins Bay of Bengal 19km belowyonam

A.Gautorni B.Vasista C. both A& B D. None ofthese

Ans. :- A

174. 171
58. The main major tributaries of Godavariare

A.Manjira B.Waingunga C.Indravati D. all theseabove

Ans. :- D

59. The Catchment area of Godavariisabout ----------------- km
2


A.312,811km
2
B.315,815km
2
C.314,815 km
2
D. 311,811km
2


Ans. :- A

60. State Catchment area(%)

1. Maharashtra a.23.8%

2. AP b.48.6%

3.M.P. c. 5.5%

4. Orissa d.20.7%

5. Karnataka e.1.4%

Ans.:-. 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c, 5-e

61. Two reservoir i.e Gangapur and Nathsagor are Situated on mainstream of-------------

---- river inMaharashtra

A.Krishna B.Mahanadi C.Cauveri D. Godavari

Ans. :- D

62. A ------------- km long irrigation barrage is also Situated on this river atVishnupuri

A.322km B.312km C. 321km D.320km

Ans. :- C

63. In which state a large reservoir (Shriromsagar) has been formed at pochompadin
Niromabad district on thisriver
A.Maharashtra B.AndraPradesh C. Kerala D. Tamilnadu

Ans. :- B

64. The Dhawale swarom anicut has been replaced by a barrage in
A.1986 B.1985 C. 1976 D.1978

175. 172
Ans. :- B

65. The Krishna river system has a total length ofabout

A.857km B.2900km C. 1280km D. 720km

Ans. :- C

66. Which river is originated in Mahabaleswar hills in western Ghat, south of Pune, to
it‘s delta on the eastcoast
A.Cauveri B.Krishna C.Godavari D. Mahanadi

Ans. :- B

67. How much the Catmint area of Krishna riveris

A.13222km
2
B.233,229km
2
C.231,219 km
2
D. 230,231km
2


Ans. :- B

68. The main tributaries of river Krishna are----------and -------------- rivers.

A. PadmaandYomuna B. Jamuna andPadma

C. BhimaandTungbhadra D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

69. In which season the river Bhima is almostlydry

A.Summer B.Mansoon C.Winter D. all

Ans. :- A

70 -------------- river is perennial with greater Volume of flow than main Krishnaitsely.

A.Bhima B.Tungabhadra C. Padma D. Jamuna

Ans. :- B

71. The reservoirs have been created within Krishna drainage are

A.koyna B.Vanivilossagor C.ltimayatsagor D. allthese

Ans. :- D

72 -------------- It is the longest perennial river south of riverKrishna.

A.Cauvery B.Krishna C.Godavari D. Mahonadi

176. 173
Ans. :- A

73. Which river is originates from Brahmagiri hills on the western Ghats inKarnataka.

A.Callvery B. Noyil C.Amaravati D. Allthese

Ans. :- A

74. Which are the main tributaries of rivercauvery

A.Bhavoni B.Noyil C.Amaravati D. Allthese

Ans. :- D

75. On which river Mettur, Bhavanisagar and krishnarajasagar reservoir aresituated.

A.Noyil B.Krishna C. Mahonadi D. Cauvery

Ans. :- D

76. ---------------and --------------- are the main rivers of west coast riversystem

A. mahanadi and Krishna B. Narmada and Tapti C. Godavari and Krishna D. None

Ans. :- B

77. The total length of west coast river systemis

A.3,380km B.3770km C. 8047km D. 720km

Ans. :- A

78 ---------------- river is originated from Maikala highlands near Amarkontak inShahdol

district of M.P.

A.Tapti B.Narmada C.Godavori D. Krishna

Ans. :- B

79. The total length of Narmada riveris

A.1,412km B.857km C. 1,312km D. 720k

Ans. :- C

80. Total catchment area of river Narmda isabout

A.95,236km
2
B.95435km
2
C.94235 km
2
D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

177. 174
81 -------------- ire biggest reservoir on Narmada river

A.Tawa B.Bana C. both AandB D. None

Ans. :- A

82. The total length of the Tapti riveris

A.857km B.890km C. 720km D. 1047km

Ans. :- C

83. The Catchment area of Tapti riveris

A.47,000km
2
B.48,000km
2
C.50,000km
2
D. 57,000km
2


Ans. :- B

84. On -------------- Institute in Barrackpore from selected stretches of Various riversof

the Country during different years,

A.CMFRI B. CIFRI C. CIEF D. CIFA

Ans. :- B

85. The --------------- river System is reportel to harbor about 265 fishspecies

A.Gangariver B.Yomunariver C.Godavaririver D. Krishnariver

Ans. :- A

86. On which river the species of Pangassius Garra gotyla , Tor, Tor etc aryond

A.Mahanadi B.Godavari C. Ganga D. Podma

Ans. :- C

87. How much % contribution of Indian major carps has gradually delined fromyear
A.23% B.46% C. 44% D. 45%
Ans. :- D

88. Hilsa has almost disappeared from catches above Farakka barrage after is
Commissioning is----
A.1972 B.1971 C. 1973 D. 1974

Ans. :- A

178. 175
89. The ------------- river system has been reported to be inhyabited by 221species

belonging to 103 genera and 36 families.

A.Ganga B.Krishna C.Godavari D. Brahmaputra

Ans. :- D

90. Brahmaputra survey Unit was established by the CIFRIin----------

A.October1971 B.October1972 C.Sept.1971 D. Sept. 1972

Ans. :- B

91. On which river catfish which are completely absent in 3 rivers above are recorded in
this region.
A.Yamuna B. Jamuna C.Padma D. Brahmaputra

Ans. :- D

92. The average catch per day in this stretch showed on overalldecline of ------------- %

A.20% B.30% C. 45% D. 25%

Ans. :- B

93. Commercial fisheries of partof river -------------- flowing through Jammu andkashmir

In India, during July 1980 to June 1982, has been reported CIFRI

A.Jhelum B.Jeenob C. Sutioj D. Beas

Ans. :- A

94. Which are the exotic fish sp. of Cyprinus carpio was reported top contribute
sustantially to commercial catches of riverJhelum.
A. C.carpiospecularis B. C.carpiocommunis C. both AandB D. None

Ans. :- C

95. The landing centers of river Beas are

A.Talwara B.Pathonkot C. Amritsar D. all theabove

Ans. :- D

179. 176
96. Fromriver ------------- 253 species of fish belonging to 73 families have beenreposted

A.Krishna B.Godavari C.Mahanadi D. Cauvery

Ans. :- C

97. The total fish field from this stretch a showed a decliningtrendfrom -------------- n 1963

A.330.1tonns B. 331.1 tonns C.333.2tonns D. none of these

Ans. :- A

99. On the upper stretehes of east coast river in Maharashtra and Karnatakaspecies
arefound
A.Puntiussarena B. P.jerdoni C. both AandB D. None

Ans. :- C

100. Eighty species of fish belonging to 23 families were reported from riveris

A.Cauvery B.Padma C.Yomuna D. Magme

Ans. :- A

101 -------- Number of fish species were reported fromNamada

A. 85 B.86 C.84 D. 83

Ans. :- C

102. Hoshongabad and shabgonj are the two Landing centersofriver ------------ is

A.Cauvery B.Krishna C.Godavory D. narmada

Ans. :- A

103. There is not much information available about fish catches fromriver

A.Narmada B.Tapti C.Krishna D. Godavary

Ans. :-B

104. How much of fish species have been reported in Tapti river
A.52 B. 51 C.53 D. 54 Ans. :-A

180. 177
105. Ganga river-bed from Tehri to patnais

A.loamy B. sandy C. moist D. dry

Ans. :-B

106 -------------- Values, the most important parameter for riverhealth

A.Co2 B. DO C.P1t D.None

Ans. :- B

107. The pollution indicator Speciesare

A.Ankistrodesmus B.Coelastrum C. Pediastrum D. all theseabove

Ans. :- D

108. The river of obstruction of water from almost allriversof-------------------- river system

is very intensive

A.Ganga B.Krishna C.Godavari D. Cauvery

Ans. :- A

109. The total length of Canal network in Ganga basinisover --------------------- km

A.16,000km B.15,000km C.17,000km D. 20,000

Ans. :- B

110. Detail study on ecology and production dynamism of river Brahmaputra and it‘s
tributaries was done by the CIFRIduring
A.1996-97 B.19997-99 C. 1996-98 D. 1998-2000

Ans. :- C

111. Thereductionin ----------------- is a clear indication of increasing siltload.

A.Alkalinity B.Transporency C. Co2 D. O2

Ans. :- B

112. The Average annual silt discharge by north bank tributaries in to Brahmaputra is
A.666.7m
3
/km
2
B.676.8m
3
/km
2
C.643.7m
3
/km
2
D. Non
Ans. :- A

181. 178
113. High rate of Sedimentation Caused dueto

A. deforestation inCatchmentareas B. desertification

C. blonketing ofSoil-waterinterface D. all theseabove

Ans. :- D

114. Loss of original feeding and breeding ground dueto

A. decrease in water valumeinriver B. Increase in water valume inriver

C. both AandB D. None ofthese

Ans. :- A

115. Which migratory species river course modification areaffected

A.Hilsa B. F.W.Prawn C. B.W.prawn D. both A andB

Ans. :- D

116. NWDA is

A. National waterDevelopmentAgency B. Natural water DevelopmentAgency

C. National water of DepartmentofAgency D. None

Ans. :- A

117. What is the general ideal of the river Ganga andBrahmputra

A. To transfer the water fromeasternrivers B. To transfer from the western and
southemregions C. both AandB D. None
Ans. :- C

118 ------------- river have one long link from sarda to Sabarmati through fomungand

Rajasthan

A.Himalayan B. Peninsular C. both D. None

Ans. :- A

119 ----------------- of India is on a continuous since last few decades with increasein

overall developmental activities and anthropogenic pressure

182. 179
A.Reservoirfisheries B.Riverinefisheries C.Lakefisheries D. coldwater
fisheries Ans. :-B
120. All these rivers, their tributaries, conass and irrigation chomels have and area of---

---- km

A.12,000km B.15,000km C.13,000km D. 20,000km

Ans. :- C

121. The landing centres of fo-munalis

A.Delhi B. Agra C.both D. None

Ans. :- C

122. In Tibet the river Brahmputra is calledas

A.Padma B.Maghna C. Tsangpo D. Jamuna

Ans. :- C

123. The landing centers of river Brahmaputraare

A.Agra B.Allababad C.Kanpur D. allthese

Ans. :- D

124 ------------- is the largest dam inIndia

A.Koina B. Hirakud C.Bhavonisagor D. None

Ans. :- A

125. Rivers Length

1. Ganga a.2,900km

2. Brahumaputra b. 8047km

3. Mahanadi c.720km

4. Tapti d.890km

Ans. :-1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c

183. 180
Estuarine Fisheries

1. The rivers is finally Join tothe

A.Sea B.otherriver C. Canal D. None

Ans. :- A

2. The water mass usually calledas

A.bufferzone B.ecotene C. both AandB D. none

Ans. :- C

3. Wahat is mean by theestuary?

A. Semi – enclosedcostal body B. estuany means the free connection with the open
sea C. diluted with the freshwater oflanddrainage D. all ofthese
Ans. :- D

4. The total brackishwater resourees India is given by the government of the India-------

--- mill/hac

A.2.0million/hac B. 2.2million hac C. 0.22 million/hac D. 2.20 millionhac

Ans. :- A

5 ---------------- states have rich brackish water Resources

A.Orissa B. Gujrat C. kerala D. west Bengal

Ans. :- D

6. hac area of Hooghly madamestuary

A.8.029km
2
B. 2.034km
2
C. 4.024km
2
D. 7.024 km
2


Ans. :- A

7. Total Brackishwater area of west coastis

A.60,000 B.70,000 C. 80,000 D. 90,000

Ans. :- C

184. 181
8. Total Brackishwater area of East Coastis

A.802.900 B.50.000 C. 850.900 D. 40.450

Ans. :- C

9. Total Brackish water area of the Orissais

A.417.537 B.217.438 C. 317.537 D. 317.438

Ans. :- A

10 ------------- lake is largest lakes Brackishwater lake east coast ofIndia

A. Hooghly– matlah B. Chilka lake C. Cocoon – lake D. Pulicatlake

Ans. :- B

11. Total area of pulicatlakeis ------------------- hac

A.88.500 B.99.500 C. 77.500 D. 66.500

Ans. :- C

12. Coastline of Andhra –Pradeshis ------------------ km

A.600km B.700km C. 800km D.900km

Ans. :- D

13. How many districts of Andhra – Pradeshcoastal

A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D. 5

Ans. :- C

14. Total area of Godavari estuarine systemis

A.280km
2
B.330km
2
C.430km
2
D. 530km
2


Ans. :- B

15. In which state of chilka lake is present

A.Orissa B. Andhra PradeshC. Gujarat D. Kerala

Ans. :- A

185. 182
16 Vellore lake is present in which state

A. Andhra Pradesh B.Tamilnadu C. Orissa D. Kerala

Ans. :- B

17. Ashtamudi lake is Present in which state

A.Orissa B. Gujarat C.Kerala D. Andhra Pradesh

Ans. :- C

18 --------------- lake is one of the most productive backwater System of the west coastof

India

A.Vembandlake B.Ashtamudilake C.Ponnanilake D. Beypore lake

Ans. :- A

19. Total length of Vemband lake is-----------

A.40km
2
B.50km
2
C. 80km
2
D. 90 km
2


Ans. :- D

20. Nemband lake rich fishery of-----------

A.Onolluscs B.Finfish C. both AandB D. none

Ans. :- C

21 Coatline ofkarnataka

A.100km
2
B.200km
2
C.400kmkm
2
D. 300km
2


Ans. :- D

22 estuary is the major esturine System ofGoa

A. Beypore estuary B. Mandovi–zuari C. Oangoli estuary D. Ponnaniestuary

Ans. :- B

23. Mangrove arethe

A.wetland B. qroup of these wetland C. both A&b D. None

Ans. :- C

186. 183
24. The area covered under mangroves on globalbasis

A. 38,2888.000km
2
B. 48,288.000 km
2
C. 28,288.000 km
2
D. 58,288.000 km
2


Ans. :- D

25. Global area ofmangrove

A.0.7% B.0.8% C.0.6% D. 0.5%

Ans. :- A

26. In world total mangrove area India is------------

A.3.66% B.2.66% C. 4.66% D. 5.66%

Ans. :- B

27. Total mangroves of sunderbansin

A. 0.2millionhac B. 0.5million hac C. 0.4millionhac D. 0.3 millionhac

Ans. :- C

28. Total mangroves of area of Karnatakais

A.89km
2
B. 789km
2
C. 589km
2
D. 689km
2


Ans. :- D

29. Hooghly estuary temperatureis

A.20-34‘C B.20-44‘C C. 14-30‘C D. None

Ans. :- A

31. PH of the Hooghly matlah estuaryis

A. 6.28to9.6 B. 4.2to7.5 C. 7.5to8.5 D. 6.5 to7.5

Ans. :- C

32. DO(Dissolved Oxygen) of the Hooghly mathah eateryis

A.3.65mq/lit B. 3.45.8mq/lit C. 4.3 and10.9mq/lit D. None

Ans. :- A

187. 184
33. Water Transparency range of Hooghly mathahestuary

A. 8to27cm B. 3to14cm C. 4 to8cm D. 8 to 14cm

Ans. :- A

34. Mahanadi estuary present in whichstate

A.Kerala B. Orissa C. Gujarat D. None

Ans. :- B

35. Salinity range of the Mahanadi estuaryis

A.35% B.48% C. 25% D. 58%

Ans. :- A

36. PH of the Mahanadi estuaryis

A. 3.5to4.5 B. 6.28to86 C. 4.5to 6.5 D. None

Ans. :- B

37. Oxygen level of Mahanadi estuaryis

A. 4.6 to10gm/lit B. 3.4 & 5.8 mq / lit C.3.65 mq/lit D. None

Ans. :- C

38. Phosphate nature silicate range of Mahanadi estuarypresent

A. 0.04-06 mq/lit,0.03-019mq/lit B. – to 1.2, 0 to 0.34, 25q/lit

C. 4.2-27.7 to1-4.9,3.29-112.7 D. 0.53 to 4.01, 0.14 to 5.25, 24 to 200un

Ans. :- D

39. Annual flow reported of Mahanadiestuary

A. 66.640 X 10
6
m
3
B. 76.742 X 10
6
m
3
C. 34.742 X 10
6
m
3
D. None

Ans. :- A

40. Chilka lake isPresentin ------------------- state

A.Kerala B. Orissa C. Gujarat D. none of these

Ans. :- B

188. 185
41. Water Spread area of chilka lakeis

A.704-906km
2
B.342-906km
2
C.906-1065km
2
D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

42. Length of chilka lake is

A.60km B.80km C.70km D. 90km

Ans. :- C

43. The depth of chilka lakeis

A. 0.5 to5.0mm B. 0.3 to3.0mm C. 0.93 to 2.63 mm D.None

Ans. :- C

44. PH of the chika estuaryis

A. 8.4to8.5 B. 7to8 C. 6/28to7.28 D. None

Ans. :- A

45. Salinity range of the chilka lakeis

A.32% B. 304 & 5.8 mq/lit C. 0.1tolo29.2% D. Non

Ans. :- C

46. Dissolve Oxygen level in chilkaestuaryis ---------------- mg/lit

A. 4.3 and10mg/lit B. 3.4 and 5.8mg/lit

C. 4.79 to6.68mg/lit D. 3.5 to 6.54mg/lit

Ans. :- B

47. Nitrate, phosphate, silicate range of the chillka estuaryos

A. 0 to 1.2 , 0 to 0.34 & 25to 150 B. 4.2 – 27.7, 0 1 4.9 &3.2-112.7

C. 0.008-0.06, 0.18-0.77.13.42-90.79 D. none

Ans. :- C

48. Godavari estuarine salinity rangeis

A. 0to34% B. 32% C. 3.4–5.8 D. None

Ans. :- A

189. 186
49. In Godavari estuarine the flood period salinity rangeis

A.High B. Low C. VeryHigh D. None

Ans. :- B

50. Water temperature of Godavari estuaryis

A.24-32.5‘C B. 25.3to33C C. 25.2to34‘C D. None

Ans. :- C

51. Nitrate & phosphate silicate range of Godavari estuarineis

A. 4.2-27.7, 0/1-4.9, 3.2–112.7 B. 0 to 1.2, 0 to 0.34, 25 to150

C. 0.09-e.98, 1.42-95.75, 7to120 D. None

Ans. :- B

53. Temperature of Krishna riveris

A.24.32.5 B. 25.5to33% C.20.32< D. None

Ans. :- B

54. DO level of the Krishna riveris

A. 4.79to 6.68 B. 35to6.54 C. 2.32 to4.79 D. none

Ans. :- A

55. Salinity range of vallar Riveris

A. 25to25% B. 35and35% C. 15and15% D. none

Ans. :- B

56. Nitrate, phosphate, silicate range of vallar riveris

A. 0 to 1.2, 0 to 0.3 B. 25to15 C. 4.2- 27.7, 0.1-4.9, 3.2–112.7 D.none

Ans. :- B

57. Area of the mankindestuaryis ------------------- har

A.14.5hac B. 9.5hac C. 4.5hac D. None

Ans. :- A

190. 187
58. Dissolved oxygen level of manakudy estuaryis

A. 3.69 to4.29 ml/lit B. 4.3 and10.9mg/lit C. 3.16 to3.44ml/lit D. none

Ans. :- C

59. Temperature of the manakudy extuanyis

A.30‘C B.20‘C C.23‘C D. none

Ans. :- A

60. Astamudi lake is for fisheryresources

A.Muscles B. Clam C.shellfish D. finfish

Ans. :- B

61. High state of fishery reduction on astamudi lakeis

A.Paphiamalabarica B. meretrix C. area D. perna

Ans. :- A

62 ------------------- estuary is the nearest backwatersystem

A.Astamudilake B.manakudylake C. Vellav D. Vemband lake

Ans. :- D

63. Annual rainfall of the vembanad backwateris

A.2.825mm B.1.825mm C. 1.245mm D. 789mm

Ans. :- A

64. Temperature vembanad backwater is

A. 23.1– 32‘C B.25.1-33‘C C.22‘C-32‘C D. none

Ans. :- B

65. Salinity range Vinland backwateris

A.6.28mg/lit B. 4.2to7.5 C. 0.19-5.9m/lit D. 6.5 to7.5

Ans. :- C

66. Dissolved oxygen level of Vinlandis

A.3.65mg/lit B. 3.16 to 3.44 m/lit C.1.10-5.9 gm/lit D. none

191. 188
Ans. :- C

67. How many states estuarine environmentKarnataka

A. 21 B.24 C.20 D. 26

Ans. :-D

68. The length of the Narmadaestuary

A.100km B.135km C. 200km D. 235

Ans. :- B

69. Temperature of the Narmada estuaryis

A. 17to31‘C B. 25to36‘C C. 22to38‘C D. none

Ans. :- A

70. PH range of the Narmada estuaryis

A. 5.4to6.4 B. 7.4to8.7 C. 4.4to5.4 D. none

Ans. :- B

71. Tapti river opens tothe

A. Bayof Begal B.ArbianSea C.Pacific D. none

Ans. :- B

72. Water drainage area of the river of Taptiis

A.12,000km
2
B.24,000km
2
C. 54,000km
2
D. 64,000

km
2
Ans. :-D

73. Average rainfall of Tapti estuaryis

A.400mm B.500mm C. 775mm D. 600mm

Ans. :- C

74. Dominance period of phytoplankton of the chilka lakeis

A. April–August B. Sept.–June C. Oct.–march D. none

Ans. :- A

192. 189
75. Peak season of 200 plant of the chilkalake

A. June –Feb. B. April– May C. Octo.–Nove. D. Jully –Oct.

Ans. :- C

76. Major atrophy Tor sp Repented in chilkalake

A.Cheatomorphalineum B.Gracelandvelrucosa C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

77. Which is the following mangrovespecies

A.Aviciniamarina B.Rhizophordsp C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- D

78. Which is the following algae of mangrove of and Andaman Nicobarisland

A.Dictyofadichotoma B. Diva lectuca C.LaurendePapillosa D. All

Ans. :- D

79. Important mangroves trees of Gujaratis

A.Siciliamarine B.A.officinalis C. Rhizophora macronata D. all ofthese

Ans. :- D

80. Hilsafishis --------------------- migrates

Ans. :- Euryhaline

81. Hilsa male attain sizeabout

A.20cm B.25cm C.30cm D. 40cm

Ans. :- C

82. Female of Hilsa attain sizeabout

A. 30cm B. 35cm C. 40 cm D. 25 cm

Ans. :- B

83. Finfish production of chilka lakeis

A. 1.269 to4.556tonnes B. 4.156 to 74.783tonnes

193. 190
C. 13.213 to65.026tonnes D. none

Ans. :- A

84. Shellfish Production of chilka lakeis

A. 1.269 to4.556tonnes B. 4.156 to 74.783tonnes

C. 13.213 to65.026tonnes D. non

Ans. :- B

85. Total area of the Mahanadi estuaryis

A.10.000hac B.20,000 C.30,000hac D. 40,000

Ans. :- C

194. 191
Reservoir Fisheries

1. The smaller water bodies have advantageof

A. Handstockmonitoring B. earystockMonitoring C. both A& B D.none

Ans. :- B

2. Which species wed for control on population of weedfishes

A.Catlacatla B.Mrigal C. Rohu D. Catfish

Ans. :- D

4. In Ravishankar sagar reservoir weed fishesremovedby -------------------nets wed

A. Castnet B.scoopnet C. bagnet D. All

Ans. :- B

5. Which net is night course for removal of cat fishes & needfishes

A. Castnet B.scoopnet C. dragnet D. All

Ans. :- C

6. It is first reservoir to be developed scientifically inindia

A.Bhavanisagar B.sathanur C.Nagarjunsagar D. stanley

Ans. :- D

7. In Krshnagiri reservoir high price of largeCatlaonly ------------------ nets of meshesover

------------ wereoperated.

A.Scoop,3 B.Drag,4 C. cast net,3 D. Gill nets,5

Ans. :- D

8. Jalva reservoir is Narmada basilar constructedin

A.1972 B.1974 C. 1975 D. 1980

Ans. :- C

9. Talwag reservoir was studiedby

A.CIFRI B.CIFT C. CMFRI D. CIFE

195. 192
Ans. :- A

10. Pong reservoirin

A.Gujarat B.Karnataka C.himachalPradesh D. M.P.

Ans. :- C

11. Good fishery of ----------------- in Bhandardharareservoir& -------------- inshivajiragar

reservoir in Maharashtra

A. Catla Catla &Labeorohita B. Cyprinus carpio & Catlacatla

C. T. Khudree &T.Mursullah D. None

Ans. :- C

12. Tilapia wasintroducedin --------------- with stocking of reservoir in southindia

A.1957 B.1958 C. 1952 D. 1990

Ans. :- C

13. Tilapia attain good size in reservoir as companiedto

A. take B. sea C.river D.pond

Ans. :- D

14. Which state are found in higher area of smallreservoir

A.M.P. B. A.P C.Karnataka D. Tamilnadu

Ans. :- D

15. In Maharashtra area of smallreservoir

A.119,515 B.172,575 C. 39,181 D. 21534

Ans. :- A

16. Total area of the length reservoiris

A.14,85,557 B.5,07,298 C.11,60,511 D. 31,53,366

Ans. :- C

17. About ------------ million the constitute reservoir area inindia

A.3.15 B.4.25 C. 1.15D. 4.51

196. 193
Ans. :- A

18. Central inland fisheries researchinstitute

A.Mumbai B. Delhi C.Barrakpore D. Cochi

Ans. :- C

20. Avg. production of smallreservoir

A.25kg/ha B. 20kg/ha C. 50 kg/ha D. 80 kg/ha

Ans. :- C

21. National Avg. Production of allreservoir

A.14kg/ha B. 59kg/ha C. 50 kg/ha D. 20 kg/ha

Ans. :- D

22. The Varieties of Mahaseer constitutes in Outstanding fishery in river------------------

nearHoshangabad

A.Tapti B. Narmada C.Godavari D. Chambal

Ans. :- B

23. The Varieties of Mahaseer constitutes in Outstanding fishery in river-----------

reservoir of the country

A.Small B.medium C. Lunge D. None

Ans. :- C

24. The Hirakund reservoir constructedin

A.1955 B.1959 C. 1956 D. 1960

Ans. :- C

25. Stocking attempts in-------------& ----------------- reservoir are succeful onlywhen

stocked fishes breed & propagate tenseness in there system

A. Medium & large B. Small & System C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- A

197. 194
26. The production is augmented through lunge scale stocking & allowing growout
periodof ------ months before havesling
A.9-10 B.10-12 C. 8-9 D. 8-10

Ans. :- C

27. The stocked fishes should be of short food chain to obtain Minimum efficiency in
converting ------------- food resources into hoveringmaterial
A.Secondary B. tertiary C. primary D. both A &B

Ans. :-C

28. In Morphmetricfactors ------------------- is the mort important to be conflatedeuith

productiuty

A.width B.height C.depth D. All

Ans. :-C

29. Thermal stratification is limnologically important becausein

A. facilitatingnutrienttransport B. Thermally stratifiedlakes

C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- B

31. Total alkalinity over ------------- ppm &hardnessabove ------------- ppm are indicatorof

better productivity

A.50&70 B.50&60 C.60&70 D. 50&80

Ans. :-A

32. Environmental enhancement is also knownas

A.Naturaleutrophication B.artificialeutrophication C. both A&B D.None

Ans. :- B

33. Choose the correct sentence for selection of species forstocking

A. The fish should befartgrowing B. The fish should be quickgrowing

198. 195
C. fish should be carnivorous with longfoodlair D. None

Ans. :- D

34. Which sp fantastic growth was experimentally tested in two reservoirs kulgarhi &
Getalsud
A.Commoncarp B. Garscarp C.Silvercarp D. IMC

Ans. :- C

35. Scientific name of big headcarp

A.Hypophthalmichthysnoblis B. H. Molitrix

C.Crossocheilushexagonolepsis D. None

Ans. :- A

36. Which net of Tungabhadra islocally

A.Scoopnet B. dipnet C. Cart net D. dragnet

Ans. :- D

37. In M.P. & U.P. the drag net calledas

A.Aliui B.Mahajal C. both A&b D. None

Ans. :- B

38. About ------- lakhs of fingerlings of major carps are raired annually from3.3

hert/area.

A. 50 B.26 C.25 D. 29

Ans. :- C

39. The aveg. Annual fish yield has beenestimatedat -----------kg/ha.

A. 79 B.77 C.85 D. 75

Ans. :- D

40. Before construction of any reservoir, deforestation is undertaken by cutting trees in
catchment area of reservoir this processcure

199. 196
A.Siltation B.Population C. Soilerosion D. All

Ans. :- C

41. The commercial fishing of reservoir should be strictly bannedduring

A.Summer B.winter C. both A& B D. Monsoon

Ans. :- D

42. The management practices intermediate to culture & capture fisheries are knownas

A.Managementenhancement B. Speciesenhancement

C.enhancementfisheries D. environmentalenhancement

Ans. :- C

43. Who was the first to evaluateeffects

A. Dr.SunderaRaj B. Shri.Frencisda C. Dr. S.L.Hora D. None

Ans. :- C

44. The common forms of enhancement fisheries ------------

A.Speciesenhancement B. Managementenhancement

C.Stockenhancement D. All

Ans. :- A

45. Productiuity transform --------------energyinto--------------- energy.

A.Solar,chemical B. Chemical,solar C.Solar,electrical D. None

Ans. :- D

46. Mean depth=

A.Area/volume B.Volume/Area C. AreaXvolume D. Volume XArea/100

Ans. :- B

47. The aquatic ecosystem consists of--------------

A.Allotropes B.heterotrophy C.Saprophytes D. All

Ans. :- D

200. 197
48. Which two complimenting agents in metabolism influenced bytemperature

A. Oxygen&Carbon-dioxide B. Oxygen &water

C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

49. When carbon dioxide in epilimniondecreases

A.Increase B.decrease C. equal D. All

Ans. :- A

50. When carbon dioxide in hypoliminion increasethereis -------------- oxygen locale

A.Increase B.decrease C. equal D. All

Ans. :- B

51. The fish production of other countries is very high such as chinais
A.700kg/ha B. 200kg/ha C.743kg/ha D. 100
Ans. :- C

52 ---------------------- has the maximum member of largereservoirs

A.Gujarat B.Karnataka C. TamilNadu D.Rajasthan

Ans. :- B

201. 198
Oxbow Lake Fisheries

1. Which one of the sentence is correct one?

A. The oxbow lakes have biogenicpotentialihes

B. The oxbow lakes have Supports richichthyodiversity

C. The oxbow lakes have haveherbourfisheries D. All

Ans. :-D

2. Oxbow lakes becoming shallower because of?

A.Conhnuoussiltahon B.Sedimentation

C. accumulation of decriers & rapid rateofeutrrophicabon D. All

Ans. :- D

3. Which one is not the tributary of Gangariver?

A.Kosi B.manas C. Gandak D. Ghagara

Ans. :- B

4. Which one is the tributary of Brahmaputraliver?

A. Manas B.kosi C. Gandak D. both A &B

Ans. :- A

5. Which state has largest area of Oxbowlakes?

A.ArunachalPradesh B.Meghalaya C.Assam D. West
Bengal Ans. :-C
6. Oxbow labes are known as tal & jheelin

A.UttarPradesh B.Uttarakhand C.Assam D. WestBengal

Ans. :- A

7. Oxbow lake guts the name as Maun in whichstate?

A.West Bengal B. Bihar C.Assam D. Tripura

Ans. :- B

202. 199
8. In Assam oxbow lakes are commonly knownas

A.boars B.Theels C.beels D. Maeen

Ans. :- C

9. Oxbow lakes has areaabout

A. 2.0 ha to more than1000 ha B. 10 ha to 10000ha

C. 0.2 ha to more than1000ha D. 20 ha to 1000ha

Ans. :- A

10. Oxbowlakeshave -------------- shape

A.elongated B. Serni– circular C. Horseshoeshaped D. All

Ans. :- D

11. oxbow lakes of Ganga riverbasinas -------------- type of water

A. PH 6.8– 9.8 B. more 02lessalkaline C. both A& B D. more orless
acidicAns. :-C
12. Which one is wrongsentence

A. In oxbow lakes intensive fishing is dove by scoopnet.

B. In oxbow lakes intensive fishing is dove by castnet

C. In oxbow lakes intensive fishing is dove by surfacegillnets D. None

Ans. :- D

14. In oxbow lakes for open culver stocking densityis

A.10000ha B.2500/ha C.5000 ha D. 1000ha

Ans. :- C

15. Bharma beel is locatedin

A.Assam B.West Bengal C.HimachalPradesh D. Manipcer

Ans. :- B

203. 200
16. Surhatal lake is associated with theriver

A.Ganga B.Brahmaputra C.manas D. It is separate fromriver

Ans.:- A

17. Hooghly river basin is locatedin

A.Assam B.Bihar C.ArunachalPradesh D. WestBengal

Ans. :- D

18. Surha tal lake is located in thestate

A.UttarPradesh B.WestBengal C.Bihar D. Tripura

Ans. :- A

19. Anabas testudineus comes under thefamily

A.Ambassidae B.Amphilnoidae C.Anabantidae D. None

Ans. :- C

20. Gudusia chapra belongs tofamily

A.Clupeide B.Anguiidae C. claridae D. Gabidae

Ans. :- A

21. Ganga river has oxbow lake in the state

A.EestBengal B.UttarPradesh C. Bihar D. All

Ans. :- D

22. The Great Himalayan rivers known fortheir---------

A.meanderingcharacterishc B.highSediment C. Shilting of the rivercoarse

D. All Ans. :- D

204. 201
COLD-WATER FISHERLIES

1. Family – Salmonidae Sub family – cyperrinal could workFishery

A. Schizothozal eichordsoni. B.Cyprinidscardioids C. Boriousbendelesis D. All

Ans. :-D

2. Eurythermal coldwater fisheslike.

A.Schizothoraleichordsoni B. Cyprinids carpio

C. Tibetian snow trout(Disptychusmaculots) D. All

Ans.:-D

3. Are example of steno- thermalspecies

A. Brown tront (Salmo truttafario) B. Eastern brook trout (Salvenilus funtions) C.
Tibetian snow trout(Dupitychusmoculats) D. All
Ans. :- D

4. Fish Thermallimit.

Fish Thermallimit

i) Snowtrout - 5 to 25
0
c

ii) Mahseer - 10 to30
0
c

iii) etotictrout - 4 to20
0
c

iv) exoticcrops - 7 to32
0
c

5. The trouts and schizothozacials find theirway……

A. Furthest up high stream.B. Lower reaches ofhillstreams. C. Both a & b D.None.

Ans. :- A

6. Mahseer and Glyrosternid catfishes amongother?

A. Up high streams B. Jawar reaches ofkillstreams C. Both a& b D. None

Ans. :- B

205. 202
7. Mainly of the coldwater fishes posses structure especially adoptedfor…

A.Clinging B.Burrowing C. withstand Fast water currants D.All

Ans. :- D

8. Type of aquatic resources in the will region in theIndia.

WaterResources Lengthl area.

i. Himalaylen andDeccanPlateall - 8.310 Km.

River systems

ii. Breackishwatertonic -23.40 ha.
(above 3000masl)
iii. F.W.Natural lake - 18,150ha.

iv. Kashmir highmountainlake -400 ha.
(above 3000mash)
v. vasleywtlandecosystem - 3000 ha

vi. ShivlikHimcleyaslakes - 74 ha

viii. Peninsulorregin

Naturarlake - 85 ha
Inonmade keyces&reservoir -4,400 ha.
Ans.:-
9. The cold water species, However are ill adopted forfleecingin ............... andmuddy

water.

A.Deep B.Snallow C. both a&b D. None

Ans. :- A

10. The oxygen limit of snow treatis…….

A.5-7ppm B. 6-9 ppm (extotic travts) C.b-6ppm D. 5-8 ppm.(Exotic corp)

Ans. :- D

206. 203
11. In Indian uplands fish species have bornrepacked,

A.226 B.312 C. 258 D. 284

Ans. :- C

12. An important aspects & cold water fish of the up lands is the opportunity ofthe
species provide for sportlike…..
A. bream trout (SalmontrotterFario) B. Rainbow trout (oncorhychusmykiss)

C. both a& b D. None.

Ans. :- C

13. In Jammu and Kashmir, Trant alone contribute to about ……… of the state‘s
revenue fromfisheries.
A.45-51% B. 40-50% C.30-35% D. 50-60%

Ans. :- B

14. Cold water ornamental species.

A. Doniodevorio B.Brachydoniorerio. C. Carssisus carassius D. All

Ans. :- D.

15. Cold water exits speciesare…….

A. Oncorhynchus my kiss B. Cyprians corpora C. both a&b D. Labeodero

Ans. :- C.

16. Cold water indigeneous speciesare……..

A.Tor putitora B.Beggariesbeggaries. C. For–bor D. All

Ans. :- D.

17. Sport species in India are……

A.TorKhudree B. Tor putiterz C. Ramosbola D.All

Ans. :- D

207. 204
18. The primitive aquaculture was estimated to government‘s farms / hatcheries which
were used mainly to maintain some beoostocks for annual seed production of for
planning in streams to maintainsport.
A. Rainbow Trout B. Brown trout C. Raimos bsla D. 10rmussulal.

Ans. :- B.

19. The percentage survival could be raised to 80% from the earlier record tohardly

……. Between green egg to early fry storage.

A.30% B.40% C. 20% D. 35%

Ans. :- C

20. egg laying capacity of bean front brooders by anaverageof ........... eggs /kgof

spawned body weight.

A.196 B.240 C. 236 D. 218

Ans. :- D

21. Feed diet protein percentage is brown that is very from sizelike.

A. 31% pectin dies – Sizeof55-100mm B. 35% pectin dies – Size of35-145mm

C. 48% pectin dies – Sizeof60-150mm D. All

Ans. :- D

22. The 1000 protein diet gave o Feed confession ratio of conversion ratio feed
efficiency ratio : survivalrate.
A. 3.7 : 28.3 : 50% B. 3.7 : 28.3 : 40% C. 1.7 : 57.2 : 64% D. None

Ans. :- A

23. it is estimatedthatfrom ---------- trout hatcheries in different states inIndia.

A. 26 B.28 C.23 D. 18

Ans. :- C

208. 205
24. Maximum seed production of trout in India whichstates

A.himachalPradesh B. Kashmir C. both A& B D. Utterpradesh

Ans. :-B

26. Successful monoculture trials on common corp strain have been reported in hill
regions of-------
A.Uttaranchal B.Kashmir C.M.P. D. M.H.

Ans. :- A

27. In the upland water the Indian major carps do not grow well due tolow---------

Ans. :- Thermal regime

28. Carps were taken as the candidate species for mixed culturetrials

A. Grass B.cammon C.Silver D. All

Ans. :- C

29. NRCCWF?

Ans. :- National research center for coldwater fisheries

30. Fecundity of truant per kg. body wt. of fish was reported to rangebath.

A.20000-30000ove B.16000-29000 C. 7000-13000D. 17000-35000ova

Ans. :- D

31. The size of trait eggs is ranged between---------

A. 3 to4 mm B. 3.0 to4.5mm C. 2.8 to3 mm D. 4.0 to 5.3mm

Ans. :- B

32. The reported cumulative survival from egg to swim upfrywas ------------ in schizothrax

riger.

A.60% B.70% C. 40% D. 80%

Ans. :- D

33. Snow trant incubation period is 8 to 15 dayswithto --------- ofsurvival

A.60-70% B. 70-75% C.60-65% D. 50-60%

209. 206
Ans. :- C

34. For seed production of golden mahseer fish species, ahatchery unit was designed
and established by NRCCWF of----------
A.Bhimtal B.Lonwala C. both A& B D.Bhunashwar

Ans. :- C

35. Golden masher brooder size is normallyrangeof --------- mm / 500-2200 g inlake

A.350-620mm B.300-700mm C.200-400mm D. 250-430mm

Ans. :- A

36. The incubation period of golden mahseer ranged 92 and 100 hars at a water temp
of-------
A.18-20
0
C B.26-28
0
C C.19-21
0
C D. 22-24
0
C

Ans. :- D

37. Tor putitora survival rate from fertilized egg to swimming up fry was estimated-------

A.90% B. 86% C.95 % D. 75 %

Ans. :- C

38. During rearing period of golden masher water – quality parameter rangedbetween.

.Ans. :- Temp – 10. 5 – 26.5
0
C

PH – 7.1 to 7.8

D.O. – 8.2 – 11.5mqteit.
Total Alkalinity – 60 - 140mqllitre
Silicates – 1.4 – 4.5mg/litre
Phosphates – 0.0 – 0.02mg/litre
Nitrates – 12 - 15mg/litre

40. Schizothorax richordsonii males were in oozing stage in June white gravid promotes
were encounter bets ---------

210. 207
A.July-August B.June-Octo. C.July-Sept D. June-Nov.

Ans. :- A

42. The fecundity of mirror carp. wasestimatedof ------------ egg 1 kg of bodyweight.

A.1,80,500egg B. 197,403egg. C.2,14,540egg. D. 2, 24,319egg.

Ans. :- B

211. 208
Sport Fisheries

1. The world angling has been derived fromGreek

A.Angahook B.ankosglen C. barbedhook D. both B &C

Ans. :- D

2. Mahseers were so popular even with British anglers that rir.H. Ramsay stockes lakes
in kumaon Hills couth fisharound.
A.1858 B.1873 C. 1897 D. 1837

Ans. :- A

3. The mashers were farther incusedby

A. S.L.Hora (1937-43) B. Skene Dhu (1923) C. McDonald (1948) D. Koun of there

Ans. :- B

4. Sport fishes in there are basic Categories of fishing tackle-----------

A. Baitcasting B.SpinCasting C. Spinning&fly-casting D. all ofthese

Ans. :- D

5. Which of the following common name of catla-catla inHindi.

A.Kattla B.Bhakur C. Thaila D. Catla

Ans. :- B

6. Which of the following Species distributedin

A.Silvercarp B. Grasscarp C.nilgiribarb D. all ofthese

Ans. :- C

7. Which of the following common name of Nilgiri barb inTamil

A.Kooral B. Naren C.Thaila D. Khozimeon

Ans. :- D

212. 209
8. Which of the following species distributed in Orissa & south of tapti river in theentire
peninsula.
A.Tormosal B.Tortor C. Torkhudree D. all of these

Ans. :- C

9. Which of the following Species common name of Deep-bodied mohseer inMarathi

A.Badas B.Poo-meen C. Barsemasla D. Turia

Ans. :-C

10. Which of the following species are distributed in Krishna & Godavari rivers, rivers if
Kerala.
A.Tormosal B.Tormussallah C.Tortor D. Torpuititora

Ans. :-B

11. Which of the following common name of TorPuititora.

A.Pettiermasher B.Goldenmasher C.Himalayanmasher D. all ofthese

Ans. :- D

12. Which of the following Species distributed in Manipur (Commonnone)

A. PenghuCosteobromabelangeri B. Himalayan masher (Tortor)

C. Lobar(T.mosal) D. Kershaw (labeodero)

Ans. :- A

13. Which of the following scientific name of penghespecies

A.Tormosal B. Ralamas bola C.Osteobromabelengeri D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

14. Which of the following scientific name of know troutspp

A.kchizothoraichthysesocinus B. kchizothoraichthys

C.kchizothoraichthys D. Aorichsthys aor

Ans. :- A

213. 210
15. Which of the following scientific name of mallee(Punjabi)

A.Ompakpabda B.Ckupisomagarua C.Wallage atil D. none of these

Ans. :- C

16. Which of the following common name of ompakpabda

A.Buttercatfish B.Garua C.Pubda D. both A &B

Ans. :- D

17. Which of the following scientific name of Buttercatfish

A.Ompakpabda B.ompokbirmaculatus C.clupisomagarus D. Both A &B

Ans. :- D

18. Which of the following Marathi name of Ritaparimentatus

A.Goongwari B.Knirkhirya C.Ghoghrya D. all ofthese

Ans. :- C

19. Which of the following family under in Aarspp

A.Bagridae B.schilbeidae C.Luhjanidae D.Mastaeembelidae

Ans. :- A

20. Bait fishing is Used for followingspecies

A. Pangsus pangusius B.Bagariusbagarius C.Wattege attre D. All

Ans. :- D

21. Which of the following species under familyschilbeidae

A. Clupisoma garua B.Siloniasilondia C. both A& B D. non ofthese

Ans. :- A

22. Fly-lines are commonly lengthare--------

A.10-5m B.20m C. 30m D. none ofthese

Ans. :- C

23 -------------- km of rivers & streams in HimachalPradesh

A.30,000km B.3000km C.2000km D. 5000 km

214. 211
Ans. :- B

24. about ----------------- km of rivers & strems are found in Himalayan belt alongare

home to some of the world‘s Rinest sport fishes.

A.10,000km B.20,000km C. 3,000km D. 50,000km

Ans. :- A

25. Brown trouts are arailable only in smallnumbers

A.Bhagiratirivers B.Birehirivers C. Pinderrivers D. all of these

Ans. :- D

26. The best season for fishing for mahseer is spring in large rivers ofnorth

A. February– April B. Oct.– Nove. C . Jane.-may D. none ofthese

Ans. :- A

27. Which of the following best season for fishing for mahseer is autumn in smallrivers

A. February– April B. Oct.– Nove. C . both A&B D. none ofthese

Ans. :- B

28. A decline in population of purer Mahaseer has been reported from almost allrivers
& also dirge reservoirs such as--------
A.Gobindsagar B.Ranapratapsagar C.Gandhisagar D. all ofthese

Ans. :- D

29. Which of the following rivers in large populations of Tor putiora & Tortor

A.Kali B. Gauri& saryu C.Ramganga D. all of these

Ans. :- D

30. Illegal fishing using electricity in Dena river in pachmari Biosphere resavein

A.Maharashtra B. Bihar C.MadhyaPradesh D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

215. 212
31. Which of the following rivers in to totally disappeared for sludge & muscular
masheers in Maharashtra
A.Bhima B.Krishna C.Koyna D. all ofthese

Ans. :- D

32. The establishment of the National research center on coldwater fisheries at Bimetal
(Neonatal) in -----------
A.1989 B.1981 C. 1988 D. 1879

Ans. :-C

33. Firstly established hackney of Mahaseer in Bimetal ( Neonatal)
A.1989 B.1990 C. 1878 D. 1988
Ans. :-B
34. Which of the following location of Tor khudree first spawned on 8 August 1970
through striping & 15000 eggs artificially forhllzedin
A.Mumbai B.Lonavla C. Bhimtal D. both A &B

Ans. :- B

216. 213
Carp breeding and seed production

1. Induced breeding of Indian major carp in 1975 was discoveredby

A. hiralal Chaudhuri andk.H.Alikunhi B.Adward

C. both AandB D. None

Ans. :- A

2. In --------------- year first experiment on a viviparous Species for induced breedingwas

performed in

A.1927 B.1972 C. 1930 D. 1991

Ans. :- C

3. GTH-I ( Gonadomopin-I) acts on the gonads cells informationof -------- forbetter

growth of excite

A. 20 B –dilybroxy-4-pregnen-3-one B. 17Z,20B-DHP

C.17B-estrobiol D. None

Ans. :- C

4 ---------- System of seed production Contributes good quality carp seed forfreshwater

Aquaculture

A. Bundh breeding B.Inducedbreeding C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

5. Carps that donate the pituitary gland arecalled.

A.Donors B.Recipients C. both A& b D. None

Ans. :- A

6. Long form ofCPE

A. CarpExtractpituitary B. Carp pituitaryExtract

C. CentralEnvironmentalprogramme D. none

Ans. :- B

217. 214
7. The carp pituitary Extract can be stored/preserved in Glycerin & water in------------

ratio

A.3:1 B.4:1 C.1:1 D. 2:1

Ans. :- D

9. The male brood in ripe Condition is termedas---------------

A.Milter B. Milt C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

10. Milter in peak breeding Seasons yield------------

A. 1-2 ml milt/kgbodymars B. 2-4 ml milt/kg bodymars

C. 10-20 ml milt/kgbodymars D. 0.1-0.4 milt/kg bodymars

Ans. :- A

11. Common carp eggs are-------------

A.Demersal B.Pelagic C. Sticky D. None

Ans. :- C

12. Origin of Grasscarp

A.China B. Japan C. Australia D. USA

Ans. :- A

13. For breeding of Grass carp voter Speedrequire

A.2.3m/Sec B. 3-6m/Sec C. 1-2m/Sec D. 2.4-3.1m/Sec

Ans. :- A

14. For Brood raising the water depthreg.

A.1.3m B.2.5 m C. 4.2m D. 6.2m

Ans. :- A

15. Spawning & hatching units are disinfectedwith

A. 5ppm (Kmn
0
4) B.SprinkleKmn
0
4 C. 5ppm(cus
0
4) D. both B &C

Ans. :- A

218. 215
16. The circular model of hatchery was developed in chinaduring

A.1962 B.1958 C. 1960 D. 1991

Ans. :- C

17. The diameter of hatchery pool from outer sideis

A. 3-6mdiameter B. 1.0-1.5 m diameter C. 4-5 m diameterD. 16-20 m diameter

Ans. :- A

18. To remove the mucoid envelope ofcommoncarp -------------Chemical areuse

A. Kmn
0
4&cus
o
4 B. Ammonia C. Urea& Sodium D. None

Ans. :- C

19. Water temperature range for better breedingresponse.

A.5-6
0
C B.28-30
0
C C. 25-27
0
C D. 28-32
0
C

Ans. :- B

20. Eggs areloadedat----------------- eggs/m
3
ofwater

A. 7,50,000 –10,00,000eggs/m
3
B. 25,000 – 3,00000eggs/m
3


C. 50,000–10,000 D. 10,000 –20,000

Ans. :- A

21. Hatchling emerge out from eggs in 18-24 hr havelength

A. 2.5 -2.8mm B. 5 –7mm C. 6.1 –6.2mm D. 3.4 – 5mm

Ans. :- B

22. Collection of Spawnby

A. Gillnet B. boltingcloth C. both A& B D. Benchi jail

Ans. :- D

23. In ------------- year carp breeding hypophysation tednnique is established forseed

production

A.1957 B.1920 C. 1859 D. 1956

Ans. :- A

219. 216
24. The stockingof larvae ----------- Zooplankton must bedominant

A.Rotifer B.Cladocerans C.Algae D. None

Ans. :- A

25. All Cultivable majorcarps are -------------- in nature

A.Heterosexuals B.Bisexual C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- A

220. 217
Catfish breeding & Culture

1. Clarius batrachus ( Magar ) isa

A. Annual breeder(Monsoon) B. Monthly breeder C. Seasonal breeder D.none

Ans. :- A

2 --------------- is the most preferred indigenous catfish species inindia

A.Snakehead B.Wallago C. ompack D. Magur

Ans. :- D

3. Brood fishes of Magur collected from nature & stock @ 2-3 fish/m
2
in the ( 12 m X
5m X 1m) tank in themonths
A. Jan–March B. April– June C. June–Aug. D. None

Ans. :- A

4. Magur attains maturity in one year withweight

A.100-150gm B.200-250gm C.300-350gm D. 400-450gm

Ans. :- A

5. Females of magur are induced bred through Commercially avaible Synthetic
hormonei.e ------ @ 1-1.5 ml/kg
A.Ovaprim B.ovatide C.Wova-FH D. all

Ans. :-

6. magur male reguired hormonal adimistration@

A. 1-15kg/ml/kg B.2.2.5/ml/kg C.0.5-1ml/kg D. Not
required Ans. :-D
7. The yolk sac of Magur newly hatched larvae getabsorbs

A.1-2days B.2-3days C. 3-4day D. 4-5 days

Ans. :-C

221. 218
8 ----------------- Zooplankton are provided for MagurLarval

A. Artemia Artemia B.tubifeytubifey C. Molluscan meat D.all

Ans. :- D

9. for feeding of week old larva of magur the plankton/pallet size is maintainabout
A. 20-30minitial B.30-40m C. 40-50m D. 50-60m
Ans. :- D

10. Stocking density of magurlender

A.1000-2000larva/m
2
B. 2000-3000 larva/m
2


C. 3000-4000la/m
2
D. 4000-5000 lar./m
2


Ans. :- B

11. Stcking density of fry for Large scale caltare in pond &tank

A.30,000-40,000/ha B.40,000-50,000/ha C.50,000-70,000/ha D.
70,000-100,000/ha Ans. :-C
12. Heteropnenstes fossils is commonly knownas

A.Magur B.Singhi C. Catfish D. Non

Ans. :- B

13. Singh mature@

A.1
st
Year B.2
nd
Year C.10
th
month D. 7
th
month

Ans. :- A

14 ---------------density is followed to get healthy broodhusbandry

A. 2-3/m
2
B.3-5/m
2
C. 5-7/m
2
D. 1-2m
2


Ans. :- C

15. eggs of singhi is ------------ in colour & 1.4-1.6 mm indimeter

A.brown B. greenish C.white D. yellow

Ans. :- B

222. 219
16. No Parental care seenin

A.Magur B.Singhi C.tilapia D. None

Ans. :- B

17. Male Pangas is maturein

A.Iyear B. IIYear C. II toIIIyear D. IV to V year

Ans. :- C

18. diameter of Pangauius newly hatched eggis

A.2.07mm B.1.07mm C. 0.7mm D. None

Ans. :- B

20. Wallago attu attain maturityin

A.Iyear B. 2-3year C. 3-4year D.7 month

Ans. :- B

21. Ompok bimaculutus is Commonly knownas

A. Chickenfish B. butterfish C. milkfish D. gheefish

Ans. :-B

22. Mystus spp matadorin

A.Iyear B. 2-3year C. 3-4year D.10month

Ans. :- C

23. Fecundity of Mystus spp have beenestimated@ ------------------ /kg of body ht.(m.

sighelu 10,000 faddy)

A.1.5000-2000 B.2500-3000 C.3500-5000 D. none

Ans. :-C

24. Mystus Larva absorb yolkin

A. 50hrs B. 500hrs C.500min D. None

Ans. :- A

223. 220
25. Common name of Horabagrus burgchysomais

A.Suncatfish B.moonCatfish C. yellowcatfish D. both A &B

Ans. :- D

26. Common name of Clariusgariepinus

A.AfricanMagur B. Pakistani magur C.thaimagur D. chinisemagar

Ans. :-C

27 ------------ migrate estuary to river forbreeding

A.Pangus B. Mystus C. yellow fin catfish D.none

Ans. :- A

224. 221
Freshwater Prawn Breeding andCulture

1. Giant fresh water prawnis

A.M.rosenbergii B.M.Malcalmsoni C. M. idella D. All

Ans. :- A

2. Indian river prawn is

A.M.rosenbergii B.M.Malcalmoni C. M. idella D. M. idea.

Ans. :- B

3. The second largest prawn inIndia

A.M.rosenbergii B.m.Malcalmoni C. M. idells D. M. idea

Ans. :- B

4. The third largest prawnin

A.M.rosenbergii B.M.gangeticun C.M. latimanus D. M. idella

Ans. :- B

5. The hatchery technology seed production of M. Malcolmsonii was achieved in
A.1991 B.1993 C. 1995 D. 1997
Ans. :- A

6. The hatchery technology for seed production of in gangetiaum was achievedin
A.1995 B.1993 C. 1995 D. 199
Ans. :- C

7. Prawnare

A.Omnivorous B.Carnivorous C.Herbivorous D. None

Ans. :- A

8. Prawn attain maturity within --------------------------

A.3-4month B. 4-5month C. 7-8month D. 1Year

Ans. :- B

225. 222
9. In male the genital aperture present at the baseof

A. 3
rd
walkingleg B. 5
th
walkingleg. C.both D. None

Ans. :- A

10. In female genital pore is located at the baseof

A. 3
rd
walkingleg B. 5
th
walkingleg. C.both D. None

Ans. :- B

11. Color of fertilized egg in rosenbergiiis

A.Red B.Yellow C. Braun D.White

Ans. :- A

12. Fecundity of M.rosenbergeri

A. 8000– 150000 B. 6000– 8000 C.8000 -78000 D. None

Ans. :- A

13. Duration of embryonic development is about in M. rosenbergii at water temperature
26-31
0
C
A.18-25day B.25-30day C. 30-35day D. 5-10day

Ans. :- C

14. Duration of embryonic development in M. malcolmsoni at temp. 28-30
0
C
A.10-15day B.15-20day C. 20-25day D. 25-30day
Ans. :- A

15. Different techniques to rear the prawn larvae for seedproduction

A. Waterexchange system B. Green water system

C. Air lift bio filterre-circulatorysystem D. All

Ans. :- D

16. The newly hatched Zoea larvae are measuredabout

A.1.6-2.4mm B.35-45mm C. 5cm D. 6cm

Ans. :- A

226. 223
17. Seed production for completing of 1 cycle giant prawntakenaround -------------- days.

A.87days B.76days C. 69days D. 90days

Ans. :- A

18. The pond size can ideally varybetween

A. 121ha B.2-3ha C. 3-4ha D. All

Ans. :- A

19. Prawn break the feed into small pieces with the helpof

A.Rostrum B.mandibles C. Chelaeleg D. mouth

Ans. :- B

20. metamorphosis accurse at each stage of larva‘s developmentin

A.Prawn B.Shrimp C. A&B D.none

Ans. :- C

21. During metamorphosis from zoea to post larvae the process of mounting occursin
all the 3 large size prawnin
A. Sixtimes B. 7times C. 8-9times D. 10 times ormore

Ans. :- D

22. Which one iscorrect

A. The males are larger in size thanfemales.

B. The second chelae legs of males larger & strung thanfemale

C. The second peapod in the males haveappendixmasculine D. All arecorrect

Ans. :- D

23. The egg color of M.malcolmsoni

A.Yellow B. Greenish C. Red D.White

Ans. :- A

24. Fecundity of M.malcolmsonii

A.8000-78000 B.6000-80000 C.10000 D. None

227. 224
Ans. :- A

25. Duration of embryonic development in M. gangeticum at temp.28-30
0
C

A.12-13days B.20-22days C. 25-30days D. None

Ans. :- A

26. mature female willbreedlspawn ----------------- times in ayear

A. 3-4times B. 5-6times C.1times D. 10 times

Ans. :-A

27. How many brackish water required for M. gangeticum seed production
A.12-16% B.18-20% C.20-24% D. Not required
Ans. :-A
28. How many % of brackish water required for M. malcomsonii seedproduction
A.18-20% B. 12-16% C.20-24% D. Not required
Ans. :-A
29. Salinity maintained for rearing of berriedbeamless

A.5% B. 10% C. 12% D. 15%

Ans. :- A

30. The healthy larvae are attractedtowards

A.light B.dark C.colour D. None

Ans. :- A

31. Stocking density in larval rearingtank

A.100larvae/lit B.200larvae/lit C. 300larvae/lit D. 500larvae/lit

Ans. :- A

32. As the optimum hatchery aeration required temp.of

A.28-31
0
C B.31-35
0
C C.18-20
0
C D. None

Ans. :- A

228. 225
33. Requirement of protein in diet for feedin

A.30-40% B. 40-50% C.50-60% D. 60-70%

Ans. :- A

34. For larval rearing salinity will be maintain for M. rosenbergiii &gangetiaum
A.12-16% B. 18-20% C.20-25% D. Not required
Ans. :-A
35. For larval rearing salinity for M. malcolmsoniis

A.12-19% B. 18-20% C.20-25% D. Not required

Ans. :- A

36. Initially larvae feed during first weekon

A.Clado B.Copepods C. rotifers D. All

Ans. :- B

37 --------------- % of saline water is used for hatching the cyst (Artemi)

A.20-40% B. 40-50% C.10-12% D.50-60%

Ans. :- D

38. Musselmeatcontains --------------- % protein

A.60% B.70% C. 50% D. 40%

Ans. :- A

39. Incaseofinfection,larvaerearingtreatedwithantibioticsonevery3
rd
or4
th
day interval
at rateof
A. 10 &2 mg/lit B. 3-4mg/lit C. 5 mg/lit D. 5mg/lit

Ans. :- A

40. Which are not suitale for nurseryrearing

A.Earthenpond B.Concrete tank C.FRP tank D. All

Ans. :- A

229. 226
41. Stocking in nursery pond @rateof --------------- pl/eit.

A.5-10 pl//lit B. 2-3pl/lit C. 10-15pl/lit D. > 15 pl/lit.

Ans. :- A

42. Ideal pond depth for prawnallure

A. more time1-1/2m B. less Han 1-1/2mC.2m D. >2m

Ans. :- B

43. Mahua oil cake isapplied@ ------------------kg/ha to kill the unwantedlash

A.25000 B.3000 C. 4000 D. 6000

Ans. :- A

44. Stocking density inpond@ ----------- juvenile/ha

A.30000-5000 B.5000-80000 C.10000 D. 100000

Ans. :- A

45. How many % required brackish water for the M. rosenbergeii seedproduction
A.12-16% B. 18-20% C.20-24% D. Not required
Ans. :-A

230. 227
Integraterd Fish Farming

1. Which of the following is considered as a sustainable form ofaquaculture

A.WastewaterAquaculture B. Integratedaquaculture

C.Polyculture D. Monosexfarming

Ans. :- B

2. Principle behind integrated farming is---------------

A. Excessive useofferhlizers B. Culture of morethan

C. Recyclingofwaste D. Formation of algalbloom

Ans. :- C

3. Which of the following Asian country has weel developed system ofintegrated
farming.
A.India B. China C. Japan D. Thailand

Ans. :- B

4. Which of the following Europian country has well developed system of integrated
farmingsystems
A.Germany B.Britain C.France D. Italy

Ans. :- A

5. The nutrient reductase is done only which of the following groups in integrated
farmingsystems
A.PrimaryProducers B.Autotrophy C.Photographs D. Saprotrophs

Ans. :- D

6. Which of the following fish is capable of utilizing directly bacteria coated organic
parcelsmanure.
A.Silvercarp B. Commoncarp C. Rohu D. Hilsa

Ans. :- B

231. 228
7. Rate of conversion of organic wastes to the fishfeed

A. 20-30 kg/lhgoffish B. 70-50 kg/lhg offish

C. 60-70 kg/lhgof fish D. None of theabove

Ans. :- B

8. Duration of paddy – cum- fish systemis

A.10-12months B.2-3months C. 3-8months D. more than1year

Ans. :- C

9. Stocking density of paddy – cum—fish systemis

A.5000/ha B.10,000/ha C.15,000/ha D. 20,000/ha

Ans. :- B

13. Which of the following fish is most suitable for Horticulture – fish is mostsuitable

A.Rohu B. grasscarp C. Mrigal

Ans. :- C

14. Stocking density for monoculture of grass carp inHort

A.1000/ha B.5000/ha C.10000/ha D. None

Ans. :-A

15. Stocking density for polyculture in Article true fish system
A.1000/ha B.5000/ha C.10000/ha D. None
Ans. :-B
16. The food chain of Seri fishsystem

A. mulberry–fish B. Mulberry – sill fishworms

C. Mulberry – fish– Silkworm D. All arecorrect

Ans. :- B

17. Seri-fish System the dishibution of termingareis ------------------- between dikearil

pond

A. 25%and75% B.50%50% C. 75%and25% D. All arecorrect

232. 229
Ans. :- B

18. The advantage of cow manure over pig-manureis------------

A. Highorganicmutter B. High nitroglmcontent

C. Highbotashcontent D. Blow sinningrate

Ans. :- D

19. No of caltles sufficient for Cattle-fish system to for ha pondis-----------

A.5-6 B. 10-12 C. 2-3 D. 12-15

Ans. :- A

20. The per ha production for cattle – fishsystem---------

A. 35000-9000kgfish/ha B. 4000-8000 kgfish/ha

C. 1000-3000kgfish/ha D. >10000 kgfish/ha

Ans. :- A

21. Maximum organic content is foundin

A.Cattlemanure B. Pigmanure C. Chicken manure D. Goatmanure

Ans. :- D

22. Which are of the following shows the appropriate nippiest composition of cowdung?

A. Moisture organic Nilpotent phosphors potash
80-85% 14.0% 1-2% 0 0.1%
B. 60-70% 20.0% 10.3% 0.2% 0.1%
C. 80-85% 14.0% 03% 0.2% 0.1%
D. 80-85% 14.0% 0.1% 1% 0.1%

Ans. :- C

23. Which of the following has more nitrogen and phosphoruscontent.

A. Chicken manure B.Pigmanure C.Goatmanure D. Cowdung

Ans. :- C

233. 230
24. The advantage of biogas shining over red cow dungis------

A. HighMihogencontent B.Highmoisture C. High digestibility D. LowMud

Ans. :- D

25. Stocking density in pig-cum-fish farmingis

A.8000-8500fingerlivgs/ha B. 10000fingerhngs/ha

C.3000-5000fingerlings/ha D. None of theabove

Ans. :- A

26. Stocking rates for polyculture in fish-cum-Pigfarming.

Surface feeder

feeder
Colum feeder Bottom feeder Moan hegetahr
A. 40% 20% 10%-20% 20-30%
B. 10-20% 40% 10%-20% 20%
C. 40% 20% 20-30% 10-20%
D. 10-20% 20% 40% 10-20%

Ans. :- C

27. No of pigs / ha in pig-cum-fishfarming

A.20-30pigs B.40-45pigs C. 50-60pigs D. 60-70pigs

Ans. :- B

28. Dose of live in pig-cum-fishfarming

A.250-300kg/ha B. 450-500kg/ha C.500-600kg/ha D. 600-1000 kg/ha

Ans. :- A

29. Fish-Yield in pig-cum-fish farmingis----------

A. 3000-9000 kg/ha B. 5500-8000 kg/ha C. 5500-1000 kg/ha D. 1000-2000 kg/ha

Ans. :- A

234. 231
30. Fish-yield in poultry-fish system is------------

A.1000-2000kg/ha B. 2000-3000 kg/ha C. 4500-5000 kg/ha D. 5000-8000kg/ha

Ans. :- C

31. No of birds suitable for 1ha farmis--------

A. 500 B.1000 C. 5000 D. 10000

Ans. :- B

32. The main advantage of Duck-cum-fish integration than other farming is---------

A. Duck manure ishighlymotive B. Duck manure has lowBOD

C. Duck provides aeration topondwater D. All arecorrect

Ans. :- C

33. No of ducks sufficient to provide aerates to 1ha pondis

A.500-600 B.450-500 C. 200-300 D. 300-400

Ans. :- B

34. The feed of duckcontains

A. Poultry feed & rice gem1:2 rating B. Poultry feed & GNC 1:1rating

C. GNC & rice from1:1 rating D. All may befeel

Ans. :- A

35. Feeding rate of diets in duck-cum-fish farming when supplementary feed is usedis

A. 100gfeed/bird/day B. 200-300gfeed/bird/day

C.300-400gfeed/bird/day D. None

Ans. :-A

36. Protein content fish or cum grown of ducklings and layers is respeehuely
A. 15%and17% B. 20%and25% C. 17%and15% D. 25% and 20%
Ans. :-C

235. 232
37. Yield of fish- cum-duelforming------------

A.1000-2000kg/ha/yr B. 3000-4000kg/ha/yr

C.5000kg/ha/yr D. 8000kg/ha/yr

Ans. :- B

38. The advantage of rabbit manure over cow dungis

A. Highorganiccavort B. Highnitrogen

C.Highphosphors D. All arecorrect

Ans. :- D

39. The no of gouts required per ha ofpond?

A.50-60 B. 70-80 C.90-100 D. 100-150

Ans. :- A

40. The mien constraints of integrated fish farming is------------

A. Marketing offarm products B. No use of largest technology andmanagement
priceless
C.Inadequateexperience D. All arecorrect.

Ans. :- D

236. 233
Wastwater Aquaculture

1. Wastewater is common practical in many part of Asia and was also knownin--------

A.French B.MedievalEurope C. both A& B D. none

Ans. :- B

2. Sewage fed fishery is economically &attractive

A. Intensivefishfarming B. Extensivefishfarming C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

3. Sewage-fed fishery was Developedin

A.Germany B.Philippians C. China D. All

Ans. :- A

4. Sewage-fed fishery was developed by Germanyin

A. only 19
th
century B. Attar19
th
century C. end of19
th
century D. None

Ans. :- C

5. Sewage are mostly present inproblem

A.heavymetal. B.toxicsubstance C. toxicitytofish D. All

Ans. :- D

7. Wastewater fish culture is beneficialfore

A. Production of fishB. Tradesmen ofwastewater C. both A&B D.None

Ans. :- C

8. Beheries are stockedin

A.Fry B.Fingerling C.Spaern D. All

Ans. :- B

9. The bheries are the generally stockingdensityis ------- -- ./ hectare

A.5000-7000 B.7000-10000 C.10000-15000 D. 15000-above

Ans. :- B

237. 234
10. The name of pathogenicbacteria

A.Staphylococcussp B. Streptococcus sp C.Pseudomonassp D. All

Ans. :- D

13. Which are the problems related to sewage fed culturesystems

A. Accumulation of silt and his organic matter at pondbottom

B. Incidence of parasites and fishdisease

C. Accumulation of heavy metal inthesystem D. All ofthese

Ans. :- D

14. BOD values of raw domestic sewage generally vary between-----and ---------- mg/liter.

A. 140 &430mg/liter B. 150 & 400mg/liter

C. 200 &400mg/liter D. 100 & 250mg/liter

Ans. :- B

15. Photosynthetic activity of algaeincreases

A. oxygen balanceofpond B. Lowering BOD values ofpond-water

C. both A& B D. OnlyA

Ans. :- C

16 --------- Waste water used in the fish tank in china more than 4000 Yearago.

A.Earthworm B.Silkworm C.Sludgeworm D. All

Ans. :- B

17. Which countries are raising fish in wastewater for humanconsumption

A.Germany B. Israel C. China D. All

Ans. :-

18. These used of municipal waste water in Aquaculture had staged massivelyduring
A.1970 B.1960 C. 1950 D. 1976
Ans. :- C

238. 235
19----------& ------------- are most prominent species cultured in waste wateraquaculture

system

A.Silvercarp B. Grass carp C.Bigheadcarp D. both A &C

Ans. :- D

20. The ---------- will produces a bulk of fish from waste water ecosystem but notfor

human consumption

A.China B.Israel C. USA D. Germany

Ans. :- C

21. The main species that are being cultured in Israelis

A.Grass carp B.Commoncarp C.Bigheadcarp D. both B &C

Ans. :-D

23. The pond were stocked with silver carp and common carp at------to --------- / ha

A.3500-4000 B.4000-4500 C.500-25000 D. None

Ans. :- A

24 --------------- is one of the largest wastewater fed aquaculture system in the world,next

Kolkata

Ans. :- Munich (233ha)

25. In which state almost 80% of sewage-fed fish arelocated

A.Bihar B.West-Bengal C. U.P D. A.P.

Ans. :- B

26. One of the major sewage irrigated fisheries in Kolkata popularly knownas

Ans. :- Vidhydari spill area is presently known as salt lake

27. What is SWF?

A. Salt water& low B. sludgewaterflow C. Strom waterflow D. None

Ans. :- C

239. 236
28. What is DWF?

A. Drywaterflow B. Drainagewaterflow C. Dry water filter D. Dry weatherflow

Ans. :- D

240. 237
Cage And Pen Culture

1. The cage culture first originated in early 200 year agoin---------

A.Japan B.Combodia C.Philipines D. China

Ans. :- B

2. Firstly cultured finfish sp in cagesis

A.Clariussp B. Mugilsp C. Lates sp. D. Ictasurmssp

Ans. :- A

3. Cage culture in open water body isoriginatedfrom -------------- n 1950

A.China B. Philippines C.Indonesia D. Japan

Ans. :- D

4. In India, cage culture was attempted for the firsttimein ------------ fishes in swamps.

A. IMC B.Exotic carp C.Airbreathing D. None

Ans. :- C

5. Which of the following has more recenthistory?

A.Pondculture B. Cageculture C.Pen culture D. Racewayculture

Ans. :- C

6. Pen culture isstartedin --------------- n early1920

A.Japan B.Philipires C. Indonesia D. China

Ans. :- A

7. The area of swamps, beels and other derelict water bodies in Indiais

A. 0.28millionha B. 0.38millionha C. 0.58 millionha D. 0.78 millionha

Ans. :- D

8. The intensive culture is more conventionally practiced in----------

A.Pond B.cage C. pen D. All of theabove

Ans. :- B

241. 238
9. How much quantity of energy is converted into fishflesh..

A.20% B.30% C. 40% D. 50%

Ans. :- B

10. Which of the ingredients can reduce the cost offeed….

A.CrudeProtein B. Digestible carbohydrate C.liquidrat D. both B &C

Ans. :- D

11. Fat may be added in the diet at------------

A.0-5% B. 5-10s% C. 10-15% D. 15-20%

Ans. :- B

12. Which of the following fish can utilize morecarbohydrate?

A.Phytoplankters B.Macroplanktionfeeders C.Carnivorous D.None

Ans. :- A

13 ------------- has been accepted as the most appropriate type of cage forIndian

condition.

A.FloatingCages B.FixedCages C. Bom A& B D. Collar

Ans. :- A

14. Which of the following is not a method of erection of pens?

A.Wetmethod B. drymethod C. Semi-dry method D.None

Ans. :- C

15. Cage frame is ------------

A. Support tocagebag B. Workplatform

C. maintaining shapeof bag D. All of theabove

Ans. :- D

16. Which of the following material is commonly used for penconstruction

A. HDPE–monofilament B. PE-monofilament

C. HDPE–multifilament D. PE-multifilament

242. 239
Ans. :- A

17. Ideal mesh size for rearing of spawn to fry in pens is---------------

A.30mesh/cm B.40mesh/cm C.50mesh/cm D. 60mesh/cm

Ans. :- B

18. Ideal cage bag depth for most fresh water fishesis

A.0.5-0.9m B.0.9-1.6m C. 1.7-2m D. None

Ans. :- B

19. The dynamic force acting on floating framewok are principally---------

A.Horizontal B. Vertical C. Tangential D. All

Ans. :- A

20. For effective control of pens Individual area shouldbe

A.>7500m
2
B.>1000m
2
C. >1500m
2
D. >2000m
2


Ans. : A

21. Water bodies for pen construction may bedivided into ------------ category

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Ans. :- B

22. Season for rearing of seed culture of IMC in cages & pens is---------

A.Jan.-Feb. B. June.-July C.July-Sept. D. All

Ans. :- C

23. State true offalse

―Production of seed in pens is easier than in cages‖

A.True B. False

Ans. :- A

24. Mostly, pen in India used torear------------

A. Spawntofry B. Fry toFingerlings

C. Spawn to fry to fingerling toadultfish D. All

243. 240
Ans. :- A

25. Which of the following is feedbinder….

A.Wheatflour B. Sodium alginate C. Starch D. All

Ans. :- D

26. Fishes from pens are harvested sby---------

A. Gillnet B. Scoopnet C. Seinenet D. None

Ans. :- C

244. 241
Ornamental Fish breeding and culture

1. The hobby of ornamental fish Keepingisnearly ------------ year old on India

A. 40 B.60 C.70 D. 80

Ans. :- C

2. Which country is the Largest market of the ornamentalfishes

A.Singapore B. India C. USA D. Thailand

Ans. :- C

3. Popular Varieties of tropical ornamental fishes areonlyabout ------------- cmLong.

A.3-4cm B.4-5 cm C. 5-6cm D. 6-9 cm

Ans. :- A

4. Fertilization is internal and the development takes place in the body of themother

A.Oviparous B. Ovoviparous/Viviparous C.Livebearers D. both A&B

Ans. :- B

5. Egg Layers with no care fishes is knownas

A.Guarders B.non-guarders C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- B

6. Egg Layers with care is known as --------------

A.Guarders B.Non-guarders C.bothA&B D. None

Ans. :- A

7. Zebra danio originatedform

A.India B.Singapore C.Thailand D. USA

Ans. :- A

8. The species Betta splendens popularly knownas

A. Siamesefightingfish B. prettytetra C. lemontetra D. both B&C

Ans. :- A

245. 242
9. Scientific Name of Angel fish is--------------

A. Gymnocorymbus temetizi B.Pterophyllumscalare C. Hyphessobrycon sp D.None

Ans. :- B

10. Scientific name of Dwarf gaurami is------------------

A. Colisa fasciatus B.ColisaLalia C.Lemontetra D. None

Ans. :- B

11. Scientific name of kissing gourami is------------------

A.Prettytetra B. Siamesefightingfish C.Holostomatemmincki D. Colisa fasciitis

Ans. :- C

12. The species of Livebearers is------------

A. Poeciliarectaculata(guppy) B. Poecilia sphenops (blackmolly)
C . Xiphophorus helleri(Swordtail) D. All
Ans. :- D

13. Scientific name of guppy is--------------

A. .Poeciliareticulata B.Poeciliasphenops C . Xiphophorus helleri D. None

Ans. :- A

14. Origin of Poecilia reticulatafrom-----------

A.SouthAmerica B. NorthofAmerica C. both AandB D. None

Ans. :- C

15. Scientific name of sword fail is----------

A.Xiphophorushelleri B. Poecilia sphenops

C.Cyprinuscorpio D. Poecilia reticulata

Ans. :-

246. 243
16. Which ornamental species is control disease carrying mosquitos (by eating the
larvae)
A.Blackmolly B.Goldfish C.Guppy D. All

Ans. :- C

17. Male guppy may reachupto ------------- cm inlength

A.2.5-3.5cm B.6.5-7.6cm C.3.2-4.2cm D. 7.5-9.5cm

Ans. :- A

18. Ideal mass breeding tank size of guppy is--------------

A.100cmX100cmX60cm B.120cmX100CmX50cm

C.100cmX90cmX80cm D.130cmX100cmX40cm

Ans. :- A

19. Adult Live bearers of plates andswordtailtake -----------weeks formature

A.5-6weeks B.10-12weeks C. 15-20weeks D. 6-8 weeks

Ans. :- D

20. Mollies arematurein --------------- weeks

A.12-16weeks B.14-17weeks C.20-22weeks D. 21-24weeks

Ans. :- A

21. Gestation period of platies, swardtail and mollies is---------------

A.8weeks B.4weeks C. 6 weeks D. 9weeks

Ans. :- B

22. Guppy Poecilia rectaculata give thebirthof ----------- youngones

A.10-15 B. 20-100 C.200-300 D. 150-200

Ans. :- B

23. The eggs are fertilized out side the body of female which is called------------

fertilization

A.External B.Internal C. A and B D. All

247. 244
Ans. :- A

24. Scientific name of zebra danio is-----------

A.Brachydaniorerio B. Brachydanioalbalineatus

C.Danioaequipinnatus D. None

Ans. :- A

25. Gold fish are considered as eggscatteredLaying -------------- type eggs.

A.Adhesive B.Non-adhesive C. Sticy D. A&C

Ans. :- D

26. Gold fisheggsare ----------- in nature

A. Sticky B. Non-sticky C.Non-adhesive D. All

Ans. :- A

27. Scientific name of slender rasbora is--------------

A.Rasboradaniconius B. Rasbora heteromorphas

C.Rasboraponciperforata D. None

Ans. :- A

28. Scientific Name of killi fish is--------------

A.Aplocheliuspanchax B. A.Lineatus C. A.blochii D. None

Ans. :- A

29. Origin of Angels fish is---------------

A. South America (Amezonregion) B. southAfrica

C.Thailand D. Singapore

Ans. :- A

30. Native of black knife fish is------------

A.India B.Thailand C. Singapore D. USA

Ans. :- A

248. 245
31. Achievement of successful breeding and Larva‘s rearing of yellow cat fish and spiny
eel have been made by the-------------
A. CIBA B. CIFA C. CIFE D. CMFRI

Ans. :- B

32. During pre-breeding stage the fishes canbefed ---------------- feed.

A.bludwarm B.tubifex C. brineshrimp D. All

Ans. :- D

33. Too much animal protein some timecancouse -------- in thetissue

A.Digestiveupset B. Fat degeneration C. Aand B D. Mineraldegeneration

Ans. :- C

34 -------------- are also used to control the plantsgrowth

A.Antibiotics B.hormones C. Nutrient D. A andB

Ans. :-D

249. 246
Shrimp Seed Production

1. Major input for suecessive shrimp farmingare

A.seed B. Feed C.Fertilizer D. A andC

Ans. :- D

2. Studies on the Life history of P. japonicas was initiatedin

A.Japan(1533) B.Australia C.USA(1933) D. None

Ans. :- A

3. Which of the following led to best successful rearing of P.Japonicas

A. Pure culture ofskeletomacostatwn B. Pure culture ofArtemia

C. Mass cultureofalgae D. None

Ans. :- A

4. Community culture method is done in shrimp larval rearingis

A.Japanesesystem B.Galvestonmethod C. Small scalesystem

D.All Ans. :-A

5. High density larval rearing of shrimpin

A.Japanmutton B.Galvestonsystem C. Smallscale system D. All

Ans. :- B

6. Which of the following hatchery known as Backhandhatchery

A.Japanesehatchery B.Galvestonhatchery C. Lwo density rearinghatchery

D. All Ans. :- C

7. Survival raterangingfrom --------- from nipple to post larval in Galvestenmethod

A.60-80% B. 0-90% C. 20-40% D. None

Ans. :- A

250. 247
8. In India nearing of shrimp larvae under controlled was started in theexperimental
scale in
A.CMFRI(1975) B.CIFRI(1950 C. CIBA (1975) D. CIFE (1975)

Ans. :- A

9. TASPARC & OSPARC large scale shrimp hatcheries establishby

A.CMFRI B. CIBA C. MPEDA D. All

Ans. :- C

10. TASPARC shrimp hatchery locatedin

A. AP B.Orissa C.TN D.WB

Ans. :- A

11. OSPARC shrimp hatchery locatedin

A. AP B.Orissa C. Kerala D.WB

Ans. :- B

12. Which of the following unfertilized system of rear ofshrimp

A.Galvestonsystem B. Japanese system C. low density natural rearingsystem

D. None Ans. :- A

13. Inshore open wells are suitable in areas where wave actionis-----------

A.Min B. More C.Optimum D. Absent

Ans. :- B

14. If sea water is drawn from intertidal bore wells or inshore wells then water willbe

A. Contain suspendedparticles B. Free from sus pended particles C. Both D.None

Ans. :-B

15. For disinfectant of water in shrimp hatchery, the usual rear of chlorine doses is-------

------ active chlorine

A.5-20ppm B.20-50ppm C.1-2ppm D. 5-50ppm

Ans. :- A

251. 248
16. Excess chlorine should be neutralizedusing

A.Sodiwnhypochlorine B.Sodiumthiosulphate C.EDTA D. All

Ans. :- B

17. Food of mysis and post larval stages ofshrimp

A.Artenia B.Chactoceros C. Skeletorema D. None

Ans. :- A

18. In spawning tank shrimp is fedwith

A. Clan,mussel,squid B. Artemia(onetime) C.No Feeding D. A&B

Ans. :- C

19. Light intensity for induced maturation ofshrimp

A.100lux B.1000lux C. 10lux D. 100-1000 lux

Ans. :- A

20. Photoperiod for induced maturationsystem

A. 12 hrs light 12hrdark B. 18hr light : 6 hrdark

C. 20 hrlight:4hrdark D. 4 hr light : 20 hrdark

Ans. :- A

21. Which of the following state is used for larva rearingtank

A.PL5 B.PL10 C.PL20 D. P15

Ans. :- A

22. ----------- is the best way of ablating eye stalk ofshrimp

A.Electrocauterization B. usingscissor C. Incision&Pincher D. All

Ans. :- A

23. During induce maturation feed provided at the rateof

A. 4 timein day B.1time C.2time D. Nofeed

Ans. :- A

252. 249
24. Stocking density of nauplii should be essentially be usedfrom

A.50nos/line B. 100nas/line C.200nos/line D. 150nos/line

Ans. :- A

25. Artemia nauplii should be essential be usedfrom

A.Nauplii B.MysisI C. Mysis IIonward D. All

Ans. :- C

26. Onlynutritionallysuspensor ---------------- should be used as feed of larval rearingtank

A. InstarInauplii B. Instar II C. InstarIII D. All

Ans. :- A

27. In female (P.Monodon) genital aperture located at the base of the coaxof

A.3
rd
periopod B.5
th
periopod C.2
nd
periopod D. 1
st
periopod

Ans. :- A

28. Unilateral eyestalk ablation ispracticesat ---------- stage

A. Earlymatwringstage B. Immature stage C. Late nature stage D. Maturestage

Ans. :- A

29. In male of P. monodon, petasma is presentin

A.1
st
pleopod B.3
rd
pereipod C.5
th
pereiopod D. 2
nd
pleopod

Ans. :- A

30. In male of P. monodon, gonopore presentat

A. 3
rd
walkingleg. B. 5
th
walkingleg. C. 1
st
swimming leg.D. 2
nd
walkingleg.

Ans. :- B

31. In P.monodon

A. Hard shelled male mates with freshly moultedfemale

B. Soft shelled male mates with chard shelledfemale

C. Hard shelled male mates with Hard shelledfemale

253. 250
D. Soft female mates with softmale.

Ans. :- A

32. In species of prawn having open thelycum, mating usually takes placebetween

A. Hard shelled male & hardshelledfemale B. Hard shelled male & sogtfemale

C. Soft male & hardshelledfemale D. Soft male softfemale.

Ans. :- A

33. Fecundity range of P. monodonfrom

A.2-10lakh B.10-20lakh C. 1-2 lakh D. None

Ans. :- A

34. Fertilized egg iscalled

A.zygote B.embryo C. morula D.blastula

Ans. :- A

35. Flow Cytometry is method used formonitoring

A.Inbatronperiod B. Fertilization rate C.Spawningrate D. None

Ans. :- B

36. Which of the following non feeding larval stage of p.monodon

A.Mauplius B. musis C.Protozoea D. All

Ans. :- A

37. Which of the following larval stage do not show attraction tolight

A. 3
rd
stage mysis &postlarvae B. Nauplius &protozoeal

C. 1
st
stage mysis&protozoa D. All

Ans. :- A

38. Which of the following oblation isrecommended

A. unilateral eyestalk ablationB. bilateraleyestalkablation C.Both D. None

Ans. :- A

254. 251
39. The instant between eyestalk ablation spawning is referred toas

A.latencyperiod B.Incubationperiod C. gastablon peniod

D.All Ans. :-A

40. Which of the following secrete the moultinghormone

A.Y-organ B.Xorgan C. both D. Non

Ans. :- A

41. Main cause of non fertilization in P.monodon

A. lack ofpropernutrition B. lack of spermatophore in thethelycum

C. lack of aptinum environmental faetor D. None

Ans. :- B

43. Water flow in maturation tank for Broodstock maintenance is----------

A.10lit/min B. 2 lit/min C. 20 lit/min D. 4lit/min

Ans. :- A

44. In India, pearled shrimp farming in Brackish water impoundment was an age old
practice in
A. west B, & jeraka B. TN & practice in C. AP & TN D. Kerala & Karnataka

Ans. :- A

45. Which of the following is chelatingagent

A.EDTA B.Sodiumthiosulphate C. CaCo3 D. Sodiumsulphate

Ans. :- A

46. Which of the following aquatic resources situated above all mean sea levelis

A.Himalayas B.sub-Himalayanzone C. Mountainofpecan D. All

Ans. :- D

255. 252
Shrimp Farming

1. The vast coastline length ofIndiais --------- km

A.8129km B.7118km C.8729km D. 8525km

Ans. :- A

2 ------------------------ is the major river systems in thecountry

A. 10 B.12 C.13 D. 14

Ans. :- D

3. What is the total area of estuarine of India

A. 3.5millionha B. 3.9million ha C. 0.4millionha D. 1.2 millionha

Ans. :- B

4. What is the total area of backwater inIndia

A. 3.5millionha B. 4.9million ha C. 0.4millionha D. 1.2 millionha

Ans. :- A

5. What is the total area of mangroves inIndia

A. 3.5millionha B. 7.9million ha C. 0.4millionha D. 1.2 millionha

Ans. :- C

6. What is the total area of brackish water aquaculture inIndia

A. 3.5millionha B. 5.9million ha C. 0.4millionha D. 1.2 millionha

Ans. :- D

7. The total aguaculture production ofworldwas-------------- million meteric tones inthe

year of 2002

A3.40 .B. 39.80 C.40.80 D. Allabove

Ans. :- B

8. The total contribution of fresh wateraquacultureis ------------- %

A.57.7% B. 36.5% C. 5.8% D. 15.9%

256. 253
Ans. :- A

9. The total contribution marinewateris ---------------- %

A.57.7% B. 36.5% C. 5.8% D. 15.9%

Ans. :- B

10. The total contribution of brackish wateraquacultureis -------------- %

A.57.7% B. 36.5% C. 5.8% D.15.9%

Ans. :- C

11. In value terms contribution from brackish wateraquaculturewas ------- whichwas

15.9% of the total value of the world aquaculture production US$.

A.7.57billion B.8.57billion C.9.57billion D. 9.95billion

Ans.:- B

12. The species of crustaceans groups contributed ---------- % byvalueand ------------ % by

value of the total world aquaculture production in

A. 3%and 16% B. 4%and 18% C. 5%and20% D. 6% and22%

Ans. :- B

13. The Penaeus monodon is contribute theproductionis ---------- tonnes (billion)

A. 385,544 tonnes(US$2.3billion) B. 221,433 tonnes (US$1.1billion)

C. 514,887 tonnes(US$3.2billion) D. None

Ans. :- C

14. The common name of Penaeus vannami is--------------

A.Whiteprawn B.tiger prawn C. Whiteleg shrimp D. flowershrimp

Ans. :- C

15. The P. chinensis has phenomenal growth from--------to ----------- tonnes duringthe

last 10 Years.

A. 500 to600thousand B. 64,000 to 386,000 C. Neither AandB D. Allabove

Ans. :- B

257. 254
16. The total aquaculture production ofindiais -------- million tonnes

A.39.80 B.2.2 C. 3.5 D. None

Ans. :- B

17. The total brackish water shrimp production in India contributesaboutto -------------- %

A.10% B. 5% C. 20% D. 25%

Ans. :- B

18. The total potential brackish water area is--------

A.150,00ha B.150,0000ha C. 150,000ha D. 150,00000ha

Ans. :- C

19. In India brackish water aquaculture is traditionallypracticed in ---------- state

A.West Bengal B.Kerala C. GoaandKarnataka D. Allabove

Ans. :- D

20. The traditional system of brackish water aquaculture in west Bengal is knownas

A.Gheris B.Kharlands C. Pokkalifields D. Bheris

Ans. :- D

21. The Bheri fishery locally knownas

A.Pokkalifields B.Kharlands C.bhasabhadhafishery D. All

Ans. :- C

22. The perennial berries aquaculture an average productionisabout ----------- kg /hawith

shrimpcontributing ----------- % of the totalproduction.

A. 100-250 kg/haand10-15% B. 200-250 kg/ha and20-25%

C. 250-300 kg/ha and30-35% D. 250-400 kg/ha and40-45%

Ans. :- B

23 ------------ is the total area of traditional system forculture

A.22,000ha B.44,000ha C. 55,000ha D. 66,000ha

Ans. :- B

258. 255
24. The traditional system of brackish water aquaculture in Kerala is known as-------

A.Gheris B.Kharlands C.Pokkalifields D. Bheris

Ans. :- C

25. In perennial fields shrimp culture is carried out throughout the year using----------

A. trap and culture method B. trappingtidewater C. Neither A&B D. None

Ans. :- A

26. Paddy variety used for rotational rice fish culture in brackish water ofKerala.

A.Khazan B.Gheries C. Pokkali D. All

Ans. :- C

27 ---------- in total area of paddy shrimp culturesystem

A.44,000ha B.11,300ha C. 2,500ha D. 3,000ha

Ans. :- B

28. The traditional system of brackish water aquaculture in Karnataka is known as ------

A.Gheris B.Kharlands C.Khazan D. Bheris.

Ans. :- B

29 ---------- is total area of Kharlands for shrimp culturesystem

A.2,500-3,000ha B. 3,000ha C.4,500-5,000ha D. 5,500-6,000ha

Ans. :- A

30. The traditional system of brackish water aquaculture in Goa is knownas

A.Gheris B.Bheris C.Kharlands D. KhazanLands

Ans. :- D

31. The Production of kharlsand shrimp cultureislow ------------ ha

A.20-30kg/ha B.30-30kg/ha C. 50-50kg/ha D. 60-60kg/ha

Ans. :- C

259. 256
32. The tide –fed traditional culture system is the stocking density is kept between------

& ------ ha

A.20,000-40.000ha B.40,000-60,000ha C.50,000-70,000ha D. All

Ans. :- B

33. In extensive system of culture in feedingiswith ------------ diets

A.highprotein B. Lowprotein C. medium protein D. Noncorrect

Ans. :- A

34. The stocking density of semi-intensive culture systemis----------

A.1-2lakh/ha B.1-3lakh/ha C. 1-4 lakh/ha D. 1-5
lakh/ha Ans. :-B
35. ------------- is not being practiced inindia-----

A. Extensive B.intensive/supra-intensiveC.semi-intensive D. modified intensive

Ans. :- B

36. Brackish water fish farming was instituted by the ICAR in1973.

A. National Agricultural technology project. B. All India coordinated Research project

C. National Agricultural trainingprogramme

D. Agricultural technology for managementAgency

Ans. :- B

37. The Central inland fisheries research institute in situatedin

A.Mumbai B.manglore C. Bhuvaneshewar D.Barackpore

Ans. :-D

38. The main center for CIFRI was locatedat----------

A.Maharashtra B.Kakdwip C.WestBengal D. A andC

Ans. :- D

260. 257
39. The MPEDA meansof

A. marine programme Export Developmentagency

B. marine product Export developmentauthority

C. Marine Processing ExperiencedevelopmentAgency D. Allabove.

Ans. :-B

40. The area of shrimp farming is ---------- ha in 1990increasedto ---------- ha in2004.

A. 65,000 hato150,000ha B. 70,000 ha to 160, 000ha

C. 80,000 ha to170,000 ha D. None

Ans. :- A

41. The total production of shrimp farming isincreasedabout----------------- during1990-04

A. 25,000 meteoric tonnes to 115,000 metric tonnes B. 35,000 metric tonnes to
115,000 metrics tonnes
C. both AandB D. None

Ans. :- B

42 -------------- Year due to white spot shrimp disease outbreak in thecountry.

A.1990 B.1993 C. 1994 D. 1995

Ans. :- D

43. The Productivity at present in shrimp formsisaround ----------- kg/ha/Year

A.600 B.700 C. 800 D. 900

Ans. :- B

44. The potential area of shrimp farming is west Bengal during 2003-04 is
A.31,600ha B.405,000ha C.56,000ha D. 18,500ha
Ans. :-B
45. The potential area of shrimp farming in Maharashtra during 2003-04
A.60,000ha B.70,000ha C. 800 D. 80,000ha
Ans. :-D

261. 258
46 --------------- % available potential shrimp farming in Maharashtra during 2003-04is

A.1.68% B.1.60 C. 0.60% D. 13.8

Ans. :- B

47. The Judgement of the Apex courtpassedin --------- Year permitted onlytraditional

and improved tradition systems of forming within the CRZ aera.

A.1990 B.1993 C. 1995 D. 1996

Ans. :- D

48 ------------- % of the potential area available has been brought under shrimpfarming

A.10% B.15% C. 20% D. 25%

Ans. :- B

49. The total marine food export in the country hasgrownenormously --------------- crore in

94-95

A.6,090Crore B. 3,500Crore C. 7,090 Crore D. 4,500Crore

Ans. :- B

50. The total marine food export in the country hasgrownenormously -------------- crorer in

2003-04

A.6,090Crore B. 3,500Crore C.7,090Crore D.

4,500Crore Ans. :-A

51. The 2003-04, 66% of the total marine food exportsestimatedall --------------- crore

were contributed by shrimps

A.3,5000Crore B. 6,090Crore C. 4,013 Crore D. Allabove

Ans. :- C

52. In 2003-04 cultured shrimps contributed--------

A.3,500Crore B.6,090Crore C. 3,348 Crore D. 4,013 Crore

Ans. :- C

262. 259
53. The common Name of Penaeus chinesisis

A. White leg shrimp B.Fleshyprawn C. Flowershrimp D. Whiteprawn

Ans. :- B

54. In shrimp farming in india is restricted to monoculture of----------------

A.Penaeusmonodon B.Penaeus chinensis C.Penaeusvannamei D. All

Ans. :- A

55. The shrimp farming ofindiain -----------------% of theproduction

A.90% B.95% C. 100% D. 10%

Ans. :- B

56. The central research institutes under the ICAR had initiated studies on the
maturation and breeding of shrimps in the early serenities and an experiencedhatchery
was established by the-
A. CIFE B.CIFRI C. CMFRI D. CIFT

Ans. :- C

57. During the late eighties, large scale hatchery technology was demonstrated atthe
TASPARC and OSPARC b y the----------
A.MPEDA B. MFA C. both a & bD. None Ans. :-A

58. The total number of shrimp hatcheries inIndia---------

A.350 B.351 C. 361 D. 371

Ans. :- B

59. The shrimp hatcheries are operational with a total production capacity of--------

PL/20 years

A.11.3billion B.11.0billion C. 14.3billion D.

11.4billion Ans. :-C

263. 260
60. The total production capacity is obtained in shrimp hatcheries of Maharashtrastate--

A.40million B.345million C. 321million D. 537million

Ans. :- B

61. The annual production capacity of shrimp feed isabout---------

A.1.1lakh/tones B.1.5lakh/tones C.1.9lakh/tones D. All

Ans. :- B

62. The detailed studies on the nutritional requirements of shrimps P. monodonand

Fenneropenaeus indicus have been carried out by ---------

A. CIFE B. CIBA C. CIFT D. CIFRI

Ans. :- B

63. Which types of antibiotics used in shrimp health management inponds.

A.Chlrophencol B.Tetracycline C. Oxyteteracycline D.All

Ans. :- D

64. What is diethylstilbestrol?

A.Proboscis B.Antibiotics C.Anti-oxidant D. None

Ans. :- B

65. What isWSSV?

A. White symptomsyndromeviral B. White symptom systemvolvax

C. White spotesyndrome reruns D. Allabove

Ans. :- C

66. The CIBA has developedarapid-diagnostic------------- test

A.Immunologicaltest B. ECG test C. both AandB D. PCRtest

Ans. :- D

67 -------- total number of PCR labs are available in maritimestates.

A. 80 B.87 C.88 D.89

Ans. :- B

264. 261
68. The Biological and chemical oxygen demands of wastewater are indications of the--

A. Level of Microbial and chemical interaction B. Level of Sartorial and biological
interaction.
C. Level of nutrients andorganicinteraction D. Level of nutrients andinorganic
interaction
Ans. :- A

69. The lime application is usefulin

A. Veduces the pHof soil B. Commenting the pH ofsoil

C. Fluctuating the pHofsoil D. Allabove

Ans. :- B

70. The pH range of soil is notbelow-----------

A.7.2 B.7.5 C.7.8 D. 8.5

Ans. :- B

71. The basal dose of lime is applied in hatchery isabout--------

A.200-400kg/ha B.300-500kg/ha C.400-600kg/ha D. None

Ans. :- B

72. The post larva dependonthe --------- food

A.artificial B.Natural C.Palliated D. Freeze-dried

Ans. :- B

73. The organic manures to be applied depend ontheorganic ----------- content of the soil

A.Carbon B.Nitrogen C.Phosphorus D. All

Ans. :- A

74. The stocking density of ---------- nos/m
2
in only permitted depending on the location
of the farm in relation toCRZ
A.2-10nos/m
2
B.4-10 nos/m
2
C.6-10nos/m
2
D. 8-10nos/m
2


Ans. :-C

265. 262
75. The daily requirement of feed can be split in to smaller rationsandfed --------- time a

day

A.2-4 B. 4-6 C. 6-8 D. 8-10

Ans. :- B

76. The disease manifestation in shrimps occurs when equilibriumbetween

A.host B.pathogen C.environment D. All

Ans. :- D

77. Aerationthrough ------------- types of aerators can be resorted to in times of lowD.O

A.Surefaceaerators B. Paddlewheelaerators C. diffuser aerators D.Nozzle

Ans. :- B

78 ---------- countries in large areas under mangroves have been converted intobrackish

water farms.

A.philippines B.Thailand C. Malaysia&Indonesia D. All

Ans. :-D

79. The Government of india had initiated a scheme on conservation and management
of mangroveareasin -------------- year much before the development of shrimp farming.
A.1986-87 B. 1990-1991 C.1995-2000 D. 2000-2009

Ans. :- A

80 ------------- the mangrove areas were identified for intensiveconservation

A. 10 B.12 C.14 D. 15

Ans. :- D

81. In Andhra Pradesh according to the estimats of state fisheries department about---

hectares of agricultural Lands in freshwater and brackish water areas have been
converted for aquaculture.
A.40,000 B.50,000 C. 60,000 D. 70,000

Ans. :- B

266. 263
82. The joint study conducted by the CIBA and CIFE has rvealed that in---

A. Andhra Pradesh B.TamilNadu C. both A& C D. None

Ans. :- C

83 ----------- % of the agricultural Land has been converted in to shrimpfarms

A.7.5-10% B.12.5-15% C.20.5-25% D. 13.5-20%

Ans. :- B

84. The ------------- has conducted case studies on soil salinization in AndhraPradesh

and Tamil nadu to as certain level of salinization in the vicinity of shrimp farms.

A. CIFE B.CMFRI C. CIBA D. CIFT

Ans. :- C

85. The BOD level of waste water in shrimpfarmis --------------mg/litre

A.4.0-10.2 B.0.03-1.24 C. 3.0-9.2 D. 4.0-9.5

Ans. :- A

86. The COD level of Extensive shrimpcultureis -------------- mg/libe

A.31.0 B.22.8 C. 30.30 D. All

Ans. :- A

87. The phosphate level of semi-intensive culture is-------------

A.1.05 B.0.12 C. 4.11 D.

None Ans. :-B

89. The exploitation of natural seed was at highest in----

A.W.Bengal B.Karnataka C. Andhra Pradesh D. A andC

Ans. :- D

90. As case study in Nagapatinam district observed that there was major change in
fishing effort and in annual fishlandingsduring--------- when shrimp culture in thedistrict
was at its peak

A.1990-94 B.1991-94 C. 1992-94 D. 1993-94

267. 264
Ans. :- B

91. The average labour requirement for paddycultivationis -------- labour-days crop/ha

whereas in shrimpfarmingin ---------- labour-days/crop/ha

A. 170and500 B.180-600 C. 190and 700 D. 200-800

Ans. :- B

92. The studies conducted in the sea-bed farms of Nellordistrictof .......... state

A.Tamilnadu B.Karnataka C. Andhra Pradesh D.Kerala

Ans. :- C

93. The continued occurrence of viral diseases in cultured shrimpsoverlast ---------- years

A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20

Ans. :- B

268. 265
MARICULTURE IN INDIA

1. How many contribute the total global production of the mariculture in 2003
A.50% B.99% C. 91% D. None
Ans. :-C

2. In 2003 how many production ofmariculture

A. 37.8milliontonne B. 27.6milliontonne C. 36.8milliontonne D.

46.7milliontonne Ans. :- B

3. The global production of china in the year2003

A. 18.6 mmt B.8.7mmt C. 18.5 mmt D. 17.5 mmt

Ans. :- B

4. Which is the popular spp ofoyster.

A.Crassostreagigas B Crassostreamadrasensis

C.Crassostreaovularia D. Crassostreagryphoides

Ans. :- A

5. The oyster production & mussel Production in2003

A.24000tonnes B. 27 tonnes C.2800tonnes D. 2600 tonnes

Ans. :- C

6. Mariculture production china is major contributionis

A.92.8% B.92.24% C. 80.2% D. 82.28%

Ans. :- D

7. The global production of edible molluscs hasbeen

A. 12.05milliontonne B.11.05milliontonne C. 12.5milliontonne D.

11.1 million tonne

Ans. :- B

269. 266
8. In 2003 the contribution of oysteris

A.90.91% B.90.81% C. 93.91% D. 91.91%

Ans. :- C

9. In 1984 faming of molluscs which country istopest

A.India B.Indonesia C.Philippines D. China

Ans. :- D

10. In 1984 the contribution of china is

A.88.7 % B. 82.8 % C. 80.7 % D. 82.7 %

Ans. :- A

11. In 2003 how many production of oystersfarming

A. 6.4 million tonne B. 4.2 million tonne C. 9.5 million tonne D. 7.1 million tonne

Ans. :- B

12. In 2003 how many production of china in oysterfarming

A. 8.3milliontone B. 8.4 million tonne C. 3.6 million tonne D. 9.5 milliontonne

Ans. :-C

13. Crassortrea madrasensis commonly knownas

A. Pacificcurriedoyster B. India backwater oysters C. Hooded oyster D. curter
oysterAns. :-B
14. What is the common name of Saccostrea cuculatais

A.Hoodedoyster B. Indian breakwater oysters C. Hooded oysters D. curteroyster

Ans. :- A

15. What is the common name of Crassortreagigas

A. Qugmpiathatoyster B. Pacific cupped oysters C.Hodedoyster D. None

Ans. :- B

270. 267
Seaweed Cultivation

1. Seaweeds are----------

A.Freshwateralgae B.Pondalgae C. Marinealgae D. None

Ans. :- C

2. Seaweeds are growin----------

A.Freshwater B.Seawater C.Brakishwater D. B &C

Ans. :- D

3. Seaweeds are divided into green, brown, red & blue green algae based onthe

A.Pigments B.Internalstructures C.Externalstructures D. All

Ans. :- D

4. Seaweeds are used for productionof

A.Plytochemicals B.Zoochemicals C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

5. Agar is manufacturedfrom.

A.Bluealgae B. Redalgae C.Greenalgae D. Pinkalgae

Ans. :- B

6. Which is the example of greenalgae

A.Undaria B.Acanthphora C.Sargassum D.
Monostroma Ans. :-D
7. Which is several protein rich edibleseaweeds

A.Sargassum B.Chondrus C.Turbinaria D. Gelidium

Ans. :- A

8. Ascophyllumsp.is…

A.Redalgae B.Yellowalgae C.Brownalgae D. Whitealgae

Ans. :- C

271. 268
9. Carragenan is obtained from which redalgae

A.Kappaphycus B.Laminaria C. Gracilaria D. Monostroma

Ans. :-A

10. Alginates is manufacturedfrom

A.Turbinaria B..Chondrus C.Both A &B D. Gelidieua

Ans. :- A

11. Seaweeds are a low cost soureeof--------

A.Minerals B.Carbohydrates C. Vitamin D. Lipid

Ans. :- A

12. In Land crops seaweed are used as a------------

A.Chemicals B.Antioxidant C.Fertilizers D. both A &C

Ans. :- C

13. Due to high amount of water- soluble potash & trace elements present in seaweeds
are readily absorbed by plants are used forcontrolling
A.VirusDiseases B.DeficiencyDiseases C.Protozoandiseases D. All

Ans. :- B

14. Which is the spp. rich in iodineconc.

A.Asparagopsistaxiformis B.Laminariasp C. Sarconema spp D. bothA&C

Ans. :- C

15. Asparagopsis taxiformis & Sarconema spp. are rich is iodine con. it can be used for
controlling.
A.Goiter B.Typhoid C. Cancer D. All

Ans. :- A

16. Seaweeds bes are largelyfoundin ------------- lakes

A.Ganga B.Pulicat C.Chilka D. both B&C

Ans. :- D

272. 269
17. CSMSRIis--------

A. Central Seaweed & MarineChemicals

B. Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Researchinstitute

C. Centre for the seaweed & Narine culture Researchinstitute

D. Allofthese Ans. :-B

18. NIO is standsfor

A. Natural instituteofOcean B. Natural institute of ornamentalfish

C. National institute of Oceanoagraphy D. None

Ans. :- C

19. Seaweeds are fairly rich Maharashtrain---------

A.Nagpur B.Ratnagiri C. Mumbai D. Aurangabad

Ans. :- B

20. The total estimated standingcropwas -----------from 1,863 km
2
areasurveyed

A. 75,373 tonnes(wetweight) B. 30,200 tonnes (wetweight)

C. 40,408(wetweight) D. 10,508 tonnes(wetweight)

Ans. :- C

21. In India seaweeds are used for productionof

A.Agar B.Alginate C. Liquidseaweedfertilizer D. All

Ans. :- D

22. In vegetative propagation methods for cultivation using fragmentsfrom---------

A.Zoospores B.Carpospores C.mother-plants D. Spores.

Ans. :- C

24. Which contry started first cultivations of Euchemaseaweed

A. USA B.Indonesia C. China D. Japan

Ans. :- B

273. 270
25. Raft culture method is followed for cultureof

A.Gracilaria B.Sargassaum C.Laminaria D. None

Ans. :- A

26. Cage culture method is adoptedfor-----------

A.Microcystis B.Gracilaria C. Laminari D. None

Ans. :- B

27. Which spp. are cultured along with prawn P. monodon in pond using net cages in
Philippine
A. Caulerpasp. B.Gracillariasp C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

28. Chondrus crispus & Gracilaria sp are cultured in greenhouse by manpulating temp
& light in -----
A.Philippines B.Canada C. Spain D. Finland

Ans. :- B

29. The global production of seaweed is 2003is

A.12.48mt B. 2.0mt C.10.4 mt D. 10.10mt

Ans. :- A

30. In India which seaweed spp. are suitable forfarming

A.Hypneamusiformis B.Laminari C. Grcillaria edulis D.Ulva

Ans. :- C

31. Which isseaweed.

A.Sargassum B.Hydrila C.Azolla D. All

Ans. :- A

32. For production of LSF (liquid seaweed fertilizer) Which spp areause

A.Cystoseiratrinodis B. Gelidiellasp C. .Hypneasp D. All

Ans. :- A

274. 271
33. Cultivation method of green algae of reproductive propagation. Max biomassof
about of 681 g fresh per m2 of nets was obtainedwithin
A.2-3weeks B.6weeks C. 1months D. 1Year

Ans. :- B

34. Favourable period for cultivation of greenalgae

A.Dec-march B.Sep-Nov. C. Dec-Jan. D. Act.-Dec.

Ans. :- C

35. The worlds most successfull country in seaweed farmingis

A.Philippines B.India C. Japan D. USA

Ans. :- A

36. Acanthophora sp.is

A. Ediblegreenalgae B Edible blue algae C. Non- edible algae D.All

Ans. :- A

37. By CSMCRI & CMFRI at Saurashtra, Narakkal (Kochi) & Calicut coast which is
propagation method wasstarted
A.Reproductive B.Vegetative C.Swarmers D. Another

Ans. :- B

38. Edible green alga Enteromorpha was cultivated on nets by reproductivemethod
using-------
A.Spores B.Plants C.Swarmers D. All

Ans. :- C

275. 272
39. Match thepair

„A‟ „B‟

a) Gracilaria 1) Alginates

b) Kappaphycus 2)Agar

c) Sargassum 3)Carrageenan

Ans.:-a-2, b-3, c-1


40. Match thepair

„A‟ „B‟
a) Brown algae

1) Gracilaria
b) Green algae

2) Laminaria
c) Red algae

3) Monostroma
d) Edible algae

4) Enteromorpha
Ans.:-a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3

276. 273
Soil and Water Quality Management in Aquaculture

1. Most common types of Aerator used for pond aeration--------

A.Paddlewheel B.Aspirator C. Both D. None

Ans. :- C

2. The optimum temperature range for survival of cold waterfishes

A.14-18
o
C B.24-30
o
C C. 28-32
o
C D. None

Ans. :- A

3. The optimum temperature range for survival of warm waterfishes----------

A.14-18
o
C B.24-30
o
C C. 28-32
o
C D. None

Ans. :- B

4. Turbidity is result of-----------

A. SuspendedsoilParticles B. Plantonic organisms C.Hunicsubstance D. All

Ans. :- D

5. Optimum sechidisc visibility of fish pond ins considered to be-------

A.20-30cm B.5-10 cm C. 60-80cm D.30-45 cm

Ans. :- D

6. For control on turbidity we use--------

A. organic manure500-1000kg/ha B. Gypsum @ 250-500kg/ha

C. alum @25-50kg/ha D. All

Ans. :- D

7. Optimum range of ammonia in pondwater---------

A.0.25-0.05mg/litre B.0.1mg/litre C. 0.6mg/litre D. 0.1-0.5mg/litre

Ans. :- A

277. 274
8. Which of the following reduce the toxicity ofammonia

A.Aeration B. Formalin C. Salt@1200-1800kg/ha D. All

Ans. :- D

9. Which of following pH point is slow growthpoint

A. 4 B. 4-6 C. 9-11 D. both A &C

Ans. :- D

10. Which of the following iscalcite--------

A.CaCo3 B.Camg(co3)2 C.Ca(oH)2 D. Cao

Ans. :- A

11. Lime is used for------------

A. increase the pH B. increasethehardness C. increasethealkalinity D. All

Ans. :- D

12 ----------- is applied to correct the hardness without affecting totalalkalinity

A.CaSo4 B. Cao C.Ca(oH)2 D. CaCo3

Ans. :- A

13. The ideal range of total alkalinity for fresh water fish is-------

A. 60-300 mg/litreasCaCo3 B. less than 20 mg/litre asCaCo3

C. greater than 300 mg /litre as CaCo3 D. All

Ans. :- A

14. Total hardness for fresh water fish pondsshouldbe ----------- as CaCo3

A. greater than40mg/litre B. less than 40mg/litre

C. greater than100mg/litre D. less than 300mg/litre

Ans. :- A

15. If soil is sandy itallow----

A. Leachingofnutrient B. All nutrient absorb on it C. both A&B D.None

Ans. :- A

278. 275
16. If soil is clay, itallow----------

A. Leachingofnutrient B. All nutrient absorb on it C. both A&B D.None

Ans. :- A

17. Ideal range for soil pH is---------

A.6-8 B.7-9 C. 5-7 D. None

Ans. :- A

18. In Acid sulphate soil which of the following ispresent-----------

A.Fes2 B. CaS2 C.NoS2 D. NH3

Ans. :- A

19. Sodium Nitrate Can Serve as a source of----------------

A.Co2 B.O2 C.H2S D. NH3

Ans. :- B

20. Ideal drying Period of pond bottom is-----------

A.2-3week B.4-5 week C.1-2week D. All

Ans. :- A

21. For high productivity of pond, range of organic carbon contentis------------

A.0.5-1.5% B. 1.5-2.5% C. less than0.5% D. All

Ans. :- B

22. For rate of breakdown (mineralization) is very fast at C:N ratio in the rangeof

A. lessthan10 B.10-20 C. morethan20 D. None

Ans. :- A

23. For rate of breakdown mineralization is very slow, at C:N ration in the rangeof

A. Lessthan10 B. 10-20 C. morethan20 D. None

Ans. :- C

279. 276
24. Single most critical nutrient for the maintenance of pond productivity is available-----

- content of pond soil andwater.

A.Nitrogen B.Phosphorus C. Potassium

Ans. :- B

25. Pondsoilwith -------------- available phosphate are considered to havehigh

productivity

A.30ppm B.30-60ppm C.60-120 ppm D. more than 120ppm

Ans. :- D

26. Pondwith ------------ available soil nitrogen are considered to have highproductivity

A. less than250 ppm B.250-500ppm C. All D. Above 500ppm

Ans. :- D

27. Dose of cow dung in nursery pond is-----

A.5000-15000kg/ha B. 500-5000 kg/ha C. 1000-1500 kg/ha D.None

Ans. :- A

28. Application of lime ( CaCo3) in nursery pond is---------

A. @ 250-350 kg/haB.250-500kg/ha C. 500-1000 kg/ha D. 1000-1500kg/ha

Ans. :- A

29. Nitrogen : Phosphorusrationof ----------- is considered most effective forincreased

production in nurseries

A.1:2 B.4:1 C.1:4 D. 2:1

Ans. :- B

30. N:P:K ration for nurseriespond-------

A.8:4:2 B.4:12 C. 1:4:1 D. 2:1:2

Ans. :- A

280. 277
31. ----- Kg/ha is most suitable for rearing of spawn innurseries--------

A. 80 B.160 C. 120 D. 200

Ans. :- A

32. The salinity which supports normal growth of P. monodon is-------

A.15-30% B. 0.5-30 C. lessthan10% D. None

Ans. :- A

33. One of the major reason for low productivity in brackish water fish ponds thanfresh
water fishponds------
A. Lack of Sufficient fishfoodorganisms B. Lack offertilization

C. lackofManagement D. All

Ans. :- A

34 -------------- is most commonly used to phosphate fertilizer in fishponds

A.SSP B. MuriateofPotash C. Sulphteofpotash D. All

Ans. :- D

35. The fixation of the total amount of added phosphorus in the soil is maximumin

A.alkaline soil B.acidic soil C. Neutral soil D. none

Ans. :- A

36. The fixation of total amount of added phosphorus in the soil is minimumin------

A.alkaline soil B.Acidic soil C.neutral soil D. None

Ans. :- C

37. Initial dose of cow dung in brackish waterponds

A.750kg/ha B. 250kg/ha C.150kg/ha D. 50 kg/ha

Ans. :- A

38. Initial dose of SSPin brackish waterponds-------

A.750kg/ha B. 250kg/ha C.150kg/ha D. 50 kg/ha

Ans. :- D

281. 278
39. Which of the following plays an important role in photosynthesis & heterotrophic
growth ofphytoplankton------
A. Zn B.Mn C. Co D. Cu

Ans. :- B

40. Which of following applied to aquaculture ponds to control algalblooms---------

A. Zn B.Mn C. Co D. Cu

Ans. :- D

41. The essential function ofZinc-----------

A.Photosynthesis B. nitrogenfixation

C. Controlalgalblooms D. Metalloenqymes &catalyst-activity

Ans. :- D

42. Low phosphorus concentration pond water is treatedwith---------

A.Alum B.Gypsun C. both D. None

Ans. :- C

43. Most of the Ammonia is excretedthrough----------------

A.gillepithelium B.urea C.ammoniumfertilizer D. All

Ans. :- A

44. Among different form oflimingmaterial ------- is generally used in fishponds

A.dolomite B.quickline C. slakedlime D. Agriculture line
stone Ans. :- D
45. Ammonia, whichaccountsfor ----------- of the nitrogenous exertion of fish&

crustacean is released continually during growth

A.40-90% B. 20-30% C.10-30% D. 30-40%

Ans. :- A

282. 279
46. Which of the following plays an important role in nitrogen fixation by Rihizobium---

A. Zn B. Co C.Mn D. Cu

Ans. :- B

283. 280
Fish Genetics

1. Fresh water habitatare

A.rivers B.reservoirs C. lakes D. all of these

Ans. :- D

2. Marine water habitatare

A.ocean B.Sea C. A&B D. None

Ans. :- C

3. Fishes can migrating fresh water to marine water iscalled

A.anadromous B.catadromous C. A&b D. None

Ans. :- B

4. Fishes can migrating marine to fresh water iscalled

A.anadromous B.catadromous C. A&b D. None

Ans. :- A

5. RFLP is Standsfor

A. Restriction fragmentlength polymorphism B. Restriction fragment length
polymorphism
C. Restriction fragmentlengthpolyadenyde D. all ofthes

Ans. :- A

6. RAPD is Standsfor

A. Red aleepolymorphicDNA B. Rational amplified polymorphicDNA

C. Random amplified polymorphic DNA D. Random amplified polymeraseDNA

Ans. :- C

7. VNTR is Standsfor

A. Various number oftandemrepeats B. Various number of tandemrepeats

284. 281
C. Various number oftendencyrate D. Various number of tandemrate

Ans. :- B

8. Cross breeding between either members of the species iscalled

A.hypophysation B.Hybridization C.Selectivebreeding D. genetransfer

Ans. :- C

9. The diploid number of fish rangingbetween

A.48-50 B. 40-45 C. 40-60 D. 25-40

Ans. :- A

10. NBFGR is standsfor

A. National Bureau of fishgenomeresources B. National Bureau of fishgenome
resources
C. National Bureau of fish genomeresources

D. National Bureau of fish genomeresources

Ans. :- B

11. NBFGR is establishedin

A.Gujarat B. Lucknow C. Japan D. Pondicherry

Ans. :- B

12. NOR is standsfor

A. Nucleolororganizerregions B. Nucleolor organization regions

C. Nucleolororganizationresources D. All of these

Ans. :- A

13. The NOR in L. ronita and L. Calbosu are present the chromosome of ---pair

A.10
th
B.11
th
C.3
rd
D. 4
th


Ans. :- B

14. It helps to identifying parentage of hybrids that occurs innature

285. 282
A.Chromosome B. NOR C.gene D. all ofthese

Ans. :- C

15. A specials form of parthenogenesis is called-------------

A.genomemanipulation B. Cytogenesis

C.androgensis D. gene transfer

Ans. :-B

16. Zygotesare

A.haploid B. triploid C. diploid D. polyploidy

Ans. :- A

17. It is effective in cold shocktreatment

A.diploidisation B.triploidisation C.haploidisation D. all of these

Ans. :- A

18. Which species is given to neatshock

A.Mrigal B.rohu C. Cutla D. common carp

Ans. :- C

19. Cold snacks givenin

A.mrigal B. L. rohita and L. calbasuC. Catla D. all of these

Ans. :- B

20. Which type ofgynogenesis

A. meiotic B. mitotic C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

21. The most commonly used harmones for sterilityare

A.testosterone B.methytestosterone C. bothe A&B D. None

Ans. :- C

286. 283
22. Scientific name of Chinese grasscarp

A.Hypophthalmicnthysmolitrix B. Cyprinids carpiocommunes

C.Ctenopharygngodonidella D. Oreochromismossamblass

Ans. :- C

23. Scientific name ofmullet

A.Latescalcurifer B.Epinephelussp C. Chinos chinos D. Mugilceepnalus

Ans. :- B

24. Genetic engineering is relatedto

A. Mitotic divisionofcell B. gene-transfer

C.genomemanipulation D. None

Ans. :- B

25. Chromosomal engineering is releatedto

A. Mitotic divisionofcell B. gene-transfer

C.genomemanipulation D. None

Ans. :- C

26. Lates calcariferous is also knownas

A.milkfish B.mullet C. Grouper D. seabass

Ans. :- D

27. Scientific name of milk fishis

A. Chanos chanos B.Latescaicarifer C. Mugil cephalous D. Epinephelussp

Ans. :- A

28. Which method fishes selection in breeding depending on the Situation andneed

A.massselection B.familyselection C.Combinedselection D. all of these

Ans. :- D

287. 284
29. Family Selection or Combined selection help in Selectionfor

A.Single trait B.differenttrait C. both A& B D. None

30. In hybrids between Indian major Carps and common carp the diploid numberwas
reported in an aneuploid state in most cases rangingfarm
A. 58to60 B. 74to76 C. 48to50 D. 84 to 86

Ans. :- C

31. Which spices produce highly viablehybrids

A. Indian majar carpB.SilverCarp C. Grass carp D. None

Ans. :- A

32. Family of Carassius auratus gibletis

A.Cichlids B.Cobitidue C. Charcidae D. Cyprinid

Ans. :- D

33. Which spices the chromosomal translocationobserved

A.CommonCarp B. trout C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- C

34. The naturally occurring Steroidsare

A.Estrada B.estrange C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

35. Feminization in fishes is used toarchive

A.Estradiol 17B B. Estradiol 18B C.Estradiol19B D Estradiol. 16B

Ans. :- A

36. Cytogenetic individual can also be used to produce offspringwith

A.heterozygousmale B. heterozygous female

C.bothA&B D. None

Ans. :- A

288. 285
37. The mechanism of androgens is also useful ina

A.Pearsoyster B.Tilapia C. Columbus D. None

Ans. :- B

38. Sterility can be made use of in spiceslike

A.Commoncarp B.Tilapia C. Catla D. both A &B

Ans. :- D

39. Scientific name of Freshwatermussels

A.Pinctadafucata B.Lamellidenssp C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- B

39. MT is standfor

A.methyltestosterone B. methyltriploids

C.methyltetraploides D. None

Ans. :- A

40. Intergeneric crossbetween

A.beluga B.starlet C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

41. Economically important sturgeonsare

A.Hushes B. both A&B C. AcosponsorEatemus D. None

Ans. :- C

42. The common carp and wild carp the offspring of this cross knownas

A.Kurskcarp B.Cultivatedcarp C. Commoncarp D. None

Ans. :- A

43. Kursk carp has a greaterresistantto ---------- temperate

A. hot temperature B.coldtemperature C. room temperate D.None

Ans. :- B

289. 286
44. Which carp Hungarian work on thehybridization

A.Commoncarp B.Silvercarp C. gras carp D.None

Ans. :- A

45. Genome mallipulation method has been developedin

A. 1910s to 1920 s B. 1930 s to 1940 s C. 1960 s to 1970 s D. 1980 s to 1990s

Ans. :- C

46. The selection work in Atlantic Salmon and rainbow trout in countrylike

A. USA B.Philippines C.Hungary D. Norway

Ans. :- D

47. RNA is standsfor

A. Ribosenucleicacid B. Ribulose nucleic acid

C. Ribose Nucleicacid D. All ofthese

Ans. :- A

48. DNA is standsfor

A. De only rib loseNucleicacid B. Di on ribose nucleicacid

C. De on ribosenucleicacid D. All ofthese

Ans. :- C

290. 287
Biotechnology in Fisheries and Aquaculture

1. The technique that uses living aquatic organism or parts of these organism to make
ormodify products. To improve plants or animal or to develop microorganism for
specific uses is calledas
A.Biotechnology B.Aquaticbiotechnology C.Bioinformatics D. None

Ans. :- B

2. Aquaculture research basedon

A.Genetic B.biotechnologicalprinciples C. both Aand B D. None

Ans. :- C

3. The primary objective of genetic characterizationis

A. To Assessthedistribution B. Genetic variability at intraspecificand
interspecific levels‘. C. both A&B D. onlyB
Ans. :- C

4 ------------- Sequences that can be used to identify a chromosomalregions

A.Protein B. ANA C. DNA D. both A&C

Ans. :- D

5. Expertise has been developed for various classes of molecular mercer nome----------

A. Protein markers B.DNA markers C. RNAmarkers D. both A &B

Ans. :- D

6. Which markers blended with the PCR technology electrophoresis and Sequencing
havebecome
the central tool in many areas of fisheries research.

A. Genetic markers B.DNA markers C. Molecularmarkers D. RNA markers

Ans. :- C

291. 288
7. There are 2 types of markers basedon

A.Origin B.structure C.Shape D. None

Ans. :- A

8 ------------- markers is the gene products (isoenzymeslautonyms)

A.Solubleprotein B. insoluble proteinC. DNA D. molecular

Ans. :- A

9. The nuclear DNA markeris

A.Microsatellites B. RAPD C. RFLP D. allthese

Ans. :- D

10. ITSis

A. Internationaltranscribedspacers B. Internal transcribedSpacers

C. InternaltransmissionSpacers D. International transcribedSpace

Ans. :- B

11 ------------- are clamorous but separable forms encoded by one or moreloci

A.ITS B.Isenzymes C.allenzymes D. None

Ans. :- B

12. The isoenzyme products of 2 different alleles at the some loculs are known as

A.Allozymes B.ITS C.Soluble protein D. insolable
proteins Ans. :-A
13 -------------- are heritable and can be detected electrophoretcally by the definein

monoacid

composition

A.Isoenzymes B.Solubleprotein C.Allozymes D. None

Ans. :- C

292. 289
14. In allozyme method tissue extracts are allowed to runon---

A.Starchgel B.polyacrylomide C. Cellolose D. all theseabove

Ans. :- D

15. IEFis

A. Internalelectricfocusing B. Iso-electricfocusing

C.ISO-externalfocusing D. ISO-electricforce

Ans. :- B

16. Which techniques has been used in Species identification studies and population
levelsstudies
A. IEG B.ITS C. IFE D. IST

Ans. :- A

17. On the which types of studies we had achieved code spread use infisheries
research
A. IEG B.ITS C. Allozyme D. Isozyme

Ans. :- C

18. The ---------- markers are based on polymorphism, detected at DNAlevel.

A.DNA B.ISOZYMES C.Allozymes D. RNA

Ans. :- A

19. Which markers include RAPD, AFLP ministellitesetc.

A.NuclearDNA B. DNA markers C. Soluble proteins D.None

Ans. :- A

20. RAPDIS

A. Relationship amplifiedpolymorphicDNA B. Random amplified polymorphicDNA

C. Random amplifiedpolymeraseDNA D. None

Ans. :- B

293. 290
21. AFLPis

A. Amplified Fragmentlength polymorphism B. Amplified Fragment load
polymorphism
C. Amplified Fragmentlength polymerase D. None

Ans. :- A

22. How money types of DNAmarkers

A. Type I and type IIB. Type I and type III,typesIV C. There are A type D.None

Ans. :- A

23 ----------- Marker are the coding gore loci conserved carob thespecies

A.Type II B.Type I C.both D. none

Ans. :- B

24. Which type of marker derived mostly from noncoding Sequences and are highly
polymorphic
A.Type III B.Type I C.TypeII D. None

Ans. :- C

25. --------- and ------------ are the examples of type IImarkers

A. Macroandministellites B. micro andministellites

C. FAFDandministellites D. AFPD andministellites

Ans. :- B

26. national Bureau of fish genetic Resourees Locatedon

A.Kochi B.Barrakkpore C.Lacknow D. Mumbai

Ans. :- C

27. Central Marine fisheries Research Institute Locatedon

A.Kochi B.Barrakcpore C. Laclomow D. None

Ans. :- A

294. 291
28. Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture located on(CIFA)

A.Lackhnow B.Kochi C.Bhuboneshwar D. Goa

Ans. :- C

29. national Institute of oceanography(NIO)

A.Kochi B.Bhavoneshwar C. Goa D. Lacknow

Ans. :- C

30. Infishesat ------------ level the variation is assessed within and betweenthe

population

A.IntraspecificlevelB.InterspecificlevelC.both D. None

Ans. :- A

31. Which are the markers are used for the Investigation on labeorahita and catla catla
clearly established existence of sub-structuring of natural population in Indus and
Ganga riversystem
A. Isozymes andMinisatelliteDNA B. Allozymes and MicrosatelliteDNA

C. Isozymes andMinisatelliteDNA D. RAPD and AFPD

Ans. :- C

32. -------------and -------------- technique are the chromosome bonding methods thatare

used for identification of species and stocks and sex chromosomes in fishes

A. Restriction endonuklease (RE) and fluorescent in situhybridization

B. Restrictedendonuclease C. RAPDandmacrosatellite D. ITS

Ans. :- A

33. Which are the test are used to study genotoxiceyyect infishes

A. Sister chromatidexchange(SCE) B. Chromosome Aberration test(CAT)

C.Micronuclei D. all theabove

Ans. :- D

295. 292
34 -------------- is the ex-situ storage of fish spermatozoa, eggs and embryos withoutloss

of viability in ultra temperature such as 196
0
C in liquid N2
A.Preservation B.Cryopreservation C. RE D. None

Ans. :- B

35. The basic techniques of cryopreservationinvolves

A. Collection of fish gometes from qualitybroodfish B. Testing themilt

C. diluting of fish or milt somples inspecificdiluent D. all theseabove

Ans. :- D

36. Sperm cryopreservation protocol for storing finfish sperms for very kng periods has
been reported formorethan ---------- species
A.200 B.100 C. 150 D. 250

Ans. :- A

37. In India which is the Institute primary organizing in carring out fish sperm cryo
preservation for long-term genebanking
A.CIFABhaboneshwar B.CMFRI C. NBFGR D. CIFRI

Ans. :- C

38. Attempts to cryopreserve embryos of C.Carpio L. rohita and nauplii of P.monodon
did notsucceedbelow ----------
0
C
A.40
0
C B.-20
0
C C. 10
0
C D. -40
0
C

Ans. :- D

39 ---------- method are used for the reproduction where only the paternal genomeis

contributed to the offspring

A.Cryopreservation B.Androgensis C.Gyonogenesis D. Genotypic

Ans. :- B

296. 293
40. An organism that has a foreign or modified gene integrated in it‘s genome is called
as
A.ITS B. Genetically modifiedorganism(GMO) C. IEF D. None

Ans. :- B

41 ----------- is the first step towards genetically improving the beneficial traits infishes

A.Breeding B.SelectiveBreeding C. both A& B D.
None Ans. :-B
42. Which species to produce the antifreeze protein from winter flounder could extends
their rangeinstantly
A. IMC B.exoticcarp C.catfish D. Hilsa

Ans. :- A

43. The main aim of Genetic manipulation of species in aquacultureis

A. To enhance growth and FCR or FEC B. To increase tolerance.

C. To increase resistanceofSpecies D. all theseabove

Ans. :- D

44. Gene is on ideal choice for gene transfer to cause significant increasein

growth rate in Prioritized species

A.Growthhormone B.STIT C.TSH D. None

Ans. :- A

45. Which is the protein used to reduce the freezing temperature by preventing ice
crystalGrowth
A. Anti – freezeprotein(AFP) B.Solubleprotein C. insoluble protein D.All

Ans. :- A

46. The AFP gene has been successfully introduced intogenomeof -------------- Species

A.Attonticsatmon B.Coho salmon C. Hilsa D. IMC

Ans. :- A

297. 294
47. Theinjectionof ----------- with a DNA sequence encoding Infectioushematopoetic

echovirus (IHNV) glycoprotein under the control of cytomegalo virus promotes (PCMV)

A.CohoSalmons B.AtomicSalmon C. IMC D. Hilsa

Ans. :-B

48. VHSis

A. HemorrhagicSepticemiaVirus B. Virus HemorrhagicSepticemia

C. HemorrhagichematopoieticVirus D. None

Ans. :- A

49. Which type of cytochrome was most commonly used as it is responsive to a organic
and metal compounds in the H20 cod measured used as Biomarkers year level of
Pollution
A.P460/A B.P450/A C.P4602A D. P4801A

Ans. :- B

50 ----------- Gene is a novel gene isolated from Jelly fish (Aquaria Victoria) and ismost

commonly used as reporter gene

A. FISH B. GreenFluorescentProtein C.both D. None

Ans. :- B

51. GFP with 238 amino acid absorbs blue light at 295 mm and emits green lightat------

nm

A.609nm B.700nm C. 509nm D. 400nm

Ans. :-C

52. The Advantages of GFPare

A. The gene expression can be monitored in living cellB. The subtonic not toxic3.

C. Notrequiresubstrate D. all theseabove

Ans. :- D

298. 295
53. Which are the methods sari used to transferring the gene in to the nominalembryo

A.microinjection B.electro oration C. use ofretroviralsector D. All

Ans. :- D

54. ESCis

A. Elementarystemcells B. Embryonic stemcells

C. Embryonicsystemcells D. Embryonic stemcode

Ans. :- B

55. Transgenic fish have largely beenproducedthrough --------- in to fertilized eggs or

early embryos

A.Electroporation B.retroviralvector C. Microinjection D. None

Ans. :- C

56. Which method is used to cell membrane is Subjected to high voltage electric field
using on instrument
A.Microinjection B.electroporation C.retro vial D. None

Ans. :- B

57. Which is the method is Suitable for relatively Small numbers oforganisms

A.Microinjection B.electroporation C. None D. both

Ans. :- A

58. Which is the vector is used inleukemia

A.Plasmid B.electroporation C.Retroviral D. allthese

Ans. :- C

59. IPRis

A. InternalPropertyright B. Intellectual Propertyright

C. Internalprocessright D. Invisible Propertyright

Ans. :- B

299. 296
60. The first Indian transgenic rebar fish wasgeneratedin ------------- year

A.1990 B.1991 C. 1992 D. 1994

Ans. :- B

61. A Vector wasmadewith ------------- BectonPromoter

A.Grass carp B. Catfish C.rohu D. None

Ans. :- A

62. The Sperm electro oration technique was used for gene transfer that resulted in-----

- hatchlingSurvival

A.20% B.25% C. 30% D. 35%

Ans. :- B

63. Which species are grew faster than the respective controls and converted the food
at a significantly higherefficiency
A.Rohu B. Singhi C. both AandB D. Catfish and Grasscarp

Ans. :- C

64. Central for cellular and molecular Biology located on(CCMB)

A.Kochi B.Goa C.Hyderabad D. Cucknow

Ans. :- C

65 ------------are the organizations involved in fish transgenic research inIndia

A.CCMB B.Madurai C.both D. None

Ans. :- B

66. Which marker is used to the better understanding of the genetic structure of the wild
Population
A. Molecular markerB. DNAmarker C.Ministellites D. RAPD

Ans. :- A

68 ------------ is a piece of DNA which functions as the vehicle or vector carryingthe

target gene in to the recipient organism

300. 297
A.ITSconstruct B.Geneconstruct C. RNA D. None

Ans. :- B

69. RFP is

A. Redfluorescentprotein B. Real fluorescentprotein

C. Recoverfluorescentprotein D. Red fluorescentProcess

Ans. :- A

70. Commonname Catin nome

1. AtlonticSalmon a. Salmon Solar

2. ConoSalmon b. Carrasbiusaurous

3. ChinookSalmon c. Oncorhynchus Kisutch

4. Goldfish d. O.tshawytschq

Ans. :-1-A, 2-C, 3-D, 4-B.

301. 298
Nutrition of Finfish and Shellfish

1. Important Commercial Cold water Fish species that are cultured in theNymalayan
region and in the
A.WesternGhat B.easternGhat C. both AandB D. None

Ans. :- A

2. Marine Shrimp Farming is majoractivityin ------------- sector of thiscountry

A.Freshwater B.Brackishwater C. AandB D. None

Ans. :- B

3. Feedingof ------------- balanced in all nutrient has assumed fore-most importantin

aquaculture industry

A.Artificialdiet B. naturaldiet C. Intakeoffood D. None

Ans. :- A

4 --------------- is an essential practice in an aquaculture operation accounting forover

60% in total input cost

A. Natural Feeding B.Artifitialfeeding C.Pondmanagement D. All

Ans. :- B

5. Thereareabout ------------ essential dietary nutrient required by fish, prawnand

terrestrial animals

A. 10 B.20 C.30 D. 40

Ans. :- D

6. Protein requirement forfishis ---------- times higher than that ofmammals.

A.1-2 B.2-3 C. 3-4 D. None

Ans. :- B

302. 299
7 ------------- factor that affect protein requirement offish

A. Size, water temp B.D.O.,P
H
C. Feedinghabit D. All

Ans. :- D

8. The gross protein requirement decrease withincreasein ----------- of fish

A.Age B.Size C. both AandB D. None

Ans. :- C

9. PUFA standfor

Ans. :-. Poly unsaturated fattiy acid

10 is denoted bylinolenic

A.n-4 B.n-3 C. m-4 D. m-3

Ans. :- B

11 is denoted bylinoleic

A.n-4 B.n-5 C. n-6 D. n-2

Ans. :- C

12 are always include in fish diets as they are inexpensive energy sourceand

acts as pellet binder.

A.Carbohydrate B.Protein C. AandB D. None

Ans. :- A

13. The optimum dilatory requirement ofcarbohydrateare ------------- for carps

A.20-26% B. 22-26% C.24-28% D. 20-24%

Ans. :- B

14. The commercial diet of prawnsnormallycontains ------------- carbohydrate.

A.20-30% B. 25-30% C.30-35% D. 35-40%

Ans. :- D

15. The optimum dilatory requirement ofcarbohydrateare ------------- for rainbowtrout.

A.25% B. lessthan25% C. morethan25% D. none

303. 300
Ans. :- B

16 are important source of energy, essential fatty acid and phospholipidsand

provide a vehicle for absorption of fat soluble sterols andvitamins.

A.Protein B.Carbohydrate C. Lipid D. All

Ans. :- C

17 are play Vital role in structure of cell and cellular membrane and serveas

the precursors of Several harmony in addition to their function for prostaglandin
synthesis
A.Lipid B. Protein C.Carbohydrate D. minerals

Ans. :- A

18.Lipidinfluence ------------- of prepared feed and also flesh quality offish

A.Flavor B.texture C. Cooler D. both A andB

Ans. :- D

19 ------------ dietary lipids are generally considered optimum for practical diet ofcarps

and prawns.

A.5-6% B.7-9% C. 8-10% D. 10-12%

Ans. :- B

20. Fish can not Synthesize

A.n-3(linolenic) B.n-6 (Linoleic) C. both AandB D. None

Ans. :- C

21 ---------- Carbohydrate are also another source ofenergy.

A. Like ProteinsandLipids B. Like Vit. AndMinerals

C. both AandB D. None

Ans. :- A

304. 301
22. Proper leatherybalanceof ------------- would enable fabler to move other nutrientsin

gastrointestinal tract for proper digestion

A.Protein B.minerals C.Carbohydrate D. All ofthese

Ans. :- C

23. Carbohydrate have been shown tohavea ------------------ on utilization ofdilatory

protein in many aquaculture spp.

Ans. :- Spiriting effect

24 ----------- are efficiently utilize carbohydrates asenergy.

A. Carp,tilapia B.Milkfish C.Prawns D. All Ans. :-D

25. The ability of Fish to utilize dietary carbohydrate Varies considerably andmost--------

- sp. Have limited ability tometabolize

A.Carnivorous B.Herbivorous C.omnivorous D. both B&C

Ans. :- A

26. Several spp. Of & carpsareconsidered --------- in nature

A.Herbivorous B. Carnivorous C.Omnivorous D. None

Ans. :- A

27. Carp are able to utilize-------------

A.D-glucose,fructose B.Sucrose C. dextrin and rawpotatoStarch D. All

Ans. :- D

28. Carbohydratebeing ----------------- digestible in carps, from and importantdietary

constituent for herbivorous and ominous spp.

A.40-45% B. 50-60% C.55-60% D. 60-70%

Ans. :- C

29. The optimum dietary requirement ofcarbohydrateare ------------ for common carp.

A.20-30% B. 30-40% C.25-35% D. None

Ans. :- B

305. 302
30. Carbohydrate levels generallydon‘texceed ----------- in carp diet.

A.20% B.30% C. 25% D. 35%

Ans. :- B

31. A property of nutrient which is released during metabolic oxidation of------------

A.Proteins B. Lipids C.Carbohydrates D. All

Ans. :- D

32. Physical activity like swimming, escaping from predators and stress, temp, size
growth rate, spp. And food are some of the factorthataffect ------------ of fish.
A. EnargyrequirementB. C. D.

Ans. :- A

33. Proteins, lipids andcarbohydratescontain ------------ of GE/grespectively.

A. 5.6, 9.4 and4.1 kcal B. 9.4, 5.6 and 4.1Kcal

C. 4.1, 9.4 and5.6Kcal D. All

Ans. :- A

34 are essential for fish growth and to fight againstdiseases.

A.Vitamin B. Mineral C. AandB D. None

Ans. :- A

35 are required for osmotic balance of Various metabolic Process andfor

Structural functioning in fish.

A.Protein B.Vitamin C. Mineral D. All

Ans. :- C

36 are therefore provided as premix in blanked artificialfeeds

A.Minerals B. Vitamins C. AandB D. None

Ans. :- C

306. 303
37. Fishrequire ---------------- Vitamins

A.WaterSoluble B.FatSoluble C. both AandB D. None

Ans. :- A

38. Fishrequire ----------------- fat solubleVitamin

A. 2 B.4 C. 6 D. 2

Ans. :- B

39. The example of water SolubleVitamin

A.Vit.B12 B.Thiamine C.Vit. A D. both A. andB

Ans. :- D

40. Bx. Of fat SolubleVitamin

A. Vit. ‗A‘and‗D‘ B.Vit.‗E‘ C.Vit.‗K‘ D. All

Ans. :- D

41. Excess-------------- Vitamins in diet result in abnormal growth and liverdisease

A. FatSolubleVit. B. Water solble Vit. C. both AandB D. trace elements

Ans. :- C

42. Infish -------------- are closely related inmetabolism,

A.Caleiu B. phosphorus C. A and B D. traceelements

Ans. :- C

43 -------- play a major role in blood clotting, muscle function and proper nerveimpulse

ransmission

A.Calcium B.phosphorus C. Choline D. All

Ans. :- A

44. Phosphorus is involved in--------------

A. Energytransformationability B. Permeability of cellularmembrane

C. genetic coding and general controlof reproduction D. All

Ans. :- D

307. 304
45. The supplementary feed used in aquaculture generally consist of rice bran and
groundnut oil: cake -------- ratio
A.1:1 B.1:2 C.2:1 D. None

Ans. :- A

46. The central Marine, Fisheries Rearch Jnstitlte, Kochi, has developed Shrimp feed
namehas
Ans: Mahima

47. The optimum requirement of essential amino acid for common carp has been shown
in-------% of the diet.
A.13.7% B.15.7% C. 18.7% D. 7.5

Ans. :- A

48. Rohu is estimatedtoabout --------% Protein

A.20% B.27% C. 30% D. 37%

Ans. :- B

49. The FCR in pond and cage Culture of Snake head isabout.

A. 4to1 B.2-1 C. 2to3 D. None

Ans. :- A

50. NRCCW Stand for ,-----------

A. National Research center on coldwaterfishery

B. national Research center from coldwaterfishery

Ans. :- A

51. FCR Stand for-------------

Ans :Food conversionration

308. 305
Fish Health Managemant

1. Fishesare ----------------- aquatic animals.

A.Poikilothermal B. Warm blood animal C.Cold-bloodedAnimal D.A&B

Ans. :- D

2. Solubility of oxygen in water isalso------

A.Temperture B.Phytoplankten C. both A&B D. None ofthese

Ans. :- A

3. Aquatic life light is useful for the-----------

A.Normalorientation B. Colouring

C.Gonadmaturation D. All ofthese

Ans. :- D

4. Excess of light stops Phothosynthetic action &maycause ---------- onfishes

A.Sunburns B.Chemosithsis C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

5. Minium amount of dissolved oxygen range for good growth of fish is-------

A.5mg/lit B.2mg/lit C.4mg/lit D. None

Ans. :- A

6. High Co2 Concentrationproduces

A.lowDO B. highDO

C. Both A &B D. None

Ans. :- A

7. PH range of optimum growth of fishbetween----&----

A. 4.5and6.5 B. 3and9 C. 6.5and 9 D. None

Ans. :- C

309. 306
8. Vertebretes have an Average blood PHis

A.6.4 B.5.4 C.7.4 D. 8.4

Ans. :- C

9. Total alkalinity for good productivity is---------

A.20mg/lit B. 80mg/lit C. 25mg/lit D. All ofthese

Ans. :- D

10. The Maximum level of hydrogen Sulphideis

A.0.002mg/lit B. 0.4 mg/lit C. 0.76mg/lit D. None

Ans. :- A

11. Size of the suspended solid particles is

A.>0.45mm B.4.45mm C. both A& B D. None ofthese

Ans. :- A

12. Toxin producing algae is----------

A.Microcystisspp B.Anabaenaspp C. both A& B D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

13. The viscous Scumofalgae ---------- Causes its masemortality

A.10-20cm B.20-30cm C. 15-25cm D. 5-10 cm

Ans. :- A

14. Role of Skinis

A. It help in save the fish frem the problems arising byosmosis

B. Help in adverse environment by reducing epidermis protection againstinfection

C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

310. 307
15. Scale gives protection against

A. By preventing entryofpathogen B. Help in problems arising byosmosis

C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

16. Pepsin Secreted by Stomach acts as----------

A.Carbohydrate B.Protein C. Fat D. Carbohydrates

Ans. :- B

17. Panereas Secretes Pancreatic juice to actsupon-------

A.Protein B.Carbohydrates C. Fats D. All of these

Ans. :- D

18. Blood flowing through-------

A.Arteries B. Capillaries C.veins D. All ofthese

Ans. :- D

19 ------------ regulated blood flow through qillfilaments

A.Acetylholine B.Adrenaline C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

20. Fresh water fishlivein --------- medium

A.hypotonic B.hypertonic C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

21. marine water fisheslivein ------------ medium

A.hypotonic B.hypertonic C. both A&B D. none

Ans. :- B

22. In fresh water fishes also play important role inosmoregulation

A.Kidnely B. Heart C. long D. tonglung

Ans. :- A

311. 308
23. Pituitary Secretes---------

A.Adrenocorticotropinhormones B. gonadotropins

C.Somatotropichamones D. All ofthese

Ans. :- D

24. Thyroid searetes-----------

A.Thyroxin B.Calcitenin C. both A& B D. none

Ans. :- C

25. Estrogen & testosterone are secreted bythe

A.gonad B.adrenal C. cortisol D. cortisone

Ans. :- A

26. Pancreate secreted-----------

A.insulin B.glycogen C. both A&B D. none

Ans. :- C

27. Chemical stressor dive to ----------

A. Water guality pollutants & metabolic wastes B. temperecture & gas super satelzation

C. handling tzansporetion, Stocking or discovertreatment

D. population density Confinement dietOmposirion

Ans. :- A

28. Physical stressor dive to------------

A. water quality pollutants & metabolicwastes

B. handling tzansporeltion stoeking or disearetreatment

C. population density Confinement dietcomposition

D. temperature & gas super-satezeetion

Ans. :- D

312. 309
29. Procedural stressors in fish dive to-----------

A. water guality pollution & metabolicwastes

B. handing ltzanspontion, stocking or disearetreatment

C. population density confinementdietcomposition D. None

Ans. :- B

30. Biological Stressed in fish dive to-------------------

A. water qulity pollution &metabolicwastes B. temperature & gassuper-saturation

C. population density confinement diet amposition & micro-macro-organism

D. handing transportion, stocking or disearetreatment

Ans. :- C

31. Sub-lenthal temperatureis

A.18
0
C-25
0
B.18
0
C-25
0
C.18
0
C-25
0
D. 18
0
C-25
0


Ans. :- B

32. Ichthyophthiriasisisthe ---------------- diseare

A. Protozan diseaseB.Figaldisease C. Bacterial diseare D. Viraldiseare

Ans. :- A

33. The Ichthgophthiriasis is Commonlly calledas----

A. whitespotdisease B. blackspotdisease C. both A& D. viral
diseare Ans. :-A
34. Causative agent of white spot disease--------

A.Trichodina B. Myxobolus bengalensis

C.Icthyopthiriusmultifilis D. None

Ans. :- C

313. 310
35. The causative agent of the encystedSpores

A.Myxobolusbengalensis B. Myxobolus catlae

C.Myxobolushosadurgensis D. All ofthese

Ans. :- A

36. The symptom of the dactylogyrosis is ---------

A. Colour of thegillfades B. excessire mucusSeeretion

C. droppingofscales D. All ofthese

Ans. :-D

* The adult of there monogeneans attached to the by a characteristic attachment organ
called as hapter.
37. Dactylogyrus sp is -----------

A.viviparous B.oviparous C.ovoviviparous D. none

Ans. :- A

38. Gyrodactylus spp is-------------

A.Oviparous B.oviparous C.ovoviviparous D. None

Ans. :- B

* A ciliated larvae called asmiracidium

* The Causative agent is the branchiuran parasites Argulusfoliaceus

* Causactive agent of Ergasilosis Engasilus sp

* The causative agent of lernaeasis Lernaeachackoensis

39. Non-Infectious diseareincludes----------

A. gasbubbledisease B.gill disease C.Nutritionaldisease D. All ofthese

Ans. :-D

40. The disedsed Condition Can be avoidedby-----------

A. Stopping application ofunfermentalfertilizers B. addition of freshwater to the
waterarea

314. 311
C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- C

41. The causative agent is the Algaltoxicosis

A. blue green algaeB.Microaystis C.Anabaenospp. D. All ofthese

Ans. :- D

42. Causative organism columanis disease is----------

A.A.liquifaciens B. Flexibacter Columnanis C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- B

43. Which bacteria is found in Epizootic ulcerativesyndrome

A.Aeromonashydsophila B. Flavobacteniumsp

C.Edwrdsiellatarda D. All ofthese

Ans. :- D

44. Causative agent of the Bacterial gill diseaseis

A.Flavobacteriumbranchiophilum B. Flexibactercolumnaris

C.A.liquifaciens D. None

Ans. :- A

45. Bacterial disease in shrimpare

A.Vibriosis B. one month mortelingsyndrome

C. Septichepatopancreaticnecrosis D. All ofthese

Ans. :- D

46. In Aeromonas salmonicida which diseare isfound

A.Furunculosis B. Corperythrodermatis C.Vibriosis D. None

Ans. :- D

47. In vibrio spp. Which diseare iscaured

A.Vibriosis B. Bactrial kidneydiseare

315. 312
C. Enteric andmouth disease D. None

Ans. :- A

48. Yersinia ruckeria fish which disease iscaused

A.Botulism B.eye disease C. Columnarisdisease D. None

Ans. :- A

49. Symptom of the yellow headdisease

A.PinkishCephalothorax B. discoloration ofhepatopancrean

C.tubulerlumen D. All ofthese

Ans. :- D

50. Staravation is dueto

A. Complete deprivationoffood B. inadequate seipply offeed

C.non-acceptability D. All ofthere

Ans. :- D

51. Symtoms of starvationis

A.enlargedhead B.darkercolour C.emaciatedbodies D. All ofthese

Ans. :- D

52. Indicators of health Condition erflexis

A.Escapereflex B. Defensive reflex C.Tailreflex D. All of these

Ans. :- D

53. Microbial diseasesincludes

A. Bacterial disease B.Protozoandisease C.Fungal disease D. None

Ans. :- A

54. Fin-rot & tail rot in young fish due to mixedinfectieatin

A. A.hydrophila B.Pseudomonasfluorescence C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- C

316. 313
55. Dropsy is infectionof

A.A.hydrophila B.Myxozoanparasite C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

56. Dropsy affected fishes could effectivdy treatedusing

Ans: Terramycin

57. Causative organism of the eyes disearesis

A.A.liqufaciens B.A.hydrophila C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

58. Which organisms Causes gill hyperplasiasyndrome

A.mexobacteria B.mycobacteria C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- B

59. PCR are usedas

A. Preparing specific DNA Segment by cyclieamplification

B. Characterizing pathogen&disease C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

Hybridization technigue popularly known as

Ans. :- dot bot hybridization

60. Which is the following pharmacologically active Substancesare

A.Funyfuramide B.Nifuratel C. Nitrofurantoin D. All of these

Ans. :- D

317. 314
Fish Pheromones

1. Chemicals released directly form a repellent stimulus calledas

A.Alarm chenmicals B. Stres chemicals C. Avoidance chemicals D.distress
chemicals Ans. :-C
2. Chemicals released from damaged non specifics is knownas

A. Alarm chemicals B.Avoidancechemicals C. distress chemicals D. None

Ans. :- A

3. Chemical released through stressed but undamagedconspecific

A. Stress chemicals B. alarm chemicals C.Avoidancechemicals D. All

Ans. :- A

4. Scientific Name of EuropeanMinnows

A. Ictalurus Rancrutus B. Phoxinus phoxinus C.Esox lucius D. None

Ans. :- B

5. The active space of alarm pheromonecanexceed ---------- lit/cm
2
ofskin

A.5900 B.5700 C. 4900 D. 5800

Ans. :- D

6. The large epidermal cell of alarm substance in fishes is knownas

A.club cells B. tissuecues C. A&B D. None

ns. :- A

7. ASC Standfor

A. Alarmsystematiccells B. Acidseuphatecell C. Alarmsubstancecell D.
None Ans. :-C
8. In Mitochondria Matrix granulesis

A. 80-50mmdia B. 30-40mm dia C. 30-70mmdia D. 30-50 mmdia

Ans. :- D

318. 315
9. The minnows alarm was initially suggerted tobe

A. Purime– ptiriu B.purine-histanire C.pteriue-hidtaniine D. All

Ans. :- A

10. Pterine is also calledas

A.Isoxanthopterin B. Isoxanthopterine C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- A

11. In which alarm chemicals is used in P.phoxinus.

A.Pterine B.Purine C.Histanline D. Pterine-purine

Ans. :- A

12. Which component is actiue to produce response of alorm isminnows

A.Hypoxanthine-3(N)-oxide B. Hypoxanthine-4(N)-oxide

C.Hypoxanthine-5(N)-oxide D. None

Ans. :- A

13. The first systematic study on sexual behaviour of all estuary goby indicated in the
year.
A.1958 B.1959 C. 1955 D. 1956

Ans. :- D

14. It is ersential to render Male differentially Sensitive to sex athractant releared by the
gravidfemale
A.gonadotropin B.Androgen C. A&B D. All

Ans. :- B

15. Which gonadotropin is secretod in the male gold fish exhrezsed to the female sex
pheromone
A.terterone B.androgen C. gonadotropin D. All

Ans. :- C

319. 316
16. From which species attracts Males after 17
th
, 29β – dihgdroxy a- pregnene-3 one
administration
A.Greodroniismiloticus B.Corassiusduratus C.Salmosalar D.
None Ans. :-A
17. EOGmeans

A. electrooxygengram B.electrooffachogram C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- B

18. Atlanlic salmon releared prialer phewmoneis

A.F-typeprostaglandins B.m-type prortaglandins C. F-m type prortaglandins D.All

Ans. :- A

19. Which alarm substance is elicited courtship behavior amongmales

A.hexestrolpentapropinoate B. hexestroldipropine

C.hexestroltetrapropioate D. All

Ans. :- B

20. It is reported as induce of sexualbehawiour

A.Aminl acid B.androgen C. estrogen D. All

Ans. :- D

21. The male sexual pheromone of Gobues jozo has been identifiedas

A.Testosteroue B.etiocholenoloneglucuronide C. estrone D. oestradiol

Ans. :- B

22. SVF standfor

A. Syrtematic vericle fluid B. Seminalvesldefluid C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- B

320. 317
23. Gas Chrmomatography Mass Spectrometry studieshaverevealed -------------- is

made of holding water

A. 5β-andvostene-3 , 17 β-diol&cholesteurl B. 5 β–androstene-3
C.5-androstene- D.17-21 glucuronides
Ans. :- A

25. yellow bullhead (icralurus mathlis) fish secreted pheromones in the skinof

A.Gill B.Scales C.Mucus D. fins

Ans. :- C

26. Which chemical extract of mucus was attractive in topsmelt

A. methanol B.Methanol C.β-methanol D. All

Ans. :- B

27. Eels are caughtin

A. traps B.hooks C. gear D. mone

Ans. :- A

28. Which sex hormone takes place in the skin of Africancarfishes

A. GnH B.gonadotropin C.glucuronidation D. All

Ans. :- C

29. In salmon species pheromone hyposhesis was rejuvenatedin

A.1978 B.1976 C. 1979 D. 1977

Ans. :- D

30. The Migration of fish spp was findingthe

A.Rhodeisland B.Alexender C.lauisporcler D. None

Ans. :- A

321. 318
31. Salmo alpines in faeeal matter of the smolts was reported & it suggestedthe
derivatiuesof
A.Ammonia B.urea C. bile salt D. alcohol

Ans. :- C

32. It affected behavior of the sexual aggregav pheromones in zebrafish

A.Chloride B.ladniurm C. sluphate D. zinc

Ans. :- D

33. LAS standfor

A. linearalkylbenzeneswphate B. linear alkalineswphate

C. Limear alcoholbenzeneswptate D. None

Ans. :- A

35. MFOmeans

A. mixedfunctionoxidare B. mixed factoroxidase

C. Mixedfollicularoxidax D. None

Ans. :- A

36. The alarm substance of P. phouinus was recordedas

A.Cyprinids B.pterine C. Purine D. All

Ans. :- B

37. Sientific mance of Zebrafish

A.Italuruspuwctatus B. Carassius aunatus C. Brachydanio rerio D.None

Ans. :- C

322. 319
38. Match thepair

A. B.

a) E&Oxlucius 1) phorinus phorainus

b) Ictaluruspunctatus 2) nuorthernpike

c) Italiorusnatalis 3) Channd eatfish

d) Minnows 4) yellow bullhead

Ans.:-a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1

323. 320
Aquatic Pollution

1. The Term pollution has derived from latin word ―‖pollu‖ thatmeans.

A. tosoil B. tofertile C. both A& b D. Only Boption

Ans. :- C

2. The biodegradable time for polystyrene foamis

A.Indefinite B.600years C. 450years D. 400 +years

Ans. :- A

3. The biodegradable time for papertowel

A.2-4weks B.4-6 weeks C.6-8weeks D. 8-10 weeks

Ans. :- A

4. Dissipating wastesmeans

A. wastes that gain their damaging effect as enter inwater

B. wastes that lose damaging effect as they enter in waterbody

C. wastes that either gain or lose their damaging effect as they enter in waterbody

D. All of these

Ans. :- B

5. Disipating wastes examplesare

A.cyanides B. Heat C. Acids&Allcalies D. All

Ans. :- D

6. Conservative wastesare

A.Heavymetals B.Halogenatedhydrocauban C.radioactivematerial D.All

Ans. :- D

7. Inert panticulates pollutantsare

A.fhyash B. china day-waste C.collierywastes D. All

Ans. :- D

324. 321
8. Point souce of pollution (aquatic) occurwhen

A. Pollutants directly entered inwaterbody B. Pollutants indirectly enterd in
water body
C. Pullutants that get run-off intowaterbody D. None

Ans. :- A

9. Non-point source of pollution Occurswhen

A. Pollutants directly entered inwaterbody B. Pollutants indirectly enterd in
water body
C. Pollutants that get run-off intowaterbody D. None

Ans. :- D

10. Domestic & sewage also at refendas

A.Unsanitarysewage B.Sanitanysewage C. both A& B D.
None Ans. :-B
11. Mostly industrial refend comesfrom.

A.Processingindustry B. Food products industry C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

12. in industries which don‘t have to waste treatment facilitiesare/is

A.Sugar-mills B. distillenes C.leatherproceing D. thermal poherstehe

Ans. :- D

13. The Cooling water used in electricity-generating plantmay

A. reduce the level of ammonia & organicnitrogen

B. increase the levelofnitrate C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- C

325. 322
14. The earth atmorphere contains ----------- % of nitrogen&about ----------- ofnitrogen

available in environment

A.78%,3/4
th
B.80%,3/4
th
C. 78%, 1/4
th
D. both A &C

Ans. :- A

15. The largest reservoir of phosphorus in the environmentis

A. the mineralsinrocks B. mineralsinsoil C. mineralsinsediment D. All

Ans. :- D

16. Which compourds doent move madily in seepage or mun – offare

A. Phorphatic componrds B.Nitrogencanpound C. both A &B

D. None Ans. :- A

17. Major source of Nitrogen & fevtiligen are available inform

A.Ammavia B.nitrate C. both A& B D. onlyhitrde

Ans. :- A

Organic Pollution

19. Most common form ofPollution

A. Oil Pollution B.OrganicPollution C. Themal Pollution D. RadioactivePolluthion

Ans. :- A

20. Sewage contains --------water& --------------- Solids

A. 99%,1% B. 98%, 2% C.99.9%, 0.1% D. Only 98%,2%

Ans. :- B

Oil Pollution

22. That ---------- % of all oil transported through waterways up in polluting wateras

spillage

A.0.0010% B.0.0001% C. 0.01% D. 0.1%

Ans. :- A

326. 323
23. In case of oil stick, birds gets leadtobecause ---------- --.

A. they loss waterrepellantproperty B. they get water repellantproperty

C. Birds are totallynotirfected D. Question &wrong.

Ans. :- B

24. About 80% of oil treampated by tantersis

A. refinedone B.cnudeone C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

26. in offshore drilling, large quantition ofwasteof -------- toxicityproduced

A.High B. how C. Medium D. None

Ans. :- A

27. About ---------- range of oil seepage take plau neam catiratalcoasteires

A. 0.02-2milliontan/year B. 0.03-3 milliontan/year

C. 0.04-4milliontan/year D. Nonr

Ans. :- B



Toxic pollution

29. Human-induced releases of tin, lead & mercury are------------& ------------------- fines

greater than geological minealisation.

A.110,13&23 B. 13, 110& 2.3 C. 2.3, 3& 110 D. None Ans. :-A

30. Gological Pollutionmeans

A. any type of pollution couned by naturalattivity

B. any type of pollution cauned by gumanactivity.

C. any type of pollution cauned by both natural and humanactivity

D. any type of pollution cauned by other natual or haumanactivity

Ans. :- A

327. 324
31. Radioactive substances with a long halflifehas ---------------- lo radioactivity

A.High B.Medium C.Low D. None

Ans. :- A

32. BOD levels of industryeffluentare ---------------than domestic sewage

A.High B. Low C. rqual D. None

Ans. :- A

34. Untreated human sewage have BOD values of about

A.3500ppm B.350ppm C. 35ppm D. None

Ans. :- A

36. Eutrophication is one of the exampleof

A. InorganicNutrientprllution B. diffiuse pollution C. undiffusepollution.

Ans. :- B

37. ExpandDAIN

A. Dissolved AvailableInorganicNitrogen B. Dissolved availableinorganic
phosphorus
C. Dissolve availableorganicphosphorus D. none

Ans. :- C

39. Eutrophication, what causes the unpleasent smell of pond---------

A.Aerobicdegradation B. Anaerobic degration

C. both A& B D. Only aerobicdegsation

Ans. :- A

40. In most natural waters, total ammonia concentration greater than---------------

exceed chronic exposure inertia for fish

A.1mg/litre B.1.5mg/litre C. 2mg/litre D. None

Ans. :- B

328. 325
41. In alkaline water high temperature the chronic critena exceeded by total ammonia
concertration lessthan---------
A.0.1mg/litre B.0.3vg/litre C. 0.6mg/litre D. 0.8mg/litre

Ans. :- B

43. Ammonia loads systematically decrease from--------to ----------- reaches

A. non-tidal to tidal B. tidal to non-tidal C. bothareright D. None

Ans. :- C

45 ------------- forms of phosphous that autotrophs canarsimlate

A. orthophosphate B.metaphosphate C.deaphorphate D. None

Ans. :- A

46. warmer watercause

A.Oxygenincrease B.oxygendepletion C.increasemetabolism D. A&B

Ans. :- A

47. Gambusia holbrooki (Mosquito fish) exposed over many years to heatdischarge
breed , whereas natural spp show monthsbreeding
A. throughouttheyear B. about6months C. Onlyare month D. None

Ans. :- D

48. Increase intemperature-------

A.increasephotosynthesis B. increase photosynthesis up to apoint

C. bothalwaysincrease D. None

Ans. :- A

49. Warm water from power plants may be usedfor

A. inigation – plant growing season in frost proneareas

B. to speed fish gsouth shell fish for commercrialproduction

C. desalinateoceanwater D. All

Ans. :- D

329. 326
50. Decline in fish & shellfish recruitement,responsesto ------------ acidity

A. direct effectofacidity B. an9ndirecteffect C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

51. The main toxic effect at Aluminium is due to its solubse form, whichpredominates
arePh-to
A. 5.0 -5.5 B. 4.0–4.5 C. 4.5–5 D. None

Ans. :- B

52. As the acidity of water increase, the aluminiumin

A.becomesimsoluble B.becmesoluble C.Noneeffect D. None

Ans. :- D

53. The toxic effect of aluminum becomes Mnens in prerence of organic compuounds
such as humic acids & when calcium levelexceeds------------
A.1mg/litre B.0.5mg/lite C. 2mg/lite D. 2.5mg/lite

Ans. :- B

54. Dissolve aluminium concentration aslowas ---------- ppm can kill fish &macro-

invertebrates

A.0.05ppm B.0.5ppm C. 1 ppm D. None

Ans. :- A

56. What is coughing infishes

A. irritable compounds toeyes

B. irritable conpounds to gills & water gets reversed aergills

C. irritable compounds to gastricanal

D. irritable compounds to gills & water gets not reversed aergills

Ans. :-

330. 327
57. High Chlorie in chlorinated watesmay

A. burnfishtissues B. reduce absorbing oxygencapadt

C. both A& B D. OnlyA

Ans. :- A

58. High chlorinated water contain high chlorinecame.

A. Fish dives due to&phyxiatian B. fish doemit gethame

C. both A& B D. Sametvingwrong

Ans. :- A

60. High nitrate in bloodcause

A.Methaemoglobinemia B. Hypohaemoglobinemia

C.Hypeshoemoglobita D. both A &B

Ans. :- A

61. Example of Heavy metals are/is

A.Cd B.Zn C. Hg,Pb,Cr D. All

Ans. :- A

62. Which statement isRight------------

A. Primary treatment is extremely efficient removingpathogen

B. Primary treatment is exdrenely inefficient at remaringpathoger

C. Primaly treatment is good forremaingpathogen D. None

Ans. :- B

63. Secondarytrealment

A. usually inefficient at inactivating pararites &virres

B. usvally efficient at inactivating parasites &virues

C. usvally ireffcient at activating parasites&viruses D. None

Ans. :- D

331. 328
64. Tertiary treatmentcawinactivate -------------- % of microorganisms

A. 99.5 –99.9% B. 99.0 –99.1% C. 98.5 – 99 % D. None

Ans. :- D

65. In sewage treatment , the waste from primary effluent is taken in trickler filter which
is broken downby
A.anaerobicbacteria B. Aerobic bacteria C. both A& B D. facultativeanaerobic

Ans. :- B

66. Bioremediationconsists

A Phytoremediation .B. Mycorendiation C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- A

68. The agency UNEP (urgted Nation Enviranmental Programme), wao outcome of------

A. 1
st
major Interatatienal Conference on EnvironmentalIssues

B. 2
nd
major International Conferente on EnvironmentalIssues

C. 3
rd
major gntemational Conference on EnvironmentalIssue

D. 4
th
major gnternationas Conference of EnviraonmentalIssues

Ans. :- B

69. The 1
st
major International Conference on Envinonmental Issues was held in--------

which is spovered by United Nations.

A. Stockhollm(Sydney)1972 B. Paris1972

C. Stoclcholtm(Sydney)1975 D. Paris1975

Ans. :- C

70. ExpantMARPOL

A. MarineResearchPollutant B. MarinePollution

C.MarinePopulation D. All arewlong

Ans. :- A

332. 329
71. MARPOL agreement was developed by--------------- in-------------

A. International Marine Organisation (UN) ,1973

B. International Marive Organisation (UN),1975

C. National Marine organisation (UN),1973

D. National Marine organisation (UN),1975

Ans. :- A

72. MARPOL agreementregulates

A. disposal of trash is sawage from ship insea

B. disposal of hazardous chemical from shimp into

C. disposal of trash sewages, from on area rather than ship in sea D. both A &B

Ans. :- A

73. 1
st
United Nation agency to be headquatered in a developingcountry-----------

A. UNES B.UNEB C. UNEP D. UNES.

\Ans. :- B

74. The ISO has formulated the environmental management system standardsunder---

A.14000 B.1400 C.140 D. 14

Ans. :-

76. Industry & municipalities obtain permission to discharge pollution directly from point
sources in waterfrom------------
A.NDES B. NPSE C. NSPE D. NPNP

Ans. :- A

77. NPES ( National pollution Dischange Gininetion System) wascreatedby -------------in

1990

A. Environmental protection agency of USA B. Environmental Protection agency of
US

333. 330
C. Environmental Protection agencyofUN D. None

Ans. :- A

78. The water act in India was ruledin

A.1974 B. 1975 C.19765 D. 1977

Ans. :- B

79. The water can act in india was rulesin

A.1972 B.1978 C. 1979 D. 1980

Ans. :- A

80. The Environment ( Protection ) Act was mledis

A.1985 B.1986 C. 1982 D. 1988

Ans. :- A

334. 331
Fish In Human Nutrtion

1. Which one contain all essential amino acids(EAA)-----------

A. Fish B.Milk C.Egg D. All

Ans. :- D

2. Fish collagens can be usedin

A.cosmetics B. hircore C. burncoverdrenings D. All

Ans. :- D

3. Fish contain all EAA, but have excellent source of whichEAAS/

A.lysine B.methionine C. aysteine D. All

Ans. :- D

4. Surmi bared prodmet is on exampleof

A. Protein denatured under controlled condition B. gel faming ability of myfibrillar protein

C. Protein denatwed underuneatrlledconditions D. both A &B

Ans. :- D

7. Quontitatively, main compenent of Non-protein nitrogenis

A.TMAO B.Creatine C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- C

8. Major component of nitrogen-containing fractionare

A.volatilebases B.Non-volatilebases C.both D. None

Ans. :- A

9. NPN (Non protein Nitrogen)have

A. lowmolecularweight B.water soluble C. both A& B D. All

Ans. :- C

10. Effects of protein denaturationis/are

A. increaredintrimicvisocity B. decreanedsolubility

335. 332
C. loss ofbiologicalactivity D. All

Ans. :- D

11. TMAO is prerentin

A. Freshwaterfishes B. Marinewaterfishes C. landanimals D. All

Ans. :- B

13. Which are/s is responsible to a great extent of fisheysmell

A.TMAO B.TMA C.Dimethylamine D.All

Ans. :- D

14. In nutrition , cereals have the definienay of which enential amino aoid(EFA)

A.Isolaucine B.heueine C.lysine D. Proline

Ans. :- C

15. In nutrition, legumes have the deficiency of which essential aminesat

A. SulphurCoretaingAA B. Nitrogen containing AA C. Cavbon corting AA D.All

Ans. :- A

16. Which of the following fatty acids consider Essential fatty acid(EFA)

A.w-6(linoleic) B.w-3(linolenic) C.w-9 D. both A&B

Ans. :- D

18. Infact, fish is a good source of all nutrientsexcepts

A. Carbohydrate,vitC B. Cabohydrate, uitB

C.Carbohydrate,Ascorbicacid D. both A &B

Ans. :- A

19. Which one nutritional component of fish show greates variation inamount

A.Protein B.Caubrhchate C. Lipid D. None

Ans. :- C

20. Mammalian fat generally contain notmorethan ---------- bonds per fatty acidmolecule

A. 3 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5

336. 333
Ans. :- B

21. Some freshwater spp., have low thiamine vitamin usally becauseof

A. thay don‘tgetit B. low thiamineactivity

C. highthiamineactivity D. both A &B

Ans. :- C

23. The total content of minerals in raw flesh of fish & gut invertebrates in the range of-

-------- % of wet weight basis

A.1.5-2.0 B. 2.0–2.5 C. 2.5–3 D. 6 – 1.5

Ans. :- D

24. The meat of fatty or semi-fatty fishes is an excellent sourec Vitamin D,the
concentrate of whch variesfrom----------
A. 500 –300010/100gm B. 1000 – 4000 10/100gm

C. 100 –50010/100gm D. always geater than 40010/100gm

Ans. :- A

25. Red meat has higher content of which vitamins than whitemeat

A. VitA B. Vit D C. Vit K D. Vit B

Ans. :- D

26. Which two minerals account for near than 75% in skeleton offish------------

A. Ca, Mg B. Ca,K C.Ca,Nitroge/Carban D. Ca, P

Ans. :- D

27. In marine finfish & shellfish, which are group contain highest amount ofiodine

A.Oyester B.Tuna C. Snail D. Solmon

Ans. :- A

28. In salmon spp. Iodine content is less rich, but considered an a good source of
prolinebecause
A. It is consumed at alangescale B. Its iodine valve is surenior ingvality

337. 334
C. Queotioniswrong. D. None

Ans. :- A

29. The iodine content in salt water fishranges----------

A. 500 –1000Mg/kg B. 100 – 200 Mg/kg C. 300 -3000 Mg/kg D.None

Ans. :- C

30. VitEand ----------------- element protein lipid fromoxidation

A. Zn B. Ca C.Selenium D. Copper

Ans. :- C

31. Which organism are /the richest soure ofcopper

A.Oyesters B.Mammals C. finfish D. Salman

Ans. :- A

32. Prawncontainabout ---------------- cholesterol/100gmeat

A.200mg B.400 Mg C. 500mg D. None

Ans.:- A

33. Why lipid in shrimp tissue have lower energyvalue

A. because they conpromisestriglycerides

B. because they compromises ligher content ofphospholipid

C. None D. both A &B

Ans. :- B

34. Lean fishes have ---------% of fat and stored in-------------

A. 3-790,liver B. 0.3 – 3, and major onliver

C. 7 –25 D. 0.3 – 3 & major onmuscles

Ans. :- B

35. Medium fatty fishes -----------% fat and stored mainly in-------------

A. 0.3 – 3% &liveronly B. 3 – 7% in liver &muscles

338. 335
C. 3 – 7 % andliver musdes D. 3 – 7 % &muscles

Ans. :- B

36. Highfattyfishes ---------------- % fat & liver,muscles

A. 7 – 25%&mucles B. 7 – 25 % & liver,muscles

C. 3 – 7% andlivermuscles D. 3 – 7 % &muscles

Ans. :- A

37. Natual source of squalene inshark

A.Liver B.Maxles C. Kidnay D. Ovary

Ans. :- A

38. Squalene ischemically

A. a hydrocarbon & atriterpere (tenpenoid) B. tenpenoidhydrocabon

C.diterpenhydrocarbon D. both A &B

Ans. :- D

39. In general, squatene is produeedby

A.Shark B.Plants C. Humans D. All

Ans. :- D

40. Squalene hava specific geavity ---------whichis ---------------- than water

A. 0.855& len B. 1.2& move C. 0.5& lev D. 1.5move

Ans. :- A

41. Squalene is used in--------

A. moisturizingagentCosmetvos B. Preventre agent C. badericide D.All

Ans. :- D

42. In marine fish, linoleic (w-6) & linotenic (w-3) acidsconstituteabout ------------ % of

lipids

A. 2 B. 5 C. 8 D. 10

Ans. :- A

339. 336
43. Timnodonic Acid is other name of which eventual fatlyaid

A. EicorapentanereacidCEPA B. Decosahexanoic Acid(DHA)

C. both A& B D. w-3 fatlyacid

Ans. :- A

340. 337
Fish Processing Technology

1. Fish is a highly Perishable food material because ofits----

A. High fat Cantent B.HighMoisture C.Nutrient Contents D. both B &C

Ans. :- D

2. In tropical Climate, fishspoilswithin --------------- hr

A.12-20hr B.10-15hr C. 5-10hr D. 13-17hr

Ans. :- A

3. The primary objective of any handing method is to preserve quality of fish by bringing
downtemperaturenear --------------
0
C as quickly aspossible
A.2.2
0
C B. 0
0
C C.1
0
C D. both B &C

Ans. :- B

4 are practically not possible for the entire catch in coastalfishery.

A.Gutting B. Heading C.Bleeding D. both A &B

Ans. :- D

5 are most common types of deep seavessels

A.Trawlers B.PurseSeiners C. both A& B D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

6. For making block ice, water in ice cans is packed in tanks ofrefrigerated-

A.Sodium solution B.Chloridesoution C. sodium & Carbonsolution

D. both A & BAns. :- D

7. Ice with smooth contours & in the shape of very thin flakes is called---------

A.Flake ice B.Plate ice C.Tubeice D. Liquid ice

Ans. :- A

341. 338
8. Thickness of flake iceis

A.10-12mm B. 2-3mm C.4-6mm D. both A &b

Ans. :- B

9. The retrigerant temp. of flake ice in the range of ------------

A. -20
0
to–25
0
C B. -10
0
to–15
0
C C. -8
0
to–12
0
C D. None of this

Ans. :- A

10. Which of the following thickness of Tubeice

A.2-3mm B.10-12mm C.10-15mm D. None of this

Ans. :- B

11. Which of the following length of Tubeice

A. 25mm B. 150mm C. 50mm D. both A &B

Ans. :- C

12. A packaged product of 3 to 4 cm thickness can be frozon in 1 to 1.5 hr whencooled
byplates at ----------
o
C
A.-30
0
C B. -26
0
C C.-35
0
C D. None of these

Ans. :- C

13. First of all Natural ice was used for food preserrationin

A.1820 B.1861 C. 1819 D. None ofthese

Ans. :- A

14. Thomas established first cold storage plantin

A.Japan B.Australia C. USA D. None ofthese

Ans. :-B

15. Which of the following century freezing of fish become started in India
A.1953 B.1947 C. 1951 D. 1863
Ans. :-A

342. 339
16. Sodium chloride brine has a miniumam freezing point at about -21
0
C at a salt
concentrationnear --------------- %
A.30% B.15% C. 23% D. 20%

Ans. :- C

17 --------------- is done by cutting after just behind the gill & in front of heart oraorata

A.Bleeding B.Bobbing C.Throatcutting D. both A &B

Ans. :- A

18. In round fishes an angle cut behind the head that is called as----------------

A.Gibbing B. Gutting C.Throat Cutting D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

19. In sharks & flat fishes bleeding is done by cutting of the tail portion & theoperation
is knownas
A.Heading B. Gutting C.Bleeding D. Bobbing

Ans. :- D

20. Blood can very easily changes its proportion after the death of fishHemoglobin
change in to ----
A. Meta hemoglobin (give dark brown colour) B. Sulpho hemoglobin (green colour to the
fiesh)
C. Both A &B D. None of these

Ans. :- C

21. Super chilling is process of lowering down the temperaturetoabout -----------
o
C

A.0
0
C B.-2.20
0
C C. -1.5
0
C D. None ofthese

Ans. :- B

22 --------- temperature range bacteria getdestroyed.

A. 0
0
Cto-4
0
C B. 0
0
Cto-1
0
C C. 0
0
Cto -5
0
C D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

343. 340
23. Maintain 0
0
C temp. during melting of ice,itabsorbes ----------------- FCL neatiron

surrounding

A.40kg B. 80kg C.50 kg D. None ofthese

Ans. :- B

24. First time an antibiotic was discoverd by Alexander flaming in----

A.1930 B.1928 C. 1927 D. None ofthese

Ans. :- B

25. Which of the following chemicals are Used inRefrigerants

A.Chlorofluorocarbon B. Hydrochloroflluorocarbon

C.hyydrofluorocarban D. both A &B

Ans. :- D

26. Temperature of seawater iceis

A. -2
0
to-5
0
C B. -5
0
to–10
0
C C. -1
0
Cto -6
0
C D. None ofthese

Ans. :- B

27. Which of the following Eutectictemperature.

A. -50
0
to-55
0
C B. -55
0
to-60
0
C C. -55
0
to -75
0
C D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

28. This temperature one which corresponds to the arrest time is also calleds the--------

------

A. Zone ofMaximumCrystallisation B. Crystalisation

C.Zonation D. both A &B

Ans. :- A

29. Which of the following temperature of Horizontal platefreezer.

A. -35
0
to-40
0
C B. -30
0
to-45
0
C C. -20
0
to-40
0
C D. None ofthese

Ans. :- A

344. 341
30. Which of the following type of Nucleation-----

A. Homogeneous nucleation taking place in pureliquids

B. Catalytic nucleation taking placeinfood C. bothe A&B D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

31. Density ofice is ----------- g/ml

A.0.90g/ml B.0.92g/ml C.0.50 g/ml D. None of these

Ans. :- B

32. Natural foods have eutectic temperature in the range of---------------

A. -50to -75
0
C B. -18
0
Cto-26
0
C C. -55
0
Cto-70
0
C D. None ofthese

Ans. :- C

33. Development of rancidity is also related to the temperature of storage ;fromthe
following inwhich temperature rancidity isfast.
A.-20
0
C B. -15
0
C C.-55
0
C D. None of these

Ans. :- B

34. Which of the following type of Thawing Methods(conductive)

A. ThawinginAir B. Thawing in water C.VacaumThawing D. All

Ans. :- D

345. 342
Trade and Export of fishery products

1. In 2004-05Indiaexported ---------------- Lakh tonnes of marineproducts

A. 4.6lakhtonnes B. 25 C. 46 D. 21

Ans.:- A

2 -------------------- has emerged as the largest market for Indian marineproducts

A.China B. European Union C. South East Asia, D.None

Ans. :- B

3. Global fish production in2002was -------------- %

A.22% B.25% C. 61% D. 62%

Ans. :-C

4. In 2001 Chinahadsigned -------------- agreement

A.END B.UFP C.WTO D. None

Ans. :- C

5. HACCP is standsfor---------

A. Hazard Analysis and critical controlpoint

B. Hazard Analyis and controlcontrolpoint C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

6. World fish production from aquaculture in 2002was

A.64.4 lakh B.62.2lakh C. 22 Million D. 51.4 millontonnes

Ans. :- C

7 -------------- is leader in fish export from Asianregion

A.Thailand B. Russia C.Japan D. China

Ans. :- A

346. 343
8. Wold fish production from aquaculture in 2002was

A. 51.4milliontonnes B. 26.1milliontonnes C. 22.2milliontonnes D.None

Ans. :- A

9. FPC longform

A. Fish protein concentrateB. Fishprocuringcenter C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :- A

10. IQF is standsfor-----

A. IndianQuickFrezing B.Individually QuickFish

C. IndividuallyQuickFrozen D. None

Ans. :- A

347. 344
Fishery Education

1. First fishery college at Mangalorein

A.1969 B.1869 C. 1899 D. 1879

Ans. :- A

2. Fishery training started in india at (tamil, w.bangol)

A.1945 B.1947 C.1948 D. 1943

Ans. :- A

3. M.F.Sc & Ph.D started inbombay

A. 1971 B.1989 C. 1969 D. 1999

Ans. :- A

5. Fishery Extension Centres of government of india were reorganized in to training
center in
A.1955 B. 1965 (Agra&HyD) C.1975 D. 1979

Ans. :- B

6. Thereare ------------ Fishery colleges inindia

A. 19 B.17 C.18 D. 12

Ans. :- B

7. Semester pattern of education is followed in all the fisheriesat

A. SAUs B.CAU C. CIFEE D. All

Ans. :- A

8. Model syllabus for Degree program include 170 creading 8 sem from ICAR inyear
A.1998-1999 B.1988-1989 C.1969-1970 D. Not till
Ans. :- A

348. 345
Abbrevation:

CMFRI = Central Marine fisheries FesearchInstitute
CIFRI = Barrackapre1947
Central Institute of Fishery Education

CIFE = Bombay1961

Central Institute of Fishery Education

CIFNET = Central institute of Fisheries Nautical Engineering andtraining
Kochin1963
MPPTC = Marine Product Processing training centreMangalore
ICAR = Indian Council Agriculture Research1929
RAWE = Rural Agriculture WorkExperience
BSMA = Broad Subject Matterarea
LAU = Central AgricultureUniversity

SAUS = State AgriculturalUniversities
CIFT = Central institute of Fishery tech
CIFA = Central institute for F.WAqcal
NATP = Natinal Agriculture technology project
AHRD = Agriculture Human ResourceDevlopment
IIFT = Indian institute of foregintrade
NCERT = National Conicil for Education Reseorch &training
EIA = Envirnemtal impuctAssessment
FFDA = F.W. Fish Farm Development Agency
BFDA = Brackish Water Fish farmers DevlopAgency
9. Todays education Seats forph.D

A. 72 B.78 C.88 D. 92

Ans. :- B

349. 346
10. Largest Seats for ph.D & Mf.Sc inindia

A.Bombay B.Magiore C.W.Bangal D. Ratnagir

Ans. :- A

11. The 1
st
Engg course in MF.Sc.Started

A.bombay B.W.Bangal C.Ratnagiri D. None

Ans. :- B

12. The B.F.Sc Coursearehave ---------------- Semester

A.8Sem B.12Sem C. 4 Sem D. both A &B

Ans. :-D

13. M.F.Sc in the corse Business Management & ove chilable inBiotechnology
(Fishery)
A.magalore B. Bombay C.Ratnagiri D. None

Ans. :- B

350. 347
Responsible Fisheries & Aquaculture

1. What isCCRF?

A. Code of conduct for ResponsibleFisheries.

B. Code of Convince for ResponsibleFisheries

C. Code of commity for ResponsibleFisheries

D. Code of community for ResponsibleFish

Ans. :- A

2. which are organization recommended the formulation of code of conductfor
Responsible fisheries(CCRF)
A. Food & Agriculturalorganization(FAO) B. Food & DrugAdministration

C. Indian council of Agriculture &Reserch(ICAR) D. All of these

Ans. :- A

3. For what purpose CCRF (Code of conduct for Responsible Fisheries)Formulated to--

----------

A. Conservation, management & development of allFisherman

B. Conservation and take only profit of Fishery

C. both A& B D. none

Ans. :- A

4. How many articles are there in code of conduct for Responsible Fisheries(CCRF)
A. 13 B.14 C.12 D. 11
Ans. :- C

5. The details regarding aquaculture development aregivein --------------- articlenumber.

A. 8 B. 9 C. 10 D. 7

Ans. :- B

351. 348
6. India has thetotalcostline --------------- in metre

A.859 B.8129 C. 7229 D. None

Ans. :- B

7. India has the total continental shelfarea

A. 0.5millionkm
2
B. 1.6millionkm
2
C. 2.4million km
2
D. 3.3 millionkm
2


Ans. :- A

8. India has the total EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)area

A. 3.06 million km
2
B. 4.08 million km
2
C. 2.02 million km
2
D. 4.45

Ans. :- C

9. India has the total brakish waterarea------------

A. 3.24millionha B. 5.24millionha C. 1.24 millionha D. None

Ans. :- C

10. India has the total reservoirareas

A. 3.15millionha B. 4.15millionha C. 5.35 millionha D. 2.50 millionha

Ans. :- A

11. India has the total ponds & tanksarea.

Ans. :- A

12. How many % of available water area has been brought under aquaculturepractices
A.30% B.40% C. 50% D. 60%
Ans. :- B

13. What is the average Productivity of pond & tank inIndia

A.2.2ton/ha/year B.3.2ton/ha/year C.4.2ton/ha/year D. 1.2ton/ha/year

Ans. :- A

352. 349
14. Aquaculture in India is mainly dominated by IMC andwhichaccounts -------------- % of

the total inland fish production

A. 80 B.60 C.90 D.75

Ans. :- A

15. Indiahasaround ----------- million ha of inland saline soils area

A. 5 B. 8 C. 10 D. None

Ans. :- B

16. How much area of brackish water (1.24) million ha culture and with how much
average Production/year
A.1,57.000ha B. 2,00.000 ha. C. 1,00.000 ha, 1 D.None

Ans. :- A

17. Culturedshrimpscontributed --------% to the total shrimp export.

A.50% B.60% C. 70% D. 40%

Ans. :- A

18. CRZ is------

A. CoastalRegulationzone B. Coastal Revolutionzone

C. CoastalRemindingzone D. None

Ans. :- A

19. Thereare ----------------- shrimp hatcheries in India which has an installedproduction

capacityof --------- Billion larvae

A. 260 , 11billionLarvae B. 310 ,11 billionLarvae

C. 260 , 22billionLarvae D. 360 , 22 billionLarvae

Ans. :- A

353. 350
20. There are --------- shrimp hatcheries in operation andproducingabout ----------- billion

shrimp

A.200,7billion B.260,7billion C.200,9billion D. 260,9billion

Ans. :-A

21. Which one state of India First translated the code into local verunacular Language
with the support of Bay of Bangal Programme (BOBP) and FAO of United Nations atin
1998
A.TamilNadu B.Kerala C. Karnataka D. U.P.

Ans. :-A

354. 351
Fisheries Legislation In India

1. The Indian continental shelfis

A. 0.5millionkm
2
B. 50million km
2
C. 1.50 million km
2
D.None

Ans. :- A

2. Total area of Rivers & canals (Millionkm)

A.0.20m.km B.2.40m.km C. 5.60 m.km D. 1.80 m.km

Ans. :- A

3. Total available area forreservoirs

A. 3.15millionha B. 5.90millionha C. 4.5millionha D. 5.0 millionha

Ans. :- A

4. Total tanks & ponds area (millionha)

A.2.15 B.3.25 C. 4.25 D. 5.25

Ans. :- A

5. Total brackish water area (millionha)

A.1.24 B.2.24 C. 3.25 D. 0.24

Ans. :- A

6. The Indian Fishery act, comein

A.1897 B.1951 C. 1981 D. 1984

Ans. :- A

7. Purse – seining was introduced for pelagic shoaling fishing like mackerel &sardines
inyear
A.1870 B.1970 C. 1895 D. 1985

Ans. :- B

355. 352
8. The Maharashtra Fishery Actin

A.1960 B.1970 C. 1980 D. 1985

Ans. :- A

9. The Marine products Export Development AutherityAct.

A.1972 B.1975 C. 1985 D. 1999

Ans. :- A

10. The maritime zones of the India Actin

A.1981 B.1971 C. 1975 D. 1965

Ans. :- A

11. Which state the first to enact the Marine Fisheries act in1980

A.Kerla B. Goa C.MH D. A & B

Ans. :- B

12. The Indian ports Actin

A.1963 B.1953 C. 1983 D. 1973

Ans. :- A

13. Environment ProtectionAct----

A.1986 B.1976 C. 1956 D. 1992

Ans. :- A

14 -------------- was perhaps the first state to introduce logistation for conservationof

fisheries

A.Assam B.Punjab C. Maharastra D. Goa

Ans. :- B

356. 353
15. Match the Pairs

Marine Fishing Resolution Act in following state

A B Answer
1. Kerala

i. 1981 1 – V
2. MH ii. 1993

2 – i
3. AP iii 2003

3 – iv
4. Gujarat

iv. 1994 4 – iii
5. W.B v. 1980

5 – ii




16. A

1. Goa


i.
B

2004
Answer

1 – V
2. Orissa ii. 1986 2 – iii
3. Tamillnadu iii 1982 3 – iv
4. Kernataka

5. Lakshadweep
iv. 1983
v. 1980
4 – ii

5 – i

357. 354
Fisheries Financing in India

1. Which of the first marine fishery sehome for a mechanized fishing vessel in karnataka
A.1978 B.1969 C. 1979-81 D. 1975
Ans. :-B

2. Which bank sanctioned the first marine fishery seheme for a mechanical vessel in
Karnataka in1969
A. NBARD B. Centralco-operativebank C. both A& B D. regional rural/banks

Ans. :- B

3. National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development was establishedin
A.1991 B.1992 C. 1981 D. 1982
Ans. :-D
4. Which type of the banks inder theNABARD

A.Co-operatveBanks B. Commericial Banks(101)

C. Regional uralBanks(196) D. ALl

Ans. :- D

6 ------------- District offices in NABARD

A.320 B.330 C. 340 D. 310

Ans. :- B

9. Which banks provided financing AEL to encounage export of foodproducts.

A.CommercialBanks B. RegionalRuralBanks C. State co-operative Bank
D.All Ans. :-D
10. Which banks are provided 100% refinance byNABARD

A.CommercialBanks B. RegionalRuralBanks C. State co-operative Bank
D.All Ans. :-D

358. 355
11. What is rate of communcational Bank RRB, SCO-OP. B, in % per annum
A. 5.75% B.6.75% C. 7.75% D. 8.75%
Ans. :- B

13. Involved in the proiect he is asked to invest his own capital as down payment itis
called as
A.marginalcoast B. Marginal money C. both A& B D. None

Ans. :-C

14. The Margin money normally rangel froma

A. 5to19% B. 10-25% C. 5-25% D. 25-45%

Ans. :- C

15. Personal security is also knonas

A. Primary security B.secondarysecurity C. Tertery Security D. polysecurity

Ans. :- A

16. Marine capture Fishery Integrated Projects are locatedin

A. M.P–Bihar B. A.P–Gujrat C. U.P – Rajastan D. All

Ans. :- B

17. IFP (Inland Fishery Project) is locatedin

A.Bihar B. M.P. C.Orissa D. U.p &W.bengal

Ans. :- D

18. Swedish International Deuelopment Agency Sponsored a Bay of bengal project is
located in
A.M.P. B. U.P. C. Karnataka D. Orissa

Ans. :- D

20. Operational Costsincludes

A.Seld B.Feed C.Fortilizer D. All

Ans. :- D

359. 356
21. Technical facillityIncludes

A. location of project site & accessibility B. Availability of input watg, electricity etc

C. Trainingfacilityavailable D. All

Ans. :- D

22. Financial viability is assessedby--------

A. Internal RatofReturn B. net present worthC. Cost RatioD. None

Ans. :- A

23. The financing bank in contermity

A. Reserve BankofIndia B. state BankofIndia C. both A&B D. None

Ans. :- A

24. Securities couldbe----------------

A.personal B.tangible C. both A&B D. none

Ans. :- C

25. The bank loan can berepaidwithin ----------- year

A.05-10 B. 05-15 C. 05-20 D. 05-07

Ans. :- B

360. 357
Disaster Management in the Marine Sector

1. Disastermanagementis ------------------ process

A. monodisciplinary B. TetradiseiplinaryC.multidisplinary D. All

Ans. :- C

2. Which of the following are key element in disastermanegment

A. Prevenion&mitigation B. Preparedness &Response

C. Relief&Rehabilitation D. All

Ans. :- D

3. national Disaster Management Commitee under the chairmanship of theprime
minister set upin
A.1999 B.2001 C. 2003 D. 2005

Ans. :- A

4. The designated modal ministry for Disaster Management at the national levelis

A. Ministry of Commerce& Finance B. Ministry of HomeAffairs

C. MinistryofDefence D. None

Ans. :- B

5. CRC Stand for ---------------

A. CentralReliefcommissioner B. Central Responsecommissioner

C. Central Rehabilitation commissioner D. None

Ans. :- A

6. National crisis management Committee (NCMC) is headed by--------------

A. MinisterofDefence B. minister of Homeeffairs

C.CabinetSecretry D. Primeminister

Ans. :- C

361. 358
Information and communication Technology

1. Management information system is usedfor

A.Planning B.monitoring C. Control D. All

Ans. :- D

2. The various Commercial software products that support people working in groupsare
called
A.Software B.groupwaere C.Hardware D. None

Ans. :-

4. Date to be communicated from taluka / blocks level to scientific community from of
pathways or medium must be used these pathways arecalled
A.CommunicationChannels B.media C. Radio D. both b &C

Ans. :- A

5. Physical wires or cables to transmit data with information it iscalled

A. Cablemedia B.Miorowave C. satellite D. both B &C

Ans. :- A

6 -------------- is used for high volume long distance point to pointCommunacation

A. Cablemedia B.Microwave C. Radio D. Satllite

Ans. :- B

7. Geostationary earth orbit, Medium earth arbit low earth arbit is type of------------

A.Microwave B. Satellite C.Cablemedia D. Radio

Ans. :- B

8 Satellites are excellent for Sending television programme to cableoperaters

and broadcasting dirutly homes.

A. lowearthorbit B. Geostationory earthorbit

362. 359
C. Medium earthorbit D. High earthorbit

Ans. :- B

9 Satellite is within the range of a few hundread kilometers to a fewthousand

kilometers above the earth surface

A.Medium earthorbit B. Lowearthorbit C. Highearthorbit D. All

Ans. :- A

10 Satellite are located from 400 miles to 1,000 milles above theearth

surface

A.Microwave B. Lowearthorbit C. High earthorbit D. medium earth orbit

Ans. :- B

11. The Commplition of information about the object without physical contact is called---

---------

A. Remote sensingB.Microwave C.Cablemedia D. All

Ans. :- A

12. Meaning ofISRO---------

A. Inland SocialReasearcharganization B. Indian social Reasearch

C. Indian Space Research Organization D. None

Ans. :- C

13. GPS ----------

A. GroundPositioningsystem B. Global positioningsystem

C. Globlepoliticalsystem D. Global primarysystem

Ans. :- B

14 ---------- is used for the navigation by Communicational airlines and Fishingvessels

A. Radio B.GPS C.TV D. NONE

Ans. :- B

363. 360

15. GPS system issupportedby --------------- satellite that are shared warldwide

A. 12 B.24 C.64 D. 48

Ans. :- B

16. LAN ------------- is

A. LocalareaNetwork B. Low areanetwork

C. LorgeareaNetwark D. None

Ans. :- A

17. MAN ---------

A. Metropolitanareanetwork B. Marine areanetworke

C. Mainareanetwork D. Mechanical areanetwork

Ans. :- A

18. WAS --------------

A. Wastareanetwork B. Wide areanetwork

C. Writeareanetwork D. Wrong areanetwork

Ans. :- B

19 ------------- is the standard reference model for Commounication between 2 endusers

in a network

A. Open systeminterconnection(OSI) B. Operating system(OS)

C. Local areanetwork LAN D. None

Ans. :- A


20. The inter-connected network exchanges information seamlessly by rising the same
open non-proprietery standards and protocols it is caned----------------
A.Internet B. Radio C.Microwave D. All

Ans. :- A

21. Computer on the internet has an assigned address calledthe

364. 361

A. internetprotocoladdress B. inner protocoladdress

C. Localprotocoladdress D. Local protativeaddress

Ans. :- A

22. SLIP Strands-------------

A. Slip lineinternetprotocol B. Serial line priternetprotocol

C. System lowinternetprotocol D.none

Ans. :- B

23. Email -----------

A.Englishmail B. ElectronicMail C. Emergency mial D. Elaboratemail

Ans. :- B

365. 362

ICAR Hints



If the temp. of fish raised, micro-organism
can be
Totally inhibited
Benefactor of Humanity Nicholas Appert (French
Confectioner)
Method of canning was inverted by Nicholas Appert (1809)
Nicholas Appert called his invention as The Art of Appertising
Head space of can should be 6-9 mm (5-7.5 mm)
Most common additive in canned fish Brine
Best and most reliable way of producing
necessary vacuum in fish cans
Heat exhausting
Average temperature for sealing heat
exhausted can
60-70
0
C
Coading in cans is done using Embossing machine
Sealed cans are washed (can washing) at
about 80
0
C by
Hot detergent (1-1.5%
sodium polyphosphate)
Most important bacteria in canning Clostridium botulinum
Most common and oldest type of retorting
method in heat processing canned food
Batch retort
Period of storage of cans before marketing 1-3 months
Most desirable storage temp. for cans
before marketing
10
0
C
Spoilage in quality, or accelerated
corrosion as a result of retention of heat in
the stack of can for long period is
Stack burning
Container used by Nicholas Glass container

366. 363


Most popular container used for cans

Tinplate
Composition of tin plate 98% steel & 2% tin
Thickness of steel plate 0.19 o 0.3 mm
Thickness of tin coating is express as gm/sq.m (GSM)
Same tincoatingthickness on either
surface
Even coating
Most commonly employed types of coating Differential coating
Which side of surface is given higher
coating
Food contact side
Recommended differential tin coating for
fish can
D11-2/5.6‘
Same coating thickness on either side is
denoted as
E
Types of lacquer used (1) Acid resistant (AR) –
for fruits

(2) Sulphur resistant
(SR) – for Meat, Milk,
Fish
Lacquering is done Before tin is cut & made
into can
Most common lacquers used for fruit can Oleoresinous lacquer
Most common lacquer used for fish can Oleoresinous C-enamels
Synthetic lacquer used are Phenolic, epoxy, vinyl or
polyester
Colour of can provided by Oleoresinous
lacquer
Gold colour
When lacquer is used without added R (regular) or F (Fruit)

367. 364

pigment, it is called enamel
When Zinc oxide is added (to 10-20%) to
oleoresin, it is called as
C (corn) enamel
Ideal container for beer & soft drinks Vinyl lacquer
Sealing compound largely used in food can Solvent based lining
compounds
Which part of can cause rotation of can
while seaming
Chuck
Two piece can are called Drawn
Drawn & wall ironed (DWI) can was first
developed with
Alluminium
Most important & most extensively used
alternate to tinplate is
Allunimium
Most commonly used Alluminium Alluminium alloyed with
manganese
Aluminium foil is used as a laminate with Thermoplastics
Most commonly used Retort pouch 3-ply pouch
In 3-ply pouch, barrier properties as
mechanical strength is given by which ply
Outer ply of polyester
In 3-ply pouch, protection from gas, light,
water & adequate shelf life is providedby
which ply
Middle alluminium layer
In 3- ply pouch, sealing medium is provided
by
Inner polyolefin film
(polypropylene)
Most easiest & common method to control
bacterial population is
Chlorination (4-5 ppm)
Most heat – resistant food poisoning
organism
Clostridium botulinum
Principal organism responsible for ―Flat Bacillus

368. 365

Sour‖ spoilage in low acid canned food stearothermophilus
(Aerobic spore former)
Organism causing swell of cans Clostridium
thermosacchavolyticum
(Anaerobic spore former)
Organism most involve in spoilage of low &
medium acid food (Meat & fish)
Clostridium sporogenes
Heat-resistance of bacterial spores is
maximum
At or near neutral pH
Spores are less resistant to Moist heat that dry heat
Spores are more resistant to heat when
they are in
Fatty or oily media
Bigelow & Esty method is also called Single tube method
Method of Esty & William also called
Multiple tube method is used for
Estimating heat-
resistance of spores
Townsend method of heat-resistant
estimation is used to determine
Thermal death time in
raw food product
Stumbo method use Thermoresist meter
design for heat
destruction studies in
115.6
0
-132.2
0
C
In Schmidt method, accurate measurement
of temperature is made using
Thermocouple
Change in temperature necessary to cause
ten fold change in D-value is
Z-value
Value of ‗Z‘ for Clostridium botulinum is 10
0
C
C. botulinum spore Thermal Death Time
(TDT) of
2.52 ins at 121.1
0
C

369. 366


2.52 minuteis

Minimum botulinum cook
Point of greatest temperature lag i.e.
Slowest heating point inside the container
Cold point
Time required to vent the retort & bring it to
the processing temperature
Come up time
A can showing bulged ends Swell or blower
A can with permanently & firmly distended
ends
Hard swell
A bulged end of cans can remove with
thumb pressure, but cannot be forced back
to original position
Soft swell
A bulged end of cans can be forced back to
original position but opposite end bulges
Springer
A can with normal appearance, but one
end flips out when it struck against solid
object
Flipper
Cans which swell as a result of hydrogen
formed due to internal corrosion
Hydrogen swell
With every 10
0
C increase in temperature
the rate of oxidation of fat
Doubled
Vitamin which is stable to heat, but
sensitive to light
Riboflavin (Vit.-B2)
Bacterial flora of marine fishes Gram –ve, non-spore
forming (asporogenous)
rod or cocci
Bacterial flora of f/w fishes Gram +ve
Bacteria which cause spoilage in ice
storage of tropical fishes are
Psychotrophs

370. 367


Most resistant bacteria to action of freezing

Gram +ve cocci
Most sensitive bacteria to freezing Salmonella typhimurium
What bacteria is more resistant to freezing
& frozen storage
Gram +ve bacteria
Rational method of prevention of food
borne disease
HACCP
Practical implementation of HACCP system
in food industry is encouraged by
Codex Alimentarius
commission (CAC) in
1991
HACCP was set up in 1993 O)
Two types of bacterial food-borne disease Intoxication & Infection
Intoxication is due to Ingestion of food
containing pre-formed
bacterial toxins
Infection is due to Ingestion of food
containing viable cells
Paratytic Shell fish poisoning (PSP) is due
to
Saxitoxin (produced by
algae Alexandrium)
Toxin in Ciguatera poisoning is produced
by
Green algae
Neurotoxic shell fish poisoning (NSP) is
caused by (Gambierdiscus toxicus)
Brevetoxin produced by
red tide algae
(Gymnodinium brevis)
Amnesic shell fish poisoning (ASP) is
caused by
Algae (Nitzchia pungens)
producing domoic acid
ASP was demonstrated in Canada in 1990 to cause
Amnesia
Diarrhetic shell fish poisoning (DSP) is
caused by
Okaolaic acid and/or
dinophysis toxin produce

371. 368


by Dinophysis
Word Clostridium means Spindle – like
Type of C. perfringens which cause food
poisoning in man
Type A
C. perfringens Type C cause severe food
borne disease of
Enteritis necroticans
C. perfringens Type C was first isolated
from
Home canned rabbit in
Germany
Mortality rate of C. perfringens Type C is 35-40%
Most dangerous food intoxication Botulism (by C.
botulinum)
Most common cause of human botulism C. botulinum Type A
C. botulinum Type E is associated with fish
& fishery product and first isolated in
1936
C. bolulinum do not produce toxin in pH of < 4.5
Sausage industry (Technology) started in Japan (1953)
Paste product & sausage technology was
called
Kamoboko
Form of packaging material for sausage
product during pre-world war II
Rubber hydrochloride
Stuffing machine for sausage Hand stuffer, Air/oil press
types Semi-automatic,
Fully automatic
Casing is of two types Natural & synthetic
casing
Natural casing (1) Reconstituted
collagen casing (animal
protein from animal

372. 369


bone)

(2) Collulose casing
(Plant Origin)

(3) Fibrous casing (Plant
Origin)
Sausage are mostly stuffed with Synthetic casing
Synthetic casing (1) Kurehalon
(polymerized compound
of vinyl chloride &
vinylidine chloride)

(2) Saran (PVC-
polyvinylide chloride)

(3) Ryphan (Rubber
chloride)
Best synthetic casing material Ryphane (but give
chlorine flavour)
Most important in gradient added to
sausage product
Starch
Extraction of myosin from fish meat with
salt is called
Sol
1 molecular wt. of NaCl is equal to 5.8 gms ofmeat
Best dose of salt addition in sausage 2.5%
Elasticity of fish meat is maximum at 7.3-7.5
Most impt. factor effecting elasticity of fish
meat
Myosin globular protein
(MGP)
Chemical used for treating spices Ethylene oxide
Spices extracted with alcohol & acetone
are called
Oleoresin

373. 370


Oleoresin are coated with

Arabic gum
Most important taste enhancer used in
sausage
Monosodium glutamate
(Succinates, Nucleotide
also used)
Stage of starch, when heated to
temperature of 70-75
0
C is
Dextrinished starch
(Viscous in nature)
Viscosity of starch is maximum in 88-90
0
C
Most important colour in sausage Red (orange)?
Red colour iso-electric point of fish 5 to6
Book published by Appert The Art of preserving all
kinds of Animal &
vegetable substances for
several years
Use of tinplate canister was introduced by Peter odum
Double seaming method of canning was
developed by
Charles Ams & Max Ams
(USA)
Most common method of filling of can Vegetable oil pack
Different cans based on acidity (Bigelow &
Cameron, 1932)
(1) Non acid food (pH –
above 6)

(2) Semi acid food (pH –
4.5 to 6)

(3) Acid food (pH – less
than 4.5)
First seaming operation of cans is Clinching
Closed air-tight cans are called Hermatically sealed cans
Most advanced stage of cans swell Hard swell
Most common chemical method of Estimation of TMA

374. 371

assessing quality of fish

Paper pulp for packaging is produced from Wood chips by acid or
alkaline hydrolysis
Kraft paper is made from Sulphate pulp
Grease proof paper is from Sulphate pulp
Grease proof paper is from Glassine
Thick paper is called Paper board
Paper board are used for Carton marking
First commercial film Cellophanes
Cellophanes is manufactured from Highly purified cellulose
derived from bleaching
sulphate pulp
Most commonly used packaging material LDPE
LDPE has resistance temperature between 40
0
C to 85
0
C
Material consumed in largest quantity by
packaging industry
Polyethylene (Polythene,
PE)
Density of LDPE 0.916 0.925 gm/cm
3

Density of HDPE 0.95 m/cm
3

LDPE produced by low pressure method Linear low density
polyethylene (LLDPE)
Polypropylene (PP) is produced by Polymerization of
propylene
Polystyrene is manufactured from Ethylene & Benzene
Condensation product of di-acid & diamine Polyamide (Nylon)
Most commonly used film Polyester

375. 372


Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is made by

Addition of reaction
between Acetylene &
Hydrochloric acid
Mostly commonly used PVC type Ester of phthalic acid ?
Aluminium foil is generally used as Inner layer
Thickness of Aluminium foil 0.06 ches
Most common method for manufacture of
laminate
Adhesive lamination
Storage using high pressure system Hyperbaric storage
Most functionally effective film for
packaging of IQF product
10 micron biaxially
oriented polypropylene
(BOPP)
Japaneses term for mechanically deboned
fish mince from white flesh of fish
Surimi
Basic raw material for fish sausage Surimi
Processed item presented in ‗Ready to
serve‘ style
Fish curry
Chitin/Chitosan are packed with HDPE woven gusseted
bag laminated with 100
gauge LDPE
Traditionally shark fin are packed with Jute sacks
Modern packing material for shark fin HDPE woven sack or
polypropylene woven
sack
Fish curry is packed with Thermoformed tray
made of polystyrene or
PVC
Short term storage material for fish Duplex carton lined with

376. 373

sausage plastic film
Amount of fish catch consumed as cured
form
20% of total catch
Method of fish curing is developed by CIFT, Cochin
Curing type, in which body fluid is allowed
to drain off
Kench curing
Curing type, in which body fluid is not
allowed to drain off
Pickle curing
Moisture content of Bombay Duck 85-90%
Most common bettle in India Dermestens after
Most common Mites in India Lardoglyphus sp &
Suidasia sp
Quality standard for cured fish product was
set up by
Bureau of Indian
Standard (BIS)
India export fish pickles to Middle East
Pickle are exported in Sealed glass or plastic
bottles
Most popular fermented fish product Fish sauce
In china, fish sauce are called Yu-lu
In Vietnam, fish sauce are called Nuoc-man
In Malaysia fish sauce are called Budu
Thailand fish sauce are called Nampla
In Philippines fish sauce are called Patis
In Japan fish sauce are called Shottu Suru
Salt content of fish sauce 20-30%

377. 374


Fermented fishery product is very popular
in

South-East Asia
Fish sauce is mainly exported to Europe & America
Salted & Brine Cured fish is called -
Marinated fish
Oldest method of fish preservation Preparation of Marinated
fish
Marinated fish is delivered in South – East Asia
Marinated roasted fish is popular in China
Marinated hard dried product Fish satay
Deboning device used for mating minced
fish
Badder 694
In India, block frozen fish mince is
marketed by
Integrated Fisheries
Project , Cochin
Surimi is usually prepared from Alaska Pollack
Fish sausage is popular in Japan
Excellent raw material for sausage
production
Alaska Pollack &
Threadfin bream
Packaging material for fish sausage Polyvinylidiene chloride
Earlier packaging material AF-2 (banned in 1974 by
Japan)
Voltage used in electrostatic smoking 40,000 volt
Smoke in a smoking kiln is termed as Aerosol
Size of solid smoke 10-5 to 10
-7
cm
Size of liquid smoke 10-3 to 10
-5
cm

378. 375


All the smoke are

+vely charged
Colourof electrostatic smokeproduct Golden colour
Most active antioxidant of wood Vinyl polyhydroxy phenol
Highest antioxidant actively is exhibited by 4-methyl syringal & 4-
vinyl syringal
Component of wood which is most
important in imparting smoke flavour
Phenolic component
Most carcinogenic component of wood 3,4-benzopyrene
Smoke constituents are more concentrated
at
Surface of meat (60
mg/100 gm of fish)
Smoke constituent in Centre of meat 1 mg/100 gm offish
Fermented fish product of Thailand Pedah-Siam
Fermented fish product of Burma Ngapi
Fermented fish product of Malaysia Belachan
Fermented fish product of Philippines Bagoong
By-product obtained during bagoong
preparation
Patis
Fermented fish paste of Thailand Karapi
Fermented fish sauce of Cambodia &
Vietnam
Nuoc-man
Fermented fish sauce of Thailand Nam-pla
Best fish sauce is prepared from Anchovy

379. 376


Brown mussel

Perna indica, (Green): P.
viridis
Mussel filter water at the rate of 3L/hour
A mature mussel can released 15 illion eggs
Induced breeding of mussel can be done by thermal shocking &
shaking ?
Optimum size of spat for seeding 20 o 35 mm
Bouchet culture was first devised by Patrick Walton
Culture of mussel most suitable in India
coast
Raft culture
First mussel raft was used in Spain
Crops of mussel which can harvest in a year 2 to 3times
World mariculture production is growing @ of 5 to 7%annually
Crabs are exported to other countries
through
Madras port
Groundwork for culture of crab has been laid
by
Orgkak sin
S. serrata Mud crab or green crab
Crabs are Omnivores
Largest edible crab of Indian water S. serrata (weighs – 2 kg)
Substance release by female crab to attract
male
Pheromone
Major problem in crab rearing Cannibalism
Crab larvae exhibit strong Positive phototropism
Out of total aquaculture production mollusc
accounts
Over 35%

380. 377


Oysters are

Protandrous
Larval development of oyster takes upto 3 weeks
Discovery of oyster spat settle on upright
bamboo stakes
Japanese, Gorohachi
Kooshiya, 1673
Stone bridge method of oyster is practiced in China
Ocean pond 9.3 ha body of brackish
water connected to the
sound by a narrow channel
Hatchery culture of oyster was first started by W.K. Brooke, 1879
Commonly used oyster hatcheries technique Wells-Glancy method
Milford method
Dry measure of weight having 8 gallons
capacity
Bushel = 35.2 l
Chemical used for treating fouled oyster Victoria blue B
Chief predator of oyster Oyster drills & star fish
Most sophisticated & productive oyster
culture
Japan
Most wide cultured species of oyster Crassostrea gigas (Pacific
oyster)
Long-line culture of oyster first introduced in Japan, 1947
Largest pearl oyster Pinctada maxima
Costliest pearl oyster P. margaritifera
Best pearl in the world is found in Gulf of Mannar (Orient
pearl)
Pearl oyster bed are call Paars
Pearl oyster bed found in Gulf of kutch Khaddas
Gave the method of formation of pearl Tokichi Nishikawa

381. 378


Emperical formula of phytoplankton

C106N15Si40P
Mother of pearl Nacreas (Calcium
carbonate )
India‘s continental shelf 51200 km
2

Sea weeds are grown abundantly in T.N. & Gujarat
Abundant large sized sea weeds Aquatic forest
P.C. used of sea weed for chemical industry 50% (by wt.)
Other name of Porphyra Laver (Eup, America), Nori
(Jap.)
Porphyra : Carpospore/terarpore Monospore – Plumule
Laminaria joponica Kombu (Hadai in China)
Stone casting System practise for bottom
culture of Laminaria
Fast & efficient method of zoospore
collection of Laminaria
Dark dry technique
Types of integrated farming Horizontal & vertical
Cage culture was & started (200 yrs back) in Kampuchia (Vietnam)
First species cultured in cage Cat fishes (in bamboo
busket)
First purposeful culture of carp In River Yamuna (1976)
Size range of cage 1 to 100m
2

3 side are enclosed & 4
th
side is land mass Pen
3 sided water culture system Ranches
Metabolites secreted by algae around its Allelopathy

382. 379

surrounding hampering growth of other algae

Most suitable dimension for cage Circular cage
Species in cage culture : US Cat fishes
Far east Milk fish
Germany Salmon
Netherland Trout
Economical species of bamboo 20 o 30 nos. (out of 1000
spp)
Life span of bamboo F/w – 12 to 18 months

M/w – 18 to 24 months
Integrated farming is based on concept ―There is no waste‖
P.C. of undernourished rural population of
India
83%
Rice field aquaculture started in Indonesia (19
th
centaury)
Water level for Rice field aquaculture 10 o 25 cm
Some deep water rice variety PLA-2, Jaisuria, TNR-2,
Jalandhi-2, ADT6,
Raharahan, Pattambi 15
Chemical used for root zone application of
rice crop
Carbofuran
Carbofuran is not accumulated in fatty tissue
of
Tilapia
Shrimp cum rice culture is practise in West coast
Species culture in Rice cum fish culture C.C., Tilapia, Trichogaster
Monoculture of C.C. is popular than
polyculture in
Indonesia

383. 380


Culture of fish was first start in

35,00 to 40,00 years back
(China)
P.C. cost fertilizer out of total input cost in
fish culture
60%
Size of fingerlings in duck cum fish farming 10 m
Indian ducks Sylhet, Mate, Nagesware
Animal having highest feacal matter per body
weight
Duck
Pen culture was originated from Japan (1920‘s)
Economic size of cage 5 m
2
to 50m
2

Mostly adopted size of cage Square or rectangular
Best species combination for pen culture in
breeds
Rohu, Catla, Mrigal
Cage culture in brackish water lagoon &
lakes is ideal for
Prawn
The cheapest lime Hydrated lime
Putting of lime into pond should be before 2 weeks
Tawes Puntius javanicus
Water colour change from green to clear Phytoplankton are not
producing enough O2
Names of some field kits Hach, LaMotte
Tilapia can tolerate pH range of 3.7 to 10.5
Hardness range for best fish growth 50 o 300 ppm
Alkalinity range for best fish growth 50 o 200 ppm

384. 381


Diameter of Secchi disc

30 m
Disappearing of secchi disc in productive
pond
20 o 30 cm
Vegetable matter used as fertilizer 5000 ha
Household scraps are also known as Night soil
10000 m
2
= 1 are; 1 are = 4 acres; 1 ha = 2.5
acres
NPK ratio : 8-8-2 and 20-20-5
Increase in weight of fish to weight of food
given
Food quotient
Fecundity of Labeo rohita 0 to 2.5 lakhs eggs/kg
body
Fecundity of C. mirgala 1.25 o 1.5 lakhs eggs/kg
body
Silver carp was introduced from Japan to Cuttack in 1959
Fecundity of silver carp 1.45 o 20.44 lakhs eggs/kg
body
Grass carp is also called White Amur (USSR; Amur
river)
Fecundity of Grass carp 3.09 o 6.18 lakhs eggs/kg
body
Rostral formula of Scampi 1 D/V 12-15/10-14
Tilapia was first brought from Bangkok
Method used for formulation of feed Pearson square method
Amino acid essentiality can be test by 14 C labeling higher level of
PUFA in fresh water fish
than – marine

385. 382


P.C. of lipid which give optimum growth

9 o20%
No. of prawn seed require per annum 600 ores
Successful culturist of M. rosenbergii S. Fiyimusa (1969)
Marine hatchery in India started by mid 1970‘s
Element necessary for shrimp culture water Calcium
Instrument used for counting algal cells Sedzwick Rafter
X-organ is located in Base of eye stalk
Ovipositing setae are found on the Coxae of the 3
rd
to 5
th

periopod
Ovigerous setae are found on Medial surface & basses of
the protopodites of 1 to 4
th

pleopods
Prawn have 10 arval stages
Green water system Bloom dominated by
Chlorella sp
Blended product of hen‘s egg and dry yeast Egg custard
Salinity for culturing prawn 14 - ppt
Carp which breeds in confined water Cyprinus carpio
Size of needle used for injecting bigger fish B.D. needle No. 19
Size of needle used for injecting smaller fish B.D. needle No. 22
Fertilized eggs hatch out after 15 o 18 hours
Physical quality of stone of gravel shouldn‘t
exceed
10%
Rate of seepage < 1 m/annum

386. 383


Depth of nursery pond

0.5 to 1.2m
Storage tank is also known as Ante tank
Breeding tank is also known as Ward tank
Male female ratio ante tank 1 :2
Average weigh of female for hypophysation 2 to 6kg
Breeding tanks of circular shape are of Chinese origin
Glass jar hatchery was developed by CIFRI (early 70‘s)
Capacity of each glass jar 6.35 itres
One glass jar can accommodate 0.5 lakhs ofeggs
Flow rate of Glass jar for IMC 600 800ml/min
Flow rate of glass jar fo silver & grass carp 800 1000ml/min
Zonj jar derive its name from Lake zonj (Switzerland,
1938)
Cannibalism in carps occur when PL & larvae of different size
are co-stocked
Movement of Hatchling Vertical
Swimming movement of PL Horizontal & vertical
TAN and TAP of soil should be > 0.1%
Total organic carbon of soil be > 1%
N and P ratio be in the range 4 : 1 to 8 :1
Quantity for emulsion 18 kg soap and 56 litre of
cheap oil
No. of tier in fish culture system 3 tier
Mahua oil cake Bosia latifolia

387. 384


Poisoning effect of MOC persist for more
than

2 weeks
Application of soap emulsion before stocking 24 ours
Stocking density of fry in rearing pond 3 lakhs/ha
‗Costless fertilizer factories‘ Pig
Pig excretes contains of digestible food for
the fish
70%
Floating weeds Water hyacinth, Spirodella,
Lemna, Azolla, Wolfia,
Salvinia sp., Pistia s
Emergent weeds Nymphea, Nelumbo, Trapa
Submerged weeds Hydrilla, Naja, Ottelia,
Vallisneria, Potamogeton
Marginal weeds Ipomea, Typha, Phragmites,
Cyperus, Colocasia
Commonly used weedicides in fish pond 2,4-D, Ammonia, Paraquat,
Dalapon
Chemical used in fish pond Bleaching powder, Tatadrin
20, Aldrin, Dieldrin
Organophosphate used in fish pond DDVP (Dimethyl
dichlorovinyl phosphate)
Plankton having diameter < 80 m Euplankton
Herbicides used in fish pond Diuson & Simazine
Gill spot disease is caused by Theloharellus sp
Scale and body spot disease is caused by Myxobolus sp
Trichodiniasis is caused by Tripartiella sp

388. 385


Ergasilosis is caused by

Copepod
Genetic transformation was encountered by Frederick Griffith (1928)
Bacterial transformation is popularly called Griffith effect
States with biggest beels area Assam (1 lac), WB (46,000)
Thermocline doesn‘t occur in Tropical reservoirs
Chemical stratification recorded in reservoir
of
T.N.
No. of fish species reported from W.B.
bheels
94 nos.
Fish yield range of shallow bheels 150 350kg/ha
Fish yield range of deep bheels 250 475kg/ha
Fish yield range of medium bheels 500 1000kg/ha
Fish yield range of stocked bheels 107 12610kg/ha
Total water spread area of reservoir 1 millionha
Total no. of reservoir (including large &
medium)
975
Area of medium reservoir 1000 5000 ha
Instrument used for measuring map Cartometer
Lake volume equal to hypothetical cone DV = 1
Intergeneric hybridization was first attempted
by
Kowtal and Gupta (1984)
Vitamin which lack in fish Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
Protein content of shell fish (crustaceans) 17.8%
Protein content of Mollusks 13%

389. 386


Protein content of fatty & semi-fatty fish

20% & 19%
The forerunner of hooks Gorge
Gorge are used in the Paleolithic era
When did organised fishery started in India 1911 B.Wilson)
ICAR was formed in 1929
CIFRS Central Inland Fisheries
Research Station (Calcutta)
Institute which led the nation in fisheries
research
CIFRS
No. of ponds in India 0.825llion
P.C. of fish eating Indian population 56%
Farakka barrage was constructed in 1972
Hilsa fishery contribution to total riverine
catch before Farakka barrage construction
35%
Combined length of river & main tributaries 27,359 km
Overall capture fish yield from the river 80%
‗The backbone of the culture fisheries‘ Ganga river system
Total carp seed production of Ganga river 89.5%
The richest fresh water capture fisheries Ganga‘s Hardwar to Lalgola
(1600 km) (Warm water)
Largest lake Chilka (1,03,600 ha)
Rivers which drains to Chilka lake Daya and Vargavi
Vembanad Lake is in Kerala

390. 387


Indian major contribution to total catch of the
plains

20%
Pigments required by ornamental fish Carotenoids
Composition of carotenoid Astaxanthia &
Canthaxanthia
Protein, lipid & carbohydrate requirement of
fish
30-45%, 4-8% and 30-50%
Live feeds are generally consider as ―Living nutritious capsule‖
Protein content of Moina 60 o 65%
Dry weight protein content of unicellular
algae
40 o 50%
Group of organism comprise of paramecium Infusoria
Blood worm : Family – Chironomidae
Order – Diptera, Class –
Insecta
Highest production of chironomid when
culture in
Chicken manure
Brachionus is highly nutritious Pelagic rotifer
Infusoria comes under Phylum – Protozoa, Class –
Cioliata
Origin of keeping ornamental fishes as pet China (gold fish)
Hobby of keeping ornamental fishes in India
bloomed with the opening of
Taraporevala aquarium
(Mumbai, 1951)
Species saved from extinction because of
aquaria
Stiffia francesae
Chromosomes are brought together by a Amphinosis

391. 388

process

Division of the egg into successively smaller
cells
Blastomere
Major nitrogenous waste product excreted by
fish
Ammonia
Concentration of urine Sharks and ray
Ova and Testis mature at same time Synchronous (Hypoplectrus
unicolor)
Male change to female Protandrous (Gonotoma
gracile)
Female change to male Protogynic (Centropuge
potteri)
The earliest stages of development of
ovaries (similar to spermatogenesis)
Oogenesis
Type of chromosome which is morphogically
same
Autosomes
Largest fresh water fish family Characidae (Lebiasinidae)
Spine loaches belongs to family Cobitidae
Live bearer belongs to family Goodeidae
Glass fish belongs to family Centropomidae
Fishes in family Anabantidae are known as Labyrinth fish
Alkalinity capacity for combining with acid SBV
Organism inhabiting deeper waters of a lake Profundal
PCR of fish than cattle and sheep 1 timesmore
Oldest coastal aquaculture Japan (Oyster)

392. 389


Seed of mussel

Glochidia
Pearl culture was practiced by Chinese (1200 AD) in lake
Tahu
Nutrients for pearl culture Ca (16 ppm) and Mg
Chemical used for glossiness of pearl H2O2 (3-5%) or dil. HCl
Fish-cum-Pearl culture is also call Synergestic culture
Doctors prefer air-breathing fish for weak
patient
High protein & iron, less fat
Stocking rate of Magur 50,000/ha
Singhi 70,000 to 1,00,000/ha
Bacterial disease of air – breathing fish can
be control by
Terramycin
Amount of sewage produced in India 3.6 mm
3
/day
Composite fish culture has emerged from China
India‘s total length of river, canals & irrigation
channel
64121 km
Type of farming ideal & recommended under
Indian agroclimatic condition
Semi-intensive farming
Red tilapia Cross of O. mossambiues
and/or O. hornorum

O. niloticus and/or O.
aureus
Tilapia can survive upto D.O. level of < 0.5 mg/L
Tilapia can survive at 0 mg/L for 5 hours
Amino acids which lack in plant protein Methionine & lysine

393. 390


Method of measuring & analyzing the
physical dimension of any water body

Morphometry
Aquarium fish may excrete ammonia in the
range
0.3 to 4g/kg/day
Maximum size of M. rosenbergii 320 mm & 200 g
Ectodermal up growth where
adenohypophysis originates
Rathke‘s pouch
Bundh breeding originates from Bakura & Midnapur (W.B)
Male female ratio in bundh breeding 20 1
No. of operation in one dry bundh 4 to 6operation
Type of bundh breeding where injection is
require
Dry bundh
Hormone responsible for development and
maturity of sex organs and spawning of fish
FSH and LH
P.C. of common salt used to make pituitary
solution
0.3%
Commercial name of H.C.G. (Human
Chorionic Gonadoptropin)
Somach
Synthesized induced breeding inductant Ovaprim
First successful hypophysation in fish culture Brazilian (1934)
Pituitary gland of same species is used Homoplastic
Pituitary gland of different species is used Heteroplastic
First attempt for induced breeding in India Hamid khan (1937)
Father of genetics Mendel
First law of Mendelism Law of segregation

394. 391


(monohybrid cross)
Second law of Mendelism Law of independent
assortment (dihybrid)
Phenotype (external expression) 2: 1
Genotype (Gene expression) 1:2:1
Gene responsible for lethality Lethal gene
Contrasting gene pair occupying the same
locus of homologous gene
Allele
Transmission of chromosome into heredity
withchanging their position or arrangement of
chromosome
Linkage
When one factors influences the other factor Epitasis
Heterogenous condition in F1 dominant
character are partially expressed in the
phenotype
Incomplete dominance
Heterogenous condition in F1 dominant
character are expressed simultaneously
Co-dominance
When male in F1 generation receive half the
gene of parent
Criss -cross in heritance
Any coded message is commonly called Cryptogram
DNA portion specifying single polypeptide
chain
Cistron
Revolution related to fish Blue revolution

395. 392


Sex ratio of fish

1:1
First sex linked inheritance in fish was
described
Johns Schmidt (1920)
Test for goodness of fit Chi-square test (X
2
-test)
Fishes produced as a result of injection of
foreign gene
Transgenic fish
Transgenic fish in India Dr. T.J. Pandian at
madhurai Kamaraj
University, Tamil Nadu
Development of fishes with only the maternal
chromosome
Gynogenesis
Developing fishes inherit only paternal
chromosome
Androgenesis
Artificial induction of mutations by irradiation
& chemical
Mutagenesis
Trophic depression last for 25 to 30 years
The portion of lake basin beneath sea level Crypto depression (Zc)
Country whose culture fishery exceeds
capture fishery
China
Chemical name of useful PUFA in fish Eicosapentanoic acid
Culture days of nursery pond 16 days
Rate of dry cow-dung in nursery pond 10,000 to 15,000 kg/ha
Stocking density of nursery pond 1 million/ha
Supplementary feed for nursery pond GOC and rice bran @ 1:1

396. 393


Size of fry ranges from

2 to 2.5cm
Size of fingerlings ranges from 11 to 15cm
Culture days of rearing pond 3 months
Rate of urea & SP in rearing pond 80 to 40 kg/ha (15-20 days
interval)
Stocking density of rearing pond 5,000 to 1,50,000/ha
P.C of protein content in artificial feed good
for carps
40%
Stocking density of carps fingerlings in
production pond
10,000/ha
Fecundity of IMC 2 lakh eggs/kg body weight
Fertilized eggs of IMC Transparent & non-
adhesive
Size range of fertilized eggs of IMC 2 to 5mm
Spawning take place after induced breeding 4 to 6hours
Induced: Egg hatch out in 15 to 18 hours (26 to
30
0
C)
Fecundity of S.C. and G.C 70,000 eggs/kg body weight
Colour of S.C. & G.C. egg Pale blue with light tinge of
yellow & deep brown or
golden brown colour
The eggs of common carps are Adhesive
Fecundity of common carp 1,20,000 eggs/kg body
weight
Best anesthetic used during transportation Carbonic acid
Other anesthetic Quinaldine, MS 22, Sodium
amytal Tertiary, amyl
alcohol, Phenoxy ethanol
Mussels attain maturity in 2 years (breed throughout

397. 394


the year)
Fertilized cat fish egg are (1-1.5 mm) yellowish brown
colour
Fertilized egg of trout are known as Green
Fertilized egg of M. rosenbergii get attached
to
Pleopod of female
Fecundity of M. rosenbergii 10,000 to 5,00,000 egg
R. catisbiana introduced In India, Cuttack (CIFRI,
1968)
Rotational culture of fish & prawn in rice field Kerala (Pokkali)
Protein requirement of fish 20 o 60%
Protein requirement of carps 35 o 40%
Amino acid requirement of fish 10 to 15 g/kg of feed
Owing to reduction of Ca salt or release of
humic acid from the soil
Acidosis
Formation of calcium oxide with elimination
of CO2
Alkalosis
Area covered by shrimp farm in CRZ 11.91%
P.C. occupied by culture shrimp segment to
total shrimp catch
50%
Scientists of CMFRI have succeeded in
raising tiger shrimp upto
F4 generation
No. of shrimp hatcheries along the coast line
of India
222
P.C. of hatcheries located in A.P. 62% (64% PL production of
India)
Main feed of shrimp hatcheries for PL
production
Artemia
Deputy Director General of ICAR Dr. K. Gopakumar

398. 395


Name of PCR labs in India

Santir Aqua (Ex.)
Environmental ‗terrorism‘ started in 1990
Total area brought under shrimp culture 142,000 ha
Current level of PL requirement 5 PL/m
2

Technique available for mass immufish Oral, spray, direct
immersion, hyperosmotic
infiltration, intraperitoneal
injection
Experimental immunization of IMC has been
tried
CIFA
Intraperitonial method fish reported against Vibriosis (Hayashi, 1964)
Oral vaccination first demonstrated for Trout (Duff, D.C.B., 1980)
Oral vaccination of IMC Nayak. K., 1990
Hyperosmotic immunization developed in Rainbow bout, 1976
pH of fish stomach ranges from 1.5 to 6.6
Bacterial disease most encountered in Indian
Fresh water Aquaculture
A. hydrophila
First 5-year plan was launched during April, 1951
Mechanization & introduction of nets made of
synthetic
First 5 year plan
Indo-Belgian and Indo-Norwegian project
was
2
nd
5 year plan
Importance to fisherman welfare was given in 3
rd
5 year plan
3 annual plans along with 5 year plan 1966 1969
First used of Mexican trawler 5
th
5 year plan (1974 to
1979)

399. 396


FFDA‘s (Fish Farmers Development
Agencies)

5
th
5 year plan
FFDAS idea was given by J.V.H. Dixitulu
Founder editor of Fishing Chimes Journal J.V.H. Dixitulu
FFDA was first set up at Mysore, Karnataka
Exploitation of deep sea fishery EEZ &
introducing of FRP
7
th
5
th
year plan
2 annual plans were implemented after 7
th
5-year plan (1990-91-92)
Maximum allocation of total has never gone
beyond
0.5%
Laws of the sea also known International Maritime Laws
UNCLOS – UN conference on Law of
the sea
First UNCLOS held on 1958
Important out come of UNCLOS Formation of EEZ
ICES International Council for
exploitation of Sea, 1902
IPFC Indo-Pacific Fisheries
Council, 1948
NPFC North Pacific Fur-Seal
Commission
IPHC International Pacific Halibert
Commission
IATTC Inter American Tropical
Tuna Commission
PSC Pacific Salmon Commission
CMFRI started in 1947, Cochin

400. 397


CIBA started in

1987, Chennai
CIFE started in 1961, Mumbai
NRCCF National Research Centre
on Cold Water Fisheries
Haldwani, 1958
NBFGR started in 1983, Lucknow
CIFNET started in 1963, Cochin
IFP started in 1952, Cochin
MPEDA started in 1972, Cochin
EIA Export Inspection Agency,
New Delhi, 1963
One yard 3 ft = 0.91m
Crawfish/Crayfish belongs to phylum Arthropoda
Fish culture of that species for direct
consumption is forbidden by law in
New Zealand
World Aquacultue is a Magazine
Similar to tilapia with respect to its
intolerance to cold water
M. rosenbergii
Highest intensity & production aquaculture
system
Closed recirculating system
Equipments are depreciated to zero after No more than 7 years
Many filtration system operates at pressure 2.1 to 3.5kg/cm
2

Bouchet culture is a type of mussel culture in French
Properties of water that can be affected by
biological activity
Non conservative

401. 398


CNP ratio requirement of phytoplankton

106 : 16 : 1
Fading of dark pigmented bars leaving
silvery in colour
Smoltification
Smoltification occur when Fish increasingly tolerant of
salt water
Cancer of the liver Hepatocarcinoma/hepatoma
Removal of the pituitary gland Hypophysectomy
1 gallon 4.54 litres
First fish on which environmental control of
spawning practiced
Carp
Area under fish culture 0.6/million ha
Level of a pond bottom soil concerned with
nutrient-ion exchange
2 to 5cm
Concentration of phosphate : Lower – Diatoms

Medium – green algae

High – Blue green algae
Inhibition the penetration of Sunlight Autoshading
Commercial detergent for making emulsion Teepol B-306
Standard combination of N : P : K as 17 8 : 4
Mollusks can be controlled by stocking the
fish
Pangasius pangasius
No. of cranial nerves in carps Ten pairs
Original distribution of Catla was in Northern river
Catla generally spawn at Night

402. 399


P.C of fish inhabiting fresh water

41.2%
P.C of fish inhabiting marine water 58.2
Father of Natural history Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
The first writer on Indian fishes Bloch
Toxin release by algae during their life Exotoxins
Toxin release by algae after disintegration of
parent cell
Endotoxin
A huge water mammal weighting 250 to 1000
kg
Manatee
Fish paste made from small fishes (Nowgong
fisherman)
Hida Kunda
Fish paste made of dried fish (in Assam) Shida sukti
First to inject human insulin gene to produce
transgenic fish
Zhu
City sewage is used for fish culture in Kolkata
Eggs float passively Planktonic eggs (Mackeral,
Sardine)
Eggs neither float nor settle on bottom Semi buoyant eggs (eggs of
shad)
Eggs sink to the bottom Demersal egg (Biterling,
Rhodeus)
Fishes which spawn on hard, stony surface Lithophils (Salmon)
Fishes which lay eggs among aquatic plants Phytophils (Carp)

403. 400


Fishes which deposit egg on sand

Psammophils (Coach)
Fishes which deposit egg inside a bivalve Ostracophils (Chilogobio)
Fishes which spawn freely in column of water
& the egg float
Pelagophils (Cod)
Black carp is cultivated in China
Singhi, Magur & Koi are also known as Mud carp
The name aquarium was first used by English naturalist Henry
Gosse, 1853
Aquarium in derived from latin word ―Water‖
The pressure of sea surface measures about 15 lbs
Group of sharks possessing numerous tiny
light producing organ scattered all over the
skin
Squalidae
Fishes which produced red light Malacotus & Pachystomias
Failure to produce primary oocytes Artesia
Life span of carps 15 ears +
In term of value highest rank fisheries Crustacean fisheries
Perception of chemical or taste in prawn Gustatory
Crustacean dorsal region of ring is called Tergite
Chelated legs First three pereopods
(Penaeids)
The simplest of crustacean larva is the Nauphlius
Phyllosoma is the larva of Lobster (Palimsus)

404. 401


M. rosenbergii female lay eggs

5-20 hours after mating
One hold batch of M. rosenbergii egg is laid
in
20 m
Spawning of M. rosenbergii in nature 3 or 4 times ayear
Swimming behaviour of M. rosenbergii Tail first, ventral side up
Salinity requirement for M. rosenbergii larvae 20% to 40% sea water
Chelated legs First two pereopods (Non-
penaeids)
Main catch of non-penaeids comes from Maharashtra & Gujarat
coast
Main catch of penaeids prawn Southern coast (mainly
Kerala)
Two peak spawning period of prawn Nov. to Dec. & Feb to April
Most primitive wooden craft used in India Catamaran
Net is called as : Vala – Kerela & AP, Valai –
T.N., Bale – Mysore, Jal-
Maharashtra & Bengal, Jalo
– Orissa, Jharia – Gujarat
Fishing done by dolnet a few fathoms above
the bottom
Khunt fishing
Prawn catch in Chilka Lake 95% by traps
Temperature suitable for larval rearing of
prawn
28
0
C
Salinity suitable for larval rearing of prawn 12 to 14%
Mud bank is also called Chakara (Malayalam)
Oxygen requirement of trout 9 mg/litre

405. 402


Oxygen requirement of Major carp

4 to 6mg/litre
Oxygen requirement of common carps 2 to 3 mg/litre
Grass carp contribution to total fish
production inChina
20 o 30%
The largest specimen Black carp found 70 g
Pharyngeal teeth formula of carp (grass
carp)
2,5/4,2
In carps intestine appear in Early stage under 15 mm
length
Temperature range of IMC 17.5 to38
0
C
Optimum temperature for spawning of IMC 21 o 28
0
C
Cheer fishing in Tapti is seen in Winter (Nov. to Jan)
Density of pond water 1.01 cc
Density of sea water & protoplasm 1.28 5 ppt) & 1.028
Density of air (at sea level) 0.0013
Acid soil zones ponds Manipur and Assam (pH –
6.0)
Hardness equivalent to dividing line between
soft & hard
50 pm CaCO3
Dead plankton are called Animalcules
Phosphorus & Nitrogen utilized for plankton
growth
3:1 to 6:1
Crude protein contain of plankton 24%

406. 403


C:N ratio in plankton

12:1
Black soil is also called Regur
Phosphorus recycling in water column Internal or metabolic-P-
cycle
Phosphorus recycling through the sediment Geochemical-P-cycle
Other scientific named of MOC Madhuca indica
Teleost spermatozoa can be morphologically
divided into
5 parts
Multi-spawners Black and Sand gody
Pioneer experiment of hypophysation Argentina, Houssay (1931)
Intramuscular method of injection Brazil and India
Intraperitonial/Coelomi method of injection USA and China
Quality of syringe used for injection 2 ml hypodermic (0.1 ml
graduation)
Egg which have large amount of yolk Telolecithal
Egg which have no yolk Alecithal
Egg which have moderate yolk Mesolecithal
The thickened blastoderm edge takes a ring
shaped
Germ ring
Downward extension of periphery of
blastoderm
Epibody
Blastomeres accumulate on the top end of
the yolk
Morula stage
Layer of cell form after division of blastoderm Periblast
Process by which 3 germinal layers Gastrulation

407. 404

(ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm) are
formed

Incurling and spreading of cells of embryonic
shield
Involution
Sheet of cell formed below the blastoderm by
involution
Hypoblast
The place where incurling of cell initially start Dorsal blastoporal lip
Layer of cell above the segmentation cavity
proper
Epiblast
Movement of blastoderm cell (top & side)
toward dorsal blastoporal lip as blastodermal
cells multiply
Convergence
The medium rod of cells form by separation
of hypoblast from the rest of hypoblast
Notochord
Upper sheet of splitted hypoblast toward
epiblast
Mesoderm
Lower sheet of splitted hypoblast toward
archenterm
Endoderm
Name of epiblast after formaion of mesoderm
& endoderm
Ectoderm
The colour of pond water is always
changeable
Flexible
Pond water is fertile but not turbid Crips
Among the carps the most widely studied
species by nutritionists
Common carps
Essential nutrient required by fish Above 40
Pigments which can impart coloration to skin,
fish
Biochemics
Groups of biochemics are called Biochromes

408. 405


Digestibility is known as

Assimilation efficiency
Standard metabolism is known as Metabolic scope
Metabolized energy of carbohydrates for fish
range from
Near zero (for cellulose) to
3.8 K cal/gm
Main energy source for carp Protein & lipid
P.C. of dietary lipids digestible by fish 85 to 90%
HUFA is essential for Marine fish
Feed ingredients responsible for
deteriorations effect to fish
Anti-nutritional factors
Most important of the anti-nutritional
substance in soybean
Trypsin inhibitor
Substance responsible for haemagglutinins
(haemagglutination)
Lactins
Plant substances causing irritation & damage
to digestive tract
Saponins
Affect digestion of crude fibres, lose of
mucous, irritation & damage to digestive tract
Tannises (rape-seed,
mustard, sorghum,
sunflower)
Increased respiration, irritation, depression, Oxalic acid
CPFA (Cydopropane Fatty Acid) is found in Cotton seed
Most known toxin produced by Aspergillus &
Fusarium
Ochratoxin A and Vomitoxin
Fine nutrient particles held together by a
carbohydrate or protein binder
Microbound diet
Coating a small particle or of beadlet of feed
with a thin layer of a compound
Microencapsulation (reduce
dissolving & leaching)

409. 406


Nutrient particle coated with digestible
material

Microcoated diet
(impervious to H2O)
Microdiet are commercially available in size
range
6 and 300microns
Feeder mainly used in cage Sub-surface feeder
Type of heat which is not measurable Latent heat
The oldest and most basic installation on
boat
Mast
The smallest and simplest winches available Capstan & line hawler
Effect produced on some sounders to help
detect fish schools lying close to the bottom
White line
Maximum range of radar varies from 10 o 60 miles
First series of satellite for oceanographic
research
Seasat – ANASA, 1978
Family of fishes best known for intensive
culture
Salmonids
The name koi in Japanese means Carp

410. 407


Rotary freezer is mostly used in

Commercial sea food
processing
Air blast freezer use Freon & Ammonia
Freezer used for making IQF in sea food
processing Industries
Belt freezer
Freezer used in fishing vessel Immersion freezer (for tuna)
Liquid Nitrogen freezer is also called Cryogenic freezer
Process of removal of water by
sublimation from frozen food under
vacuum is
Freeze drying
Water boils at 1 atmospheric pressure
(Bar) (100
0
C)
Point where, ice (solid) water & vapour
(gas), three stages of water are in
equilibrium
Triple point of water
Temperature at Triple point of water is 0
0
C (0.006 bar)
Most critical phase of freeze drying Triple point of water






Induce breeding was first carried out by Dr. Hiralal Chowdhury
He carried out this technique on IMC 10
th
July 1957
Special Fish Farmer‘s Day was declared in
whose name
Dr. Hiralal Chowdhury
Warm blooded fish Tuna
Main source of Lime in Lime fishery Coral and molluscan
shell
Lime fishery – sub-fossil deposited in Pulicat lake, Surla,
Vembanad Lake
Tuticorin

411. 408


Vembanad lake is in

Kerela

Chank Fishery

Indian Chank fishery is based on Sacred chank (Xycus
pyrum)
Chank Occur in Muddy Sand bottom
(upto 13 m depth)
Chank bed in Tamil Nadu (East Coast) Tirunelveli, Ramnad,
South Arcot, Tanjore –
District
Chank bed in West Coast Travancore & Kathiawar
Chank is collected mainly by Diving
Nos. of shell collected by each diver 100 shell per day
Chank bed in Gulf of Kutch near Port Okha
on Kathiawar Coast
Exposed at low water
spring tide
Chank in chank bed of gulf of kutch is
collected
By hand picked
Chank is mainly used as Trumpet in Indian
temples
Chank is also used as Manufacture of Bangles
Factories for manufacturing Chank based
articles is in
Nadia, Bankura,
Burdwan district of WA
Majority of chank has Dextral whirling pattern
Chank which is belived to bring ―Great
fortune to its possessor
Rave sinistral shell

Pearl Fishery

True pearl in Indian water are Pinctada fucata; P.
chemnitzi, P.

412. 409

margaritifera; P.
anamioides; P.
atvosurpurea
Most important & Most Common in India Pinctada fucata
Pearl Banks are also called ‘Parr’

Pearl banks are usually in 10-12 fathom depth (18-
22 m)
Distance of pearl bank from the shore 19 kms

Pearl bank is more extensive & productive In West Coast than East
Coast
Pearl bank of West Cost lie in bkn Kanyakumari and
Kilakaraj
Most productive pearl bank is in Tuticorin

Orienta pearl is also called Lingha pearls (High
quality)
Pearl bank in Gulf of Mannar & Gulf of
Kutch is
Either rocky (or) formed
of dead coral with
encrustation of Sand
Pearl bank in Palk Bay is Muddy sand
Pearl are collected by Divers in Gulf of Mannar
& Palk Bay pearl are
collected by hand picking
in Gulf of Kutch &
Saurashtra
Pearl fishing season in Palk Bay June to
October
Water is
calm &

413. 410


In Gulf Manner

November
to May
clear
Pearl like animal producing pearl are : (1) Ear
shell
Haliotis sp.

(2)
Widowpane
Oyster
Placuna
blacenta

(3) Sea
mussel
Mytilus
spp.

Edible Molluscan Fishery

Molluscan fisheries are constituted only by
3 classes
1) Gastropoda
2) Lamellibranchia
(Pelecypodia & Bivalvia)
(3) Copepoda
Most important edible oyster Back water oyster
(Crassostrea
madrasensis)
Rock oyster (S. cucullata) occur in Intertidal rocky coast
Disc Oyster (C. discoides) occur in Littoral zone of coastal
area
C. gryphoides occur in Muddycreek

Cockle clam (Gafrarium tumidum) occur in Mud flat in shallow water
of Kundagal near
pamban & Palk Bay
Commercially Important squid Symplectoleuthis
oualaniensis – rich in
West Coast also Loligo
spp.

414. 411


Octopus are caught in

Palk Bay Lagoon
Gear used for catching cephalopods Hook & line fishing

Crustacean fishery

Parapenaeopsis stylifera was landed only
along West coast,
Kerala & Maharastra
Penacus indicus is catch along west Coast Kerala & Karnataka
More than 91% of P. indicus catch comes
from
Madras & Karela
Family of lobster important in Indian fishery Palinuridae
Most important species of fisheries of
South West coast of Madras and Kerala is
Panulirus homarus
(Lobeter)
Crab are caught in Gulf of Mannar and Palk
Bay
Scylla serrata – most important crab is
landed mainly at
Madras

Elasmobranch fishery

Primary value of shark lies in Their liver oil
Highest elasmobranch catch are landed in Tamil, followed by Kerela
Shark are mostly catch by Hook and line and Drift
gill net
Ray and skate are mostly capture by Bottom set gill net &
trawl
Allied

Species which support seasonal fishery in
Mumbai
Bregmaceros (Fam –
Gadidae)

415. 412


State which has highest catch of tuna &
allied fish

Kerela followed by Tamil
Nadu
Export of Canned Tuna is Started in 1977
Sciaenids constitute important fishery in Maharastra & Kathiawar
coast
Silver bellies is important in Tamil Nadu; Kerala &
Andhra Pradesh
Ribbon fishes are also called as Hair tail fish
Flying fish fishery is confined to East of
India
Especially Corammandel
coast
Important fishing centre of Flying fish Nagapattinam,
Cudelalore, Madras
Almost the entire catches of Flying fish is Salted & Sundried





Larvae of Polychaete



Trochophore
Larvae of Babanoglossus Tornaria
Larvae of Sea urechin Echinopluteus
Larvae of Gastropod Veliger
Larvae of Barnacle Nauphlius
Larvae of Crab Megalopa
Ephyra is a life stage of Jelly fish
First Mariners of the World Phoenician

416. 413


First sea voyage for modern marine
research was made by

Captain James Cook
during 1868-1876
Captian James Cook found out Delimiting boundaries for
major Ocean
He was the first European who cross Antarctic Circle
The first person who measure the
temperature of bottom layer of Sea water
Captain James Cook
First book on Occanography Physical geography of
the sea published by
Mathew Maury of
America in 1855
Foundation of Oceanographic research
was laid by
Challenger Expedition
(1872-76)
Oceanographic Studies in Indian are was
initiated by
Royal Asiatic Society of
Bengal in 2
nd
half of 19
th

Century (1871)
Marine Survey Department was started in 1874 by Indian Govt.
Wood Meson collected deep sea animal
from
Andaman & Nicobar on
behalf of Indian Museum
of Calcutta in 1872
First research vessel for collecting sample
from deep sea
Investigator (used in
1894)
First extensive exploration for spotting
region of good fish stock was done by
Lady Goschen in 1928-
30
The vessel used in exploratory trawling
survey of Bombay and N. West coast
conducted by Bombay Fishery Department
under Hefford 1922
William Carrick

417. 414


Vessel used by Govt. of Bengal for deep
sea fishing potential survey

Golden Crown
Connecting link between Arabian sea &
Bay of Bengal
Palk strait and Gulf of
Mannar
Nos. of small island in Lakshadweep 27 small island
Small island in Lakshadweep were formerly
known as
Laccadive island
Largest island in Lakshadweep Minicoy island
Water current of Northern Indian Ocean Clockwise circulation
Water current of Southern Indian Ocean Anticlockwise circulation
Sea between Mainland of Kerela and
Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep sea
Continental shelf area of Lakshadweep sea 4336 sq. km.
Islander in Lakshadweep speak Malayalam
(Kerala) except Minicoy island where they
speat
Mahl or Divehi
Lowest temperature of sea is -1.9
0
C and found in
Antarctic
Average percentage of total salt of sea
water
3.4325
The range of temperature of Indian sea is
roughly
25
0
– 31
0
C
Tidal amplitude in Bay of Fundy reach 50-60 ft.
Capacity of osmoregulation is particularly
highly noticed in
Estuarine Organism
Protein contents of Porphyra 30-40% per body weight
Common mole Crab Emerita asiatica

418. 415


Algae, Fucus serratus occur in

Lowest level of intertidal
region of shore
Algae,F.spiralis occurin Highest level of Intertidal
region of shore
Algae,F.vesiculosus occurin Middle level of Intertidal
region of shore
Algae always grow with Fucus spiralis Pelvetia canaliculata
Mollusc, Occuring at highest tidal level
including spray zone
Littovina neritoides
Mollusc, occurring at lowest tidal level
including spray zone
L. littorea
Mollusc, occurring at Intermediate zone of
tidal level
L. littorals (L. obtusata)
Mollusc which lay eggmasses on rocks and
weed
L. littoralis
Viviparous Organism (mollusk) which give
shelled juvenile
L. neritoides
Harmit Crab lives inside the shell of Gastropods
Limpet is Petella vulgata (Found
on Rocky shore of Great
Britain)
Sex change is found in Limpet

Limpet is abundant in

Mid tidal level (or Mid-
Beach)
Smaller size organism is found abundant in Lower level of shore

419. 416


Larger size organism is found abundant in

Higher level of shore

Among small organism

Males are more
numerous
Among larger organism Female are more
numerous
Donax cuneatus is wedge clam
Polychaete – Arenicda marinais Lug worm
Two common example of Indian marine
turtles
Chelonia mydas (Green
turtle) – Dermochelys
coriacea (Leatherback
turtle)
Hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata
Olive Ridley Lipidochelys olivacea
Logger head turtle Caretta caretta
Sea turtle digs a deep and wide pit as sand
and deposit egg and cover with sand

In India turtle fishery is good in Orissa coast also in T.N.
& Kerela
The most important food of fishes among
plankton
Copepods


Most common gastropod (Pleropods) is


Creseis acicula
Tunicates was represented by Pegea confederata
(Thaliacians)

420. 417


Maximum breeding of copepods in Palk
bay

May – September
Maximum breeding of copepods in Gulf of
Mannar
September – March
Phytoplankton was highest in Plak bay
during
May – June

Phytoplankton was highest in Gulf Manner
during
Octobe r
Foramifera (Protozoa) Foraminiferan ooze
Radiolariao (Protozoa) Radiotarian ooze
―Red Water Phenomenon‖ is caused by Noctiluca militaris
(Flagella)
Parenchymula larva is a free swimming
larval stage of
Sponge

Three (3) types of coral formation (1) Fringing reef (2)
Barrier reef (3) Atolls
Most extensive barrier reef of the world Great Barrier reef of
Australia
Length of Great Barrier reef 1250 miles


Solitary coral

Fungia & Dendrophyllia
Brain coral Coerulia

Red coral Corallium
rubrum

Chitinous
skeleton
Dead Man fingers Aloyonium
Atoll formation is found in Lakshadweep Island
Species of Coral is found to Off Rameswaram on
east coast of TamilNadu

421. 418


Oceanio Island of Pure Coral formation are
in

Pacific Ocean
Alcyonarian Coral Sea pen (Pennatula) &
Sea-fan (Gorgonia)
Coral are used Cement Industry &
Material for road jelly
Comb jelly (Ctenophora) Coeloplana, Ctenoplana
& Beroe
Echinodermata – 5 classes (1) Asteroidea (Star fish)

(2) Ophiuroidea (bittle
stars)

(3) Echinoidea (Sea
urchin)

(4) Holothuroidea (Sea
cucumber)

(5) Crinoidea (Sea lilies)
Exampole of star fish Asterias, Astropecten
Common Indian Sea urchin Salmacis bicolor
Example of Indian Sea lilies Tropiometra, Bathycrinus
Important class in Echinodermata Holuthoriodea
Link between chordata and non-chordate Hemichordata or
Balanoglossus
Balanoglossul is found in Krusadai Island of T.N.
Species in krusadai Island Ptychodera flava
Ascidian are also called Sea Gquirts* – Tunicates
Indian ascidian turnicates Herdmania &
Ecteinasidia
Fishing of whales is done by Harpoon guns

422. 419


Baleen phale possess filtering plates called

Baleen plate or whole
bones
Common Indian Dolphin Dolphinus delphis
Common Sea Cow Dugong dugong
Sea cow is present in Indian water of Gulf of Manner
Sea cow (Dugong) Aquarium of Indian is in CMFRI Lab. of
Mandapane camp
Sea cow are Vegetarian
Cyclostomata Not true fish
True fish are called as Gentu strictu
Fish which have 7 pairs of gill slit Hexanchus
Fish which have 8 pairs of gill slits Heptanchus
In Holocephali 4 pairs of gill but 1 or
single pairs of gill slits
Common species of ray in India Dasyatis sephen
4 elongated pectoral fin ray Polynemus tetradactylus
5 elongated pectoral fin rays P. indicus
7 elongated pectoral fin rays P. hepadactylus
Good Tuna fishery is in Lakshadweep Island:
Tuticorin & Andaman
Bat fish Platax vespertilio
Shoreseine, Gear used for Macherel
fishery in
Karnataka – Rampani
Smaller shore seine, Kairampani is used in Karnataka coast
Boat seine – Paithuvala – Used in Kerala coast

423. 420


Seine net

Thanguvala & Kollivala –
Kerala
Mackerel gill net Ayilachala vala &
Ayilakollivala
Sardine gill net Mathichala vala
Dol net Mumbai
Pair of plank, used for horizontal opening
of trawl net
Otter board
Most important sea fisheries of India Mackerel & Oil sardine
In Malayalam; Mackerel is called Ayila
Oil sardine is called Mathi
In Kannada language; Mackerel Bangude
Oil sardine Boothai
In Tamil Nadu, Mackerel Choodai
Oil sardine Kumbala
Sardinella longiccps attain length of 15 cm-1
st
Yr.; 17 cm –
2
nd
Yr.; 19 cm – 3
rd
Yr.
Catch of oil Sardine is comprises mainly by 0-1 yr. of age group
In oil sardine, gonads will be well develop
& ripe when it attain lengrth of
17-18 cm
Growth ring/annuli is noticed Mackerel of
length above
21-22 cm
Longevity of Mackerel is 6-7 years
Chief mackerel of Japan Sea Scomber japonicus
Atlantic & N. Sea Mackerel S. scombrus
Mackerel present on Andaman Rastreliger brachysoma

424. 421


Mackerel present in Madras

R. faughni
Commonest tuna in Laccadive or
Lakshadeep Island
Katsuwonus pelamis
Bombil/Bombay such present in market
measures from
6-27 cm
Bombay duck attain maturity at the size of 21 cm
Length of Bombay duck at 1
st
year 127 mm, 2
nd
Yr. – 217
mm
Penacus monodon can grow upto 25 cm
Macrobrachium rosonbergii can grow upto 31 cm
Prawns are mainly caught by Bag nets
Deep sea prawn in our coast Aritius seroidentatus
&Parapandaluss
pinipes
Fresh water Crab Paratelphusa spinigera;
P. jaguemontil; P.
hydrodromus
Non-Swimming small Crab of Gangetic
Delta
Veruna literata
Largest and Commonest food Crab of India Scylla serrata
Crab which is found in all over the
country‘s coast
Portunus sanguinolentus
Device for sampling bottom animal Peterson grab
Earlier instrument for sampling bottom
animals
Naturalist dredge

425. 422


Polysaunsaturated fatty acid of fish that
reduce Cholesterol level of blood and save
human from coronary disease is
Eicosapentanoic acid
Salinity range of f/w-aquaculture < 0.5%0
Salinity range of Brackish water
aquaculture
0.5-30%0
Salinity range of Mariculture 30-35%0
Salinity range of Metahaline culture > 35%0
Pole culture is mainly for Mussel
Rack culture is mainly for Oysters
Raff and rope culture is for Mussels
Salinity of suparsaline salt pan areas is > 200%0
Culture of brine shrimp (Artemia salina)
can be done is
Supersaline Salt pan
Maximum size of catla 1.8 m (45 kg)
The fastest growing fish among IMC Catla (35-40 cm = 1.5-2
kg in 1
st
yr.)
Tastiest growing fish among IMC Rohu
Maximum size of Rohu 1 m
Growth of Rohu 35-40 cm = 900 gm in
first year
Maximum size of Mrigal 0.9 m
Growth of Mrigal in first year 30 cm (700 gm)

426. 423


Size of Phytoplankton on which silver carp
mainly feed on

< 0.025 mm
Maximum size of Silver carp 60 cm
Artificial breeding of Silver carp is
successful on
1962
Newly hatched grass carp feed on Zooplankton
Grass carp juvenile changes its feeding
behaviour from carnivorous to herbivorous
when it attain a size of
2-3 cm
Maximum size of Grass carp 1.5 m (30 kg)
Common carp, silver carp, grass carp are
together called as
Sanitary fish
L. calbasu maximum size is 1 m
L. calbasu has fringed lipped mouth and
4 black barbells
Carp which breed freely in pond Common carp
L. fimbriatus is common Cauvery
Max. size of L. fimbriatus 90 cm
L. Kontius is present in Cauvery (Max. size 60
cm)
Largest cat fish Wallago attu (max. size 2
m)
Eggs of common carp are Adhesive to submerge
vegetation
Maximum size of singhi 45 cm
Singhi is suitable for culture in Swampy area

427. 424


Largest growing Murrel

Channa maurulius (Giant
snake head) max. size
1.2 m
Murrels are suitable for culture with Tilapia
Male Tilapia is identified from a female by Enlarge upper jaw
Chocolate masher (Acrossocheilus
hexagenolepis) is distinguished from other
masher from
The red eye
Maximum size of M. rosenbergni 32 cm (Male); 25 cm
(Female)
Maximum size of M. malcdmsonii 23 cm (Male); 20 cm
(female)
Level of CO2 that cause large scale
mortality of fish
20-30 ppm
Persistant algal bloom are caused by Blue green algae
Chemical used for controlling blue green
algae (algal bloom)
CuSO4 Sol @ 1 ppm or
CuSO4 @ 800 gm/ha
Chemical used for controlling Microcystis 125 ppm H2SO4 or 0.5
ppm Simazine
Weeds used for eradiation of algal bloom Lemna (duck weed)
Mode of control of algal bloom by lemna Shade over and present
their growth
Grass carp is known to feed on all the
weed except
Salvinia &Eichhornia
Ceratophyllum &Myriophyllum may be
controlled by introducing
Common carp at
3000/ha density
Most commonly used plant poison Mahua oil cake(200ppm)

428. 425


Derris root powder (Derris trifoliate) contain

Rotenone (Damage the
respiratory system)
Number of living Mollusc in the world 65000
First stage of Mollusc in its life cycle (i.e.
Larval stage)
Trochophore larvae
A file like flexible strip where teeth of
mollusk are arrange in row
Radula
Two valves of Bivalve are joined together
by horny ligament called
Hinge
Two shell of Bivalve are hold together by Adductor muscle located
on Hinge line
The oldest part of shell of Mollusc/Bivalve Umbo or Hinge area
Shell of Bivalve grows from Hinge area or umbo
Tissue layer which cover Mollusc organ Mantle
At its Margin, Each Mantle lobe has Three fold
Function of outer fold Forgrowth of shell
Inner fold From a seal at the joint
of shell
Middle fold Carrying sensory organ
Middle fold contain rows of eyes in Scallop (Pecton sp.)
All bivalves are Filter feeder
In Bivalves egg & Sperm are released
through
Exhalent aperture
All f/w Bivalve incubate their eggs within Mantle cairty of female
Larvae or seed of Oyster is Spat

429. 426


Spat is a

Setting larvae (i.e.
settling stage)
Artificial substrata for settlement of spat is
called
Cultch
Bivalve shell which is used as money Northern Quahog
(Mercenaria mercenaria)
World largest Bivalve Giant clam (Tridacna
gigas) – 250 kg in 100
years
World largest Producer of Pearl shell Broome, Western
Australia
Technique for producing spterical cultural
pearl was developed by
K. Mikimoto (1908)
Goldlip pearl oyster (Pinctmaxima) is
cultured in
Northern Australia
Blacklip pearl Oyster (P. margaritifera) is
cultured in
Japan & Philippines
Half pearl also called Blister is produced
from
Winged pearl oyster
(Pteria penguin)
Poisoning of human due to consumption of
filter feeding Bivalve poisoned by algal
Bloom of Dinoflagellates is called
Paralytic shell fish
poisoning (PSP)
Largest class of Molussc Gastropod
GnRH (Ganadotropin Releasing Hormone)
is release by
Hypothalamus of Brain
LHRH (Luteinizing Hormone Releasing
Hormone) is released by
Pituitary Gland
Two types of testis are (i) Labular testis & (ii)
Tubular testis
Vitellogenesis occurs at Prophase of 1
st
Meiotic
Division

430. 427


Vitellogenesis is induced by ahormone

Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH)
Vitellogenin is Phospholipoglucoprotein
Source of estrogen is Ovary
Ions needed for successful fertilization are K
+
, Ca
+
, Mg
+

Life span of fish sperm in water 10-15 second
Longest life span of fish sperm is reported
in
Sturgeon (232-290
second)
Different types of cleavage Holoblastic, Meroblastic,
Intermediate
Holoblastic cleanvage is found in Lamprey
Meroblastic cleavage is found in Elasmobranch, Dipnoi,
Teleost
Intermediate cleavage is found in Hag fish, Amia,
Lepisosteus, Sturgeon
Holoblastic cleavage means Complete cleavage
Meroblastic cleavage means Incomplete cleavage
Pituitary gland is Ectodermal origin
Cell which act as Scavanger to clean
membranous coating of Herring bodies
Pituicyte cell
Agonist of Dopamine Bromocryptine,
Apomorfine
Antagonist of Dopomine Domperidone, Pimozide
Function of Dopomine Inhibition of GnRH
secretion
Function of Dopomine is similar to function
of
GnRIF
Ovary in which there is direct connection
between ovary & oviduct is
Gymnovarian ovary
Types of fertilization in chondrichthyes Internal

431. 428


Fishes which have ovary on right side

Scyliorhinus,
Pristiophorus
Fishes which have ovary on left side
Urolophus, Dasyatis
Fishes which have ovary on both side Squalus acanthias,
Scoliodon sorrakowah
Nidamental gland is present in Elasmobranch
Function of Nidamental gland Acts as a site of sperm
storage and Egg shell
formation
Nidamental gland is more developed in Oviparous fish
Egg case of Shark & Skate Mermaid purse
Shape of egg case of Shark Quadrangular
Shape of egg case of Skate Cone shape (27
egg/case)
Shape of egg case of Chimiera Spindle shape
Eating of egg during gestation period is
called
Oophagy
Nos. of total egg produce is Ovarian fecundity
Nos. of fertilized egg produce is Uterine fecundity
Gestation period in elasmobranch 2 yrs
Longest gestation period among vertebrate
is seen in
Elasmobranch
First person who succed in preservation of
marine fish milt/sperm
R.S.V. Pulin (1972)
Animal which develop first as male and
change to female
Protandrous animal
Animal which develop first as female and
change to male
Protogynous animal
1 gm of protein yield 4 K cal of energy

432. 429


Starch is used in the form of

Dextrin
During starvation, lipid is converted into
glucose in
Hepatopancreas
Conversation of lipid into glucose during
starvation lead to
Ingrease blood glucose
level
Water soluble vitamin function as Co enzyme
Fat soluble vitamin cannot function as Co – enzyme
Tryptophan deficiency result in Scoliosis
Sea food Export Association of India
(SEAI) is in
Cochin
1
st
Sea food trade fair was held in Bombay
1
st
Indian Fisheries Congress was held in
21-23 Sept. 2000.
Chandigarh
Main food of Milk fish Lab – Lab
Instrument for measuring Salinity Refractometer,
Salinometer
World fisheries Day 21
st
Nov.
1
st
Indian Satellite for Ocean Studies is IRS – P4 launched on
26
th
May 1999
Largest River of World Nile (6690 km)
Largest Salt water lake of world Caspian Sea

Largest Fresh water lake of world

Lake superior (USA)
Lowest body of water Dead Sea
Largest Inland Sea Mediterranean Sea
Highest lake Tstica lake (12,000 ft.)
Bengal sorrow Damodar river
Deepest lake Lake Baikal (3,200 ft) in
Siberia

433. 430


Commouly used Cryoprotectant

Suis
1
st
Produces of Surimi USA, 2
nd
Japan
In process Quality (IPQC) control
established in
31
st
Dec., 1977
Export Inspection Council (EIP) set up in 1964
Pre-shipment Inspection Scheme Act was
amended in
1963
Sea food Quality Control Made beginning
in India in
1965
Pinkish Gold of Sea is Shrimp
Marine Biological Association of India
(MBAI) is
Cochin (1958)
Largest exporter of Tropical Ornamental
Fishes
Singapore
Highest producer of Inland aquatic
resource
China
Largest Brown algae Laminaria
Best formation of Corel reef is confined to Warm water above 10
0
C
Zooplankton which is almost absent in
Marine water
Rotifer
Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology is
in
Hyderabad
International Council for Living Aquatic
Resource Management (ICLARM)
Manila
First Reservior* of India Stanley or Mettur Dam
Largest Resorvior* of Tamil Stanley or Mettur Dam
Brown blood disease occur in fish when
water contain high
NO2 concentration

434. 431


Device used to measure the distance
traveled by migratory fish

Population Satellite
Transmitting archival
Tags (PSTATS)
National Maritime Day 5
th
April
India‘s largest coastal state Gujarat
Gujarat is having coastal line of length 1640 km (25% of India‘s
coastline)
Lobster is considered as Live Gold of Sea
Net used for lobster fishing Hattiya jal (Bottom set
gill net)
Peak of photosynthesis occur on Early afternoon
Safe limit of NH3 for all tissue < 0.1 ppm
OSSPARC & TASPARC is set up by MPEDA (in 1989-90)
Net used for Artemia harvesting Double Screen Dipnet
Major fish species in India Carp
World largest Water base resource system Waste Recycling
Wetland in East Kolkata
Catla is affected by introduction of silver
carp in
Govindsagar Reservior
Indian Fisheries act was Ammended in 1897
Potential species which can be cultural as
alternative to shrimp
Sea Bass
Keratin is rarely found in Fish
Reservior Fisheries Development
Commission Started in
1995
National Commission on Aquaculture
Stated in
1976
Protozoea of shrimp feed on Diatoms
Fecundity of P. monodon 4-5 lakh eggs

435. 432


Fecundity of P. indicus

1-2 lakh eggs
There is no immune system in Shrimp/prawn
Seabass is Potandrous animal
Grouper is Protogynous animal
Thermal stratification is a characteristic
feature of
Temperate Lake
River turbidity is more than Lake & Reservior
Chumming is a process of Attracting fish by live bait
Progeny testing of hybridization is known
as
Heterosis
Method for increasing heterozygosity Heterosis
Method for increasing homozygosity Induced Gynogenesis
(Better Inbreeding)
In Induced Gynogenesis, accumulation of
successive genes is within
Short period (1
generation)
In Inbreeding, accumulation of successive
gene is in
6-7 generation
Young ones shows superior character
during heterosis is known as
Hybrid vigour
Interaction among genes of different loci is Epistasis
Random mating of population is Panmietie mating
Father of canning Nicolas Appert
Chemical release on 1
st
rainfall by carp Petrichor oil
All black Gold fish Moor
Scale less fish Calico
Polymorphic Floating Coelenterates Syphanophore
Main supplier of Culture Shrimp in the
world
Thailand

436. 433


Carbohydrate contents of carrivorous fish

< 20%
Carbohydrate content of Omnivorous &
herbivorous fish
40-45%
Most common Binder Carboxy Methyl
Cellulose (CMC)
Talluvalai net is operated in Gulf of Mannar & Palk
Bay
Processed Sea cucumber is Beech-de-mer / Trepang
Fresh sea – Cucumber is Namamko
Dried sea – Cucumber is Irika
Fermented Viscera of Sea – Cucumber Konawata
Widest Current California current
O2 content of sea water is mostly 0-5 ml/lt.
O2 content of lower layer of atmosphere 20 ml/lt
Fresh water prawn is Pink Gold in colour
King Seer Scomberomorus
commersonii
International Ocean Institute Novascotia of Canada
Mud bank in Kerala are called Chakra
Kerala Fisheries regulation act was
amended in
1980
Pilot project was started in 1962-63 in Orissa
National Institute of Immunology (NII) is in New Delhi
Nos. of fish landing Centre 334
Minor fishing harbour 41

437. 434


Preservation of tissues and
gametes at very low temperature
for a long time
Cryopreservation
The temperature range for
cryopreservationis
0
0
C to -10
0
C & -20
0
C to –196
0
C
The size of the sperm is 4 – 6 mm
The size of the egg is 1-6 mm.
Sperms are cryopreserved by two
ways
Short term preservation & long
term preservation
STP is 0
0
C to – 10
0
C ( 1 – 2 days)
LTP is -20
0
to –196
0
C (several years)
Common extenders are Nacl, Fructose, Manitol, Egg yolk,
Lecithin & Glycine
Common cryoprotactants are Glycerol, DMSO (Dimethyl
Sulfoxide) &Methanol
The general ratio of diluent to
spermis
1:1 to 10 (diluent : milt)
The time required for
cryoprotectant to penetrate in to
the cells is called
Equilibration period
Diluted sperms can be stored by
two ways
Polypropylene viols (1 – 2 ml
volume) & plastic straws (0.25–
0.5 ml volume)
Genome manipulation are of two
types
Genomic manipulation at
chromosome level & genetransfer
at DNA level

438. 435


Genomomic
chromosome
approaches

manipulation
level are of

at
two

Indirect &
manipulation

direct

method of
Indirect method of manipulation is
divided into three types
Interspecific
hybridization
& Intergeneric
Interspecific hybridization Two different races of the same
species hybridized i.e common
carp – cultivated wild
Inter specific hybridization Crossing two species belonging to
the same genus

L rohita L calbasu

L rohita L bata
Intergeneric hybridization Two species of different genera are
hybridized

L rohita C catla

L rohita C mrigala




Direct method of manipulation again is
divided into threetype
Gynogenesis
Androgenesis
&
Polyploidy
Development of the ova to ripe eggs 60 genesis
The animals which can replace their teeth in
once of their life span is
Acrodant
More than once is Polyphydon
Teeth are absent in Plankton feeders & some
omnivores
Some species like Notopterus teeth are Tongue

439. 436

present in the

Teeths are present in Jaws, buccal cavity
phyrangeal region
&
Maxillary jaw Teeth are located
maxilla, pre-maxilla
dentries
in
&
Buccal cavity Teeth are present in
romer?, palatine and / or
ctopteryoid
It is the anterior end of the upper jaw Pre-maxilla
It is the side of the upper jaw Maxilla
It is the floor of the olfactory organ Vomer (organ of smell)
It is the junction of maxilla & cranium Palatine
Outside of the orbital chamber Ectopteryoid
The 6
th
pleopods is modified to form Uropods (function
swimming)
is
Nemi branch means Half – gill
Holo branch means Full gill
The digestive gland of prawn is Hepatopancreas
Liver acts as a storage organ for Glycogen, fat & calcium
Respiratory system of prawn contents of 8 pairs of gills, 3 pairs of
epipodite & lining of the
branchiosteyites
The appendages of a penaied prawn 19 pairs
The pleopods are the Swimming legs
The pereopods are the Walking legs

440. 437


The abdomen is divided into

Six distinct segments
At the posterior end of the abdomen three is
a terminal conical piececalled
Telson
Teleosts have 5 pairs of gills
The unit of heredity, which carries
characteristics from one generation to
another is calleda
Gene
Contrasting or same pair of genes occupying
the same lows in the chromosome is called
Allele
The place where the genes are placed in the
chromosome is called
Locus
Crossing between two individual having two
contrasting characteristics is called
Hybridization
The offspring produced by crossing between
parents having different characteristics
Hybrid
Parental strand based on which new strand is
synthesized is called
Template strand
Primary mRNA, synthesized from RNA and
remain in the nucleus is
Heterogenous mRNA ( H
mRNA)
Sequencing of triple base in mRNA which
specify amino acid is called a
Codon
The process by which ribosome translate the
mRNA code is called
Translation
The code which does not carry out any
function is called
Nonsense code
Part of the DNA where nonsense code are
present is called
Selfish DNA
The codon which initiate protein synthesis Initiating codon

441. 438


The codon which terminates the protein
synthesis

Terminating codon
The transmission of genes or character from
parents to offspring without any change
Linkage
The phenomenon of linkage is related to the
sex of individual/offspring
Sex linkage
Sex influencing or sex modifying gene which
are present in Autosome
Autosomal gene
Some animal in which then is morphological
difference in male & female
Sexual dimorphism
Acquired of one character or another in step
wise manner is
Sexual succession
During meiosis genes are interrupted
between homologouschromosome
Crossing over
The total genetic contribution of organism is
called a
Genome
The sum total of genes of all the individual of
a population is
Gene pool
A gene which produces an effect which
differs from the normal condition that its
process is unable to survive is calleda
Lethal gene
The effect of a single gene upon two or more
characters which are not related is called
Pleiotropism
An animal which posses only are sexual
character is called
Gonochorism
Process of hormone injection for the induce
breeding of fish is called
Hypophysation
Prolactin influences Lactation

442. 439


After hybridization an individual is classified
on the basis of their morphological
characteristics

Phenotype
Classified on the basis of their genetic
constitutionis
Genotype
When in an individual the two factors
controlling the characters of an individual are
of same type is
Homozygous
When in an individual the two factors
controlling the characters are of different
types it is called
Heterozygous
A zygote formed by two same types of
gamete iscalled
Homozygote
A zygote formed by two different types of
gamete is called
Heterozygote
The gene which present in the Y
chromosome of human iscalled
Holandric genes
When one gene is present in an individual in
a single row iscalled
Hemizygote
It is a cross where the offspring are in the
ratio of 1:1 (ie 1 long : 1 dwarf) is called
Test cross
The process of decoding of message carried
out by mRNA regarding protein synthesis is
called
Translation
The cavity in which the pituitary gland of
teleost is enclosed is called
Silla tersica
It is a genetic process by which message
from the DNA which remains in coded form is
transfers to mRNA iscalled
Transcription

443. 440


Purines are

Adenine & Guanine
Pyrimidine are Cytosine & Thiamine
Nucleoside Base + sugar
The point of attachment to base is N – 1 in Pyrimidine
The point of attachment to base N – 4 in Purine
The bond between bases & sugars Glycosylic or glycosidic
bond
If the sugar is ribose the nucleosides Adenosine, genosine,
cytidine &urasine
If the sugar is deoxyribose then the
compounds are calledas
Deoxyribonucleotides
Nucleotide Base + sugar
+phosphate
The repeating monomers of DNA or RNA are
represented by a single letters
A, T, G, C or U.
In the double Helix structure
purine&Pyrimidine pair is suchthat
Guanine pairs with
cytosine & adenine pairs
with thymine
The different forms of nucleic acid double
helix structures are
A, B & Z helices
SINES Short Interspersed
NucleicElements
LINES Long Interspersed
NucleicElements
Consists of sequences from a few hundred
base pairs is
SINES
Consists of sequence between one & 5 LINES

444. 441

thousand base pairs is

SNP Single
polymorphism
nucleotide
RFLP Restriction Fragment
LengthPolymorphism
Any piece of DNA which replicates a single
unit is called
Replicant
The initiation of a DNA replication within a
replican always occurs at a fixed point known
as
Origin
In DNA A pairs with F & G with C
In RNA A paris with U & G with C
DNA is only of One type
RNA are of 3 types MRNA, tRNA & rRNA.
DNA on replication forms DNA
DNA on transcription forms RNA
RNA does not Replicate or transcribe
DNA consists
nucleotidesupto
of a large number of 4.3 million
RNA conc. of fish nucleotides upto 12, 800
A unit of recombination gene Recon
Gene as a unit of mutation is called Muton
Gene as a unit of function is called Cistron
The operon model to explain the control of
gene activity
Jacob & Monod (1961)
The relationship between the sequenceof Genetic code

445. 442

bases in DNA/RNA and the sequence of
amino acids in a polypeptide chain is called a

The area of pacific ocean is 1662.4 km
2

The continental shelf of Pacific 11.15 million km
2

The area of Atlantic ocean is 865.6 lack km
2

The continental shelf of Atlantic 14.18 million Km
2

The area of Indian ocean is 734.3 lac km
2

The continental shelf of I.O 3.14 million km
2

The area of Antarctic ocean is 222.8 lac km
2

The area of Artic ocean is 132.3 lack km
2

Most productive ocean in the world is Pacific ocean & Atlantic
ocean
The total fish production of India is 4.5 million
tones out of which only
1.4 million ton exploited
till today
In total fish production India stand 7 th position (world)
The leading country in the total fish
productionis
China
Indian coast has 9 main state
In East coast WB, O, A. P, T.N
In West coast K, KT, Goa, M,G
Fish production in West coast -more 80% above
Fish production in East coast - low 20%
There are three districts in W.B. which work
with Marine capture fisheries
24 N Pgs, 24 Ppgs &
Midnapore (East)
The total coastline of west Bengal 65 km

446. 443


The continental shelf of WB is

20,000 km
2
(3.6% of the
total C.S)
The no of landing center in WB is 31
Total mechanized boats in WB is 1554
The no of non-mechanized boats in WB is 4200
Fishing gears used in WB are Hooks, bag nets,
dragnet, hookline
The total coast line of Orissa is 480 km (8% of the total
coast line)
The continental shelf of Orissa is 25000 km
2

There are 6 districts in Orissa which work
with marine capture fisheries
Baleshwar, puri, cuttak,
gangar, Ksuda & Yagat
singapur
The total landing centre in Orissa is 62
Fishing gears used in Orissa Gill net, hook net, hooker
line.
There are there islands in India Lakshwadip, Andaman &
Nicobar & Diu
The total coast line of AP is 980 km (17.31 of the total
coast line)
Continental shelf of AP is 39109 km
2
(8.9% of total
C.S)
There are marine districts of AP Nelu, Praka, Guntus,
West Godavari, East
Godoavari, Krishna,
Vishakapatnam,
Vigganogarum &
Sikakulam.

447. 444


The total landing centre of AP is

280
Fishing gears used in AP is Set bagnet, fixed bagnet,
hooker line, screw net,
traps
The total coast line of T.N. is 960 km (17% of the total
coast line)
The continental shelf of T.N. is 35000 km
2
(7.9% of the
total C.S)
There are 8 marine districts in T.N Kainakumari, Timuvari,
Ramnavali, Pudu Koffia,
Thanjavur, South Arcot,
Changal pult & Madras
Fishing gears used in T.N is Trawl net, set gill net,
boat seine, hooker line,
scoop net, Bagnet.
The total coast line of Kerala is 590 km (10% of the total
coast line)
The continental shelf of Kerala is 38073 km
2
(8.8% of the
total C.S)
The landing centre of Kerala is 225
Fishing gears used in Kerala Trawt net, Seine net,
Trafts, hooker line, shore
line, Set gill net.
The total coast line of Karnataka is 270 km
The continental shelf of Karnataka i 45000 km
2

Two marine districts of Karnataka Utter Karmad & Dakhin
Karmad
The landing centre of Karnataka is 105

448. 445


Fishing gears used in Karnataka are

Trawl net, purse seine,
fixed bag net, hook line,
shore line
The total coastline of Goa is 153 km
The continental shelf Goa is 1000 km
2

The fishing gears of Goa is Trawlnet, gill nets, purse
seine, hookerline
The total coast line of Maharastra is 720 km (10.6% of the
total coastline)
The continental shelf of Maharastra 89096 km
2
(20.3% of the
total C.S)
The landing centre of Maharastra is 154
Fishing fears used in Maharastra are Bag net, Trawlnet, gill
net, Hookerline
Bag net is also called as Dol net (Mostly used)
5 marine districts of Maharastra Thane, Greater Bombay,
Reigarh, Rathugiri &
Sindhud durg
The total coast line of Gujarat is 1640 km
The continental shelf of Gujarat 146000 km
2
(28% of the
total C.S)
The landing centre of Gujarat is 173
11 marine districts of Gujarat Surat, Bharch, Khed,
Ahmedabad, Nharnagar,
Amredi, Janagar, Rajkat
& Kutch.
Fishing gears used in Gujarat are Traps, Trawlers, fixed by
net, gill net, looker line.

449. 446


During 1999 – 2000 the total fish production
of India was

5.65 million metric tonne
Inland fish production was 2.83 million metric tonne
Marine fish production was 2.82 million metric tonne
The potential resources of River & Canals 1,7,3287 km
Potential resources of Reservoirs 20.90 lac. Hactre
The potential resources of Ponds & lakes 22.54 lac. hactre
The potential resources of Beels, ox-bow
lakes, swamps
13 lakh hactre
Potential resources of Brackish water 12.35 lakh hactre
Beels are also known as Mauns
The duration of pen culture in Beel 6 months
The Himalayan rivers are Ganga, Indus
&Brahmaput
ra
East coast rivers are Mahanadi, Godavari,
Krishna &Cauvery
West coast rivers are Narmada & Tapti
The Ganga river system has 3 regions Amjon belt, Bile belt &
Indoganetic Belt
The length of the Ganga river is 8047 km
The origin of Ganga river system is Gangotri of Himalaya
(3129 m fromMSL)
The tributaries of Ganga river in the North
side are
Ramganga, Gandak,
Gomatoi, Ghaghara &
Koshi
The tributaries of Ganga river in the South Yamuna (Chambel,Kan,

450. 447

side are Beas?) Ton & Son.
The origin of Yamuna is joint with ganga river
at
Allahabad
Ganga river is joint with Brahmaputra at Meghana estuary
Fishes found in the upper region of the
Ganga riverare
Snowtrouts, Mahseers,
Catfishes
Based on physical features & ecological
conditions Ganga is dividedinto
Sluggish zone,
Aggressive zone
&Recoveryzone
Sluggish zone Kanpur to Varanasi (Slow
flow & Muddy bottom)
Aggressive zone Ballia to Patna (water
current fast
&unproducti
ve zone)
Recovery zone Bhagalpur to Rajmahal
(Productive zone)
Importance fishes found in Ganga river
systemare
Carps, catfishes, clupeids
& prawns
Gears used in Ganga river system Dragnet, gill net & Seines
Crafts used in Ganga river system Traditional craft, boats &
Dingi
Carps found in Ganga river system IMC, L bata, L. calbasu
The Brahmaputra river system originated
from
Monosarovar lake
The length of the Brahmaputra river 2900 km
The important tributaries of Brahmaputra
river systemare
Jedhal, Subarnasiri,
Ranganadi, Bargang,
Dhirong &Manas

451. 448


The Beels found in Brahmaputra river sytem
are

Nowgang, North Kamrup,
Laxmipura & Golapara
districts
Important fish landing centre of Brahmaputra
are
Dhubri, Tejpur
&Guwahati
Important fishes of Brahmaputra Prawns & cat fishes(max.
contribution)
From carps L rohita
The length of the Godavari river is 1,440 km
The origin of Godavari river is Deolai hills in Nasik
The tributaries of Godavari are Manjira, Wainganga
&Indravati
River Godavari is divided into 3 zones Dowlaiswaram to
Patisuma (34 km),
Polavaram to Jidigapua
(60 km) & Kunavaram to
Dummagunden(46km)
Important fish landing centers of Godavari
are
Rajmumdry, Konvar,
Polavaram, Divipatham,
Jidigupa , Kunavaram,
Bhadrachalam
&
Dummaguden
Important fish are Carps, catfishes, clupeids
& Prawns.
Among carps L fimbriatus, C catla, C
mrigala, L. calbasu
Fishing gears used in Godavari are Gill nets seines, dug net,
cost net
The river Krishna has a length of 1, 120 km

452. 449


The origin of Krishna river is

Western Ghat ranges
south ofPoona
The tributaries of Krishna river are Bhima & Tungabhadra
The river Caurvery originates from Brahmagiri in western
ghats
Important tributaries of Cauvery Amravati, Bhavani
&Nogil
Important fishes of Cauvery are Carps & cat fishes
From carps L kontius, Tor putitora,
Acrosso-chelilus
hexogonolepisetc.
Gears used in Cauvery are Gill nets, dreg nets, cast
nets, shore sine
Crafts used in Cauvery Mainly Dinghi
The river Tapti originates from Mount Vindhya of the
Satpurarange
Fishing season in Tapti river September – October
(mostcommon)
Peak season in Tapti rive is Jan – Feb.
November – January is the Cheer fishing
The major esturine system of river Ganga in
West Bengal is
Hooghly – Matlah estuary
In orissa Mahanadi
In AP Krishna & Godavari
In TN Cauvery
In Bay of Bengal Adgar estuary

453. 450


In Karnataka

Netravati
In Gujarat Narmada
The important brackish water lakes of the
country are
Chilka lake (Orissa),
Pulicat (T.N) &Venbanad
with connected
backdown inKerala
The Hooghly Maltah occupies the marshy
deltaic area called
The Sunderbans
Sunderbans was derived from the Sundari tree (Heritiera
formea)
The word Sunderban means Beautiful forest orforest of
the ocean
The Hooghly Matlah estuary has five
tributaries
Jalangi, Churni,
Damadar, Rupnarain
&Haldia
The gears used in Hooghly Matlah Drag net, cast net
The Mahanadi river lies in the districts of Cuttack & Puri (Orissa)
In the Mahanadi river there occurs a Vertical salinity
stratification
Gears used in Mahanadi estuary are Gill net, cast net, drag net
The Krishna estuary is divided three
branches
Eastern branch (Krishna
proper), Eastern branch
(Crollumutte paga)
&Central branch
(Nadimera)
Current Fishery production of India (both
Marine & Inland)is
5.65 mmt.
India‘s Marine & Inland fishery potential is
estimated along continental shelf is
22.45 million tons

454. 451


World marine & Inland Fishery potential is

300 million tons
The world fishery production on both culture
& captureis
122.2 mmt (Recently
124 mmt)
Capture fisheries contributes of global
production (In Marineside)
72
The global fish production from coastal
aquaculturecontributes
9.1
The global fish production of Inland capture
fishery contributes
6%
The global fish production of Inland culture
fishery contributes
13%
The global level of fishery production is more
in
Sardine
The worlds top fish producing country is China (20.71 mmt)
In global fishery production the top most
continent is
Asia
In India EEZ is extended upto 200 nautical mile (320
km or 2.02 sq km)
Peru was in 1
st
place for several years in
fishery production but subsequently placed in
3
rd
place due to
Declination of Peruvian
Anchovy
Top fish producing state in India is West Bengal
In India the state which has longest coastline
area is
Gujarat
The oceans of the world cover 71% of Earth
The top most fishing ocean by which we are
getting more production is
Pacific Ocean (52 mmt)

455. 452


Major % of global fishery comes from

Marine fishery
Most of the successful marine fishery are
proposed from
Northern hemisphere &
Northern pacific zones
(80%)
What is the % from pelagic landing 60-75%
The total International fishing area in the
world is
26
Arabian sea on the west coast of India
contributes total fishcatch?
75%
The feeding habit of sardine is Juveniles
(Zooplanktophagus)
Adult
(Phytoplanktonphagus))
In India Anchovies landing is prominent in S.E coast of India (T.N &
AP)
The % of catch of Anchovies in India is 4%
Rastrallingerbrachysoma mainly dominated
in
Andaman Island
R. faughaini is dominated fishery in A.P. & T.N
Rampani is a type of gear of Shore seine
Mackerels contribute of what % of all India
landing
5-15%
Mackerel mainly feed on Zooplankton
(cladocerans)
In India tuna is mainly fished by Long line & Pole & line
In India tuna mainly caught in Lakshdweep & Andaman
Bombay duck of fishery contributes what% 6-10%

456. 453

of all India catch

Feeding habit of Bombay duck is Carnivorous
(cannibalistic)
Perch fishery is abundant in Coral reef & Rocky sea
bottom
Thread fins (Polynemidae) mainly occurs in
which coast of India
East coast
Ribbon fishes are abundant along the coasts
of
A.P & T.N (Kerala also)
Ribbon fish has two phase of life cycle Juvenile phase (pelagic)
& Adult phase(demersal)
Pomfret fishery landing mainly from West coast of India
(Gujarat &Maharastra)
Flying fish mainly found along East coast (T.N)
70% of landing of Polynemidae comes from N. West sector
(Maharastra &Gujarat)
For catching of Polynemidae type of gear
used is
Selective (gill net, hand
net)
Flat fish & Soles are what type of fish Carnivorous
The most widely cultivated sps in brackish
water is
Milk fish
Mullet is a type of Amphidromous
Export money in India mainly comes by
exporting of
Frozen shrimp (>70%)
From demersal area the fish catch % 35-45%
Coast giving more production West coast (60 –75%)
Water spread area in continental shelf of 3.14 million sq km

457. 454

India is

Gujarat is well known for its fisheries in Bombay duck & Pomfrets
The konkan coast is famous for its large
shoals of
Mackerel
Mackerel catch is dominated in Karnataka & Kerala
Flying & ribbon fishes are found in the coast
of
Nagapattinam & Pulicut
lake
Bombay duck is the most important species
caught mostly from the south & southern
coast mainly by
Dol net
Gulf of Kutch region has very rich resources
of
Clams & oysters
(Gujarat)
Fastest swimming fish is Sail fish
Traditional fishery in Kerala is Pokkali
Occurrence of Bombay duck fishery mainly
depend on
Surface temperature
The maximum exploited ocean is Atlantic ocean
Which state has the unique distinction of
facing the Arabian sea, Indian ocean & the
Bay of Bengal.
Tamil Nadu
Most common gear used in T.N Drift/set gill net, Hook &
line
Major gear used in A.P. is Drift and gill nets
The state which has shortest coastline is Goa (104 km)
The main catch from Lakhadweep Tuna (50 –60%)
Main group of fish which constitute about one
third of marine fish landings in India is
Clupeids
The major fishery in west coast of India is Sardine

458. 455


In gear Karnataka & Kerala principal gear
used is

Gill net & cast net
Major food of sardine is Fragilaria oecanica
Choodai fishery is popular in T.N
The discontinuous distribution of Bombay
duck was suggested by
Hora
Pearl fisheries mainly distributed along the
cost of
East coast
Pearl oysters are sedentary animals and lie
attached to hard rock ridges called
Par (pearl bank)
Main gear used in SW sector (Kar & Kerala)
for benthic & pelagic water fish
Surface drifting gill net
Main gear used for Clupeidae in SE (TN, AP)
the
Surface drifting gil net
Bottom-drifting gillnet used in NW sector ( mainly)
The nature of the east coast is Rough
The nature of the west coast is Calm ( generally)
Lagoons inlets, back water mostly found in West coast
The three non mechanical, small scale craft
which is operated in shore line along cost
coast are
Catamarans, Masula
&Carvel
Ganjan type of catamarans craft mostly found
in
Orissa
Raft & Coromandal type of catamarans craft
mainly found in
T.N
Vishak type of catamaran craft found in A.P
The two variety of Masula boat which is Bar (Orissa) & Podava

459. 456

found in East coast of India (A.P.)
Dinghi/Nauka type of craft mainly found in W.B & Orissa
Nava type of boat mainly found in coast of AP
There are three types of Carvel Dinghi/Nauka (WB &
Orissa) Nava(A)) &
Tuticorin type
Canoes is a non mechanized small scale
craft which is mainly found in the cost of India
is
West coast (Kerala)
In west coast, canoes type of a craft mainly
found along the coast of
Kerala
There are three varieties of canoes found
along the coast of Kerala
a – Odum (Vanchi) (large
size)

b – Thonis (Middle size)

c – Beputhonis (small
size)

460. 457

SMOKING TIME

Product Time
Finnars & Fillet (Cold) Brining for 10-15 minutes
Smokies (Hot smoking) Brinning for 1 hr
Kipper Brining for 20 – 25 mins
Kipper filet (cold) Brinning for 10 mins
Red (Hot) Salting for 7-8 days
Silver (Cold) Salting for 10 days
Bloitre (cold) Salting for over night
Buckling (cold) Salting for 12 – 18 hrs.
Smoked salmon on (Cold) Brining for 12-18 hrs

461. 458

Peak season of the following fish species

Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) August – November
Little tuna & Blue eye tuna (Euthynnus
affinis) (Thunnus olbesus)
October – May
Yellow fin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) October – January
Ribbon fishes (Trichiurus sps) July – April
Cat fishes (Aurius moculatus) September – March
Silver pomfrets (Pampus argentus) September –
January
Chinese pomferts (P. chinensis) August – December
& March
Black pomfrets (Parastromateus niger) August – December
Seer fishes (Scomberomorus guttatus) October –
December
Sciaenids (Johnius dussumieri) October – May
Indian Salmon (Eleutheronema
tetradactylum)
September–
December
Commersons anchovy (Anchoviella
commersonii)
October – April
Flat fishes (Psettodes erumi) July – September
Cephalopods (Cuttlefish, squids) January – March
Mussels (P viridis) July – November

462. 459

Resources & Recommended methods of fishing beyond 50 m depth

Species Nets used
Coastal Tuna Gill netting
Tuna Long ling & Gill netting
Skipjack Tuna Pole & line, Purse seining
Squid & cuttlefish Bottom trawling & squid jigging
Sciaenids Bottom trawling
Perch Traps, handling, Gillnetting
&Bottomtrawling
Catfish Purse seining & pelagic trawling
Ribbon fish Pelagic trawling, Bottom trawling
Sardine & Anchovies Pelagic trawling
Mackerel Gill netting
Carangids Gillnetting, pelagic trawling
Horse mackerel Bottom trawling
Nemipterus sps Bottom trawling
Bulls eye Bottom trawling
Ghol Bottom trawling & gill netting
Black ruff Bottom trawling
Indian drift fish Bottom trawling
Lizard fish Bottom trawling
Deep sea lobster Bottom trawling

463. 460


The Anchovieta & south American pilchard are
mainly caught from

Peru & Chile
The catches of Atlantic cod are high inthe
shallow waters of
North Atlantic
Alaska Pollock are caught from North pacific
Mackerels are caught in good quantities from North seas & Japan
Capelin is caught from Norway & Iceland
The major fisheries of the world occur in two
main areas
Continental shelf
&upwelli
ng areas
The total coastline of India is 8,129 km
The continental shelf of India is 0.5 million km
2

The brackish water of India is 1.4 million ha.
60-75% of the marine catch comes from West coast
25-40% of the marine catch comes from East coast
Pelagic fishes contributes 40-60%
Demersal fishes contributes 35-45%
Crustaceans contributes 15-20%
Mollusks contributes 5-15%
The marine catch from the North West coast is 6-9 lakh tones (30-
40%)
The marine catch from the South-East coast is 3-5 lakh tones (15-
20%)
The marine catch from the North east coast is 1-2 lakh tones (10-
15%)
Fisheries from Lakshadweep group of Island is 10-16 thousand tones

464. 461


Fisheriesfrom Andaman & Nicobar group of
islandis

10-15 thousand tones
State wise total catch in % is Kerala & Gujarat 20-25%
Maharastra 15-20%
Tamil Nadu 12-8%
Karnataka & AP 7-14%
West Bengal 5-10%
In T.N coast the fishery based on thin bodied
sardine is
Choodai fishery
The gold spotted Granadier anchovy is mostly
caught in
Maharastra (90%)
The wolf herring is mostly abundant in the last
coast of
Tamil Nadu
The maximum landings of Mackerel was in 1989 with 2,41,605
tonnes (13% of total
Marine catch)
A fixed type of a bag net in west Bengal is also
called as
Behundi jal (catch of
Bombay duck)
The Bombay duck fishery along Maharastra
cost is supported by a
Single stock
The Bombay duck fishery along Gujarat & A.P
coast is supported by
Two independent
stocks
The marine cat fishes belong to two tamales Plostosidae & Ariidae
Ribbon fishes are also called as Hairtails or cutlass
fishes
Ribbon fishes spawn only Once in a year
Ribbon fishes are highly Carnivorous &

465. 462


predominantly
piscivorous
Pomfrets are landed annually of about 35-55 thousand
tonnes
The commercially important species of seer
fish done the
Indo-Pacific sea fish
The sciaenids are also called as Jewfishes or croakers
The airbladder of sciaenids are also used for
the manufacture of
Isinglass
The other name of commersons anchovy is White baits
In marine prawn catch penaeids constitute
more than
60% of the total catch
Penaeid prawns are caught in large quantities
along the
South West coast
The annual production of penaeid prawn
fisheries isabout
100 – 160 thousand
tonnes
The annual production of non-penaeid prawn
fisheries is about
50-80 thousand
tonnes
The annual production of crab fisheries is
about
15-30 thousand
tonnes
The annual production of cepholopod fisheries
is about
30-55 thousand
tonnes
Cephalspods are caught, processed
&exported to
Japan
Highly dominant fish in the North West coast is Bombay duck
Highly dominant fish in the South West is Sardines & Mackerel
Highly dominant fish in the south east coast is Lesser sardines
clupeids, penaeids,

466. 463


lobsters
Highly dominant fish in the North east coast is Clupeids (Hilsa sps)
The boat sciences used in Kerala coast are Pattenkolli valla &
Ayilakolli valla
The gears used for Mackerels are Gill net & purse seine
The peak season for Mackerels are August – November
The main gears used for Tunas are Hook and line & long
line
The main gears used for Catfishes are Trawl net & gill net
The main gears used for Ribbon fishes are Trawl net & Boat
seines
The main gears used for pomfrets are Gillnet, dolnet, & Trawl
net
The main gears used for seer fishes are Hook and line & Gill
net
The main gears used for sciaenids are Trawl net & Gill net
The main gears used for Indian Salmon are Trawl net, Drift net &
Boat seines
The main gears used for commersons
anchovyare
Boat seines &Gill net
The main gear used for Flat fishes are Trawl net
The main gears used for Prawns are Gill net, Trawl net &
Dolnet
The main gears used for Cephalopods are Trawl net
The main gears used for Cephalopods are Trawl net
Gears used is not there for Oysters, Chanks, Hand picking only

467. 464

Clams & other Mollusks




Successful long term storage of
spermatozoa has been achievedby
Mounib et al. (1968) for Cod,
(Gadus morhua)
Black pigment, melanin occurs within Melanosphore cell
Yellow pigment occurs within Xanthophores
Red pigment occurs within Crythrophores
Pigment which gives a silvery color to
fish
Iridocytes (not true pigments)
First albinism in shark is done by Mckenzic (1970) in white
hammer headed shark
(Sphyrna levini)
Guppy derived its common name from Rev. R.J.L. Guppy (he
introduced it to Europe as
aquarium fish in 1866)
First genetic studies on color pattern of
Poecillia retculata were performed by
Johannes Schmidt in 1920
Hypothesis of y-linked inheritance was
confirmed & amplified by
Winge (1922)
Hypothesis of chromosome as physical
basis of heredity was proposed by
W.S Sutton in 1902
Material of Chromosomes Chromatin
Chromatin which stain lightly Euchromatin
Chromatin which stain darkly Heterochromatin
Ends of chromosomes Telomeres
Constriction in chromosome Centromere

468. 465

Number of arms of chromosomes is
expressed as
Nomve
Fondamental (NF value) ?
NF-value defines Genetic content of
chromosome complement
Mitosis produce 2 identical daughter cell (2
diploid)
Meiosis produce 4 identical daughter cell (4
haploid)
Postulated primitive chromosome
complement for teleostsis
2n = 48
Sex-linked inheritance in fish was first
described by
Johannes Schmidt (1920) in
Poecilia reticulata (Guppy)
Colour genes were located in y-chromosome
X & Y chromosomes were
distinguishedby
Number of genes
First unisexual fish described Poecilia (Molliensia) formosa
(Molly)
Mode of inheritance which involve
elimination of paternal chromosome
during meiosis at each generation is
Gynogenesis
Gynogenosis, cold shock was given
during
Meiosis I (Diploid)
Gynogenosis, cold shock was given
during
MetaphaseII In meiosis II
(Triploid)
Gynogenosis, cold shock was given
during
Mitosis (Tetraploid)
Gynogenesis & Androgenosis doses of 1000 Gy

469. 466

irradiation used was

Parthenogenesis Dev. without fertilization
Sexually mature male at birth Cymatogaster aggregata
Basking shark Cetorhinus maximus
Europe bitterling Rhodeus amarus (Cyprinid)
Build nest & parental case Samonidae & Gasterosteidae
Incubation in buccal cavity Cicklidae & Bagridae
Incubation in Branchial chamber Amblyopsidae
Marsupial pouch Sea horses & pipe fishes
(syngnathidae)
Viviparity with yolk sac Carcharhinidae & sphyrnidae
(Galeiformes)
Viviparity among teleost Cyprinodontiformes &
Perciformes
Gonopodium Poecillidae
Prolonged follicular gestasis ? Poecilidae & Anablepidae
Dev. Of several breads of young
simultaneously withinovary
Superfestation
Chemical inhibition of the Action of
gonad doneby
Methallibure
Testosterone Interstitial cells (derive0
Estradiol 17 derived from – ovarian
follicle
Progesterone derivedfrom Corpus luteum
Conjugated testosterone Grajeer & idler
Self-fertilization & hermaphrodite
?
Rivulus marmoratus
(Cyprinodont)

470. 467


Teleost

Round egg
Engraulids Ellipsoidal egg
Gobies Flattened / (or irregular)/pear
shape egg
Oviparous Elasmobranch Unusual shape egg
Flying fish (Oxyporhamphus) Spiny egg
Pelagic fish egg Single oil globule (60%)
Large egg Longer incubation
Egg viability in common carp Vit E
First filling of swim bladder Swim-up
Synthesis of yolk Vitellogenesis
Fat consumed during egg development 70 to 90%
Phototaxis in fish larvae Aneodotal
Marine fish larvae Photopositive
Demersal fresh water larvae Photonegative
Larval speed 10 body length/sec
Fish egg Semi closed system
Core of yolk Lipoprotein & phospholipid?
Yolk protein to become soluble De phosphorylation
Holoblastic fishes Lung & chondrosteanis
Yolk reinfilisation ? Less than 100%
Non yolk nutrient source during early
dev.
Putter‘s theory

471. 468


All-female species

Poeciliaformasa
Migratory behavior Thyroid hormones
Parental behavior Prolactin
Pre spawning & spawning Pituitary hormone





Fresh water mussel Lamellidens coriguta
Commonly cultured murrel sp Channa striatus
Pangasius is found in Brahamputra and Ganga
Group belonging to Chondrichthyes Elasmobranch
2kg of Rohu fecundity 1.5 to 2 lakh
Lung fish Dipnoi family
Goat fish Upeneus vittatus
Pearl spot Etroplus suratensis
Ribbon fish Trichurus leplurus,
Lepturacanthussavala
Flying fish Exocoetus volitans
Seer fish Scomberomorus linolatus
Sole fish Cynoglossus macrolepidotus
Indian halibut Psettodes erumi
Exotic sp bought fran Italy Gambusia affinis
Common germicides Ca-hypochloride
Essential amino acid not synthesize by
fish
Tyrosine

472. 469


Gill net is

Passive and selective
Dolnet is operated in Maharastra & Gujarat for
Bombayduck
Net used for catching Indian Mackerel Gill net Rampani (Shote Seine)
Ratta vatta (Gillnet), Purse
seine
Term used for scale arrangement Squamation
Species found in Dal lake Common carp
Dropsy is caused by Aeromonas hydrophilla and
Preudomanas punctata
Learnea is found in Nostril, Body surface, Head,
Fin –IMC
Indian Salmon Eleutheronema tetradactylum
Farraka Barrage is found in West Bengal (Hoogly)
Highest nos. of mechanized boat used
in thestate
Maharastra
Kelp is obtained from Seaweed
Mitochondrial DNA Circular
Protein requirement of M.rosenbergii
larvae
45 – 50%
Leptocephali larvae Eel
Unsaturated Fats in fish 75%
Phytoplankton mesh size 40 
Fly ash pollution is highest in Tamil Nadu
Which stage doesn‘t belong to f/w
prawn
Naphlius

473. 470


Origin of pen culture

Indonesia
Origin of cage culture Cambodia
Turban shell Turbo mormaratus
First person to breed penaeid prawn Fujinaga
Grease resistant plastic PVC
Which is in crustacean ? Copepoda
Brackish water aquaculture originate
from
China
Echinopleustes is the larval stages of Sea Urchin
Fertilized egg of common carp is Golden yellow, pink, Green,
Paleyellow
GnRH is synthesize in Pituitary gland or
hypothalamus ofbrain
Optimum salinity of M. rosenbergii
larvae
12-14%
Among diff colour ray of solar radiation
which ray has best penetration in water
Blue (Least or weakest –
yellow)
Cultivable brackish water fish Milk fish and seabass
Hard cuticular covering of body of
lobster is termedas
Exoskeleton
Chitosan is extracted from Prawn shell
Chitosan is Deacetylated chitin
Anaerobic organism usually occurs in Mortality zone Deposition of
solids waterpollutants
Anguilla is Catadromous

474. 471


Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
is a pioneering institute and located in

Mumbai, Bangalore ?
Manure for fertilizing newly created
pond
Cowdung
Depth where Respiration
&photosynthesis inequivalent
Compensation depth
Present FFDB production in country 2000 kg
If small reservoir are properly managed,
there production can be achieved to the
tune of
75 to 100 kg/ha
Indian Institue of Science (IIS) situated
in
Bangalore
Antarctic expedition for ocean head
office is locatedin
Goa
Fish oil contain A & D Vitamins
Appreciable quantity of fish seed
production through dry-bundh breeding
is from
Madhya Pradesh (also in W.
Bengal)
Stomachless fish Cyprinids
Major market for Indian Shrimp USA & Japan
Grey Mullet Mugil cephalus
Snake used in Samudaa Manduan
Mythological story
Kalindi
Estimation of primary productivity by
NielsonMethod
Light & Dark bottle Method
Lake require vast amount of heat to
increase its temp because?
It is very deep
A vast water body

475. 472


Hass very high specific heat

Has high electric conductivity
Scientific name of spotted eagle vary Aetobatus maculatus
Deep sea fish Melanocetus johnsoni
Most important hydrocarbon present in
fish liver
Squalene or squillon
Major fisheries of West coast of India Sardine
Mesopelagic depth 200 – 1000 m
Measure with over what mg% of TVBN
and found to be suitable for canning
20%
Best Method to study the quantitative &
quantitative feeding habit of
planktivorous fish
Volumetric/Point/Numeric/Armi
tational Method
Egg of IMC is Demersal
Fish show low growth in higher latitudes
because
Low Do
Wide range of salinity tolerance Euryhaline
Narrow range of salinity tolerance Stenohaline
Ova diameter studies are conducted to
find out
Spawning periodicity if fish
First scientist to practise induce
breading inArgentina
Honsay
Oxygen utilized by plants is derived
from
Dissolve CO2 in water
Fish roe is used for producing Cavior
Principal function of air bladder Balance in loater or

476. 473


Hydrostatic organ
‗K‘ denotes in fishery biology General well being of fish
(conditionfactor)
Length weight relationship W – al
b

EEZ of India cover 2.02 10
6
km+2+ (202 million
km
2
)
Which state cover widest continental
shelf
Gujarat
M. rosenbergii can be culture with Magur & Singhi
Rohu is Column feeder or dweller
Ox-bow lake occur due to River Mendaring
Maximum primary productivity
contributed by
Macrophytes
Coral sp Limpet
Best fertile salt Alluvial soil
Blood group identified by Landsteine
Otolith is used for Determination of age
Red-dark colour in fish is due to Melanophore
Flying fish is found in Nagapadinam calso in
cuddalonet Madras?
IIOE finished in 1965
Pearl oyster a mostly cultured in Tuticorin
Function of otter board Horizontal separation
Left part of Boat Port side
Condiru fish Fishes living in gill chamber

477. 474


Alevin in trout

Salmon fry
Albert in salmon Trout fry
Mud crab Scylla serrata
Mirror carp Cyprinus carpio specularis
Larval from of sea urchin Echinopleustes
Megalopa is larvae of Crab
Standard length extent from Snout to caudal base
C-D-Rom Information centre
Belly scute family Clupeidae
Chocolate Masheer Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis
Pondrel index Well being of fish
Gynogenesis is used for All female
Water stick insect Ranatna elongata
Biomagnification is used in Pollution
Red Tilapia is Hybrid ( T. Mossambica T
aureas)
CMC (Carboxyl –Methyl cellulose) Use as binder
Rancidity refers to Spoilage
Surplus production Schaefer & Fox Model (1954,
1976)
Oil sardine commercially landing year 1
st
yr. or 0yr.
Hilsa ilisha is Planktivorous
Banana prawn Peneus marguensis

478. 475


Tiger prawn

Peneus monodon
Pike perch Lucioperca lucioperca
Lastes calcarifers Sea bass
Macrobrachium malcomsoniii is found in Godavari
Chromosome nos, of catta 50
Famous fishery scientist N.K. Pathikkas
Optimum salinity for survival of M.
rosenbergii larvae
12 – 14%
Live food organism Artemia
In meosis nos. of cell produce 4 nos.
Richest pearl oyster bed Tuticorin
Plant protein source of fish feed MOC, GOC, SCP
Plankton differ from nekton in Locomotion & size
How many larval stages in Giant f/w
prawn
11 (i.e. 7-11)
Most abundant anion in water OH
Food of Gambusia affinis Mosquito larvae
M. rosenbergii is good fishery in river Ganga
Compensation depth Respiration & photosynthesis
equal
Identity Gastropod Mysid/ostracod/Amphoid/polyc
od
B/W prawn P. monodon
Fish under chondrichthyes Chillosylium griseum

479. 476


B/W aquaculture originated in

China
Lobster family Scyllaridae (Sand lobster)
Otolith located in fish Internal ear
Lamellidens marginalis F/W mussel
Gonado tropin is soluble in Absolute alcohol (Methanol)
Margerine is a product of ? Hydrogenation
/Saponification/Alkali
refine/oxidation

480. 477

Different Vitamins



Vitamins Name Function
i) Vit-B1 Thiamine 1) Carbohydrate Metabolism

2) Conversion of pyruvate to
acetyl co-enzyme & (main
function)
2) Vit-B2 Riboflavin 1) Degradation of pyruvate, fatty
acid & amino acid

2) Electron transport
3) Niacin Nicotinic acid 1) Citric acid cycle

2) Oxidation reduction reaction
4) Co-enzyme A Pantothenil acid 1) Transfer of energy for various
reaction
5) Biotin

1) Facilitate
reaction
CO2 transfer in
6) Folic acid

1) Transfer single carbon entities
to other molecule
7) Vit – B12 Cyanocobalamine 1) Essential for maturation

2) Synthesis of choline
8) Vit – C Ascorbic acid 1) Hydroxylating proline to
hydroxyproline
9) Inositol

1) Synthesis of membrane in cell
10) Choline

1) Methyl down in metabolic
reaction
11) Vit – A Retamoic 1) For eye – reaction

481. 478

12) Cit – D Caleriferol 1) Regulate Ca & P in serum
13) Vit – E Tocopherol 1) Antioxidant
14) Vit – K

1) Synthesis of prothrombia for
blood clothing




COMPARSION OF WOOD

Composition Hard wood Soft wood
1) Cellulose 43-53% 54-58%
2) Lignin 18-24% 26-29%
3) Hemicelluloses 22-25% 10-11%
4) Resin 1.8-3% 2-3.5%
5) Protein 0.6-1.9% 0.7-0.5%
6) Ash 0.3 – 1.2% 0.4-0.8%




Fish smoking (Hot) – 40
0
– 80
0
C

Stages

Tempering stage (30
0
C for 0.5 - 1
hr)
First smoking at low
temperature
Heating stage (50
0
C for 1 hr) Temperature of kiln is raised
Cooking stage (70
0
C – 90
0
C for 1 –2
hrs)

482. 479

SMOKE PRODUCT

Product Fish used Dressing style
Finnans Code &
haddock
Beheaded, eviscerated & cut
Fillets Code &
haddock
Cut from gutted & deboned fish
Smokes Small
haddock
Beheaded, evicerated & tight in
pairs whole herring after gutting
Red, silver bloitre,
Buck lings
Herring Whole herring after gutting
Kipper Herring Gilled & split open
Kipper Salmon Salmon Gilled & back bone are removed
& cut made on flesh




Scientific names of the following

Hermit crab Eupagurus sps
Sea monkey Artemia spp
Fairy shrimp Eubranchipus sps
Todpole shrimp Apus sps
Claw shrimp Limnadia sps
Water flea Daphnia
Mantis shrimp Squilla
True crab Portunus
Coconut crab Galathea

483. 480


Carp lice

Argulus
Grey slug Limax
Pelagic swimmer Portunus pelogicus
Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus
Giant tiger shrimp P monodon
Flower prawn P semisulcatus
Brown shrimp Metapeneus dobsonii
Speckled shrimp M monoceros
King prawn M affinis
Kiddy shrimp Parapenaeopsis stylifera
Mud crab Scylla serrata
Sea crab Charybdis cruciata
Painted spiny lobster Panulirus versicolor
Peonfhoen spiny lobster P penicillatus
Ornate spiny lobster P ornatus
Mud spiny lobster P. polyphagus
Spiny lobster P. homarus
Soft crab Peeler lousiana
Edible oyster Crassostrea sps
India edible oyster C. madraensis
Pacific oyster Crssostrea gigas
Flat oyster Ostrea edulis
American oyster C. virginica

484. 481


Cupped oyster

Crassostrea
Flat oyster Ostrea
Chinese oyster C. rivuloris
Indian rock oyster Saccostrea cucculata
West coast oyster C. gryphoides
Block lip pearl oyster Pinctata margastifera
Indian pearl oyster P. fucata
Edible mussel Mytilus edulis
Brown mussel Perna indica
Green mussel P viridis
Blood clam Anadora granosa
Soft clam Mya asenaria
Hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria
Giant clam Tridaena sp
Japanese abalone Haliotis discus
Red (conch) abalone H refucens
Queen conch Strombus gigas
Japanese squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana
Indian squid S arctipinnis
Grey mullets Mugil cephalus
White leg shrimp Penaeus vannamei
Yellow shrimp Metapenaeus breveciones
Blue shrimp Penaeus stylirostris

485. 482


King shrimp

P. latisulcatus
Bananna shrimp P merguiensis
Godavari prawn M. malcolmsonii
Nile Tilapia T. nilotica
Blue Tilapia T aurea
Milk conch Strombus costatus
West Indian spider crab Mithrax spinosissimus
Glass eel Anguilla bicolor
Buffalo fish Ictiobus sps
Red claw cray fish Chirox guadricarinatus
King prawn P. latisulcatus
American lobster Homarus americanus
Blue gill Lepamis macrochirus
King crab Limulus
Mussel shrimp Cypris
Silver fish Lepisma
Feather star Neometra
Sea walnut/comp jelly Pleurobranchia
Blue gouramy Trichogaster trichopterus
Indian strain of artemia A. parthogenetica
Greasy reef cod Epinephelus twain
Indian prawn /speckled
prawn
Metapenaeus monoceros

486. 483


Indian paradise thread fin

E tetradactylum
Devil cat fish Chaca chaca




Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus
Fresh water lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis
Spiny shark Climatius sp
Whale shark Rhinodon typus
Basking shark Cetorhinus sp
White shark Carcharodon carcharius
Blue shark Carcharinus glaucus
Tiger shark Stegostoma tigrinum
Gangetic shark Scoliodon sovrakowah;
Carcharhinus gangeticus
Indian dog shark Scoliodon laticaudas
King of herring Chimaera monstrosa
Bow fin Amia calva
Cod fish Bregmaceras sp, Gadus morhus
Pope fish Trachyrhamphus berratus,
Syngnathus Anableps sp
Mosquito fish Gambusia affinis
Archer fish Toxotes microlepis
Angel fish Chaetodon vagabundus, V.
unimaculatus
Scorpion fish Pterois ruselli

487. 484


Sucker fish (Remora)

Remora remora
Giant sun fish Mola mota
Coffer or Trunk fish Ostracion gibbosus
Porcupine fish Diodon hystric
Globe fish Tetraodon sp
Angler fish Acanthurus
Toad fish Lophius, Porichthyes
Frog fish Antennarius, Batrachus gangene
Mud skipper Periopthalmus sp
Sole fish Achirus sp
Cuchia eel Amphipnous cllchia
Goose fish Lophius sp
King salmon Onchorhynchus sp
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar
Star-gazer Uranoscopus, Astrogcopus
Elephant fish Mormyrus sp
Electric catfish Mormyrus sp
Drum fish Pogonias chromis
White sucker Catostomus commersoni
Dragonet Callionymus sp
Three spined stickle back Gasterosteus aculeatus
Fifteen spined stickle back Spinachia sp
European Bitterling Rhodeus sp

488. 485


Sand goby

Pomatoschistus minutus
Butter fish Pholis sp
Blue Gaurami Trichogaster trichopterus
Wiper fish Choliordus sp
Loose jaw Malacosteus sp
Hatched fish Argyropelecus sp
Black deirl Melanocetus sp
Fan fin angler fish Caulophyne sp
Lantern fish Mycelophium, Myctophium sp
Tripod fish Bathypterois sp

Black rohu

Labeo calbasu
Cauvery carps/Fringe –
lipped – carp
L. fimbriatus
Pigmouth carp L. konius
White carp Cirrhinus cirrhosa
Brown trout Salmo trutta fario
Rainbow trout Oncoryhchus mykis
Red-finned masher Tor tor (also catted stout fish)
Yellow finned masher Tor pitutora
Chocolate masheer Acrossocheilus hexagosolepis
Tench or Doctor fish Tinca tinca
Orana river prawn Macrobrachuim idea

489. 486


Monsoon river prawn

Macrobrachium malcolmsoni
Pink salmon Onchorhynchus gorbuscha
Chum salmon O. keta
Silver/coho salmon O. kisutch
Masu salmon O. masou
Stalk eye/sock-eye salmon O. nerka
King salmon/Chinook
salmon
O. tshawytscha
Antartic char Salvelinus alpinus
Deccan masheer Tor khudree
Golden Himalayan
Masheer
T. putitora
Brown trout/European
trout
Salmo trutta fario
Rainbow trout S. gairdneri
Cut-throat trout S. clarkii
Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis
Lake trout Salmo namycush
Walbaum & dolly vander
trout
S. malma
Atlantic salmon/Sebago
salmon
S. salar
European salmon/Danube
salmon
Hucho hucho
Ear shell Haliotis sp

490. 487


Windowpane oyster

Placuna placenta
Back water Oyster Crassostera madrasensis
Rock Oyster C. cucullata
Disc oyster C. discoides
Cockle clam Gafrarium tumidum
Bay clam Meritrix meritrix
Back water clam M. casta
Inflated clam Katelysia opima
Black clam Velorita cyprinoids
False clam Paphia malabarica
Wadge clam Donax cuneatus
Top shell Trochus nilotichus
Little botton shell Umbonium vertiarium
Turban shell Turbo marmoratus
Fingered chank Lomlis (Pterocara) lambis
Sacred chant Turbinella pyrum
Purple shell Thais bufo
Olive shell Olive gibbosa
Malabar sole Cynoglossus semifasciatus
Common mole crab Emerita asiatica
Limpet Patella vulgata
Green turtle Chelonia mydas
Leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea

491. 488


Hawks bill turtle

Eretmochelys imbricata
Olive Ridley Lepidochelys olivacea
Logger head turtle Caretta caretta
Solitary coral Fungia & Dendrohyllia
Brain coral Coerulia
Red coral Corallium rubrum
Dead Mans finger Alcyonium
Siamese fighter Batta splendens
Platy Xiphophorus maculatas
Guppy Lebistes reticulates
Molly Mollienisia latipnna
Sword tail Xiphophorus helleri
Cock up Lates calcarifer
Mangrove crab Scylla serrata
Silver biddies Gerridus sp
Horse shoe crab Trachypleus gigas
Cray fish Astaeus astaeus
Eelgrasses Zostera
Blood clam Anadara granosa
Snow trout Schizothorax sp.
Big head carp Aorichthys nobilis
Freshwater dinoflagellate Pendorina volvox
White catfish Ictobus catus

492. 489


Blue catfish

I. feucatus
Apple snail Pila
Water lettuce Pistia
Water fern Salvinia
Sea pen Penatula
Sea fan Gorgonium
Mushroom coral Fungia
Organpie coral Tubipora
Calne worm Nereis
Peacock worm Sabella
African cat fish/thai magur Clarius gariepinus
Carnatic carp Puntius carnaticus
Cheroo Schizothorax esocinus








Butterfly fish Pantadon buchholzi
Head stander Anestomus anostomus
Blind cave fish Anophihthys jardoni
Thorn eye Acanthopthalnus kuli
Hatchet fish Gasteropebcus maculates
Frying pair cat fish/Banjo
cat fish
Bunocephalus biclor
Egg laying tooth carp of Aphanius cypris Aphyosemion

493. 490

killi fish gulare
Glass fish Chanda nama
Dung eater Scatophagus argus
Puffer or globe fish Tetraodon eutartia
Substrate incubator Tilapia ssp
Paternal & biparental
month brooders
Sarotherodon spp
Silver perch O. niloticus
Mojassa plateda O. niloticus
Nile tilapia O. areus
Java/Massambique tilapia O. mossambicus
Zanzibar tilapia O. hornorum
Red tilapia O. hybrids
Galilee tilapia Sarotherodon galileus
Black-chinned tilapia S. molanotheron
Congo tilapia Tilapia rendalli
Panchax Aplocheilus lineatus
Varieties of gold fish Peaiocktail, oranda, comet,
Telscope eyes, shubhukin,
lionhead, calico, fringetail
Live bearer Guppy, molly, swordtail, Platy,
Egg layers Gold fish, siamese fighting fish,
gourami
Green frog Rana hexadactyla

494. 491


Indian boll frog

R. tigrina
Jerdon‘s frog R. crassa
N. American bull frog R. catesbiana
Milfoil Myriophyllum
Hornwort Ceratophyllum
Pond weeds Potamogeton
Water ferns Salvinia, Azolla
Water hyacinth Echhornia carssipes
Rudder fish Lethrinus sp
Estuarine/8-armed crab Matuta lunari
Ox-eye tarpon Megalops cyprinoids
Stone wort Chara spp
Canadian pondweed Elodea spp
Star wort Callitriche spp
Water moss Fontinalis spp
Mare‘s tail Hippuris spp
Water butter cup Ranunculus spp
Filamentous algae Enteromorpha, cladophora,
vaucheria, spirogyra
Emergent seeds/sedges Typha, carex, Phragmits
Native British crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes
Europe (or noble) crayfish Astacus astacus
Signal crayfish Pacifastacus baiurculus

495. 492


Reed suret grass

Glyceria maxima
Arrow head Sagittaria sagittifolia
Bielrush Typha latifolia
Yellow water lily Nuphar lutea
White water lily Nymphaea alba
Water crow foot Ranunculus spp
Bladder weed Enteromorpha intestinalis
Docks Rumex sp
Willow moss Fontinalis antipyretica
Water violet Hottonia pahestris
Water cress Rorripa sp
Aquatic rat Mycocaster coypus
Angler Lophius piscatorius
Bleak Vimba vimba
Sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus
Turbot goby Pomataschistus minutus
Turbot Scaphthalmus maximus
Silver carp Carassius auratus gibelio
Ambergris Physeter sp
Beche-de-mer Holothuria
Tetrodoxin Puffer fish
Isinglass Swim bladder
Bioluminescence Notiluca

496. 493


Echolocation

Cetaceans
Paralytic shell fish
poisoning
Red tide
Giant clam Tridaena
Mangrove Rhizophora
Largest turtle Dermochelys sp
Planktonic decapod Lucifer sp
Antarctic krill Euphausia superba

Benthic crustacean

Gammarus
Deep scatering layer Lantern fish
Deep mixed layer Winter
Shallow mixed layer Summer
Mixed layer Uniform temperature
Deep layer of sea Adiabatic compression
Silcious oozes Diatoms
Calcareous ooze Zooplankton
Guana Anchovies
Anchovies peru coast
Mariana trench Pacific ocean
Bengal expedition Charles Parwin
Challenger epeditin Sir Thomson
Institute of oceanographic Standard sea water

497. 494

science

T.S. Diagram H. Hansen
Thermocline Temperature
Pycnocline Salinity
Ekman spiral Current
Coriolis force Rotation of earth
Steady state system Salinity
Hot brines Fish salinity
Indian ocean 35 ppt
Red sea 40 ppt
Equator Coriolis force zero
North pole Coriolis force maximum
First visit of Indian scientist
to Antarctica
1981
Establishment of Dept. of
ocean Development
1983
National institute of
oceanography
1967
Dakshin Gangotri Antarctica
R.V. sagarkanya Goa
FORV sagar sampatha Cochin
First secretary of DODE S.Z. Quazim
Eminent fishery scientist V.G. Jhingran
Radio active material Genetic effect in fish

498. 495


Organic pollution

Paper mills
Ammonia Gill of fishes
Mercury Minimata disease
Organic chemical Soap
Zithogenic Land
Osmogenic Atmosphere
Nitrogen compound Osmogenic
Phosphorus Lithogenic
Pesticides Agriculture
Anabaene Blue green algae
Skeletonema Diatoms
Cyclops Copepod
Brachionus Rotifer
Daphnia Cladocerans
Brackish water Poor in species
Fresh water Rich in species
Sunderbans West Bengal
Chilka lake Orissa
Pulicat lake Tamil Nadu
Desonils Oligpophilic
Blue green algae Eutrophic
Euglenid Protista
Diatoms Silicate

499. 496


Dinoflagellate

Fire plants
Chlorella Phytoplankton
Bacteria Saproplankton

Moina

Euplankton
Lemna Pleuston
Littoral Shorline
Pelagic Epilimnein
Profundal Hypolimnien
Psammen Sand
Peniphyton Rock
Lemna Pleuston
Debris Pseudoplankton
When hardness is
numerically greater than
seen of CO3
2-
and HCO3
-

Carbonates hardness







Main function of barbels in catfish For searching food
(sensory)
Longest gill rakers Gill rakers in first arch
Smallest gill rakers Gill rakes on fifth arch
Air bladder is present between Intestine & right lobe of
liver

500. 497


Liver in fishes has

2 lobes
Fry of major carp feed on Zooplankton
Villi in alimentary canal of fry Simple & unbranched
Villi in alimentary canal of adult Long, branched &
complex
Taste buds is absent in mucosa of Fry
Teeth like gill rakers are present in Carnivorous predator
fish
Teeth are present in tongue also in Nolopterus chitala & N.
notopterus
Main function of pharyngeal teeth in carni
vorous fishes
Regurgitation
Teeth are completely absent from jaw Herbivorous
Well develop pharyngeal teeth is present in Herbivorous
Main function of pharyngeal teeth in
herbivorous
Crushing the prey
Edentulous bucco-pharynx, present in Plankton feeder
Primary function of gill raker in fish Protect gill filament
Gill raker is long, hard & teeth like in Carnivorous fishes
Gill raker is reduced to small protu branches
in
Trichierus
There is no gill rakers in Muraenesok
Broad-sieve like gill raker present in Herbivorous (Rohu,
catla)
Second function of gill raker is Filtering food and
prevent escape

501. 498


Filtering efficiency of gill raker is lowest in

Carnivorous fishes
Oesophagus is short & narrow in Herbivorous &
Omniuovaus
Oesophagus is long & large & disintensible Carnivorous
Stomach is thick & sac – like in Carnivorous
Stomach is thick & zig-zag like in Hilsa ilisha, Mugil,
Gadusia Chapra (for
trituration of food)
Distinct muscularis mucosa is present in
stomach of only

Harpodon nehereus
Special feture of cyprinids No true stomach
Stomach is also absent in Holocephali & Dipnoi
Intestine is short and straight Carnivorous
Intestine is long and coiled in Herbivorous
Intestinal caeca/pyloric caeca develop from Pylorus of anterior
intestine
Function of intestinal caeca is Accessory food
reservior
Intestinal caeca is absent in Stomach less fish
Liver in fish is Bilobe
1 gm of carbohydrates gives 4.3kcal of energy to
fish
Amount of energy available in 1gm of protein 5.6Kcal
Amount of energy available in 1gm of lipid 9.5 Kcal
Richest source of energy Lipids
Pepsin (proteolytic enzyme) is present in Gastric juice
Pepsin (proteolytic enzyme0 is secreted by Granularcell of gastric

502. 499


gland
Average pH of teleost stomach is 5.6
Pepsin & Hcl is absent in Stomach less fishes
pH of intestinal content is 6.12 – 7.2
pH of bile juice is 5.5 – 6.8 (slightly
acidic)
Major sources of enzyme – Trypsin, lipase,
Maltose, Amylase
is


Heoatopancreas
Concentration of carbohydrates is highest in Cyprinus (herbivorous)
Concentration of carbohydrates is lowest in Gobio (Carnivorous)

BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM

Circulatory system in fishis Closed system
Volume of blood in fishes varies from 1.5 – 3% of body
weight
Erythrocytes size in fishes varies from 7 – 36 micron in
diameter
Nos. of erythrocytes in fishes 20000 – 3000000 /m
m
3
of blood
Sedentary fishes have smaller nos. of
erythrocyte than
Active fishes
Nos. of white corpuscles varies from 20000 – 150000/mm
3

Monocytes produces Antibodies
Thrombocytes helps in Blood clotting
Seat for manufacture of monocyte, Spleen

503. 500

thrombocyte (in teleost fish) & lymphocytes is

In chondrichthyes, white blood cell are
manufacture in
Organ of leydig
Respirotory pigment in fishes is Haemoglobin
Fish which doesn‘t have haemoglobin is Antartic ice fish
Fish haemoglobin is two types Monomeric &
Tetrameric
Monomeric haemoglobin is found in Agnatha (Lamprey and
hagfish)
Monomeric haemoglobin is Single polypeptide
molecule with 17000
dalton molecular
weight
Tetrameric haemoglobin is found in Most higher fishes
Tetrameric haemoglobin is 4 amino acid chain
with 65000 dalton
molecular weight
Fishes which have 4 kinds of haemoglobin Rainbow trout
Fishes which have 3 kinds of haemoglobin Gold fish
Complete cartilaginous gill ray present in Rita rita
Main seat of gaseous exchange Secondary gill lamella
Most common branch glands are Mucous gland &
chloride cell
Function of chloride cells Secrete acid & neutral
glycoprotein
More gill area, & large nos. of gill lamella/mm
of gill filament
Fast swimming fishes
Gill area in air breathing fishes Half of area in fishes

504. 501


with aquatic respiration
Total gill area is directly proportional to Efficiency of gill sieve
While filtering water, gills utilize 50 – 80% of oxygen in
water
Flow of blood & oxygen in fish gill Smaller than sedentary
sp.
Gill cavities of fast swimming fish Smaller than sedentary
sp
Tail is used as breathing organ Periopthalmus
External gills is present in Polypterus larvae
Additional respiratory organ (Accessory
respiratory organ) is found in (marine)
Chiloscylium indicum,
C. griseum
Nos. of fishes having accessory respiratory
organ
>140
Skin is used as respiratory organ in Anguilla anguilla
Gill are reduce & gill lamellae are present
only in second gill are of fish
Cuchia cel
(Amphipnous cuchia)
Air breathing fishes have Labyrinthine organ ‘or’
rosette
Intestinal respiration is found in Loaches (Migunus
fossilis)
1085. Fishes which use air bladder as
respiratory
Polypterus, Amia,
Lepidostens
Gymnarchus,
Notopterus
Swim bladder is absent/reduce in Clavius &
Heteropneustes

505. 502

SWIM BLADDER

A duct by which gas bladder opens to
oesophagus
Pneumatic duct
Fishes where, desorbent & sersory part
of bladder are separated
Are called Euphysoclist
Fishes where, desorbent & sensory part
of bladder are unseparated
Are called Paraphysoclist
Most primitive gas bladder is found in Polypterus
Oval shape gas bladder is found in Acipenser
Unpaired gas balder is found in Lepidosteus
Gas bladder is absent in Bottom living fishes
Gas bladder is connected with

Sacculus of ear which connect air-
bladder is also called as
Weberian ossicle
Weberian ossicle is first describe by Weber (1820)
Volume of gas bladder in marine 5% of total volume
Volume of gas bladder in Teleost 7 – 10% of total volume
Main function of bladder Hydrostatic
Function of Webrian ossicle (1) Pressure register

(2) Barometer

(3) Auditory

(4) Localization of sound

506. 503

A MANUL OF FRESH WATER AOUACULTURE

PuFA which reduce cholesterol & coronary
disease
Eicospentanoic acid
Range of salinity for aquaculture <0.5%
Range of salinity for b/w aquaculture 0.5 – 30%
Range of salinity for Mariculture 30 – 35%
Range of salinity for Metahaline >35%
Sps cultured mostly in pen are Chanos chanos, Lates
calcarifer, Mugil cephalus
Pole culture is mainly for Mussel
Rack culture is mainly for Oyster
Raft & rope is mainly for Mussel
Salinity of super saline salt pan >200%
Mainly species culture in supersalinearea Artemia salina (brine
shrimp)
Faster growing sps among IMC is Catla
Maximum size of catla is 1m (45 kg)
Tastiest sps among IMC is Rohu
Maximum size of Rohu is 1 m.
Maximum size of Mrigal is 0.9 m
Silver carp fed on phytoplankton of size <0.025 mm
Maximum size of silver carp 60 cm
Artificial breeding of silver carp success in 1962
Maximum size of Grass carp 1.5 m (30 kg)

507. 504


Common carp, silver carp, grass carp are

Collectively called as Sanitary fish
Maximum size of Black rohu 1 m
Maximum size of cauvery carp ( L.
fimbriatus) fringe lipped carp
90 cm
Cauvery carp is distributed mainly in South Indian river
Pigmouth carp (L. kostius) gross mainly in S. Indian river (esp.
cauvery)
Max. size of pigmouth carp is 60 cm
Max. size of Bata is 60 cm
Bata is mainly grows in N. Indian river upto
Godavari
Max. size of white carp (cirrhinus
cirrhosa)
45 cm
Maximum size of sarana (Puntius sarana) 30 cm
Sarana is mainly found in East Indian river
Largest catfish is Wallago attu (2m – max.)

508. 505

EXCRETION & OSMOREGULATION

Most imp function of kidney (1) Excretion of nitrogenous waste

(2) Maintaining salt & water
balance (Homeostasis)
Tubules of kidney is called Nephron
Tubules of anterior region, which
function in early life is called
Pronephros
Tubules of posterior region, which
function in later life is called
Mesonephros
Trunk region of tubule Archinephros
Archinephros opens in a Archinephros duct
Posterior tubules behind
pronephros
Opisthonephros
Types of kidney is given by Ogawa (1961)
Different types of kidney

(a) 2 kidney completely
fused
Clupeidae
(b) Middle and posterior
part is fused
Plotosidae (Marine catfish)
(c) Only posterior part
fused
Most marine fishes

Belonidae, Scopelidae

Mugilldae Scombridae,
Pleuronectidae, Carangidae etc.
(d) Extreme posterior
fused
Syngnathidae (seahorse & pipe
fish)

509. 506


(e) Completely separated

Lophiidae
Kidney type in Salmon & Trout Completely fused
Kidney type in cyprinids Middle & posterior part fused
Kidney type in Mystus, Aries,
Dactylopterus
Completely seprated
Common urinogetal aperture Male
Separate urinogenital aperture Female
Less well developed glomeruli in
kidney
Marine fishes
Glomerulus and Bowman‘s
capsule together acts as
Ultra filter (blood filter under high
pressure)
Principal organ for removal of
NH3& Urea
Gill
Urine flow is much greater in Teleost than marine
Kidney is larger in relation to body
weight
Fresh water fish than Marine
Amount of urine produce by f/w
teleost
5-12% of body wt/day
Kidney tubules are modified for
water retention
In marine fish
Fishes which do not drink water Hag fish (cyclostomes)
In hag fish, water required for
urine formation is derived from
Blood of host (Concentration of
blood nearly same as surrounding
coates)
Average urea content in blood of
elasmobranch
1000 – 2000 mg %
Average urea content in urine of 230 mg %

510. 507


Leptocephalus larvae of oil live in

Sea (1 – 3yrs)

SIMORPHISM COURTSHIP, MATING & PARENTAL CARE
A female mate with several males Polyandry
A male mate with several female Polygamy
1 male mate with 1 female Monogamy
Clasper present in male shark
Additional clasper is present in
male of
Holocephali
Distinct mark or scratch in female
dorsal fin base its cause by
claspers of male
Chimaera
Among teleost, intermittent
copulatory organ is present only is
those species in which fertilization
is
Internal
Nest forming

Darter, sunfish, cichlids Prepare nest & gaurd the eggs ?
Salmon Female male burrow & covers egg
by layer of grace
Bowfin Prepare nest of crude circular type
Mormyrids Floating nest of large size
Fifteen spine stickle back Prepare nest from branch of sea
weed
Siamese fighter Form foamy nest
Labyrinth From nest by blowing bubbles of

511. 508


air & mucus
In cichlids Female carries eggs in oral cavity
In Aries Male carries eggs & young ones
in mouth
In Kurtus indicus Egg are attached to hook of
forehead & one bunch of egg
hang on either side of head
Butter fish Rolls eggs into rounded belly
Brood pouch is present in male of Hippocampus,Syngnathus
Secondary sexual character in
fishes are under control of
Endocrine gland
Prolactin is secreated by Pituitary gland
Stickiness of bubbles of Betta is
increase by
Prolactin
Hormones that proliferate the
epithlial lining of brood pouch of
Hippocampus
Prolactin
Breeding in teleost is Promiscuous mating system
Promiscuous mating Each male mate with several
female and each female matewith
several male i.e. no choice of
mate
Ictalurus nebulosus Male look after the brood

Female guard the territory
Highest stage of evolution of
parental care and breeding
system is shown
By viviparous teleost

512. 509


Alimentary migration is

in search of food
Gametic migration is for reproduction
Climatic migration is to secure more suitable
climate
Osmoregulatory migration

Anadromous from sea to f/w eg: Hilsa,
salmon, lamprey, shad
Catadromous f/w to sea water eg: eel
Amphidromous migration for some other
purpose rather than
breeding eg: Gobies
Potamodromous migration restricted in fresh
water itself eg: carp & trout
Oceanodromous migration confined in sea
eg. Cod, herring, tuna
Vertical migration in Herrings is due to food source & minimized
predator
Distance covered by tunas (Blue fin
tuna) during migration
10000 km
Migration cycle started after spawning in
Medtlerranean sea is
Tuna
Migration cyle is completed before
spawning in
Cod
Feeding and growing phase of eel Yellow eel
Breeding phase of eel Silver eel
Yellow eel are found in Salt water & f/w
When they reached silver eel (i.e. ready
for spawning) Male are usually
8 – 10 yrs

513. 510


When they reached silver eel (i.e. ready
for spawning) female are usually

10 – 18 yrs
Eel spawn at the depth of 400 – 500 m below surface
where temp is 16 – 17
0
C
Eggs of eel float on water

Egg of eel hatched at a depth of 50 m
Larvae of eel are called Leptocephali or
leptocephalus larvae
Leptocephalus larvae possess Straight alimentary canal

unossified skeleton

Aglomerular kidney
Leptocephalus larvae metamorphosized
to elver or glass eel when they are
2 yrs old
Larvae of European eel takes 3 yrs to become elever
Larvae of American eel takes 1 yrs to become elever
American eel are derived from Southern Sargasso sea
European eels are derived from Northern Sargasso sea
Arranging ofanimalin direction
iscalled
Orientation
Fish may recognize its home site by
direct sensory stimulus vision or olfaction
which is called
Homing or piloting
Sense which play important role in
locating home
Olfactory sense
Hormone that control osmo- and ion-
regulation in fishes during migration &
influence the survival of species of f/w
Prolactin (Most imp)
secreted by pituitary
Corpuscle of stannius

514. 511


Thyroid, urohypophysis
Inter-renal
Neurosecretions stored in urophysis is
called
Urotensins
Corpuscle of Stannius involves in Lowering of calcium level of
fish


DEEP SEA

Temperatuire of deep sea is nearly
stable between
4 – 8
0
C
Pressure of atmosphere on the level of
sea is
15 pound/ sq. inch of
surface of body of animal
Absence of air bladder is many deep sea
fishes is related to
Energy cost of filling the
bladder at greater depth
Limiting factor in distribution of fishes at
great depth
Pressure
Bathypelagic fishes are not usually found
below
3000 m.
Minimum oxygen level is found between 100 – 1000 m depth
Oxygen level below 1000 m is 5 – 6 mg
All the deep sea fishes are Carnivorous
Dead animal do not decompose in deep
sbecause
Absence of Bacteria & low
temp.
Most dominant fish in Mesopelagic
region of sea
Lantern & Stomatoid fish
Angler fishes are so called because They poses fishing pole
called illicum and also
artificial bait (esca)
Luminescent barbells are present in Deep sea angler fishes

515. 512


Photophores are absent in

Benthic fishes
Deepest living fishes Abyssobrotulagalathea
(Blind fish)

Family : Ophididae
Fish which have fin rays stubbed with
luminescent organ
Myctophium
Shark (Squalidae ) has numerous tiny
light organ in
Skin
Mirror carp was first introduced in Nigiris
in
1939
Indian Hill trout Bariluis
Gambusia is also called as Top minnow

Oxygaster is commonly called as

chilwa
Puntius is popularly known as Carp minnow
Aplocheilus is commonly called as Indian top minnow
Colisa fasciata is valued of food fish in Bengal
Trout were first successfully transplanted
in
Nilgiris in 1960
Brown trout was introduced in Kashmir in
1901 by
Maharaja
Carassius carassius, Crucian carp or
golden carp is a native of
Central Europe
C. cirrhosa was introduced to Ooty Lake
in
Madras in 1874 from
Central Europe
Mirror carp is a native of Temperate region of Asia

516. 513


Mirror carp was introduced into

Nilgiris in 1939 ceylon and
stocked in Ootacamund
lake
Tinca tinca was first introduced to 1270.
Ootacamunal Lake of Madras
In 1874 from England
Silver carp is a native of China
Silver carp was brought from Japan in 1959 and
introduced in Cuttack,
Orissa
Silver Carp is mainly cultured in
combination with
Catla catla
Grass carp is known as White Amur in Russia
Grass carp is introduced to CIFRI pond in 1959 from
Hongkong
Tilapia mossambica is a natural
inhabitant of
East coast of Africa
Tilapia was brought in India by CIFRI, Mandapam in 1952
from Bangkok & by
Fisheries Deptt. Madras
from Ceylon.
Tilapia breed throughout the year in 16 – 25 days interval
Nest were prepared in Circular shape in sand by
Male
Egg of Tilapia hatch within 3 – 4 days in buccal cavity
Size of Tilapia fry when they are
liberated from mouth
8 mm
Mortality of tilapia occurs when the temp
is
< 10
0
C

517. 514


Tilapia is most suitable for culture in

Sewage water
Tilapia can be cultured suitably with Channa striatus
Osphronemus gouramy was brought to Tamil for the first time in
India from Maurishus and
Java in 1865
Successful establishment of Gourami
was in
1916
For building nest Gourami usually takes 10 days
Gourami does not survive in a temp of < 15
0
C

BREEDING OF FISHES

Artificial fertilization is of two types Dry and wet method
Method which in always preferable Dry ( Milt remain fertile for
longer period)
Wet method is more suited to egg that
are
Sticky
Techniques for induced breeding of
common carps is highly develop in
Indonesia
.Bundh breeding is mainly for IMC
Wet bundhs are also called Perennial bundh
Dry bundhs are also called Seasonal bundh
Shallow area of wet bundh where
spawning takes place
Moan
Mrigial and Rohu start spawning in Morining
Catla start spawining from Noon to evening
Mrigal and Rohu mainly spawn in Shallow area

518. 515


Catla remain and spawn mainly in

Deeper water
.Induced Breeding was first started by Brazilians (1932)
First person who start Induced breeding
in India
Khan (1938)
Khan successfully induced Mrigal using Mammalian
pituitary hormone
Hiralal Chaudhuri succeeded in Inducing Esomas danricus in 1955
by using pituitary gland of
Catla
First successful induced breeding of cat
fish (i.e Singhi & Magur) was done by
Ramaswamy and
Sundaranaj in 1956
IMC was successfully breed by pituitary
gland extract in
1956 by Chaudhuri &
Alikuahi
When pituitary gland is collected and
preserved with Acetone it retain its
potency for
6 months
But when it is preserved with alcohol, it
retain its potency for
2 – 5 yrs.
Hormone used for ovulation and
spawning
HCG (Human chorionic
gonadotropin)
HCG acts like Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Hormone responsible for maturation of
Gonad in fish
LH
Mixture of Fish & Mammalian pituitary
extract in known as
Synahorin

519. 516

GROWTH & AGE
Maximum growth rate of young salmon is
achieve at a temp
15
0
C
Condition factor is Ratio of length to weight of
fish W (1000)
Formula for condition factor K =
L
3
Condition factor is an indicator of Health of fish population
Hypophysectomy result in Cessation of growth
Injection of mammalian growth hormone
result in
Increase in growth rate
Thyroid hormone which increase grwoth Triodothyronine (T3)
Improvement of food conversion
efficeincy of common Carp can be
brought by
Injecting Androgen
(Testosterone & 11 –
Ketotestosterone)
The nos. of scales taken when
determining age of fish
10 scales
These scales used for age determination
are called
Key scale
Length at which there is no further
grwoth is called
Length at infinity
METHODS OF FISHING AND FISHING GEAR
Fishing gear alongwith, vessal, auxilliary
equipment & man constitue
Fishing unit
Entire period between launching of
fishing gear & launching it again
after gap is
Fishing cycle
Tradition craft in Tamil Catamaran (kattu –binding;

520. 517


maram-wood)
Small boat in W. Bengal & Orissa Dinghis
Fishing spear is also called Konch
Large carp & catfish are caught by Wounding gear
Derris root powder contain EK-Katya
Chemical or plant posion effect Central narrows system or
peripheral N.S
Simplest form of Line fishing Hand line
Bait used in Line fishing for Wallago attu Cockroach
Fish screen made of woven bamboo
stick are also called
Chachi
Light used for catching f/w mullets Khoursla Jal
Closed end of Triangular net which serve
as reservior is
Bhog
Purse net is used for catching mainly Hilsa
Purse net which can be set at any
desired depth
Shangla jal
Peddu vala (Dragnet) is used in Telegu coast
Ber jal (dragnet) is used in Orissa
Periya valla (Dragnet) is used in Coromondel coast
Kona jal (dragnet) used in Ganga is
specially useful in catching
Hilsa
Dipnet (Fixed Bagnet) is used in Bombay coast
Fixed Bag net used in Gujarat Ghalu jal
Fixed Bagnet used in Kerela Oonnivala

521. 518


Fixed Bagnet used in W. Bengal

Behundi Jal
Rampani (Shore seine) is a net of Karwar coast
Strong & coarse net are prepared from Hemp fibre (Crotalarea
juncia)
Remi is obtain form and or called Chinese grass
Manila fibre is obtaiend from Abaca
Polyamide is populry called Nylon
Polyester is popularly called Terylene, Decron
Polyvinyl chloride is popularly called
Plastic, Tetron Evilon

Polyvinyl alcohol is popularly called Vinylon
Polyacrylonitrite is popularly called Orlon, Darlon
Trout deposit eggs in Crevices of stone & gravel
Egg of Magur is Blue colour
Eff of Singhi is Green colour
Earthern vessel used for transporting fry
& fingerling in W. bengal are called
Hundies
All varieteis of predatory and loecd fishes
are killed by applying Mahua oil
cake at
200 – 250 ppm

In prawn Gonad inhibiting Hormone
inhibit

Vitellogenesis
Fecundity of M. rosenbergii 1-5 lakhs
Juvenile size for stocking 20 – 60 mm size (prawn)

522. 519


Brackish water in W. Bengal is called

Bhasabadha or Bheries
Japanese fish all over the world with
giant vessel and called
High sea fishing
Highest marine fish production in India is
from
Kerela

2
nd
Maharastra
Generally pH of sea water is 7.5 – 8.4
PH of sea water suitable for fish in India 8 – 8.3
Surface temp of Arabian Sea ranges
usually
23 – 29
0
C
Surface temp of Bay of Bengal ranges
usually
27 – 29
0
C
In India Organic production is high along Andaman & Lakhshadeep






There types of muscle (i) Striated (Live shell meat &
fish meat)

(ii) Smooth (Molluscs)

(iii) Hard (Intermediate)
Fish muscle are (i) Ordinary (white meat)

(ii) Dark (Dark meat)
Smallest unit of muscle Muscle fibre
Muscle fibre are connected with
each other and bound by
connective tissue called
Endomysin
Muscle fibre are connected with Myocomata

523. 520

other and bound by connective
tissue called endomysin and
covered by

Muscle fibre dimension 50 – 60 (diameter); 5 – 6 mm
(length)
I-band is Light band (Isotropic under
polarized light)
I-band in muscle is divided by Z-band (Z-disc)
A –band is Dark band Anistropic under
polarized light
A – band is divided by H – line (Hansen line)
Line in the middle of H-line M-line
Segment of fibril between two
adjacent Z-band
Sarcomere
Morphological of myofibril Sarcomere
Edible part of fish 45 – 50% of whole fish
Quality of frozen fish is identified by Cell fragility method
Actomyosin can be dissociated into
Actin & myosin by
ATpase or pyrophosphatase
Myosin can be purely isolated by Chromatography method
ATpase activity is influence by Na
+
, Mg
++

Muscle contraction is regulated by Tropomyosin & Troponin
Method for extracting tropomyosin Iso-electric point method (or)
Ammonium sulphate method
Most heat soluble muscle protein Tropomyosin
Rohu culture is dominant in Andra Pradesh

524. 521


Belly burst is common in

Common carp
Founder of Ichthyology Aristotle
Most commonly used and latest
classification of fish
Berg (1940)
Fishing Chinese is started in 1981
F/W pearl culture is done in CIFA
Marine pearl & sea cucumber is
seeded in
CMFRI
First attempt to study Indian fish
fauna is by
Russel (1765 – 1789)
Potential of Indian EEZ 3.93 million tones


GSI is used for study of


Maturity & periodicity for
predicting breeding season
Shark & Guppies are mostly Ovoviparous
Velliger larvae of oyster feed on Chaetoceros
About 80% total Marine fish catch
comes from
West Coast
Marine (Sea) water contribute 97% of total water
F/W contribute 3% of total water
Salinity of Bay of Bengal 30 – 34%
pH of ocean water 7.5 – 8.3
The fish fauna of British India was
written by
Francis Day

525. 522


EEZ act come in

1976
Maritime zone of India act come in 1981
First person who did main Fishery
Survey
Alcoet (1869)
Two research bases of India in
Antartica
Gangotri & Maitri
Brahma of Indian Fishery Frederick Nichelson (1998)
Founding Father of Inland Fisheries Ceulion Henry
Composite fish culture V.G. Jhingaran
Female Thelycum of shrimp is
present in
Between 4
th
to 5
th
walking legs
Oviduct of female shrimp is present At the base of 3
rd
walking legs
Nauphlius larvae of shrimp has 3 pairs of appendages
Protozoea is PL to PL3 (3- 4 days old)
Mysis stage of shrimp M1 – M3 ( 3 – 4 days old)
Area of Andaman 0.60 million km
2

Global Marine fishery growth rate 1.64% (FAO – 1998)
First culture items of Sea weed Laminaria japonica
Nos. of Indian f/w fishes 327
Biodiversity hot spot Western Ghats
Leading shrimp producer Thailand
Sardine fishery comprises 1/3
rd
of Indian fishery
Juvenile of Sardine is Zooplankton feeder
Fecundity of sardine 38000 – 86000

526. 523


Pandi

Outrigger boat
Yendi Smaller shore since
Egg of Mackerel is Pelagic
New breed of Rohu Jayanthi was
introduce in
1998 by CIFE
Channey programme is for Sea ranching
Indian National Fisheries Day/Fish
Farmers Day
10
th
July
Male breed in fishes Sea horse
Co-factor in hydroxyleton of protein
& lysine
Vit- C
Collagen formation is mediated by Vit- C
Tranched Sardine (Ambhygaster
swim) is caught by
Gill net
Aflatoxin produced by Aspergilus sp
is
Hepatotoxins
Labeo calbasu is Bottom feeder
Air – breathing fishes are also called Live fish
Thai magur Clarius garipinus
Cat fish which is having shark tooth African catfish
Culture of African catfish is banned
in
India
Longest fish among claridae family C. garipinus
World Food Day 16
th
Oct.
DHA, EPA & Linolenic acid are Wa Fatty Acid
Arachidoniac acid WC Fatty Acid

527. 524


Deep sea lobster is

Panulirus sewalli
Nos. of pearl yielded by single
oyster in its life time
2 – 3
CICFRI was set up in 1947 as research station
CICFRI was affiliated as Institute in 1959
Filling water bodies with small sized
fish is
Runting
Longivity of Sciaenids 7 – 8 yrs.
Sciaenids fishery is highest in Gujarat

Polynemids constitute Major fishery
in

West Coast
Leading producer of polynemid Gujarat (59%)
Net used for catching polynemid Dolnet & Waghra gal
In India, Polynamid fishery is Minor fishery
Most important tuna in
Lakshadweep
Skipjack Tuna
Top producing/landing state in India
(Tuna)
Kerela (>80%)
Highest Tuna catched species Euthynnus affinis
Xiphius glandius (Sword fish)
belongs to
Xiphidae
CIBA is established in 1987
National Research Centre for cold
water Fishery (NRCCWF) is in
Uttar Pradesh (Nainital)
National Environmental Engineering Nagpur

528. 525

Research Institute (NEERI) is
in

Leading state in carps seed riverine
collection
W. Bengal
Major producing state of pomfret Gujarat & Maharastra
Black pomfrets/Brown pomfret
(Aplolectus nigir) belongs to
Carangid
King fish belongs to Family Ranchicentridae
Highest Catch of carangid fish is
from
T.N & Kerela
Megalaspis cordyla is also called Torpedo travelly (or) False
Mackerel
Silver belly/pony fish belongs to Leiognathidae
Catch of silver belly is high in East Coast (T.N, A.P. Kerela)
Nos. of Ribbon fish species in India 4 species
Indian halibut (Psettodes erumi) is
Caught by
Trawl net
Flat fish fishery is rich in West Cost (90%)
Highest amount of cat fishes
catches is in
Kerela (31.8%)
Gujarat Machwa boat
Maharastra Padav boat
Karnataka Outrigger ‗hodi‘
Kerela Odum
Tamil Nadu Catamanran
A.P. & Orissa Masula
Leading producing state in Eel Maharastra & Gujarat

529. 526


Largest bacteria

Thiomarganita nambiensis
(Oxidise Sulphide)
Present carp seed production 2000 crores
Petasma of male prawn is derived
from
Endopodite
Thelycum of female prawn is derived
from
Sternus
Andaman & Nicobar coast line 1912 kms
Andaman & Nicobar continental
shelf
16000 sq. km
Andaman & Nicobar EEZ 0.6 m km
2
(30% of Indian EEZ)
Galathia & kalpang river is in Andaman & Nicobar
Deep sea carb Charybdis edwardselli
Spineless cuttle fish Saptilla intermis
Female reproductive gland of cuttle
fish
Nidamental gland (or) cuttle fish
roe
Nidamental gland of cuttle fish is
exported to
Europe
Sea cucumber (Beech –de-mer)
also called material medica‖ is
exported mainly to
China
Horse shoe crab (Trachypterus
gigas) is Orissa coast is used
in
Limulus Amoebcyte Lysate
(LAL)
Blood of Horse shoe crab is used as Medicine
In food House shoe crab is usedas Endotoxin taster

530. 527


All penaeid complete their life cycle
in

Sea & Estuary
Exclusively marine prawn Parapaenopsis stylifera
Female penaeids never carries Egg
Eel grases Zostera
Scylla serrata have 9 teeth on each side of carapace
Characteristic of member of
Crossostrea genus of oyster
Promyl chamber (Space beneath
anterior region of shell)
Cuttle fish is having Calcarious shell
Squid is having Chitinous shell
First powered offshore trawler of
Bombay in India is
Premier
River system Mullet Rhinomugil corsula
Megalops cyprinoids is Tarpoon
Leptocephalus larvae of eel is Pelagic
Elver of eel is Demersal
Kona jal is a net especially for Hilsa
Spat fixed mat kept on the ground is Claires (e.e Oyster ground)
Seed of oyster (Spat) is collected by Clutch or Scallop shell
Nos. of World fishing areas 19 (Marine) & 7 (F/W)
Inland fish catch is highest in Asia
Inland fish catch is lowest in Australia
Highest Inland fish producing
country
China

531. 528


Rank of India in Inland fish
production

2 nd
Kolleru lake is in Andra Pradesh
Walular lake is in Kashmir
Flat slow flowing river Coarse Potamon
In Ganga among IMC, most
abundant is
Mrigal
Local Migrants in Dam Masheer & IMC
Resident fish of Dam Common carp
Heaviest f/w fish Bagarius bagarius (120 kg)
Most toxic chemical for fish Organochloride endosulphur
Net for egg collection Scoop not (Gamcha)
The only river of India where egg
collection of Masheer is done
Nermada
Spawn collection net Shooting net
Largest river of Orissa Mahandi
Splake trout is a hybrid of Lake trout & Brook trout
Area of Natural lake in India 0.72 million km
2

Classification of lake was given by Forell

(1) Polar lake - <4
0
C

(2) Temperate lake – 4
0
C

(3) Tropical lake - > 4
0
C
World Longest Dam Hirakud (4803 m)
Soft water lake has pH – 4 to 6

532. 529


Medium hard lake has

pH – 7.8
Hard water lake has pH – 8.3
Damodar valley Reservior is in Bihar
Minimum net size permitted in Indian
reservoir
30 mm
Biggest reservoir in Rajasthan Rana Pratap Resrvior in River
chant
World Most Productive environment Wetland (Bheels) of Assam
(1,00,000 ha)
Pangasius pangassius feed on Mollusca
Primary productivity of Macrophytes
is more than phyto-plankton in
Bheels
Common type of estuary found in
India
Drowned River Valley
Salinity 0.03 + 1.805 Cl (%)
Most productive zone of Hooghly Matlah estuary – III Zone
Fish disposal center in Mahandi is
called
Hats
Dominated species in Mahandi Hilsa
Dominated Species in Godavari
estuary
M. malcolmsonii
Gulf of Cambay is in Narmada
Entry area in chilka lake Mugger Mukch
Non-net gear used in chilka Janos
Padu system of fishing is practiced
in
Pulicat lake

533. 530


Fresh water dinoflagellates

Penolorina volvox

Major problem in backwater

Salvinia
First country to culture fish Egypt (25000 BC)
Temporary hardness is caused by CaHCO3& MgHCO3
Permanent hardness is caused by Ca, MgCO3& CaSO4
Phosphorus level of productive
water
0.2 ppm
Most abundant ion in f/w Ca
++
& Mg
++

Deposition of CaCO3 in f/w is
referred is
Marl
Cladophora balls is made of CaCO3
Essential mineral for chlorophyll
bearing plants
Mg
Benthic organism which is having
rooted attachment to
substrates
Rhizobenthos
Organism which attached to
immersed substrate
Haptobenthos
Entomophagus (Feed in seed) Anabas testudineus
Chile salt peter NaNO3 (has 16% Nitrogen)
Guano is Liquid manure
Disease caused by Poultry Manure Gill rot
Wet bundh is used only in W. Bengal
Dry bundh is used in W. Bengal & Madhya Pradesh

534. 531


First person with succeed
in.hypophysation in Argentina
is

Houssay (1932)
Trade name of HCG is Physex
Egg of catla is Red yolk
Egg of Rohu is Blue yolk
Egg os Mrigal White yolk
Egg of Magur & Singhi Greenish, oval & adhesive
Channa & Koi have Floating egg
Clupidae fishes have Segmented yolk sac
Anabantidae fishes have Un segmented yolk sac
Channidae fishes have Oblong yolk sac
Tub hatchery is M.P
Aquatic insect form <4% of total insect
Water Stick insect is Ranatra
Polyculture is started in China
Leading fish consuming state W. Bengal
Narcotozing agent MS222 Quinaldine
Would most extensive cultured fish Cyprinus carpio
Science dealing with Dung & filth Coprology
Gill rot is caused by Branchiomyces (Fungi)
Furanculsosis of salmon is caused
by
Aeromonas salmocida
Black spot disease is caused by Diginetic Trematod

535. 532


Argulus is also called

Carp lice
Lernea is also called Anchorworm
Gas bubble disease is due to Over saturation of gases
Production of FFDA 2000 kg/ha
Among IMC which fish doesn‘t
accept artificial feed readily
Catla
Fish feed should have 8 k. Cal/gm of protein
Amount of fish catch from Arabian
Sea
75% of fish catch of India
Mechanised boat in Maximum in Maharastra
Non-mechanised boat maximum in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu coast is also called Coromandel coast
Highest producer of penaeid prawn Kerela
Weight contributed by Air bladder in
1620. F/W fish
7% of body wt.
Weight contributed by Air bladder in
Marine fish
5% of body wt.
Fish heart divided into 2 chamber by Pericardium
Sinus venous receive Impure blood toward auricle
Sub-order of shrimp Natantia
Sub-order of crab/lobster Raptantia
Arrow worms Cheatognaths eg: sagitta
Auricularia is a larvae of Sea cucumber
Planula is larvae of Coral

536. 533


Largest lake in the world

Caspian Sea
Marine fish oil have C18, C20, C22 acid
F/W fishes oil have C16 & C18
Amount of DHA in PUFA 70%
Amount of EPA in PUFA 28%
Length of Artemia nauphluis 0.4 mm
Unicellular algae Chlamydomonas
Freeze drying is also called Lyophilisation
Size of Adult artemia 1 – 2 cms
Ctenophores (Pleurobranch) are Sea Goose berry
1640. Larvae of Barnacle Cypris larvae
Cryptonisid larvae is a Isopodlarvae
Kakyptoris is a larvae of Euphausid
Echinosperia is larvae of Cowrie shell
Indian ocean water contribute 20% of world water
Vit – D is maximum in Bony fish & Shark
Parthenogenesis is found in Poecillia fermosa
Diatom is identified by Joseph Hokker
Plankton is studied and name it so
by
Victor Hansen
Flow meter is developed by Harregs
Vitamin needed by phytoplankton Vit – B12
Zooplankton culture technique Plunger Jar & Funnbench flask

537. 534


Zooplankton culture in done by

Allen & Nelson
Biurette method of protein
estimation is developed by
Bamst
Growth rate of zooplankton
measured by
RNA study
The word smog is coined by H.A. Voeux
PH of Acid Rain < 5.6
Larvae of Aurelia Planula
Larvae of Bryozoan Cyphonautis
Larvae of Star fish Bipplararia
Word Ecology is coined by Reiter
Word Ecosystem is coined by Tansley
Hilsa feed on Hemidiscus sp.
Non – living suspended organic
matter is
Tripton
Average depth of ocean 3800 m
Antarctica Expedition is started by James Ross
Father of oceanography Edward Forbes
Chromosome number of common
carp
52 pairs
World environment Day 5
th
June
Chief of Indo-Norwegian Project Devdas Menon
Freshwater Aquaculture Research &
Training Centre is in
Bhubaneshwar
Largest Market of ornamental fish USA

538. 535


Origin of Barb

India
Fish which is least sensitive to
suspended solid
Common carp
Fish which is most sensitive to
suspended solid
Brown trout
Increase urine production due to
increase ammonia
concentration is called
Diurasis
Common & Best method for control
of oil pollution is
Mechanical method (by skimmer
which have polyurathin foam)
Organophosphate is Neurotoxic
Organophosphate does not deposit
in
Fatty tissue
Organochloride affect Central nervous system
Organochloride deposited in Adipose tissue
Benthos are directly affected by Liver & kidney
Concentration of metal in animal
increase at higher trophic level
due to
Biomagnification
More toxic form of mercury Organic mercury
Form of mercury that cannot
penetrate blood
Inorganic form
Form of mercury that cause brain
damage
Vapour form
Most dangerous mercury among
organic form
Alkyl mercury
Organic mercury (1) Phenyl mercury [phenyl
mercuric Acetate) (PMA)]

539. 536


(2) Methoxy mercury [Methyl
/Etty* / Mercuric Acid (MEM) ]

(3) Alkyl mercury
[Methyl/Mercuric Acetate (MMA)]
Amount of Mercury in Marine fish
body
0.01 – 0.08 ppm
Amount of Mercury in F/W fish body 0.2 ppm
Utilization of Sewage stated /a India
from
1925 in W. Bengal
Leptocepholus larvae is Stenohaline
Young eel (elver) is Stenohaline
Culture of eel is more prominent in Japan & Taiwan
Elever is caught by Dip net (or) plankton net
Stocking density of elver 5000 elvers/meter
3

Dose of DOCA for induced breeding
of cat fish
5 mg/100 gm wt of body
Hydrophobic solute will concentrate
on top of fractionator in
Foam fraction filter
Activated carbon bed is used in Carbon filter
2 filter area in carbon filter Absorption area & exhaustion are
Point where adsorption area begins
to shrink
Break point
Zeolite is used in Ion exchange filter
Zeolite is hydrated silicate of Al, Na, Ca or their combination
In lon exchange filter only F/W is used

540. 537


Synthetic zeolite are crossed linked
with

Polystyrene
Nuptial bed is develop in Male frog (during breeding season
Rana hexadactyla is Perennial breeder
Pituitary gland of Frog lies on Floor of brain,posterior to optic
chiasma
Tissue which cover pituitary gland of
frog
Endolymphatic tissue
Dose of raw cow dung in Frog
culture
3000 kg/ha (3 instilment)
Does if SSP in frog culture 250 kg/ha
Does of lime in frog culture 100 kg/ha
Most common disease in frog Red leg (Bacterial disease)
Interval between two spawning 22 days (inTilapia)
First lateral line in Tilapia extend
from
Posterior operculum to dorsal fin
base
Second lateral line in Tilapia extend Base of dorsal fin to caudal fin
Hybrid of T. Nilotica & T.
Mossambica
Fu-shou-ya (or) Blessed
Commercial feed for converting all
female to male
Fish-SRE – 95
Pen culture of Tilapia common in Philipines
Supplementary feed is used
commonly
Semilntensive
Complete feed is mainly used in Intensive culture
Blood meal is rich in Leucine, Poor in Isoleucine

541. 538


Chemo-attractant

Synthetic amino acid (Lysine &
Methionine)
Vitamin mixture is known as Vitamin Premise
Diet formulation is done by Pearson hand square method
Protein contents of energy rich
source for diet formulation
< 20%
Protein contents of protein rich
source for diet formulation
>20%
Another method of diet formulation Algebraic equation
Major protein source of semi-purified
& purified diet which contain
95% protein is Casein &
Gelatin
Forage food (Barseem & Typha) are
rich
Carotenoid pigment
Legume is rich in Lysine but poor methionine
Legume example Iipil Ipil &Alfa alfa
In India, full fat soybean is not given
to fish due to
High fat
Pelagic Fisheries investigation
project (PFIS) is established in
1971 in Cochin
Indo-Polish Indus tries fisheries
survey (IPIFS) of North West
Coast of India did survey on
the depth of
30-220 fathom
Thermocline in east coast is below 50 m.
Most imp. organic in formation of
ooze
Diatom
Metabolic activity of fish increase
when there is 1
0
C increase in
10%

542. 539

water temperature by

Form of Nitrogen which has
maximum concentration in sea
Nitrate
NBFGR located in Allahabad (Initially), Lucknow
(Present)
Largest fish market in India Hawara (Howrah)
Polar bear (Penguin) is Homeothermal animal
Behundijal (Fixed or Stationary net) W. Bengal & Orissa
Kala valai (Fixed or Stationary net) Tanjore
Jadi Jal (Fixed or Stationary net) Gujarat & Kathiawar
Viaga valai (Bag act) Andra Pradesh
Thuri valai (Bag net) Madras
Rampani (Biggest Shore seine) Konkon & Malabar
Aliyavala(Shore seine) Andhra Pradesh
Perch Trap (Bamboo) is used in Gulf of Mannar & Palk Bay
Khal patta jal Sunderban
Janos Chilka lake
Thattu vala Kerela back water
Shattu vala Upper reach of Estuary
Drag net used in Chilka Bhetki jal, Patua jal, Mani jal
Deep seine net used in sunderban Kochal jal
Drift gill net used in Estuarine area
of W.B
Chhandi jal
Chinese dip net is used in Back water of Travancore &

543. 540


cochin
Net used for catching Mackerel &
Sardine show
Purse Seine
Tuticorin boat used as mother ship
in known as
Fishing Lugger
Tuticorin boat (Fishing lugger) Cargo boat
Dug-out-Canoe are mainly used in Kerala & Karnataka
For built up of boat, Hull is made of Teak
Frame is made of Babul or Acacia ,Poon (most)
Carp egg after fertilization are Non-adhesive, Demersal
Orissa shrimp seed production
supply And Research Centre
OSSPARC
Saltiest Sea in the World Dead Sea
Deepest Lake in the World Lake Baikal
Continent where Equator, Tropic of
Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn runs
Africa
Largest river in the world Amazon
River which has largest in the world Amazon
Second largest Island in the World New Guinea
Which largest island in the world New Guinea
Which river crosses Equator -tropic Amazon
Himalaya is in Nepal
Which river have maximum water
volume
Amazon
Longest canal in the world Beloye – More – Baltic

544. 541


Second highest mountain peak in
the world

God-win-Ausley
Seychelles is in Indian Ocean
New-moroe island is in Bay of Bengal
Cuba is in Atlantic Ocean
Street which connect Arabian Sea &
Bay of Bengal
Palk street
Largest river in the Asia Yangtze
Indian climate in Tropical monsoon climate
Indian Ocean current are called as Agithas
Imaginary line on earth surface
which closely follows the 180
0

meridan is
International Date Line
Border line between china & India Macmohan Line
Great Barrier reef runs parallel to the Queens land coast
F/W clam which produce pearl Hyriopsis cumingi
First National Marine Park Gulf of Kutch (1980)
Fly net is having 2 knots instead of 4 knots
1753.Shrimp fish belongs to family Centricidae
Cold blooded animal are called Ectothermic
Warm blooded animal are called Endothermic
Lab-Lab name is given by Philipios
Cutaneous incubation Kurta gulliveri
Mursupial pouch is developed in Male of Syrgnathidae

545. 542


Term protista is proposed by

Haeckel
Mussel fishery zone in India Kerela
Larval development of M. rosenbergi
takes
25 – 40 days
Larval section Up to PL5
Juvenile section PL5 to PL24
Vembanad lake prawn Macrobrachium idea
Semi-sphercal pearl is produce by Pinctada maxima




The logical operators ‗AND-OR‘
‗NOT‘ were derived by
George Boole
In computer parlance ‗Bug‘ denotes Error in programming hardware
& of future
COM stands for Computer output microform
Opticl fibre is used in Telecommunication
The following are useful input devies Keyboards, RAM and CD –
ROMs
The full form of ERNET is Education and Research
Network
INIS is an example of Centralised input & distribution
output
Storage devices according to
increasing capacity
Floppy disk, Magnetic tapes,
Magnetic, CD-ROMs
Software which is a typical examples
of an operating system
DOS
Votalite type of memories is RAM

546. 543


In computer terminology (refers to

Programming language
Integrated circuit were used in 3
rd
generation computers
The device that enable computers to
communicate over telephone lines
MODEM
Micro computers are also known as Minicomputer
UNISIST is a Programme
Type of international networks
accessible to on line vendor
WAN
Device that concerts digital to an
along and as along to digital signal
MODEM
Beginner of INTERNET ARPANET
Lionel robins Scarcity
Adam Smith Wealth
Ernst Eagel Family expenditure
Alfred Marshal Diminishing Marginal Utility
Paul A. Samuelson Growth
Wave allowance is calculated by
using the equation
Ha = 0.014 (F) ½
Normal freeboard of a periphery dike
is
60 cm
Top width of a dike mainly depends
on
Vernicular load on the dike
Provision for settlement allowance in
the design of a dike is made against
Sinking
Side slope of an embankment
mainly depends on the
Type of soil

547. 544


Top width of the dike in also known
as

Gut
Earthwork required in composition of
a dike is
Packing co-efficient
Main purpose of construction of
beam is
To prevent soil erosion of slope
The amount of packing co-efficient is
maximum for
Highly organic soil
Year that was designated as the
information technology year
1982
Communication technology is older
than
Computer technology
Word computer has been derived
from
Latin word
An ancient device for simple
calculation
Abacus (China)
Computer was applied first in India 1937
Agency used computer first in India ISI Calcutta
Name of the first electronic
computer
ABC (J.V. Atensoft & C Berry)
Rigormortis a condition where there
is
No growth and activity of
bacteria
Breakdown of Glycogen given Lactic acid
Glycogen present in fish is <1%
Gram + Ve & mesophylic belongs to Tropical, pathogenic causing
Gram –Ve & pshychrophylic belongs
to
Temperate, spoilage causing

548. 545


Growth of bacterial & enzymatic
activity in smoking is prevented

Phenol
Food having high fat & sugar are not
preferred for
Freeze drying
At 20
0
C freshly caught fish gill
having microbial load of
10
3
to 10
7
/g
Slime of the fish contain Mucoprotein, sugar, free amino
acid
Most presented group of
microoroganism found in gill,
intestine
Grame – ve
At 20
0
C freshly caught fish gut have
microbial load of
10
3
to 10
9
/g
At 20
0
C freshly caught fish skin have
microbial load of
10
2
to 10
5
/g
Presence of CHO favours the
growth of
Mould & Yeast
Moisture content at which yeast
growth will present
<40%
Optimum temperature for molds
growth
25 to 30
0
C
Optimum pH for yeast 4 to 4.5
The maximum activity of enzyme will
take place at
37
0
C
Thermal destruction of enzymes
takes place at or above
80
0
C
For every 10
0
C rise in temperature
doubles
Enzyme activity

549. 546


Commercial chilled seawater
developed by

Traditional method
Shelf life of freshwater is higher than Marine fish
Thermal conducting of water 0.52 Kcal/m/hr
0
C
Thermal conducting of ice 2.07 Kcal/m/hr
0
C
Specific wt. of fatty fish is lower than Lean fish
The first person to freeze the fish by
using ice & salt mixture
Wilham Cullen
Worlds first cold storage was started
in
Darling harbour (Australia, 1869)
by Thomas Mort
Father of Modern freezing
technology
Birds eye (dev. Plate freezer)
First Indian to export frozen prawn to
USA
N. Kulkarani
Container developed by CIFT for
transportation of fish
ICAR box or Tea chest
Air blast freezer is a modified from of Fluidized bed freezer
As for quality concerned the best
method of thawing for fish & fishery
product is
Vaccum thawing
The cheapest method of freezing is Airblast plate freezer
Dehydration less is more in case of Airblast freezer (6 to 10%)
International recommended cold
storage of lean & fatty first
-18 to - 24
0
C
Widely used cold storage in
developed countries
Gridded cold storage
Tasty agent present in prawn is Glycine ,Taurine

550. 547


Effects of low pH in stored Tuna

Honey combing
Chemical used in combination to
enhance the effect
Synergist
The use of ice or snow to preserve
food was discovered in
Europe
Freezer burn is due to Dehydrates & process
Discolouration of stored fish result in Green colour
Discolouration of stored Tuna & red
meat
Brown colour (met Mb formation)
Discolouration of stored Oyster
mussels, clams
Black colour
The most widely accepted
classification of fishes is that of
Berg
Approx. no. of living sp. of fish in
India
1000
Approx. no. of living sp. of fish in
world
20000
General basis of classification of fish
is
Evolutionary relationship
Point of length form the anterior tip
the greatest cross section is located
in fish
36%
Bionomical nomenclature of
Rainbow trout is
Salmo gairdneri
Fishes contributing the maximum
India‘s marine fish landing
Sardine
Coast known for Bombay duck Gujarat

551. 548

fishery

Coast where mackeral is most
abundant
Konkan
State contributing the maximum
India‘s marine fish landing
Kerela
Indian coast where skip jack is
caught in considerable quality
Minicoy
Major molluscs resource of South
eastern coast of India
Pearl oyster
Most abundant molluscs resource of
kerela back water
Villorita cyprinoides
The species that contributes
maximum Kerela‘s prawn production
M. olobsonii
Comparing to carnivorous fish the
gut of algal feeder will be
Longer
Species having the finest gill rakers Planktivores
Gastrosomatic index is related to Feeding condition
Index of preponderance is used to
determine
Feeding habit
Most fishes are typically heavier per
unit length than immature ones due
to
Weight of zona radiata
Most important commercial fishing Trawling
Gear used to capture moving fish
shoal
Purse sine
Shooting net is used to capture Fish spawn
Most commonly used gear in
reservoir
Gillnet

552. 549


Best suited fishing method for
demersal species

Seine netting
Majority of non-mechanised boat Catamarans
The minimum considered economic
size of fishing craft for an inboard
engine is
5.5
Quantity of ice required to bring
down the temperature of from 30 to
0
0
C is
40%
Moisture content in Indian fishes
generally vary between
70 and 80%
Pathogenic organism that gets
access into the fish during handling
and processing is
Salmonella
Fecal indicator organism E. coli
Most commonly used method to
determine fish spoilage
Organoleptic test
Freezer burn in caused by Dry ice
Most widely method of freezing in
fish
Horizontal plate freezing
Deheading prawn reduces the vol.
by
40% (nearly)
Canning process of prawn to destroy
bacterial organism
Retorting
Post processes contamination
caused by
Can baga**?
Flavor loss in iced fish is due to Leaching

553. 550


Temperature at biological zero

10
0
C
Each of a set of observations is
multiplied by 4, the S.D is multiplied
by
4
Sampling scheme in which the first
unit is drawn random by and the rest
in a pre determined manner is
Systematic sampling
The techniques of control chart was
introduced by
WA Stewart
Binomial distribution applies to Repeated two alternatives
Water content of molluscan flesh is 81%
Normal ratio of liver to while fish wt.
is
4 to 9%
Weight of shark liver is 10 to 25%
Oil content of shark liver is 60 to 75%
Spoon fishing, is a method and for
capture of
Mahseers
Waves in which energy is moving
through or across the surface of the
material is
Capillary wave
Waves travelling round the material
are
Body waves
Sum of two progressive wave of
equal opposite direction
Standing wave
Wind generated waves is Swell
Waves at the generating point are Trochbidal waves ?
Important character of wave Steepness

554. 551


Wave length in between horizontal
distance

Crest or trough
Most accepted wave theory Phillips Resonance & Mils shear
Wave velocity is given by
L
C= T
Deep waters, speed of wave is given
by
S = 1.25 L
Speed of wave in shallow water S=
gd
Waves are mainly originated by Tides, densities, difference in
prepressure
Waves which transmit energy along
interface between two fluid of
deferent demising are
Orbital waves
Waves which transmit energy only
through solids ?
Transverse
Waves which transmit energy only
through matter are
Longitudinal
One high tide row low tide per day is Diurnal tide
Tidal range of ocean average
between
1 and 3
Ebb is an Falling tide
Flow/flood is an Rising tide
Tides are waves that have a period
of about – 12 hours & 25 min
Strong tides
Diurnal tide are mainly found in Gulf of Mexico
Semidiurnal tide are mainly found in Atlantic coast
Period of diurnal tides 24 hours & 50 min

555. 552


Period of both semi diurnal & mixed
tide

12 hours & 25 min
Rip ? Water flows seaward
Langrangian floods used to
measure?
Surface water current
Eulary current water ? Deep water currents
Ocean currents help to determined Climate of coastal region
Difference between direction of
wave & current varies about
15
0
& 45
0

Backbone of the ? Equatorial current
Ocean circulation in part is due to
change in
Density & wind status
Wave measured using Electronic pressure cursor
World fish supply coming from
upwelling are
50% (1% of total area)
Gibralter strait Atlantic with Mediterranean sea
Warm fast moving surface Pacific
current
Kuroshi current
With increase in depth flow of
current
Increase
Deepest trench in Atlantic ocean Puertorico trench
Pacific ocean is called as Ocean of trenches
Archipelago refers to Chain of island
Gulf stream current are 36.5 ppt
The TS diagram is developed by RC Hiller

556. 553







The smallest fish of the word is Dwarf pigmy goby of Phillipines
(Mistichtyes) (15 mm)
The another small fish is Etheostoma microperca
The biggest fish in the world Rhinocodon typus (20 – 25 m)
There are three types of
Taxonomy
,,-Taxonomy
Sp. recognized, characterized
and named
- Taxonomy
Arrangement of sp into a natural
classification system
- Taxonomy
Analysis by interspecific variation
and studies of evolution are made
- Taxonomy
ICZN International commission of
zoological Nomenclature
Classification of fishes come in
the year
1901 in UK
A tool by which names are given
to the organisms is called
Nomenclature
The usage of two names for an
organism
Binomial nomenclature
The father of taxonomy is Carrolus Linneus (1758)
The different types of specimen Holotype, Syntype (cottype), Zeo
type

557. 554


Neo type
Refers to a single specimen
designated by the original author
in the original description
Holotype
One of the several specimen
forming the basis of the original
description
Syn type
The type specimen selected
subsequent to the original
description from one of the same
types
Zeotype
A specimen collected subsequent
to the original description when
the type specimen definitely
known to have been destroyed
Neotype
The disadvantage of
morphometric measurement and
ratio is only for
Some sex & age
Any counts that can be made on
fish is
Meristic count
It is the study of fish by
description, numbers and
morphology of chromosomes
Karyotypes
A biochemical technique which is
used to evaluated the protein
pattern
Electrophoresis
The study of behavior of fish Ethology
Two population breed under the
same condition but fertilization
will not take palace
Gametic isolation
Two population breed at the Ethological isolation

558. 555

same time in the same habitat
during some season but sexual
pattern and breeding behaviour
may differ

Two population in the same
habitat may breed in different
times of a year
Temporal isolation
Two population live in the same
geographical areas but prefer
different habitats
Habitat isolation
Two population are separated by
a physicalbarrier
Geographical isolation
Based on the position of mouth of
fishes it can be divided into
Terminal, Upterminal (Superior),
Subterminal (inferior, Protrusible
The upper & lower jaw are equal Terminal
The lower jaw longer than upper
jaw
Upterminal (Superior)
The upper jaw longer than lower
jaw
Sub-terminal (inferior)
Based on the origin/position of
teeth it can be classified into
Saw teeth, Mouth teeth,
Pharyngeal teeth
Originated from jaw Sew teeth
Originated from tongue Mouth teeth
Originated form gills Pharyngeal teeth
Based on the form the major
kinds ofteeth
Cardiform ,Villiform ,
Molariform,Canines ,Incisor
Numerous and short, pointed type
teeth
Cordiform (American catfish)

559. 556


Elongated, numerous & pointed
teeth

Filliform (Needle Fishes )
Sub-conical elongated & dog
tooth liketeeth
Canines (Barracuda)
These are sharply edges cutting
teeth
Incisors (Scabremas)
Teeth are modified for crushing &
grinding
Molariform (skates)
Based on the origin, Barbels are
of fourtypes
Maxillary, Mandibular, Nasal,
Mental
Originate from maxilla Maxillary barbels
Originate from mandible Mandibular barbels
Originate from nostrils Nasal barbels
Originate above snout/head Mental barbels
When the nostrils are one in
number
Monorhinous condition (Lamprey
& Hag fish)
When the nostrils are two in
number
Dirhinous (Tilapia)
In elasmobranch nostrils are
present in
Ventral side
Operculum is made up of a bone
called
Opercle
The gill opening are just like holes
present on the side of the body
Hagfish
Sometimes the lower margin of
the upper gills is supported by
thin elongated structure called
Branchiostegal rogs ?

560. 557


The eye lids are absent in

Fishes
Both the eyes are present on one
side
Flat fishes
Eyes are present on the dorsal
surface
Skates & rays
Majority of fishes have only Lateral line
Flat fishes have 2 or 3 lateral line
Pectoral fins, pelivic fins, finlets Parired fins
Dorsal ,anal ,caudal ,adipose fin Unpaired fins
Pectoral fins are supported by Pectoral girdle
Pectoral girdle is attached to the Skull
Pectoral fins are absent in Eels
The lower part of pectoral fins are
modified into filaments
Polynemidae
Pectorals are broad & rounded Platycephalus indicus (Flathead)
The upper part of the pectoral fin
are modified into free filaments
Nemipteridae
Pectoral fins are very large Flying fishes
Pelvic fins are absent in some
fishes
Eels, cyclostomes, pomfrets
In some fishes pelvic fins
originated?
Priacanthidae
Pelvic fins are of three types Abdominal, Thoracic, Tubular fins
Originate from abdomen Abdominal fins (carps & clupeids)
Originate just below the pectoral Thoracic fins (Perch)

561. 558

fins

Originate under the throat Tubular fins (Blennids)
The no of dorsal fins varies from
species to species
I dorsal (carps) ,II dorsal (perch) III
dorsal (cods)
Anal fin is absent in Skates & rays
Only fish which is having two
analfins
Cod
Anal fin is joined with the caudal
fin in
Eels, ribbon fishes etc
Anal fin is provided with spines 2 spines (Perch)

2 detacged spine (carangids) ?

3 sipnes (perchs)

4 spines (chaetodontidae)
Based on the shapes caudal fins
are classified into Many types
Cresent (Tuna) Whip like (Skates
& Rays) Trilobe (Bombay duck)

Hemicercal (Sharks) Rounded
(Channa)

Forked (Carps, Mackerel)

Luncate (Full beaks) Emerginate
(Flatheads) Truncate (Half beaks)
Adipose fin is present only in Cat fishes
Scales are absent in Cyclostomes & hagfish
Placoid scales are present in Sharks
Cycloid scales are present in Carps
Ctenoid scales are present in Perchs

562. 559


Some of the Famous taxonomists
are

Gunther ,Francis day, Jordal ,Le-
Berg
The scale which gives the
information on geological and
biological history of the earth
Geological time scale (GTS)
There are three different eras Cenozoic, Mesozoic ,Palaezoic


Cenozic divided into two perlods


Pecents (1000 – 2000 yrs)

Pleistoune (2 millionyrs)
Mesozoic is also called as Era of Reptiles
Mesozoic
periods
is divided into three Cretacesus (125 million yrs ago)

Juracic (180 million yrs ago)

Triasic (225 million yrs ago)
Palaezoic is also called as Era of vertebrate

Permian (270 million yrs ago)
Carboniferous (350 million yrs
ago)
Devonian ( 400 million yrs ago)
Silurian (440 million yrs ago)
Ordovician (500 million yrs ago)
Cambrian (600 million yrs ago)
Most of the fishes which do not
exist in the period ofDevonian
and Silurian period is calledas
The age of fishes

563. 560


All living fishes are mainly
grouped into 2 major categories

Agnatha (Jaw less) &
Gnathostomata (Jawed)
Cephalospidomorphi (class) are
commonly known as
Cyclostomes
Petromyzontiformes commonly
known
Lamprey
Ecological habitats of
petromyzontidae
Temperate water fishes (both
marine & Fresh water)
General characters of
petromyzontidae
Seven gill pouches
Myxiniformes commonly known
as
Hagfish
General characters of Myxinidae 1-14 gill pouches
There are two classes of
gnathostomate
Chondrichthyes (Elasmobronch)
ostcichthyes (Bony/Teleast fish)
General characters of
chondrichthyes
No caudal pit
General characters of
carcharinidae
Caudal pit present
General characters of sphyrnidae Pre-caudal pit present
General characters of Rajiformes Eyes & spiracles present on the
head
Chondrichthyes have two sub-
classes
Elasmobranchii & Holocephali
The main difference of
Holocephali from elasmobranchii
is
Gill slits are four in number & no
spiracles
Osteichthyes have three sub- Crossopterygii, Dipnoi &

564. 561

classes Actinoptorygii (lobefish)
(lungfish) (Rayedfish)
The extinct fishes are Osteolepiformes
Coelocanthiformes one
commonly called as
Living fossils
Coelocanth was caught in the
East coast of Africa in the river
called
Chalumni
General characters of
coelocanthidae
Caudal trilobe & cosmoid scales
Dipnoi are also commonly called
as
Lungfishes
General characters of Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Swim bladder well developed for
aerial respiration function as lungs
& lobate (raylessfin)
Ceratodinide are commonly
called as
Australian lung fish
General characters of
ceratodinidae are
They have paired lungs
Lepidoserins are found in Africa & South America
Lepidoserinidae are commonly
called as
South American lung fishes
General characters of
lepidoserinidae
During breeding roles develop a
feathery like structure which act as
reverse gill by discharging to the
place where the young ones grow
& five pairs of gills
General characters of
lepidoseriniformes
They have paired lungs

565. 562


Protopteridae are called as

African lung fishes
General characters of
protopteridae
Six pairs of gills & do not develop
a feathery like structure
The majority of the fishes belong
to
Actinopterigii (Rayed fish) sub-
class
General characters of
Actinopterigii
Skeleton is compared of true
banes
Polypteriformes are commonly
called as
Bichers or Reed fish
General characters of
polypteriformes
Ganoid scales, 4 pairs of gills &
Dorsal fins concists of several
finlets each finlet have one spine
followed by several soft rays
Acipenseriformes have two family Acipenseridae (Sturgeon) &
polydontidae (Paddle fish)
General characters of
Acipenseridae
Five rows of longitudinal series of
long scutes on the body
General characters of
polydontidae
No bony scutes & shout paddle
like
Amiiformes are commonly known
as
Bow fin fishes
Amiidae is found in North America
General characters of
Lepisosteidae (Gars)
Jaws elongated with several rows
of strong teeth
Elopiformes have two family Elopidae (pounders/lady fish) &
Megalopidae (Tarpoons)
General characters of Elopidae Adipose tissue covers the eye and
a single dorsal fin present (Scale
small)

566. 563


General characters of
Megalopidae

Adipose tissue covers the eye &
the last dorsal ray filamentous
(Large Scales)
General characters of
clupeiformes (Sardine like fish)
Lateral line generally absent, most
of the fish have belly scutes &
pectoral situated below mid line of
the body
Clupeiformes have five types of
family
Clupeidae, Dussumieridae,
Dorosomidae, Engraulidae &
Chirocentridae
General characters of clupeidae
(Herring, sardine, Hilsa, shads)
Body with belly/abdominal scute &
no lateral
General characters of
dussumieridae (Rainbow Sardine)
No belly scutes & no lateral line
General characters of
Dorosomidae (Gizzard shad)
A dark spot often present behind
the gill opening
General characters of
Engraulidae (Rat tailed
Anchovies)
Eyes are covered by transparent
skin & body translucent & white
General characters of
Chirocentridae (wolf herring)
Dorsal away from the mid point of
the body
General characters of
Notopteridae order (Feather
backs)
Abdomen with scutes only before
pelvic & dorsal very short ( 8 – 10
days)
General characters of Chanidae
order Gonorynchiformes (Milk
fish)
No belly scutes, only one dorsal
without spines & large eye
covered by adipose tissue
General characters of
Aulopiformes/Myctophiformes
Fins without spines & small
adipose fin present
General characters of Body elongate, translucent (white),

567. 564

Harpodontidae (Bombay duck) flaby & scales absent
General characters of
Synodontidae (teeth unequal in
size)
Head lizard like & mouth large with
numerous unequal teeth
The largest group of fishes
among fresh water fishes is
Cypriniformes (carps)
Greatest diversity of carps is
found in
South East Asia
General characters of
cypriniformes
Cycloid scales present & weberian
apparatus (Bone) present
connecting the inner ear & air
bladder
Cypriniformes have three sub
orders
Characoidei, gymnotoidei &
cyprinoidei
General characters of cyprinidae Lips thin, tooth less, barbels may
or may not present (is present thin
1-2 pairs)
The largest sub-family of f/w fish
is
Cyprinidae
Siluriformes (cat fishes) is found
both in Fresh & Marine water but
most of the catfishes are found in
freshwater expect the fishes
which belong to family
Plotosiidae & Ariidae
General characters of
Siluriformes
Pectorals & dorsal supported by
single spine but no pelvic spine,
body naked but bony plates
present
General characters of Siluridae Two paired of barbels, Adipose fn
present but dorsal very short or
even absent

568. 565


General characters of Clariidae
(walking cat fish)

4 pairs of barbels and gill filaments
are modified into a branched tree
(like structure called ―Rosettes‖
General characters of
Heteropneustidae (Stinging cat
fish)
4 pairs of barbels & body elongate
with comparessed head
General characters of Bagridae Nostrils wide apart & adipose
present which is fairly long
General characters of Plotosidae
(Eel tailed cat fish)
Body elongate & eel like, I
st
dorsal
with spine II
nd
dorsal long &
continous with anal & caudal
General characters of
Pangasidae
Two pairs of barbels & adipose fin
well developed with small base
General characters of
Anguilliformes (Eels)
Body snake like, gill opening
rusticated to small holes & no
pelvic fin, dorsal &anal continous
with caudal fin
General characters of Anguillidae
(Fresh water eels)
Minute scale present embedded
within the skin & pectoral present
but no pelvic, lateral line distinct
General characters of
Muraenidae
Pectoral & pelvic absent, No
lateral pores & Dorsal originate
nearly above head
General characters of
Muraenosocidae (Pike congers)
Dorsal originate above gill opening
& pectorals well developed
Ophichthidae are known as Snake eels
Moringuidae are known as Worm eels
Mastaembaliformes are known as Spiny eels
General characters of
Mustasembalidae
Eel like, operculum very thin snout
pointed & few fishes have black
spot along base of dorsal

569. 566


General characters of
Atheriniformes/Beloniformes

Dorsal & anal in directed towards
ray of body & sometimes jaw
elongated like a beak
General charcters of Belonidae
(needle fish gar fishes fullbeaks)
Both upper and lower jaw
extended into a beak like)
General characters of
Hemiramphidae (half beaks)
Lower jaw extended into a beak
like & upper jaw short
General characters of
Exocoetidae (Flying fish)
Pectorals very large which extends
upto anal
Scorpaeniformes are known as Flat heads
General characters of platy
Cephalidae (Flat head)
Spines above head & Bony ridges
a crass head & Neck,ctenoid
scales
Ophiocepholiformes are known
as
Snake head or murrels
General characters of
Ophiocephalidae
Looks like snake, head depressed
with sheet like scales & larger
scales above head than the body
The largest order in marine fishes
is
Perciformes
General characters of
perciformes
Two dorsal (1
st
dorsal supported
by spines no adipose fin & ctenoid
scales present
One of the largest sub-order in
the Perciformes is
Percoidei
General characters of
Centropomidae Perch)
Pre opercle with serrated posterior
barbell, body oblong & Ist & II
nd

dorsal fin separated by a deep
notch
General characters of Seranidae
(Groupers)
Body oblong, Mouth protruded,
dorsal continous, caudal rounded
& opercle with three spines

570. 567


General characters of
Teraponidae
(Tigerperch/Grunters)

3-4 longitudinal stripes on the
body
General characters if Sillaginidae
(whitings or sillagos)
?with sharp spine & lateral
line slightly arched.
General characters of Carangidae
jacks, Travellias)
Lateral line with scutes
General characters of
Leiognathidae (Pony fishes)
Protracted mouth, silvery body
colour & scales cannot be easily
seen
General characters of Gerreidae
(Silver beddis)
Protracted mouth & scales can be
easily seen
General characters of Lutjanidae
(Snappers)
Mouth terminal & upper jaw
protracted
General characters of Sciaenidae
(croakers)
Sensory pores can be easily seen
& dorsal long with a deep notch
after the last spine
General characters of Mullidae
(Goat fish)
2 barbels on chin followed in
median groove
General characters of Drepanidae
(Sickle fish)
Pectorals sickle like longer than
head & body with 4 vertical bars
General characters of
Scatophagidae (Scats)
Numerous black spots on the
upper portion of the body
General characters of Cichlidae
(Cichlids)
Lateral line interrupted
General characters of Menidae
(Moon fish)
Mouth protrude upwards & 1
st

pelvic may elongate in adult
General characters of
Stromatidae (Pomfrets)
Pectorals & dorsal falcate, pelvic
absent
General characters of
Nemipteridae (Perch/Thread fin
Caudal ray filamentous

571. 568

bream)

General characters of
Priacanthidae (Bull eye)
Eyes very large & pelvic originate
before pectoral fin
General characters of
Apolectidae (Black Pomfrets)
Caudal peduncle with scutes &
black in colour
General character of Trichiridae
(Ribbon fish)
Body elongated & ribbon like,
large mouth with strong canine
teeth
General characters of Lacteridae
(False trevallies)
Pectoral dorsal, anal supported by
three spines
General characters of
Polynemidae (Thread fin)
1
st
pectoral normal, 2
nd
pectoral
with 4 – 7 filamentous ray
General characters of Gobidae Pelvic fin united to form a feeble
sucking disc
General characters of
Scombridae (mackerel)
5-6 finlets
General characters of
Scomberomoridae
7 – 10 finlets (seer fish)
General characters of
Anabantidae (Koi)
Operculum serrated with 2 spine &
2 – 3 lateral line
General characters of Belontidae
(gouramies)
Opercle not serrated & pelvic
filamentous
General characters of
Osphronemidae
Dorsal originate behind base of
pectoral
General characters of Mugilidae
(mullets)
1
st
dorsal with 4 spines
General characters of
Sphyraenidae (Barracudas)
Inky blotch beneath lateral line

572. 569


General characters of
Triaconthidae (Tripod fish)

3 teeth united/fused together
General characters of
Tetraodontidae (Puffer fish)
4 teeth fused together
General characters of
Psettodidae (Halibuts)
Upper eye close to dorsal
General characters of Bothidae
(left eye flounder)
Dorsal originate above head
General characters of tongue fish 2-3 lateral line
General characters of Soleidae
(Soles)
Eyes on right side

573. 570


Estimated Marine production potential of India

3.93 mmt
Bay of Bengal programme (BOBP) is started
in
Madras (1969)
National ship Design Research Centre
(NSDRC) is in
Gandhigarm of
Vishakapatnam
Society for Rural Industrialization is in Ranchi
Department of Oceanography is in New Delhi
Naval Physical Oceanographic Laboratory is
in
Cochin
Indian Institute of Space Research (IISR) is in Calicut
Aquaculture Authority of India‘s Main Office is
in
Madras (Chennai)
Defence Food Research Laboratory is in Mysore
Indo-Norwegian Project is started in 1952
MPEDA Act is started in 20
th
April 1972
Wild life Act is started in 1972
Eye-Stalk abolation is done for Maturation
Black gill disease is due to Chemical
contaminants
A product made from Intestine of Sperm
Whales
Ambergris
Squalene is more in Gulper Shark &
Basking Shark
Porphyra is also called as Laver
Green Laver is Monostroma
Period of shrimp larval rearing in larval rearing
tank
13-15 days
Larval stages of shrimp reared in larval rearing
tank
Upto PL3 or PL5
Nursery ground for P. monodon is Estuary

574. 571


Spawning ground for P. monodon is

Deep Ocean
Best phytoplankton for P. monodon is Chastoceros
Filamentous bacterial disease is caused by Leucothrix
Speed of sound in water 4800 ft/second
FLIP Floating Instrument
Platform
FAMOUS French American Mid
Ocean Under study
Institute of Coastal Area studies is in Kanayakumari
SCORP Save Coastal
Resource Project
(Kerela)
Institure of Wood Science & Technology
(IWST) is in
Vishakapatnam
National Centre for Coastal Science (NCCS) is
in
Pune
International Tribunal Sea Bed Authority
(ITSA) is in
Jamaica
Central Drug Research Institute is in Lucknow
Ocean which have maximum shelf area Atlantic (9.65 mil.Km)
Indian Ocean have shelf area of 2.80 mil. Km
Pacific Ocean have shelf area of 8.41 mil. Km
Dorab Fishery (Chirocentrus dorab/wolf
herring) is in
Tamil Nadu
Highest nos. of fisherman is found in Kerela (2
nd
A.P.)
Widest B/W area of India is in West Bengal (2
nd

Gujarat)
Major Shrimp Market of India Japan (2
nd
–
Indonesia)
Largest commodity for export Frozen Shrimp
Father of Pearl Industry Kukichi Mikimoto

575. 572


Loligo (Squid) is also called

Sea arrow
Connecting link between Annelida & Mollusca Neoplina (Living
fossil)
Respiratory pigments in Mollusc Haemocyanin in
plasma of Blood
Nautilus belongs to phylum Mollusca
Major Aquaculture show was held on 1989 in Madras
Cultured pearl was first produced in India by CMFRI (1973)
Minibundh is used for breedingof IMC
Shark is also called as Kalpamatsya
Species extensively cultured in cage of Japan Yellow tail
Hormone were used in breeding of fish for the
first time by
Russian
Chitin, bio-polymer is 2
nd
most abundant
natural polymer
Daily minimum protein requirement 30 gm/day
Mammalian ovary have Esterified cholesterol
> free cholesterol
Fish ovary have Free cholesterol >
Esterified cholesterol
In circutatory blood cholesterol present in the
form of
Esterified and Free
form
Process of thinning and release of Sperm is Spermiation
Site of Ovigenesis is Ovigerous lamellae
portion of ovary
Vitellogenic hormone Con I (Carbohydrates
poor)
Maturational hormone of gonad Con II (Carbohydrate
rich)
Con A – I Control Vitellogenin uptake by
ovary
Con – A – II Control Steroidogenesis

576. 573


Con A – I

Vitellogenic
gonadotropin
Con A – II Maturational
gonadotropin
Vitellogenesis is induce by Estrogen
Nutrients accumulate in eggs by Vitellogenesis
Methyl testosterone administration have same
result as Estrogen in
Gold fish
When ovary vasectomy is done, vitellogenin
level in liver
Decrease
Precursor for estrogen during vitellogenesis Androgen
Primary growth phase/endogenous
vitellogenous is
Independent of
Pituitary
Secondary growthphase/exogenous
vitellogenesis is
Wholly control by
Pituitary
Nucleolus is used for RNA synthesis
Mitochonchria of sperm occur in Mid piece of sperm
Duration of spermatogenesis and
Spermiogenesis is
Inversely proportional
to T
0

Egg membrane is also called Oolema
Lamb brush chromosome developed in Oviparous vitellogenic
animal
Lamb brush chromosome help in protein
synthesis
Increase RNA content
Lamb brush chromosome disappear in Initiation of
Maturation phase
Special type of body present only in egg of
vertebrate
Balbian body or
Juxtra body or Extra
nuclear body or yolk
nucleus
Oildroplet in egg of Marine fish produce Bownian egg
Prostaglandies is 20 carbon hydroxy
fatty acid

577. 574


Father of Ovulatory agent

Stacey (1981)
Monospermic fertilization occur in Teleost
Sperm enter ovary through Micropyle
Body of embryo developed from Blastodisc
Yolk material in fish Gonad is made up of Triglyceride & Fatty
acid
Organogenesis starts from Gastrulation
Peculiarity of Gastrulation in fish Organogenesis start
before completion of
Gastrulation
Optimum pH requirement for hatching of fish 9.6
Optimum temperature requirement for
hatching of fish
18 2
0
C
Twitching movement in fish egg is for Breaking chorion
Earth Complete 1 revolution around its axis in 23 hrs. 56 mins. 4
sec.
Earth complete 1 revolution around the sun in 365.26 days
Cyclic changes in melatonin level (24-28 hrs) Circad in cycle
Vascular system of fish pituitary is Mesodermal in origin
Saccus vasculosus is found in Posterior side of
pituitary
Periodic Acid Schiff reaction (PAS) +ve
indicate
Proteinoccous nature
Aldehyde Fuschin reaction (AF) +ve indicate Neurohormonal
secretion
Function of saccus vasculosus Osmoregulation (in
fish)
Milk secretion (in
mammals)
Storing organ of neurohomones Herring bodies

578. 575


Mammal

Non Vitellogenic
animal
Fish Vitellogenic animal
Function of vasopression Increase water
retension capacity of
kidney
FSH function Development of ovum
LH function For onset of gonadal
maturity
Authority of fish endocrinology Ng & Idler (1983)
Material for thin layer chromatography (TLC) Cancanava
COMT Catchall – O – Methyl
Tranferases
Increase in nos. of cell Hypertrophy
Increase in nos. of cell Hypertrophy
Majority of chondrichthyes Oviparous
Size of Ovum in Scoliodon sorrakawah 1 mm
Size of ovum in Chlamydoselachus 100 mm
Largest egg Whole shark (150 
300 mm)
Smallest egg of shark S. sorrakawah (3 5
mm)
Largest egg of skate Rynchodon
bimaculata
(265 – 305 mm in
lenth)
(110 – 140 mm in
width)
Embryotroph or uterine milk coming from
uterine epithelium is known as
Uterinevis * or
Trophonemata
Placental condition rarely occur in Triabidae,
carcharhinidae

579. 576


Sphyrnidae
Fecundity is low in chondrichthyes because Lots of energy is
needed for making
hormy case
Viviparous chondrichthyes example Squaliform sp fr.
Tunisia
Synchronous All egg in same age
of development eg. :
Onchorynchus sp.;
Eel, migratory fish
Group synchronous All egg develop in 2
developmental stage
eg./MC, All seasonal
breeder
Asynchronous Prolific breeder eg :
Common carp, Tilapia
Fecundity is high in Oviparous fishes
Buccal incubation is found in family of Cichlidae, Bagridae
Cutaneous incubation is found in Kurtas Gulliver (Male)

Asbredo cotylephorus
(Female)
Solenostomus
laciniatus (Female)
Branchial chamber incubation is in Amblyosula
Marsupial pouch incubation is in Sea horse & Pipe fish
Duct responsible for implantation of fertilized
egg in Latimeria is
Mullerian duct
Part of ovary which is function in Latimeria Right
Gestation in viviparous teleost take place in Ovarian cavity of
follicle
Northern latitude fishes produce Larger & few egg
First step of onset of puberty Release of GnRH

580. 577


Largest egg in Elasmobranch is produced in

Ginglymostoma
GnRIF Dopamine,
Phentolamme, GnBA
Linpe Method LHRH – A + Pimozide
Linpe Method is developed by Peter et al. in China
Ovaprim Acting compound in
place of Pimozide
Most effective antagonist of Dopamine Domperidone
Ovatide is produced by Hemmopharma Ltd.
In Inbreeding, Inferior Character is more
developed in
F2& F3 generation
Production of all female by mating maternal
chromosome
Gynogenesis
Production of all male by mating paternal
chromosome
Androgenesis
Cryopreservation is done for Only sperm
Sperm + Extender solution is Aliquot
Extender solution Extend life of sperm
Function of Cryoprotectant Minimizing freezing of
fluid & check
formation of lethal
concentration of
electrolyte
Most common cryoprotectant Dimethyl Sulpha
Oxide (DMSO)
Ratio of milt and Extender solution in Marine
fish
1 : 3
Ratio of milt and Extender solution in F/W fish 1 : 4
Aliquat : Cryoprotectant (Marine) 7 : 1
Aliquat : Cryoprotectant (F/W) 9 : 1
Cryopreservation of game fish need Igloobox

581. 578


Igloobox is made up of

Polystyrene
Existance of either testis or ovaries is Gonochorism
Breakdown of Genetic Material Necrosis
Dissolution of Genetic material Pyknosis
Spawn & fry prefer Live food
For all Microalgal culture – N : P 16 : 1
Energy food Protein,
Carbohydrate, Lipid
Non-energy food Vitamin, Mineral,
Trace element
Carnivorous fish need high level of Protein
Maltose activity is higher than Sucrose & Lactose
Only source of Amylase in Carnivorous perch Pancreas
During breeding carbohydrate in diet Increase
During Breeding protein in diet Decrease
Water peanut (Allyator) have Saponin
Cellulose is not digested by Cyprinid fish
Higher mineral requirement F/W fishes
Mineral essential for blood clotting Calcium
Mineral essential for energy transformation Phosphorus
Mineral which must be present in fish feed Ca & P
Mackerel & Sardine have Planktonic egg
Egg of shad & Carps are Semibouyant egg
85% of Tilapia production is from Asia
FCR value is higher in F/W prawn than
Shrimp

582. 579

1
st
Surimiplant is setup by

S.K. Big Stao Food
Ltd at
Vishakhapatnam
National Institute of Ecology Delhi
Coral animal feed on Zooplankton
Coral reef in Indian & Pacific Ocean are
damaged by
Star fish
Annual average productivity of Indian
Reservior
29.69 kg/ha
Lagest area for shrimp farming In India W. Bengal
NACMCF US National Advisory
Committee on
Microbiology Criteria
of Food (1992)
First Director of CIFE D.V. Bal
Toxic form of Ammonia Unionized form
Fishes of which state in India is considered as
Biodiversity Hot Spot‖ by UN
Western Ghat of
Kerela
IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna
Commission
2
nd
All India Aquarium show held in Kozhikodi, Kerela
Asia Pacific Fishing is held at Australia
Coral reef contain highest level of Known diversity of
marine species
National Waste land Development Board 1985
Chemical which cause Gill clogging Fe(OH)3
Size of pelleted feed for prawn 3 mm
In Artemia cyst embryonic development stop
at
Gastrulastage
Protein content of Artemia nauphli 47%
Protein content of Adult Artemia 60% dry weight basis

583. 580


World Recruitment of Artemia cyst in 2000 AD

5000 mt
Mega fish developed in Super Intensive
Indoor Shrimp farm
Highest seed production of Sea Bass Thailand
White spot disease first appear in North Asia (China &
Japan)
First State in India to advocate Shrimp farming Orissa (1981-82)
Convergence is Region of sinking in
lake (Poor
Productivity)
Divergence is Region of upwelling in
lake (High
productivity)
Coastal upwelling are mainly caused by Wind & Current
Coastal upwelling occur in Western coast
Eddies creat turbulance in Coastal water
Baleen whale have life span of > 80 years
Mutagenic chemical use for inactivation of
male genetic material
Dimethyl sulphate,
Toluidene blue,
Ethylene urea
Co60 is used for Ionization radiation
Radiation which inactivate genetic material of
gamate (sperm)
X-ray
Radiation which change the primer of DNA UV ray
Breakdown of genetic material Necrosis
Dissolution of genetic material Pyknosis
Centre in hypothalamus controlling
reproduction
Hypothalamus
hypohyseal gonadal
axis
Natural fibre obtained from plant Retting ?

584. 581


India became the major supplies of shrimp to
Japan in 1997

After 13 years
Manasarovar (350 km
2
) & Rakashial (260 km
2
)
occur at altitude of
4540 metre
Among cold water species highest fecundity
observed in
Tor putitora (52,000 –
85,000)

Labeo dario (9,150 –
95,000)
Sport fishery in India & Burna J. Macdonald
Optimum temperature of cold water 10 to 12
0
C
Lake and stream of cold water region should
be above
914 m above MSL

585. 582

An ideal combination of basic nutrients is made up of 50 – 60%
carbohydrates, 30% fat and 10 -15% proteins.
1. Carbohydrates and protein provide 17kj (4kcal)/g of energy while fat
provide 37kj(9kcal)/g.
2. Building blocks of protein are aminoacid.
3. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are essential fattyacid.
a Vitamin B1 Thiamine
b Vitamin B2 Riboflavin
c) Vitamin B3 Niacin
d Vitamin c Ascorbic acid
e Vitamin E Alpha tocopherol
f) Coenzyme Q Ubiquinol
g Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine
h Vitamin b12 Cyanocobalamine

4. Thiols, ascorbic acid or polyphenol like tannin, lignin and flavonoidact
as antioxidant as well as reducingagents.
5. Marasamus (Chronic deficiency of calories) and kwashiorkor (chronic
deficiency ofprotein).
6. Saltwater is rich in w-3-fatty acid andiodine.
7. In Kerala 90% of people consumefish.
8. Biochemical composition of fish – moisture 65-80%, protein 15-20%,fat
5-20% and ash0.5-2%.
9. Fish lipids contain 40% of long chain fatty acid (c14-c22) that are highly
unsaturated and contain 5-6doublebond.
10. Amino acid is precursor ofhormone.
11. Proteins are important for growth and development of body,
maintenance and repairing of worn out tissue and for productionof
enzymes andhormones.
12. α linolenic acid -18:3,n-3.
13. Eicosapentaenoic acid -20:5,n-3.
14. Docosahexaenoic acid -22:6,n-3.
15. Arachidonic acid -20:4,n-6.
16. Eicosanoids – affecting inflammation and other cellularfunction.
17. Endocannabinoids –affecting mood, behaviour andinflammation.

586. 583

18. EPA &DHA –treatment of arthroscelerosis, cancer, rheumatoid
arthritis, psoriasis and disease of old age such as Alzheimer andage
related maculardegeneration.
19. Selenium prevents body against damage due tooxidation.
20. Recommended dose of iodine through fish to body -140 mg/day& for
selenium it is 75mgfor men & 60mg forwomen/day.
21. Cretinism –mental retardation inchildren.
22. Oyster contains morezinc.
23. Zinc – role in cell division, cell growth, wound healing &breakdown of
carbohydrates &needed for sense of smell &taste.
24. Fluorine responsible for strong bone andteeth.
25. Osteomalacia –softening ofbones.
26. Calcium is required for bone (formation & mineralisation) & for normal
functioning of muscle and nervoussystem.
27. Shell fish contain more iron in leanmeat.
28. Iron is important in synthesis of haemoglobin inRBC.
29. Vitamin C is required for proper healing of wounds, normal health of
body and absorption ofiron.
30. W-3-fatty acids are found in flax seeds, walnut & soybean&in
salmon.
31. Fish oil is major source ofPUFA.
32. αlinolenic acid and linoleic acid found in green vegetables & some
plantoil.
33. EPA&DHA found in coldwater oily fish such as salmon, herring,
mackerels, anchovies &sardine.
34. Thromboxanes are a factor in clumping of platelets which leads to
thrombosis.
35. Leukotrienes – immune inflammatoryresponses.
36. Optimal ratios of w3:w6in diet is 1-4 orlower.
37. Dementia – memoryloss.
38. Vitamin B found in fish liver & oil &play a major role in immune
function & offer protection againstcancer.
39. Amblypharyngodon mola is rich source of vit A which is required for
normal vision &bonegrowth.
40. Fatty fish contain more vit A than leanfish.
41. Linoleic acid – shortest chained n6 fattyacid.
42. Arachidonic acid is precursor forprostaglandins.

587. 584

43. Administration of purified EPA from fish oil improves thicknessof
carotoid arteries and improves blood flow inpatients.
44. Macula is at centre of retina, light sensitive tissue at back ofeye.
45. Wet AMD is otherwise called advancedAMD.
46. In worse dry AMD, a blurred spot in centre of visionappear.
47. Lack of essential fatty acid in child cause attention deficit,
hyperactivitydisorder.











SL
no
Things to be measured Instruments
1 Colouration intensity Tintometer
2 Salinity Hydrometer,refractometer
3 Water depth Sound rod
4 Wind direction Wind vane, wind rose
5 Angle between object sextant
6 Position of ship Station pointer
7 Manned vehicle under sea Bathyscope
8 Sea bottom temperature Bathythermograph
9 Longitude calculation Chronometer
10 Energy measurement Bomb calorimeter
11 Respiration Fish respirometer
12 Waves Electronic pressure sensor
13 Surimi gel strength Rheometer
14 Humidity hygrometer
15 Pressure barometer
16 Rainfall Rain gauge
17 Wind speed anemometer
18 Water activity Water activity meter

588. 585

NAVIGATION AND SEAMANSHIP:
1. Navigation is process of directing or conducting the movement of a
vehicle /vessel from one place to anothersafely.
2. Navis means a ship & agree means todirect.
3. Earliest form of navigation ispiloting.
4. First recorded use of chart aboard a ship was in 1270AD.
5. Magellan began voyage around the world in1519.
6. Celestial navigation used to determine the position of observer by
means of celestialbodies.
7. Electronic navigation includes all forms of navigation by an
electromagneticwave.
8. Piloting is otherwise called coastal navigation.
9. Bearing means direction of any object from theobserver.
10. Dead reckoning (deduced reckoning) is fixing of present position or
expected future position, from a previous position using known direction
anddistances.
11. Direction of any celestial body from the observer is calledazimuths.
12. Radio navigation provides coverage of few hundred tomany
thousands of miles with accuracies from +/-5miles.
13. Earth is oblate spheroid shape (a sphere flattened atpoles).
14. Equatorial diameter of earth -6888 nautical miles(12757KM).
15. Polar diameter - 6865 nautical miles(12714km).
16. Axis on which earth rotate is called geographic polaraxis.
17. Equator (great circle) is a circle on a sphere whose plane passes
through centre ofsphere.
18. Prime meridian passes through the original site of RoyalObservatory,
Greenwich,England.
19. 1 nautical mile – 1.852km.
20. Course is the horizontal distance in which a vessel is steered or
intended to besteered.
21. Rhumb line (loxodromes/loxodromic spirals) can be defined as a line
crosses every meridian of sphere at sameangle.
22. Azimuth circle is an instrument for determining both bearing terrestrial
object and azimuths of celestialobject.
23. Ship or chip log used to determine ships speed in 16
th
century.
24. Lead line is used to measuredepth.

589. 586

25. In echo sounder, the depth can be determined by measuring the time
interval between the generation of sound and return ofecho.
26. Expected time of departure –ETD.
27. Expected time of arrival –ETA.
28. Lines of position are used to fix shipsposition.
29. A fix is defined as point of intersection of 2 or moresimultaneously
obtainedLOPs.
30. Compass north takes account of both variation & deviation
experienced by compass while pointing direction ofnorth.
31. The angle between magnetic meridian and direction of ships headis
called magneticcourse.
32. Heading (ships head) is constantly changing value as ship oscillates
or yaws across due to effects of sea & steeringerror.
33. Unit of speed is knot is equal to 1 nauticalmile/hr.
34. Sight vane of azimuth circle allow observer to take bearing ofobject.
35. Reflector vane allows taking azimuth of celestialbodies.
36. An azimuth circle without housing and spare mirror is called bearing
circle.
37. Pelorus is otherwise called dumbcompass.
38. Types of magnetic compass- dry card & wet cardcompass.
39. Wet card compass has a dead beat movement & is made ofmica.
40. Dry card is made of ricepaper.
41. Variation is the angle between true & magneticmeridian.
42. Deflection of compass needle from magnetic north isdeviation.
43. Variation & deviation is combined as compasserror.
44. Emergency position indicating radio beacon-EPIRB.
45. Search and rescue radar transponder –SART.
46. Immersion suit made of insulating material do not allow the body
temperature to fall more than 2degCelsius.
47. Breeches buoy is used to transfer person from a disable ship to either
rescue ship or toshore.
48. First international code of signals was introduced in 1855 by British
board of trade contain 70000signals.
49. Visual signalling – communication of which is capable of beingseen.
50. Sound signalling – passing morse signals by means of siren, whistle,
foghorn, bell or any otherapparatus.
51. Flag signals – 26 alphabetical flags, 10 numerical pennants,3
substitutes &one answeringpennants.

590. 587

52. Semaphore which uses the position of flags relative to a person to
denote theletter.
53. C- Charlie-yes.
54. W-whiskey- requires medicalassistance.
55. O-Oscar-manoverboard.
56. N-November- no, negative.
57. Signalling by hand flags or arms-semaphore.
58. Distress signals are commonly made by radiosignals.
59. International code of signal of distress indicated by NC (November
Charlie).
60. Net sonde- Net sounder/trawl eye/trawl monitoringsystem.
61. First lighthouse in USA was built at Boston in1716.
62. Spar buoy- large logs &trimmed.
63. Nun buoy – conical & built withsteel.
64. Combination buoy – light& sound signal arecombined.
65. During 1980, International Association of Lighthouse Authorities
(IALA) with assistance of International Hydro graphic Organisation (IHO)
& Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organisation (IMCO)
combine A&B system & introduced IALA maritime buoyagesystem.
66. When a light is flashing at rate not more than 30/min calledflashing
light & not less than 60/min is quick flashinglight.
67. Characteristic of light with group of 6 quick flashes repeatedat
interval of ten second – interrupted quickflashing.
68. Nominal range-maximum distance at which a light may be seen in
clearweather.
69. Luminous range-seen under existing visibilityconditions.
70. Geographic range- same as above, limited only by curvature ofearth.
71. VHF (156-162 MHz) is used for local, short range marine
communication.
72. VHF equipment is otherwise called line of sightradio.
73. Mayday is used only for distresscalls.
74. Pan pan to be used for the call related tourgency.
75. Security to be used only for the call related tosafety.
76. In 1954, an advanced highly accurate echo sounder calledthe
precision depth recorder (PDR) wasdeveloped.
77. An acoustic method for detection of fish was attempted by Kimura in
1929.

591. 588

78. When the echo sounder used in fishing vessel then it is called as fish
finder.
79. The human ear can detect sounds of frequencies from about 20Hz to
20 kHz.
80. Sound velocity in air-322m/s at 0 deg & in water it is 1500m/s at15
deg.
81. Velocity increase at higher temperature & increasingsalinity.
82. Duration of short burst (pulses) is called pulselength.
83. Pulse power of most echo sounder lies between 100-1000watts.
84. Transmitter produces energy in form of pulse of electricaloscillation.
85. Transducer converts electrical energy in to soundenergy.
86. Receiver amplifies weak electrical oscillation produced in transducer
by theecho.
87. Type of depth adjusted automatic amplification is called time varied
gain.
88. Radio waves travel at speed of light3*10
8
m/s.
89. First practical radar was invented by British Physicist Robert Watson
Wolt in1935.
90. Radar waves are within band of radio waves known as microwaves.
91. Frequency range of radar-100MHz with wave length of 3 metre to
60000 MHz with 5mm wavelength.
92. RADAR-radio detection and ranging- visibility 100knots.
93. Common sonar frequency range from 20-40kHz.
94. In echo sounder, ultrasonic sound wave transmitted vertically
downward but in SONAR it is around360deg.
95. Oscilloscope or cathode ray tube (CRT) presentation of echosignals
are known as fishLupe.
96. Visual record of reflected echoes of sound transmitted by anecho
sounder isechogram.
97. SONAR-sound navigation and ranging originally called as allied
submarine detection investigationcommittee.
98. Modulator is heart of RADARsystem.
99. Flashing light-light flashing at regular intervals at frequency of 120
flashes/min.
100. All round light -light showing an unbroken light over an arc of horizon
of 360deg.
101. Towing light-yellow light as sternlight.

592. 589

102. Stern light- white light, unbroken over an arc of horizon of 135deg
&67.5deg eachside.
103. Side light- green light, unbroken over an arc of horizon of 112.5
deg&52.5deg abaft thebeam.
104. Mast head light-white light placed at centre over an arc of horizon
of225deg &22.5deg abaft the beam on eitherside.
105. First GPS satellite was launchedin1978.
106. Original space segment have 24 satellites (21 operational &3 active
spares) which was controlled by Schriever Air Force in Colorado,USA.

593. 590
FISH PROCESSING:

1. Sashimi is a popular Japanese dish of bite – sized pieces from prime
quality raw fish meat, particularlytuna.
2. The most common fish used for sashimi is red meat fish especially
tuna andbonito.
3. At present, Alaskan Pollack accounts for about 90% of surimisupply.
4. Surimi is conventionally made from the white – fleshed and low fat
content AlaskanPollack.
5. The quality of surimi is determined by gel forming ability, colour,
odour andflavour.
6. Sucrose (5-10 %), sorbitol (0-5 %) and polyphosphate is commonly
used cryoprotectant in surimimanufacturing.
7. Up to 3% of food – grade polyphosphate is usually added to the
leached meat prior to freezing to prevent drip loss and improve water
holding capacity of frozensurimi.
8. Washing is not only removes undesirable matter such as blood,
soluble protein and odorous substances, but also moreimportantly
increases the concentration of actomyosin which governs the gel
forming characteristic ofsurimi.
9. The concentration of actomyosin is a measure of the gel strength of
surimi.
10. The leaching process involves washing with iced water
containing 0.2 -0.3 % salt to facilitate removal of water from the
mincedfish.
11. Gel – strength measurement of surimi by using Fudoh
rheometer, Whiteness determination – Whiteness meter and
expressed as %Lovibond.
12. High density polyethylene is most commonly used forfish
boxes as it strong and light and easy toclean.
13. Insulated boxes include fibre board boxes withpolystyrene
liners and boxes made ofpolystyrene.
14. Non – insulated fix boxes are normally fibre board cartons,
waxes or otherwise water –proofed.
15. Water – proofed corrugated carton with two polyethylene liners
and insulating material between the liners are used for airtransport.
16. Moulded polystyrene fish boxes are commonly used for delivery
of chilled fish and frozen fish to wholesale and retailoutlet.

594. 591
17. MAP refer to replace the air by other gases usuallyCo2.
18. MAP does not preserve the fish but lengthen the shelflife.
19. Dry ice is solid Co2(-78.9c).
20. The international identification number for dry ice isUN1845.
21. Methods of stowage were bulking, shelving orboxing.
22. Bulking is mainly used in fishingvessels.
23. Boxing is preferred method to transportfish.
24. The depuration process is usually completed after 36 -48hrs.
25. P.japonicus – Kurumashrimp.
26. P.vannamei – Whitelegshrimp.
27. The maximum shelf life of live mussel held under ice at 2-4c is
approximately 12days.
28. In M.rosenbergii, the head is about 60% of the totalweight.
29. In P.monodon, the head is about 40% of the totalweight.
30. Chitosan is used in waste- water treatment, the food industry
and medicalcare.
31. Shrimp waste contains a variety of feeding stimulantsor
chemo attractants, mainly amino acid and nucleotides, which
enhance the value of thefeeds.
32. Shrimp waste is a natural source ofcholine.
33. Choline plays a vital role in maintenance of cell structure,
transmission of nerve impulses, synthesis of methionine and
transport of lipid within thebody.
34. Astaxanthin is present in the shrimp waste gives pink coloration
to the flesh of cultured trout andsalmon.
35. Chitin is apolysaccharide.
36. In general, crustacean waste contains approximately 10-60%
chitin on a dry weightbasis.
37. The materials commonly used in retail packaging of seafood –
paper and board, rigid metal /glass containers andplastics.
38. Kraft paper is one of the commonest and strongest typesof
paper used inpacking.
39. There are two types of boards used in retail packaging offrozen
foods –solid film board and folding carbonboards.
40. Tin plate and aluminum used forcanning.
41. Glass is used to preserve products like salted fish, pickled fish
and caviar and fishpaste.

595. 592
42. A sealant between the glass surface and the cap –plastisol
lining compound or a rubberring.
43. Rigid plastic used for packing seafood is expandedpolystyrene
(EPS) widely used in traymaking.
44. Polyethylene is commonly calledpolythene.
45. LDPE is not suitable for boil in bagpouches.
46. HDPE can be subjected to temperature of 120c and can be
used for packages to be sterilized bysteam.
47. Polyamide (PA) is commonly known as nylon used in boil in
bag pouches.
48. Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) has good compact strength and
used to laminate materials used in frozen foodpacks.
49. Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) is commercially knownas
saranfilms.
50. A plastic film is a web material with thickness notexceeding
0.25 mm or 0.01inch.
51. Single ply polythene film could also be used on vertical, form,
fill and seal (VFFS) or transwrap machine for automatic packaging of
seafood.
52. The transwrap machines are capable of producing around 30-
50packs/minute.
53. Vaccum skin packaging has been successfully employedin
USA to market oyster flesh frozen at -160c for 45 sec using liquid
nitrogen.
54. A mixture of nitrogen (30%), Co2 (40%) and O2 (30%) is
commonly used in MAPpacks.
55. Barcodes widely used are Universal Product Code (UPC) in
USA and European article number (EAN) inEurope.
56. Barcode consist 13 digitnumbers.
57. The first two-country of origin, next five – manufacturer, last
five- identity ofproduct.
58. Most important sp of shark fin is Sphyrna sp (hammerhead
shark), Isurus sp (Mako shark) and Prionace sp (Blueshark).
59. Upper lobe of tail of all shark, all fins of nurse shark and
pectoral fins of saw shark are low commercialvalued.
60. Fins mostly consist of cartilaginous tissue andsoft
collagen/elastic fibre commonly called finneedles.

596. 593
61. Most valuable fins are first dorsal fin, pair of pectoral fin and
lower part of tail.
62. Fins from shark over 4-5 ft in length are used forprocessing.
63. The half-moon cut preferred byprocessors.
64. As per the codex standards, the moisture content of final
product should not exceeding18%.
65. The treatment of the fins with 3% H2O2 for around 30 min to
bleach the blood at thebase.
66. Sea cucumber or beach demer.
67. The moisture content of sea cucumber is about 80% and jelly
fish with96-97%.
68. Teat fish and sand fish are the highest market prices among the
seacucumber.
69. Sand fish are eviscerated and gutted prior tocooking.
70. Teat fish and several other sp are cookedwhole.
71. Generally the final product weight is around 4-10% of original
weight.
72. The major edible component of jelly fish is collagenous
connective tissueprotein.
73. Generally animals with an umberllas width of over 30cm are
preferred byprocessors.
74. The average yield of umbrellas from whole jelly fish is around
60-65%.

597. 594
Fisheries Environment:
1. Yellow colour of coastal water indicates Highturbidity.
2. Absorption of all lights takes place in highly pollutedwater.
3. Colour of Coastal water Greenish (or)Brownish.
4. Characteristic of Pure ocean water Transparent & Bluegreen
5. Characteristic Open water deep luminousblue.
6. Difference in ocean surface temperatures between February & August is
greatest in the mid-latitudes and in the land is at highlatitudes.
7. Centre of the ocean basins has highestsalinity.
8. Lowestsalinityin High latitudes is due to morePrecipitation.
9. Ocean is the primary reservoir for water on the earth‘ssurface.
10. Rate of evaporation per year is 97cm & rate of return per yearis
88cm asprecipitation.
11. Ocean dominates heat transport in Lowlatitudes
12. Atmosphere dominates heat transport in mid &highlatitudes
13. Surface zone or mixed layer of ocean are 100-500m thick and contain
2% of the oceanvolume.
14. Pycnocline zone has a thickness of 1 km & top and bottom
temperature is 10
o
C & 4
o
Crespectively.
15. 80% ocean volume is occupied by deepzone.
16. Deep zone has a temperature of3.5
0
C.
17. Characteristic of thermocline – continuous change intemperature.
18. A zone of continuous change in salinity in coastal ocean wateris
known as Haloclinezone.
19. The speed of the sound in the ocean is about 1480m persec.
20. Vertical distribution of salinity & temperature is same in all three
oceanbasins.
21. The curve of the temperature & salinity is called as T-Scurve.
22. T-S curve is used to identify watermasses.
23. Elastic layer of ice is called as Nilas.
24. Hexagonal spicules of ice are 1-2cmlong.
25. Needle and plate shape of ice is known as Frazilice.
26. Grease ice is referred for Soupy layer ofice.
27. Multilayered ice has a salinity of 0ppt at top &4ppt at thebottom.
28. Ice broken by waves is called as pancakeice.
29. Ice broken by winds is called asfloes.
30. Sea ice influences the deep oceancirculation.

598. 595
31. The process of ice berg formation is calledcalving.
32. Mass of freshwater ice in the ocean called icebergs.
33. Coastal areas temperature range is smaller than inlandareas.
34. Surface ocean water (2.3
0
C) is very cooler than land(6.5
0
C).
35. Temperature range is larger in the continentalclimate.
36. Large scale water movements are referred ascurrents.
37. Gyre is a term referred for Equatorial circular currentsystem.
38. Western boundary current is stronger than eastern boundary
currents.
39. Current speed decrease with increasing depth.
40. The change in current direction and speed with increasing depth form
spiral is called Ekmanspiral.
41. Surface current is caused by the wind and the speed of current is 2%
of thewind.
42. Ekman transport prevailing wind more surface watertowards
subtropical region.
43. Surface layer thickens during convergence calledHill.
44. Divergence is thinning the surface layer is known asvalley.
45. Balance between gravitational force and corialis effect is knownas
geostrophiccurrent.
46. Net movement of surface layer is 90
0
to the right of the windin
northern hemisphere &left of the wind in southernhemisphere.
47. The phenomenon of the surface water move from the coast known as
upwelling.
48. Upwelling is common in equator creates divergencezone.
49. Down welling happens when surface water move towards the coast
of convergencezone.
50. Sub surface water from 100 m to 200m comes to surface whichis
nutrientrich.
51. Up welling provide about half of the world fishcatch.
52. Development of current of 8 to 25 m/s or 7to 22 kms/day is referred
as menderscurrents.
53. Ring current has a speed of 90 cm/sec or78kms/day.
54. Cold rings are cyclonic rings has a characteristics of greenish
smelling of seaweed and has a temperature of15
o
C.
55. Current associated with Eddies are weaker than those inrings.
56. Current in Eddies are 100 times more energetic than the average
deep oceancurrent.

599. 596
57. Langmuir cells are surface currents caused by winds formed at
relatively low speed( a fewkm/hr)
58. Convergence creates floating debris andfoam.
59. Divergence causes movement of waterupward.
60. Density driven currents are thermoclinecirculation.
61. Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen has a half life of 12-13
years.
62. Salt released during sea ice formation increases water density ofice.
63. Waves more away from disturbance is progressivewaves.
64. Highest point of current is crest and lowest point istrough.
65. Waves commonly breaks at when the angle of crest is less than 120
o

or ratio of wave height to wave length is1/7.
66. Wave period in second is wave frequency(1/T).
67. Wave speed in m/sec is equal toL/T.
68. Fine wave smooth and regularoscillation.
69. Seismic sea wave is known asTsunami.
70. Waves with disturbing force are known as forcedwaves.
71. Free waves are the term referred for waves withoutdisturbance.
72. Capillary gentle breeze waves or ripples have surface tension as
dominantforce.
73. Gravity is dominant restoring force in gravitywaves.
74. Waves have continuous transformation of potential energy to kinetic
energy and viceversa.
75. The total wave energy is proportional to the square of waveheight.
76. Fetch is the distance over which the windblown constantdirection.
77. Energy supplied by the wind is equal to the energy lost bybreaking
waves called whitecaps.
78. Smoother long crested long period waves are calledswell.
79. Longer waves travel faster than shorterwaves.
80. Most frequent waves have a relative height of0.50.
81. Average waves-0.61RH.
82. Wave refraction – waves spread in differentdirection.
83. Orthogonals bent towards shallowwaters.
84. RBS –Relative BeachSlope.
85. RWD-Relative WaterDepth.
86. Spilling happens when RBS concave on bothsides.
87. Collapsing forms bubbles andfoam.
88. Surging gives nobubbles.

600. 597
89. Standing or stationary waves are called seiches orsaysh.
90. Gradual changing water level is known asforerunner.
91. Sharp size in water level is calledsurge
92. More or less free surface water-wake
93. Long shore current caused by the waves and tidestransport
sediments parallel to thecoast.
94. Strongest currents are predicted to occurs when the wavesapproach
the shore from 45
o
angle.
95. Up rush of a relatively thin sheet of water-slash.
96. Sand moving along the beach as a result of wave effect iscalled
littoral drift.
97. Rip current- breaking waves water tent to flowparallel.
98. Tides are the periodic rise and fall of seasurface.
99. Tidal currents- two high tide and two low tides per a tidal day (24hr15
min).
100. Time period- Time between two successive high and lowtide.
101. Only one high and low tide- daily or diurnal tides- gulf ofMexico
102. Two high tides and two low tides are equal is called semi daily or
semi diurnaltides.
103. The higher of the two high tides- higher high waves(HHW).
104. Lower of the two high tide- Lower high waves(LHW).
105. Tidal range is difference between highest and lowest tidelevels.
106. Daily inequality- difference between the highest of successive high or
lowtides.
107. Spring tide- greatest tidal range during full and new moon (second
and fourth quarter.
108. Neap tide has got less tidal range (first and thirdquarter).
109. Spring tide range is larger than the Neap tidalrange.
110. Sir Isaac Newton- foundation for understanding thetides.
111. Moon has 1/82 mass of the earth and its gravity is 9 million times
lesser than theearth.
112. Tides are long periodwaves.
113. The point where the water level does not change called amphidromic
point and system called amphidromsystem.
114. Reversing tidal current-harbour
115. Water goes in during Floodcurrent
116. Water flows out during Ebbcurrent
117. Tidal currents are horizontal watermovement.

601. 598
118. Rotary tidal current is present in open ocean- ellipticalorbits.
119. Open ocean tidal current is 30 cm/sec (slightly more than 1km/hr)
than in coastalwaters.
120. Tides in coastal ocean affect estuaries and theirtributaries.
121. Coastal current is generally parallel to the shore and it is stronger
when fresh water runoff is large and wind isstrong.
122. Transfer of fresh water across the coastal ocean is slow in residence
time of fresh water islong.
123. Near rivers upwelling occurs when winds more the low salinity
surface layer seaward.
124. Larger salinity and temperature changes occur in shallow, partially
isolated coastalwaves.
125. Sea level is resting between 1.5 and 2.0mm per year (6 to 8 inches
percentury).
126. Daily temperature changes are confined to upper 10 meter orless.
127. Shore line sinking- Atlantic typemargin.
128. Shore line raising- Pacific typemargin.
129. Valleys were flooded- Fjords (no Fjords inIndia).
130. Coastal plain estuaries- broad gradually deepen seaward.
131. A lagoon is a wide shallow estuarinesystem.
132. Estuarine circulation- Long term average flow sea ward in the surface
layers and net land ward flow along thebottom.
133. Ideal estuary- No friction, no tides, nowinds.
134. Salt wedge estuary- land ward flow (salty sub surface layer; sea ward
flow (less saline surfacelayer)
135. Fresh water is less dense than seawater.
136. Simplified salt wedge stratification- river flow is large tidal range is
low.
137. Moderately stratified estuary- river flow is moderate, tidal effect
moderate.
138. Turbulence- randommovements.
139. Tides dominate current in mostestuary.
140. Well mixed estuary- river flow more, tidal effectmore.
141. The black sea has highH2S.
142. Partially isolated sea has anti-estuarinecirculation.
143. Red sea is a narrow basin connecting to the Indian Ocean through a
narrow opening as its southernend.

602. 599
144. Bottom of red sea- hydro-thermal circulation (temperature- 60
o
C and
salinity 25ppt).
145. Coastal line is mainly formed by terrestrialprocess.
146. Spectacular coast line features-Volcanoes.
147. Marine process or marine organisms shapes the coastallines.
148. Beach is a sediment deposit in ocean, it has un sorted gravels, sand
grains (0.062-2mm india)
149. Tropical & subtropical beaches- no silicate rocks but made of broken
carbonate shell (white and pink incolour).
150. Minamata disease- mercurypoisoning.
151. Sand deposit parallel to the coast if it is submerged- long shore bars;
if it is exposed at low tide- low tideterrace.
152. Head land (point of land that just out from the coast or baymouth
bars.) or barriersspits
153. Seaward dipping position of beach- foreshore.
154. Beam crest or berm- highest part ofbeach.
155. Beam slopes downwards cliffs ordunes.
156. Delta -huge sediment deposit at the mouth of streams entering the
ocean or largelake.
157. River builds channels acrosstributaries.
158. Salt marshes (wet lands) - low lying areas that are submerged at high
tides but produced from direct waveattack.
159. Marshes are neatly flat topped banks of sand or mixture of sand and
silt.
160. Refined oil is more toxic than crudeoil.
161. Temperature and salinity variation in coastal ocean waves are greater
than OpenOcean.
162. Temperature mid-latitudes– grassesdominates.
163. Tropics- mangrovesdominates.
164. Plant use energy from sun-photosynthesis.
165. Bacteria use energy from methane (natural gas) or hydrogen
sulphide- chemo synthesis mostly nearvents.
166. Autotrophic organism- plants andbacteria.
167. Heterotrophic organism- animals andbacteria.
168. Decomposers- bacteria fungi and otherorganisms.
169. Tropic or level or simply put who eatswhom.
170. Ecology- study of organism in theirenvironment.

603. 600
171. Detritus food chain (organic matterbacteria, fungimicroscopic
animals).
172. 10% of food intake is available for each tropicallevel.
173. Complicated feed in relationship- foodwebs.
174. Biomass and production- organic carbon per volume of sea water or
area of oceanbottom.
175. Standing crop is the amount proceed-amountconsumed.
176. In clams chemosynthesis bacteria lived ingills.
177. Vent organism has special blood protein to transport sulphide to the
bacteria without poisoningthemselves.
178. Primary production is measured by radioactivecarbon.
179. Eggs and sperm production require large amount ofenergy.
180. Compensation depth is instantaneous rate of photosynthesis equal
the instantaneous rate ofrespiration.
181. Clinical depth (up to photic zone) total photosynthesis- total
respiration (shallow in winter, deeper insprings).
182. Bloom- Rapid increase inphytoplankton
183. Limiting phytoplankton growth is a presence or absence oftrace
constituents like vitamin and hormones produced bybacteria.
184. Phytoplankton growth- Phosphorous and nitrogen.
185. Zooplankton release urea and NH3taken by phytoplankton.
186. Non-living organic matter are abundant in near surfacewater.
187. Dissolved organic matter:- relative abundance (95%), Particulate
organic matter (non-living) 5%, phytoplankton 0.1%, zooplankton-
0.01%, fishes- 0.0001%.
188. Total particles in the ocean- 10000 milliontonnes.
189. Biological particles size 1micrometer to 1millimetre.
190. Faecal pellets sink rabidly(few hundred meter perday)
191. Dissolved oxygen is proportional to 1/nutrients.
192. Deep ocean oxygen consumption in the deep ocean isslow.
193. In estuaries and fjords- anaerobic bacteria obtain oxygen from nitrate
and nitrite.
194. In ocean nitrate and nitrite use sulphur foroxygen.
195. Conservative elements- physicalprocess.
196. Non conservative elements- biologicalprocess.
197. Trace elements like arsenic and selenium substitute for phosphate
and germanium forsilicon.

604. 601
198. Manganese and cobalt rich rust or nodules removes traceelements
from near bottomwaters.
199. Japan red algae (sea weed) –Nori.
200. Giant clam- Tridacnus has photosynthetic killerclam.
201. Algae in its highly coloured mantletissue.
202. Tridacna functions as both male andfemale.
203. Open ocean food chain- transfer efficiency-10%.
204. High production area (up welling) - transfer efficiency greater than
20%.
205. Coastal ocean waters- transfer efficiency15%.
206. Drifters (pelagic or Planktonic), swimming (nektonic) or attached
(benthic).
207. Density of sea water-1.025gms/cm
3
.
208. Density of air-0.0012gms/cm
3
.
209. Problem of planktonic life-sinking.
210. Objects sink more slowly in cold water than in warmwater.
211. Organism return to darkness of the aphotic zone- more difficult to
see- deep scatteringlayer.
212. Surface organisms-bluish.
213. Deeper organism- deepred.
214. Deepest ocean- grey orblack.
215. Ultra plankton- less than 0.005mm – coastal and open ocean
equatorial waters.
216. Macro plankton- 0.07-1mm- coastalwater.
217. Net plankton (diatoms-80µm, dinoflagellates-400µm)—low nutrient
concentration, coccolithophorous- 10 µm, sillicoflagellates-30µm.
218. Nano plankton (<50µm)-80%standingcrop.
219. Organism less than 10µm. eg. Autotrophic cyano bacteria(blue green
algae)
220. Upwelledarea-diatoms.
221. Red tides- dinoflagellates.
222. Microorganism process mater and energy faster than larger
organisms.
223. Holo-plankton- lives as plankton throughout its lifespan.
224. Mero-plankton- exists as plankton only in its larvalstages.
225. Single celled protozoans‘ feraminifera everywhere in the bottom
(CaCO3).
226. 70% zoo plankton- crustacean (insects of sea)chitinous.

605. 602
227. Copepods (0.3-8mm)smaller.
228. Krill- up to5cm.
229. Baleen whale eats 850 litres of euphasids perday.
230. White sea bass-croaker.
231. Pteriopoda- wing footed. - Small pelagicsnails.
232. Herbivorous- carbonate shell. Carnivore- noshell.
233. Portugese man of war-physalia.
234. Physalia produce medusa (reproductivepolyps).
235. Siphnores- deep water.
236. Ctenophores- sea walnut or combjellies.
237. Sea waps- poisonous planktonic medusa.
238. Tunicates- has large back bone, mucus covered structure- surface
and deepwaters.
239. Herbivore- near surfacewater.
240. Carnivore- mid depth (verticalmigration)
241. Omnivore- throughout the ocean- deepwater.
242. Amphipods- scavengers in the deepocean.
243. Planktonic organism- suspensionfeeder.
244. Sardines and herrings swims through the water with openmouth.
245. Opportunistic strategy of reproduction planktonic organisms and
fishes andinvertebrates.
246. Slime reducesdrug.
247. Fast swimming fishes- fusiformbody.
248. Tuna- Lunate shapedfails.
249. Shark and rays lack swimbladder.
250. Swim bladder has oxygen, carbondioxide,nitrogen.
251. Herrings release gases through the external openings inswim
bladder.
252. Clearest open ocean water- blue greenlight.
253. Near shore water- yellowishgreen.
254. Turbid estuarine water-red.
255. Upper side of the fishes is darker than thelower.
256. Herring- coastal ocean water- world fisheries (largest) (sardines of
California and Anchovies ofPeru).
257. Spawns throughout the year 50000-70000eggs.
258. Larvae feeds on planktonic organism spend in estuary for 8 months
(1 inch).
259. Protein from herring- used for Surimiproduction.

606. 603
260. Anti-freeze compound found in Antarcticfishes.
261. California grey whale- migration 20000 longest annualmigration.
262. Salmon lives in open water for 5-6years.
263. Eel larvae planktonic up to 3years.
264. Peruvian fishery- world largest fishery- 12 mmt peryear.
265. Shark- scavenger, serrated teeth, lack scale, small tooth likeplates
(denticles).
266. Squid- fast swimmer, effective predators, mid depth during day hours
and surface during nighthours.
267. Amphipod eats diatoms which store fat in theirtissues.
268. Sea turtles have bacteria in their intestine to digest cellulose in the
grasses.
269. Sea snakes breeds atsea.
270. Deep water squid has photophors (bioluminescent organ) on their
tentacles.
271. Upwelled water comes from the nutrient poor surface waves because
the thermocline is muchdeeper.
272. Squids propel out of the water like flyingfish.
273. Tentacles- sense of touch and smell to locatefood.
274. Marine mammals- warm blooded arebreathers.
275. The tongue of the whale acts as a piston to push the water through
plates of horny material calledbaleen.
276. Largest penguin- Emperorpenguin.
277. Largest shark- slow swimming planktonfeeder.
278. Largest animal is whale-feeds onplankton.
279. Benthos lives in two dimensionalworld.
280. Planktons and nektons are living in three dimensionalworld.
281. Organism invades inhibited surface-succession.
282. Colonization to boat owner-fouling.
283. Green algae live in.
284. Red alga occursworldwide.
285. Brown alga flows in coldwater.
286. Tiny shrimp like crustacean-amphipod.
287. Tidal pool organism- tolerates change in temperature, salinity, DO in
waters.
288. Lobsters and cray fish scavenge on sub tidal hard bottoms,shelter
under rock or sea weeds during daylight.
289. Marine lobsters move offshore tobreed.

607. 604
290. Octopus feed atnight.
291. Large brown benthic algae grow well in less than 20
o
C and corals
grow well>18
o
C.
292. Hold fast that groove rock or the hard bottom.
293. Nutrients are taken by the leaves- fronds (gas filled bladders) in
photiczone.
294. Primary production in kelp forest 500- 1500gms of carbon perm
2

/year which is 2-5 times greater than the average production by
phytoplankton in coastal ocean waters.
295. Kelp was eaten by seaurchin.
296. In fauna animals living in buried sediments (selective deposit feeder)
excrete faecalpellets.
297. Epi-fauna- surface dwellinganimals.
298. Sea cucumber and many worms- un selectivefeeders.
299. Mud- not suitable for suspension feedingorganism.
300. Oxygen bearing waters mixed into sediment by borrowing organism-
bio turbation.
301. Salt marshes- inter tidal; sea grasses permanently submerged-
shallowwaters.
302. Sea grass primary production- 1500 gm/ C/sqm/year.
303. Eel grass- seed bearing marineplant.
304. Cyanobacteria- blue greenalgae.
305. Oyster disease- MSX or multi nucleated speareggs.
306. Salt marshes and sea grass- high productive and it is a nursery
ground for manyorganism.
307. Oyster reef- rigid wave resident found in tidal flat near enclosed
based and rivermouth.
308. Oyster lives in low salinity-18ppt.
309. Coral tissue has zoo xanthellae (dinoflagellates- photo synthesis
increase the succession ofCaCO3.
310. Red and green algae are cementdeposits.
311. Coral polyps extend their feeding apparatus to capture detritus and
plankton fromwater.
312. Vent worms depends on the sulphide ionising bacteria has led like gill
organs.
313. Vent communities depend on chemosyntheticbacteria.
314. Clam grows in vent has redflash.
315. Deep ocean benthos produces young adults or egg with largeyolks.

608. 605
316. Sponges- suspensionfeeders.
317. Deep ocean organisms- opportunisticfeeder.
318. Sea Lilies- calcareousplates.
319. Lithogenous particles- weathering- siliconrocks.
320. Hydrogenous particle- manganese or iron manganesenodules.
321. Deep ocean deposits- poorly shorted mixture- deep seamuds.
322. Silicious- sediments accumulate in high productivewater.
323. Carbonate saturation (depth at which carbonate particlesdissolves)
occurs at about 4000meters.
324. Poor fragment released by glacial marinedeposits.
325. Lithogenous sediments 13 billion tonnes per year toocean
326. Lysogenous sediment 30000 metric tonnes peryear.
327. Cosmic spericules was first recognised by johnMurray.
328. Faecal pellets sink rapidly to thebottom.
329. Atmospheric transport 100 mmt peryear.
330. Phosphate nodules occur in continentalshelf.
331. Relict (short duration) sediments-70% of the world continentalshelf.
332. Coastal water- dark colour- grey greenish orbrownish.
333. Oceanic sediment- major source of oil andgas.
334. Diatomaceous muds- high latitudes and radio lasing muds in
equatorial muds.
335. Relative ages are determined byfossils.
336. Absolute ages are determined by radioactivesubstances.
337. Potassium-40 has half-life of 1.3 billionyears.
338. Uranium and thorium has half-life of few millionyears.
339. Mariana trench -11km depth; 2550km length- pacificocean.
340. Java trench- India 7.5km depth; 4500kmlength.
341. Diatoms – silica + pectin- yellow green orbrownish.
342. Dino flagellates –cellulose-brownish.
343. Coccolithophorous-calcerous-whitish.
344. Silicoflagellates-silica.
345. Cyanobacteria-chitin.
346. Profills-used to show the topography of either ocean bottom orof
land.
347. Contour lines connect joints that area at equal elevations or equal
depths.
348. Flachures- contours around thedepressions.
349. High temperature-hill; lowtemperature-valley.

609. 606
350. Parallels of latitudes-smallcircle.
351. Meridians of latitudes-greatcircle.
352. Much of the Pacific Ocean, the 180
0
meridian is also the locationof
the international dataline.
353. Map is the flat representation of the earthsurface.
354. Mercator cylindrical-navigation.
355. Constant compass direction –shumb line-straight lines in Mercator
projection.
356. Bathymetry-mapping of the oceanbottom.
357. Goode homolosine projection-datapresentation.
358. Elements in sea water-chlorine (Cl
-
)-0.540mol/kg; sodium (Na
+
)-
0.468mol/kg.
359. Biogenous sediments or an ooze-30% of bigamous particles (shell &
teeth).
360. System of stars (cosmos) big bang hypothesis began about 15-20
billion years ago.
361. Gigantic explosion shrapnel form shell filled with musketball.
362. Charge pieces spreading away from thecentre.
363. Sun is one of the billion stars in MilkyWay.
364. Condensation hypothesis solar system is formed by the condensation
of cloud/ cosmic dust/ gas at the same time andway.
365. Hypothesis incremental addition of water throughout the geological
time.
366. Source of water is the earth, the volcanic activity, hot spring,heating
of igneousrock.
367. Enormous liquid water- (rain , river ,& seas)-97.2%
368. Total quantity of water is about 1.4 billionkm
3.

369. planets having water-Venus (veluscian- venusatm),Mars (ice),Jupiter
(4/12 satellite water in frozenform)
370. Chemical reactions of 3 types-Ionic compound, Polar covalent
molecule (eg., water),Non- polar covalentmolecule.
371. Water shows peculiar and universal property due to the molecular
structure. (It behaves solid as well asliquid).
372. 50% of time, electron spend to share with H2and 50%to o2.Angle is
180⁰. Symmetrical sharing innature.
373. Positive region of H2O molecule attract the negative region of H2O
molecule to form an intermolecular attractiveforce.

610. 607
374. Anomalous behaviour of water: Maximum hydrogen bond is at 4⁰c
where density max and volume minimum. The temperature between 0⁰c-
4⁰c forms a pseudo crystalline stage. When it reaches 0⁰c forms ice
open crystallinestage.
375. Ice has low density than liquid water at anytemperature.
376. Polarity is responsible for universalsolvent.
377. The separation of individual ions is known as ionisation/dissociation.
378. Ionisation depends upon-Availability of water molecule, Amount of
salt to be dissolve,Temperature.
379. If the water contain as may dissolved material/salt the density isnot
max at4⁰c.
380. Depression of freezing point occurs due to form more elimination of
dissolvedparticles.
381. Solubility of gases-When water is heated the solute (gas) gain energy
to overcome the attractive force and escape from the surface reverse
occur when water is cooled.
382. Dissolved gases are more in cool water than the volume of warm
water.
383. Oxygen is less soluble water than carbon di oxide (non-polargas).
384. Specific heat of water-The quantity of heat requires to rise the
temperature of the body of unit mass from t⁰c to t1⁰c at anytemperature.
385. The amount of heat required to convert the unit mass of solid at the
melting point into liquid at the same temperature is called latent heat of
fusing/melting.
386. The amount of heat removed from the liquid to form ice is knownas
latent heat condensation.
387. Latent heat of water is 80 cal/g; fe:65 cal/g,Lead 6 cal/g; cu 51cal/g
388. Latent heat of evaporation is defined as the amount of heat (539 cal)
required to convert the 1g of liquid water intovapour.

389. Colligative properties -It depends on the amount of element in the
solution and not because of type of element, eg. elevation of BF,
depression of FP, high OP, lowering of VP, high specific gravity, high
density , good conductors of electricity.
390. Seawater comes from weathering of rockcrust.
391. Sea water is abundant in Na, Ca, Mg,k.
392. Cl2, Br, S, C and H2O are present in excess, they are called excess
volatiles.

611. 608
393. Volatiles may come from gassing of mantle and platetectonics.
394. Rocks formed by the meltenmagma.
395. Out of 100 solvent 84 elements dissolved inseawater.
396. The main four categories in the 84 elements are organic matter, in
organic matter, gasses, un dissolvedfactors.
397. Na and the K are the stableelements.
398. Silicon, manganese are the unstablecompound.
399. Na, K, Si, Mg are the main components of theocean
400. In organic solvents are grouped into two. They are major constituents
(99.7) and minor constituents(0.3).
401. Major constituents measured in terms of g of dissolved salt/Kg of sea
water.
402. Chlorinity of the sea water is less than0.005%.
403. Silica present in the ratio of3mg/l.
404. Forhchammer told that the salinity may vary from place to place but
the major constituents to the chlorinity is same or may be up to0.005%.
405. Piltmer is a British hydrochemist.
406. The minor constituents are affected by the abore process. Sothey
are known as conservativeelements.
407. Most abundance constituents among major cat ions aresodium.
408. Residence time (RT) of sodium is 260 millionyears.
409. Marine sediments of Potassium is 4times riversupply.
410. Supply of k
+
by river is compensated by removal by meansof
sedimentation.
411. The ratio of Mg
2+
is notconstant.
412. Ca
2+
involves in caco3system inocean.
413. Ca
2+
undergoes preprecipitation anddissolution.
414. Cl
-
concentration cannot be obtained by simple determination of
chlorinity.
415. Chlorinity does not involve in biogeochemicalreaction.
416. Sulphate is rich in coastal waterregion.
417. Alkaline condition – H
++
SO4
2-
ofsulphate.
418. Acidic condition of sulphate –H2S=S+H2.
419. The ratio of bromide =0.00347
420. Boran can be removed by absorption ondensity.
421. Silicon is a non-conservativeelement.
422. Lithium, rubidium, caesium shows conservativebehaviour.

612. 609
423. Primitive boats-dugouts, lead boats, brick bark canoe and skin
boats.
424. Polynesian constructed elaborate double hulledvessels.
425. Stick charts (Navigational charts) used byMicronesian.
426. European first use magnetic compass in 13
th
century.
427. Lead line is used to determine the water depth &position.
428. Vasco-da Gama reached India in May1498.
429. Overland trado routes to china &India silkroute.
430. Most deep ocean waters are azoic or devoid of animallife.

431. Bathy (permodial slime)-discovered by ThomasH.Haxley
432. Sir john murry –foundation for sub marinegeology
433. Matthew Fontaine Maury –father of physical oceanography.In
1853 he organized first international meteorologicalconference.
434. IDOE –International Decade of OceanExploration.
435. Current meters are used to measure current speed &direction.
436. Anemometer –wind speed &direction.
437. Drifting buoys-trace movement of watermasses.
438. Mercury thermometer & thermistors –watertemperature.
439. Remote sensing –study oceancurrents.
440. Water sample bottle (plastic) invented by Fridjoj Nansen
(Norwegianoceanography.
441. Echo sounder –to measure oceandepth.
442. First ocean sensing satellite was SEASAT in1978.
443. Territorial seas until 1970-3 Nm (6km) after 1974 -12Nm(22kms).
444. EEZ -370km(200Nm).
445. Ocean -70.8%,land-29.2%.
446. Land hemisphere –centre WesternEurope.
447. Water hemisphere centreNewsland.
448. Hypsometic diagram or Hypsographic curve gives the elevation or
depthzone.
449. Average land elevation 840m. (Highest –mount Everest 884m
(29028feet)
450. Average ocean depth 3800m. (Deepest Mariana Trench -pacific
ocean, Indian ocean–java trench(7500).
451. Continents and continental margins 40.7% ; ocean basin59.5%
452. Steep-sided central valley - riftvalley
453. Mid Indian ridges intersects Africa, Asia in the redsea.

613. 610
454. Abyssal hills abundant in IndianOcean.
455. Abyssal plains are flattest part of the earth‘ssurface.
456. curved chains of volcanic islands – islandareas
457. Indonesia- large number of active volcanoes in theworld.
458. Pacific ocean- deepest and largestbasin.
459. Iceland and Hawaiian islands still active volcanoes (hotspots).
460. Greenland -world largestislands
461. Indian Ocean smallest and youngest oceanbasin.
462. Three of the world largest rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus -
northern Indianocean.
463. Warm saline waters from red sea and Arabian gulf Northern
Indianocean.
464. Mid ocean ridges world largest mountainrange.
465. Earth formed about 4-6 million yearsago.
466. Planets nearest to sun -large rocks and further to sun – gases and
ice.
467. Core contains iron andnickel.
468. Upper part of mantle –asthenosphere.
469. Lithosphere plate‘s floats on asthenosphere in a balancecalled
isostasy.
470. Lithosphere thickness 50-100kms.
471. Upper part of lithosphere-crust
472. Continental crust (30-40kms)- Aluminium andslica
473. Oceanic crust (5-7kms)- Magnesium andiron
474. Hydrosphere- free water -ocean 98%fw & 27%glaciers.
475. Atmosphere contains Nitrogen, Oxygen, Water vapour,co2&Dust.
476. Molten rock -magma.
477. Lithosphere triple junctions -stable andunstable.
478. Mid oceanic ridges - plates more away eachother.
479. Trenches – platesconverge.
480. Transform faults –plates slide past eachother.
481. Subduction – lithosphere sinks into the mantle and isresorbed
482. Magnetic anomalous –irregular hard ofdeviation.
483. Magnetometer-Faster the spreading rates wider the bandof
youngcrust.
484. Vents- growth of bottom dwellingorganisms
485. Blue smokers (300_400
0
c), less dense than sea water -10 m high
has porous silica, sulphur & sulphur bearingminerals.

614. 611
486. Earth quakes commonly near in Pacific Ocean typemargins.
487. Passive margins – Atlantic type margins- mined for oil andgases.
488. Mantle connection- movement of lithosphereplates.
489. Seismographs- seismic waves from earthquakes.
490. Warm rocks - slower wavespeed.
491. Cold rock - high wavespeed.
492. Seawater contains 96.5% water &3.5%salt.
493. Mars surface has runningwater
494. Latent heat of evaporation & fusion is lower thanammonia.
495. Thermal expansion for pure water is4
o
C.
496. Net charge of water iszero.
497. Covalent bond (100 kcal) ; Ionic bond (10 k Cal);Hydrogenbond
498. (4.5 kcal); wandarweals bond(0.6kcal).
499. Oxygen atom has 6 sided puckeredrings
500. Density of ice is 0.92g/cm
3
& water is1g/cm
3
.
501. Crystal structure has 6 rings formed by 24 molecules ofH2O.
502. Latent heat of evaporation or condensation540calories/g.
503. Latent heat of melting -80calories pergram.
504. Sensible heat-touch orthermometers
505. Viscosity is important for minute floatingorganisms.
506. Viscosityα1/pressure salinity α1/temperature.
507. PH of seawater - 8.1(midalkaline)
508. Volcanic lakes - moreacidic.
509. Desert lakes - morealkaline.
510. Biological process remove dissolved constituent fromseawater.
511. Chemical reaction removes magnesium andsulphate.
512. Residence time (in years) =amount present /removalrate.
513. Residence time: Sodium 68 million years; chlorine- 100million
years; potassium-7milliion years;calcium-1 million years; lead-0.0004
million years; aluminium-0.0001 millionyears.
514. Lifeless earth has a salinity of130ppt.
515. Ozone occurs as pollutants insmog.
516. Wind blow dust major pollutants in land andocean.
517. Atmospheric pressure decreases by half for every 6 kilometre
increase inaltitude.
518. Troposphere –Temperature decreased with increasedelevation
519. Stratosphere –Temperature increased with increasedelevation
520. Top of atmosphere- 2cal/sq.cm/yr or 2cal cm
-2
min
-1.

615. 612
521. Methane and chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigeratorsand
aerosolsprays.
522. Sun surface-6000
0
C.
523. The ratio the amount of energy reflected with theamount
incoming is calledalbedo.
524. Salinity is abbreviated as ‗S‘ determined by measuring sea waters
conductivity is expressed as /oo orppt.
525. Antiknock compound in gasoline isbromine.
526. Epsom salt-magnesiumsulphate.
527. Pure water has maximum density of at about3.98
0
C.
528. Conservative property-water mass temperature andsalinity.
529. Non conservative property- Nitrogen & phosphorous used for
biological process(forgrowth)
530. Dissolved salts of river 0.01 ppt.
531. Temperature α 1/salinity α 1/vapour pressures αosmotic
pressure.
532. Structure of water unfavours by sodium and potassium and
favours bymagnesium.
533. Helium, argon, krypton, xenon behave like nitrogen in lock and
sediment.
534. Ice like solid-gas hydrate- has methane, naturalgas.
535. P
H
is a measure of acidity oralkalinity.
536. The cold front circulates around the low pressure zone fasterthan
the warmfront.
537. Extra tropical storms wind speeds greater than 75miles/hr
comparable ishurricanes.
538. Hurricane releases 300 to 400 billion tons of water every day
hurricane precipitates.
539. Seasonal change in winds –monsoon.
540. Sea breeze-cool air from ocean(day).
541. Land breeze-cool air from land(night).
542. Land cools and warms quickly thanocean.
543. Peruvian coast warm surface water replaces cold surface water-
during Christmas- ElNiño.
544. Ocean surface temperature average 17.5
0
C; land-14
0
C.
545. Wind or current move free and deflected to the right in northern
hemisphere and left in southern hemisphere- corrialiseffect.
546. At equator- no corrialiseffect.

616. 613
547. Air more towards the equator – tradewinds.
548. Band of trade winds convergence and persistently rising air –Inter
tropical convergence Zone(ITCZ).
549. Low latitude cell-Hadley cell-GeorgeHadley.
550. Mid latitude cell- Forrelcell-W.forrel.
551. Air flows to wards poles from west-westerlies.
552. Climate- rise or sink air mass average 30yrs.
553. Mid-latitudes – horselatitudes.
554. Equator-dol dreams (precipitation ishighest).
555. East west circulation –walker cell- Georgewalker.
556. Swirling motion-eddies.
557. Atmospheric wind diverges – low pressure system or converges
high pressuresystem.
558. Lines of equal atmospheric pressure -150bars.
559. Geostrophic wind balance between corriolis effect and pressure
difference.

617. 614
Fundamentals of fish drying
1. Dried fish from Thailand –Australia
2. Senegal – centralAfrica
3. Decrease in relative humidity of the air and increase in air speedwill
increase the evaporationrate
4. Case hardening - if the surface layer dried too rapidly and formsa
relatively impermeablebarrier
5. Case hardening can be avoided by controlling the relative humidity of an
air during the falling rateperiod
6. Water activity – partial pressure of water vapour / saturation partial
pressure of purewater
7. Aw of pure water is1
8. Aw can be reduced by adding humectants like sugars, glycerol, saltpetre
etc.
9. Hygrometer is used to measurehumidity
10. Electric hygrometer - LLUFT , vaisalahumicap
11. Aqua lab CX2 aw meter - decagon device Inc. , pallaman
Washington ,USA- mostsuitable
12. Water activity against moisture content – scorpion isotherms is
sigmoidalshape
13. Cabinet solar dries -black researchinstitute
14. Solar plastic tent drier – Bangladesh fishingindustry
15. The solar doom dried – agricultural greenhouse
16. Torry kiln – torry research station inScotland
17. Kench curing – suitable for the lean fish likecod
18. Brining – suitable for fattyfish
19. Relationship between salt , moisture contents and aw = awn *aw0
20. Spoilage bacteria maximum growth rate 26c inhibitedat31c
21. Vibrio parahaemolyticus – 37 –39c
22. Phlobacterium phosphoreum –15c
23. Morganella morgani –37c
24. Hafnia alvei –40c
25. Protein of cold water fishes are less stable than fromwater
26. Pilchards – Sardinopsneoplichardus

618. 615
SMOKED AND MARINATED FISHERY PRODUCT
1. Shelf life of smoked fish and salted fish is 5-6 days at room temperature
but usually stored at4c
2. Hot smoking > 30c e.g. Eels ,trout‘s
3. Cool smoking < 30c e.g.; haddock , codfillet
4. Modern smoking plants – liquid smoking isused
5. Cold smoked products are lightlycoloured
6. Fishes with high fat content are best suited forsmoking
7. Cold smoking – smoking chamber up to 10hr weight loss15%
8. Hot smoking – weight loss30%
9. Shelf life cold smoking – 7 days at25c
10. Hot smoking – 6 months at ambienttemperature
11. Masmin is a traditional hot smoke cured product ofLakshadweep
islands andMaldives
12. Marinade and cured fish product is ideal for cold westernclimates;
which has longer shelflife
13. Fatty fishes like sardine mackerel herring and anchovies are used for
marinated fishproduct
14. Below ph 4.5 – all food poisoning bacterial growth isarrested
15. Acids like acetic acid and vinegar commonlyused
16. Acid to salt ratio is 7% to 14 % isideal
17. Fish to acid ratio is 1 :1 to 1 :5:1
18. Acid to salt ratio is 1 – 2 % and 2 -4%
19. Trade name of herring marinades in Europe - Bismarckherring
20. Colombo curing – ancient marinated product popular in south canara
and Malabar region ofKerala
21. Tamarind – Gaccinia combogia contain tartaric acid and alsohave
powerful protease inhibits arresting fish musclebreakdown

619. 616
Canning of fish
 Canning - preserving food stuffs – thermal stratification in hermetically
sealedcontainer
 12000 franes and fame announcement given by French got in1795
 Father of canning – Nicholas appert ( 1809)
 Sprinkling salt over oil sardine – acceleraterancidity
 Bleeding is necessary for big fish liketuna
 Immersion in brine –blanching
 Blanching / precooking is done to avoid water oil emulsion or dilutionof
sauce
 Sardines and shell fish like mussel , oyster etc. often smoked before
canning
 Zinc chloride – used as flux for soldering the side seam in the canbody
 Head space –6-9mm
 Brine is most common additive in cannedfood
 Tomato sauce is another additives used in oil sardine, mackereletc.
 Steam injection is effective for the product packed in liquid not there
containing occludedair
 Heat exhausting is the best and more reliable method for producing
necessary vacuum in fishcans
 Coding is done by using embossingmachine
 Sealed cans are washed with hot detergent soln such as 1-1.5 %
sodium polyphosphate at80c
 Acid food requires less heat treatment than low / nonacidfoods
 Solid foods and thick liquid foods require moretreatment
 Presence of air in the steam reduce theefficiency
 Over pressure retorts -process –flexible pouches , glass containers ,
largecans
 Steam air retorts – process retortpouches
 Agitating retorts – reduceprocess
 Hydrostatic sterilizer is a convenient continuous sterilizingsystem
 Majority of the non- rigid containers are processed by keeping the
pouches in horizontal position
 Immediate cooling to 35c prevent over cooling and germination non –
pathogenic thermophilepores
 Bacteriogically safe water is used for cooling thecans

620. 617
 Cans are stored at 10c for a period of 1-3 months beforemarketing
 Of heat on the stock of cans or cartons for long period is referredas
stock burning
 Tin plate is more popular material used for making foodcans
 Tin plate have final composition of 98%steel and 27%tin
 Thickness of plate is varies from 0.19 – 0.3mm
 Base plate has low carboncontent
 The content of phosphorus and copper play major role for corrosive
nature ofcan
 The tin coating will appear dull in finish will become bright becauseof
the formation of intermediate tin – ironalloy
 Passivating film of chronic oxide or sodium dichromate prevent the
oxidation oftin
 Tin coating is expressed in gram per squaremeter
 E – ironcoating
 D – differential coating commonly used incanning
 Lacquer is done before the tinplate is out and made into cans usedto
prevent contact of foodmaterials
 Acid resistant lacquer used acid food likefruits
 Sulphur resistant lacquers used for meat , milk ,fish having sulphur
containingproteins
 This is done to avoid the formation of tin or ironsulphide
 C- enamels contains zinc oxide reacts with sulphur from zinc sulphide –
whitecolor
 Oil resinous lacquers – natural fossil gums and dying oils,
 Synthetic lacquers without pigments – r 9regular , fenamels
 Oil resinous lacquers with zinc oxide –c (corn)enamels
 Phenolic enamels – synthetic resin ( phenol + formaldehyde)
 Epoxy lacquers – epicholrohydrin andbizphenol
 Polyester enamels – esterification of polycarboxylic acid withpolyhdric
alcohol
 Vinyl lacquers – copolymerization of vinyl chloride and vinylacetate
 The lock seam have four thickness of themeter
 Finished double seam has five thickness , 3 thickness of the end
component and 2 thickness of bodycomponents
 Double seam with side seam has 7thickness
 A double seam machine has a base plate , clutch and a pair of seaming
rolls

621. 618
 Two piece can are drawn can ( tin plate and aluminium is used)
 Acid tolerant bacteria – lactobacillussp
 Anaerobic spore formers - C. thermosacharyolyticum produce /H2 and
co2 noth2s
 C. nigrificans – produceh2s
 C.hystolyticum , C. sporogens and C. bifermentos proteolytic and
putrefactive
 Young spores are less heat resistance than oldspores
 Spore formers at higher temperature has high heatresistance
 Heat resistance is maximum at or near neutralph
 Spore are less resistance to moist heat than dryheat
 Higher the sugar concentration increase the heatresistance
 Reducing the Fe2++ and Ca++ concentration reduces the heat
resistance ofspecies
 Incubation temperature of 30 – 3c generally adopted in microbial
analysis of cannedproducts
 Bigelow and esty method or single tube method problems – skips in
substance
 Esty and Williams method or multiple tubemethod
 Towsend method – thermal death times in low foodproducts
 Stumbbo method –thermoresistometer
 Order of destruction -90%
 Z value is the change in temperature to cause a tenfold change ind
value
 Z value for C.botulinum is 10c
 F value sterilization potential at difference heat process i.e. 1 minute at
121c
 F is written with the superscript of the zvalue
 C.botulinum has thermal death time of 2.52 minutesat121.1c
 The slowest heating point inside the container – coldpoint
 Come –up-time require to vent the retort and bring it to the processing
temperature
 In solid pack cold point is the geometriccentre
 Can having head space cold point is just above the geometriccentre
 Broken heating curve path heating pattern convection toconduction
 Under process occurs due to change in convection heating tomixed
conduction convectionheating

622. 619
 Convection heating the cold point is just between the geometric centre
and the bottom of thecan
 Over filling with solid retard heatpenetration
 In low and medium acid foods the lethal effect on bacterial spores is
commence at93c
 F0 value of solid pack oftuna
74 minutes at 116c
50 minutes at 115.1c
 The lethal rate for any given temperature is reciprocal of the number of
minute required to kill the organism at thattemperature
 The area under the lethality curve is equal tounity
 A planimeter can be used for counting the squares andfractions
 Mathematical method – ballmethod
 Sterilizing effect 42% of the come uptime
 J-is the log factor ; B –processtime
 Nomogram is developed by American canco
 HTST – high temperature short time processingtechnique
 If the ph is above 4.5 and filling temperature is 100c – operation is
carried out under pressure to prevent productboilings
 Dent or rusting – occurs on the surface of thecan
 Bulged ends – swell orblower
 One end bulged –springer
 One end flips –flipper
 Thermophlic spore formers – bacillussp
 Mesophilic spore formers – clostridiumsp
 Hydrogen swell is due to internal corrosion of thecan
 Permanent deformation called peaking on the expansion ring of the
ends
 Panelling can body forcedinwards
 Poly hydroxyl carbonyl compound undergoes – carmellizaation on
heating
 Black spot due to the action of phenolaseenzymes
 Vitamin a ,d ,e is stable to heat in the absence ofoxygen
 The rate of oxidation is doubled for every 10c increase intemperature
 Thiamine and ascorbic acid – sensitive toheat
 Riboflavin stable to heat and sensitive tolight

623. 620
Radiation processing of fish and fishery products


1. The storage life of fatty acid in ice is 8-12days
2. High value product can store up to 5days
3. Cold water fishes –g-ve
4. Warm water fishes –g+ve
5. Spoilage bacteria in iced fish is shewanella putrefaciens and
pseudomonassp
6. Scombroid poisoning histamine on reaction with vibrio or enterobacter or
protease to formhistidine
7. Cobalt 60 and cesium 107 are used for foodpreservation
8. 1 curve + 3.7 * 10ⁱ⁰ disintegration /sec
9. Gary is the si unit of radiationdose.
10. The ratio of higher dose to the lowest dose uniformity ration or over
dose
11. JECFI – joint expert committee of foodirradiation
12. Irradiation is the presence of oxygen lead to the formation of
hydrogenperoxide
13. Cysteine, cysteine, methionine acts of scavengers which react more
readily with freeradicals
14. Phenyl alanine on reaction with water to form dihydroxy phenyl
alanine which on oxidation and polymerization to formmelanin
15. Radiolytic products cause oxidation of myoglobin leadingto
discoloration or other off odour or off flavorcompounds
16. Lipid oxidation may be lessened by the antioxidant effect of some
proteins or protein carbohydrateinteractions
17. Thiamine is more radiationsensitive
18. Lysozymes has hydrolytic enzymes including proteolyticenzymes
19. Red lake – urophysischiss
20. Gram negative bacteria are more radiation sensitive than gram
positive bacteria
21. Radiation resistance – listeriamonocytogenea
22. G-ve organisms has lower D10 value compared to 3 G+vecooci
23. Dosage level to control mould ground I n dried for 3-5kg
24. Females are generally more sensitive than males
25. Liver fluke - opisthorcjhis viverini
26. Radurization – heatpasteurization

624. 621
27. G-ve bacteria are mostly responsible for spoilage of fisheryproducts
28. Nagli fish – sillagosihama
29. White pomfret – stromateuschinensis
30. Radicidation – sanitization of frozenproducts
31. Hard shell clam – mercinariamercinaria
32. Micro bacterial toxin like staphylococcus enterotoxin andaflatoxins
cannot be inactivated byirridation
33. The most destructive pest in dried fish is hide beetles (dermestes
,maculatus)
34. Insecticides – primphis –methyl
35. Fumigants – ethylene dibromine , methyl bromide, ethyleneoxide
36. Saram – scomboromoruscommersoni
37. Irridation activate poly phenol oxidase – melanin formation can be
reduce by application ofblanching
38. Shark and rays spoils rapidly at 0-2c due to formation ofammonia
39. Padappertization – radiation sterilization is an catalogue to thermal
canning
40. At 4.5 kgy or higher fading of red color of the gills and appearance of
greenish yellow colouroccurs
41. Vaccum packaging has been advocated for fatty fish to control
rancidity
42. Radiation treatment doses 1 to10kg
43. FIPCOS – food irriidation process controlschool.


Fish silage
1. Fish preserved by adding acid or by anerobic production of lacticacid
2. The raw material for fish silage and fish meal is thesame
3. Unionized has more effectivepreservations
4. At ph. below the pka the concentration of free acidincreases
5. Lactic acid bacteria produce several antibiotic substance like
bacteriocins
6. Fish viscera contains acid proteinase like pepsin and cathepsin b and
d andlipases
7. Micro aerophlic environment lead to production of acid arresting the
further rise inph
8. LAB used in fish silage are lactobacillus planetarium ,L.bulgaricus
,streptococcus thermophilis

625. 622
9. Fermentation inoculum - 10⁷-10⁹ cfu/gsilage
10. Hetero fermentative LAB – undesirable gasproduction
11. Homo fermentative LAB – produceacid
12. LAB cant culture utilize carbohydrates like starch andcereals
13. Fermentation temperature-20-33c
14. Fish silage is an alternative source of protein in food tofish
meal and soyaprotein
15. Sea bass – feed mostly or liveprey

626. 623
ICAR IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. Mitochondrion Rich Cells (MR) are also known as Chloride Cells or
Salt Secretingcells.
2. IGF (Insulin like Growth Factor) is produced byLiver.
3. Freshwater fishes areHypertonic.
4. Marine water fishes areHyptonic.
5. Thesurgicalremovalofhypophysis(Pituitarygland)isalsoknownas
Hypophysectomy.
6. Highly produced tilapia species is NileTilapia.
7. Serotonin is a blood compound which act as aneurotransmitter.
8. The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrates is known
asGlyconeogenesis.
9. The process by which glycogen stored in liver and muscle breakdown
into glucose to provide immediate energy is calledGlycogenolysis.
10. Conservation of sugar into glucose –Glycogenesis.
11. Production of hormones in living organisms is called
Steroidogenesis.
12. The process of Programmed Cell Death (PCD) is calledApoptosis.
13. Cold water fishes can hold more oxygen compare to the warm water
fishes.
14. Stenoxic – Trout (10mg/l)
15. Mesoxic – Perch(5mg/l).
16. Euryoxic – Carps (0.5mg/l).
17. Each haemoglobin molecules can carry 4 molecules of oxygen at a
time.
18. Carnivorous fishes have Stout, Small and Fewergillrakers.
19. Herbivorous and Detrivorous fishes have Numerous large and Flap
like gillrakers.

627. 624
20. Planktophagus (Hilsa sp.) have Dense, Elongate and Comb like gill
rakers.
21. Gill ray is made up of Calcified Chondroid (Cartilage liketissue).
22. Living coelacanths are Dipnoans andLatimeria.
23. Swim bladder is connected with gut by means of pneumatic duct is
called Physostomes (Cyprinids, Esocides andAnguilliformes).
24. Pneumatic duct is some swim bladder is called Physosclitous
(Mugils and Notocanthids).
25. GAAP – Global Aquaculture AdvancementPartnership.
26. Annual growth rate of world Aquaculture is 6.1(2013).
27. Osmolality is the measure of number of dissolved particles influid.
28. Osmolality is expressed inmillimoles.
29. Osmoregulatory organs in fish are kidney andgill.
30. Crossoptergians – Latmeria (Livingfossils).
31. Lateral line is also called Neuromast (Senseorgan).
32. Marine teleost solve their osmoregultory problem by the process
calledCorrection.
33. Marine elasmobranches solve their osmoregulatory problem by the
process calledEvasion.
34. The study of an individual organism in relation to its environment is
called Autoecology.
35. The study of group of animal (population) in relation to its
environment is called syn ecology.
36. A phenomenon in which the direction of movement is influenced by
light is calledPhototaxis.
37. A process where the movement / velocity of locomotion of animal is
regulated by light is calledPhotokinensis.
38. Movement towards the chemical is called –Chemotaxis.
39. Father of fertilizer industry – Justus VonLiebig.

628. 625
40. A wide range of habitat or niche selection is calledEuryecious.
41. Same species – Intra specific.
42. Different species – Interspecific.
43. The distribution of individual within the population calledDispersion.
44. The term ecological niche was first coined by Grinell(1917).
45. An intermediate transitional zone lying between two distinct
communities called ecotone or tensionzone.
46. Lake shows the summer and winter stratification is called Dimictic
lake.
47. Green House Effect was first proposed by J. Fourier (1827) which is
also called Global warming or Atmosphericeffect.
48. World Ozone day – September16
49. Defence mechanism in an animal is developed by a vaccination
process is called Acquiredimmunity.
50. Immuneresponseofananimalisdevelopedbyitsowniscalled
Active immunity.
51. The absence of all serum immunoglobulins is called
Agammaglobulinemia.
52. An uptake of material by a cell is calledEndocytosis.
53. An animal that is germ free or contaminated with known bacteris is
called Gnotobioticanimal.
54. A substance which can bind with antigen and facilitate the
phagocytosis is calledOpsonin.
55. Eating by cell –Phagocytosis.
56. Drinking by cell –Pinocytosis.
57. In freshwater fishes, the first develop lymphoid organ isthymus.
58. The term pollution meaning Beforewashing.
59. Birds found in a given area –Avifauna.

629. 626
60. Agroupofanimalthatcanshareacommonfoodsourceiscalled
Guild.
61. The formation of specialised organ/ tissue from the undifferentiated
cell is calledHistogenesis.
62. Cranial nerves in fishes – 10 pairs (Human – 12pairs).
63. Collar cell is also known asChoanocyte.
64. Wolfian duct (A pair of duct which carry the urine from kidney to
urinary bladder) is also called as Mesonephric or Archinephric or
Leydigs duct.
65. Coral reefs are formed by an invertebrate –Colenterata.
66. An each polyp of coral reef is calledCorallite.
67. Corallite fuse together to formCorallium.
68. Beautiful gardens of marine habitat is Coralreef.
69. When a river flows into a tideless sea – Salt wedgeestuary.
70. In salt wedge estuary a narrow zone lying b/w upper (F.W) and lower
(S.W) is calledHalocline.
71. Whenariverflowsintoaseawithappreciabletidalmovement–
Partially mixed estuary.
72. Deepest estury – Fjords (salt wedgeestuary).
73. Intertidal mudflats or mud banks are called Well mixedestuaries.
74. Bar built estuary (a chain of small sand bars along the shore)–
Temporary estuary
75. Open estuary – Gangetic delta (Chilka lake).
76. Embankment estuary – Bheries of westBengal.
77. Mucus layer is secreted by Gobletcells.
78. In B-cells, the B stands for Bursa derivedcell.
79. In T-cells, the T stands forThymus.
80. B cells (Humoral immunity) are produced by bone marrow and
mature inkidney.

630. 627
81. T- Cells are mature in thymus and they comes under cell mediated
immunity.
82. B cells can produce antibody and T cells can induce the B cells to
produce antibody but they won‘t produceantibodies.
83. Mackeral and Tuna blood has more oxygen retention capacity (16%
volume) but their blood has low affinity towardsoxygen.
84. Brain and Retina has high oxygen demand compare to otherorgans.
85. TheformationofcarbonicacidfromCO2andH2Oiscatalysedby
Carbonic anhydrase.
86. Ice fish – Chaenocephalus aceratus (Channicthidae) Bloodless fish,
White crocodile fish, and No haemoglobin in theirblood.
87. The volume of RBC in total volume of the blood is called
Haemotocrit value.
88. Haemotocrit value is zero in Icefish.
89. Renal artery supplies the blood to theGlomorulus.
90. Skin play an excretory role and which mainly excretes theCO2.
91. The retention of urea in blood is calledUremia.
92. Permanent hardness is due to CaSO4(CalciumSulphate).
93. Temporary hardness is due to CaHCO3(Calciumbicarbonate).
94. Marsh gas –Methane.
95. Theprocessofremovingheadandgutinoneoperationiscalled
Nobbing.
96. The cryohydric point of saturated ice is -21.2°C.
97. Freshwater dolphin – Platinesta gangentica.
98. Sea hare –Aplysia.
99. Rhizopora – Redmangrove.
100. Avicinia – Black mangrove.
101. Ceriops – Mangroveplant.
102. An earthy flavour of fish is due toGeosmin.

631. 628
103. India‘s largest turtle nestling place is Puri(Orissa).
104. Specific heat of fish is 0.9 Kcal(4J/g).
105. Sea cow – Dugong dugong(Duggongidae).
106. International year of ocean –1998
107. International year of coral –1997
108. Struvite –Mg.NH4.PO4.6H2O.
109. Ceratophyllum – Submerged weed.(Vallissnaria)
110. Typha (Emergent weed) – Marginalweed.
111. Floating weed -Lemna.
112. Surface weed –Eichhornia.
113. Piranha – Serrasalmoussp.
114. Dog shark –Squalamine.
115. Oil Sardine – Fragilleriaoceanica.
116. Lesser sardine (choodai) – Hemidiscushardmanianus.
117. Ballen whales – Euphausia superba(krill).
118. Tuna shoal – Blacknaped tern bird(indicator).
119. Oil pollution –Mussel.
120. Herring shoal indicator – Calanussp.
121. First FFDA in India – Mysore(1974).
122. Internationally first conserved fish Hail but (Flatfish).
123. First FRP boat in India – 1968(Muttam).
124. Composite fish culture originated fromChina.
125. RADAR was invented by Robert Watson Wolt(1935).
126. First Director of CIFE –Dr.Pal.
127. First fishery director –S.L.Hora.
128. Rice field aquaculture was started inIndonesia.
129. Pen culture was originated from Philliphines (Milk fish)
/Indonesia/Japan (Plz check the answer).
130. Brackish water aquaculture was started inChina.

632. 629
131. P. monodon – Closedthelycum.
132. P. vannamei, P. japanicus – Openthelycum.
133. Rotifers areParthenogenesis.
134. Beta glucan used as an immune stimulant in shrimpfeed.
135. Chemical ice – Ice +Sodiumnitrate.
136. Anti-nutrition found in cotton seed isgossypol.
137. Pituitary extracts are stored in Acetone.
138. Growth definition – Paul. A. Samuelson.
139. Wealth definition – Adamsmith.
140. Welfare definition – A.Marshall.
141. Scarcity definition – LionelRobbins.
142. Squid pen – Chitin/Gladins.
143. Cuttle bone –Calcium.
144. Anti fouling agent – TMT (Tri MethylTributylin).
145. Anti corrosive paint – Mercury andCopper.
146. HDPE – Greaseresistant.
147. First synthetic material for netting –PVC.
148. Nylon – Poly Amide(PA).
149. Wood – 1.56 (SpecificGravity).
150. FRP – 1.6.
151. Cotton – 1.54.
152. Al – 2.7.
153. Steel – 7.84.
154. Ferrocement – 2.4 – 2.6.
155. Ant vitamin –Avidine.
156. Pro vitamin – ß -Carotene.
157. Geosmin – Blue GreenAlgae.
158. TCBS (Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt) – Vibriosp.
159. BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) –Salmonella.

633. 630
160. BPA (Baird Parker Agar)– S. aureus (EMB -Eosin Methylene Blue–
Selective medium).
161. T7 – E.coli.
162. PALCAM – L. monocytogens.
163. Cage culture started inCambodia.
164. Modern cage culture was started inJapan.
165. Cage culture webbing material –HDPE.
166. Gambusia – 1928(Italy).
167. Grass carp –1959.
168. Silver carp – 1959.
169. Common carp –1939.
170. Tilapia –1952.
171. Trout culture started in India –1863.
172. Induced breeding in India – 1957(CIFRI)
173. NABARD – 1982.
174. NBFGR –1983.
175. CIFNET –1963.
176. CIFT –1954.
177. CIBA –1987.
178. CIFA –1987.
179. DCFR – 1987.
180. CMFRI – 1947.
181. CICFRI – 1959.
182. NFDB – 2006.
183. RBI – 1935.
184. WTO – 1995.
185. Biological Diversity Act –2002.
186. Biological Diversity Rules –2004.

634. 631
187. Marine Fishing Regulation Act – 2004. (Related to fishing ban – trawl
net).
188. Marine Fishing Policy –2004.
189. International Sea bed Authority –1994.
190. Indian Fisheries Act –1897.
191. TNFDB – 2006.
192. Bay of Bengal project –1979.
193. Environmental Act – 1986.
194. Ganga Action Plan –1985.
195. National water Policy –1987.
196. Maritime zone Act –1976.
197. CRZ First notification – 1991 – 4 zones (Revised in2011).
198. Integrated fishery project –1952.
199. Pelagic fishery project –1971.
200. Export of fish and fishery project act –1953.
201. Quality control and Inspection act –1963.
202. Wild life Act – 1972.
203. Forest Act – 1980.
204. FFDA (411) –1984.
205. BFDA (39) – 1986. (T.N – 5).
206. MPEDA – 1972.
207. CAA – 2005.
208. KVK (591) - 1974.
209. Jai Vigyan Mission – 2000.
210. WSSV – 1995.
211. Prevention of food and Adulteration Act –1954.
212. Law of sea –1994.
213. Water Act –1974.
214. Lab to land –1979.

635. 632
215. Comprehensive Marine fisheries Act –2004.
216. Charter policy –1981.
217. Marine Fishing regulation Act –2004.
218. First Canning Industry in India – 1991(Calicut).
219. First freezing plant in India – Kerala(1953).
220. The concept of sea ranching to improve the wild stock has been first
adopted by – USA and Norway(1880).
221. Saturated fatty acids (no double bond) – Oleic, Palmitic, and
StearicAcid.
222. PUFA – LinolenicAcid.
223. HUFA – 1) EPA – 20 – 5 omega 3 acid 2) DHA – 20 – 6 – Omega 3
acid.
224. NSP – Gymnodiumbrevi.
225. ASP (Domic acid) – Nitchiapungens.
226. DSP –Dinophysis.
227. PSP – Gonyaulaxcatenella.
228. Scombroid Poisoning –Histamine.
229. Puffer fish poisoning –Tedratoxin.
230. Ciguteria fish poisoning –Saxitoxin.
231. Torry meter – Freshness indicator (0 –16).
232. K – value – Freshness indicator.
233. Estradiol 17 ß is used to produce all femaleproduction.
234. Ingynogenesisinductionof2
nd
polarbodybyearliershocktreatment
Mitotic.
235. Gynogenesis induced by blocking of first cleavage is calledMeiotic.
236. Lobster culture in floating cagesVizhunjam.
237. Halali reservoir – MadhiyaPradesh.
238. Rana Pratap Sagar -Rajastan.
239. Gobindsagar – HimachalPradesh.

636. 633
240. Rihand dam – UtterPradesh.
241. Diving beetles –Cybister.
242. Water Scorpion – Nepa(Hemiptera).
243. Notonecton – Back swimmer (Anisops – Cause carp fryloss).
244. Gerris – PondSkater.
245. Water Boatman –Corixa.
246. Ranatra – WaterStick.
247. Dragon fly –Scalis.
248. Water cricket –Velia.
249. Spirulina – Blue GreenAlgae.
250. Indian Cat fish –Clarias batracus (Magur, Air Breathing and
Walking cat fish).
251. Channel cat fish – Ictaluruspunctatus.
252. Stinging cat fish – H. fossilis(Singhi).
253. Yellow or sun cat fish - Horabagrusbrachysoma.
254. H2S is reduced by Waterexchange.
255. Turbidity is controlled by Alum/Gypsum/Cattlemanure.
256. Purified salmon gonodotrophin –Dompecidone.
257. The significant source of nitrogen isRainfall.
258. Chlorine affects the nervous system offish.
259. Grown of thron – Acanthaster planci.
260. Sailor by wind – Vallellavallella.
261. Coastal water indicator – Sagittainflate.
262. Oceanic water indicator – Sagittaacross.
263. Intertidal algae – Fucus sp (Brownalgae).
264. Lizard fish – Saurida timbel(Synodondidae).
265. Indian lizard fish – Sauridaindica.
266. Pilot fish – Naucratus duetor(Carrangidae).
267. King of crab – Lumilus (Horse shoecrab).

637. 634
268. King of herring –Chimera.
269. Cave fish – Horaglanissp.
270. Bull eye – Priocanthussp.
271. Indian salmon – Erythronematetradactylum.
272. Sea lilly –Crinoidae.
273. Lucifer – Decapodplankton.
274. Edible snail –Achatina.
275. Freshwater mussel – Lamellidians marginallis (Freshwaterpearl).
276. Deep sea angler –Melanocetans.
277. Snail –Mylopharyngodon.
278. Mantis shrimp – Orastosquilla nepa.
279. Golden anchovy – Coiliadussimeri.
280. Button shell –Umbonium.
281. Black Shark – Charcharinusmelanopterns.
282. Black rohu – Labeocalbasu.
283. Killer sea weed – Caulerpa (Green seaweed).
284. Giant sea weed – Kelp (Brown seaweed).
285. Indian whiting – Sillagosihama.
286. Cardion Fish lives in the gill chamber of catfish.
287. Sea bass – Centropomidae (Latescalcarifer).
288. Pearl spot – Etroplus suratensis(Cichilidae).
289. Red mullet – Goat fish (Mullidae – Upneussp).
290. Rainbow trout – Onchorhynchus myskiss (Salmongaideni).
291. The king of Indian sport fish –Mahseer.
292. Green turtle – Cheloniamydus.
293. Symbiont algae with coral – Zooxanthellae.
294. Ring shaped coral reef with central lagoon –Atoll.
295. Big head carp – Aristicthysnobilis.
296. Black carp – Mylopharyngodonpiecus.

638. 635
297. Mud carp – Cirrhinus moliterrella.
298. White carp – Cirrhinus cirrhosa (Cauverycarp).
299. Silver barb – Puntius gonionotus (weed eatingfish).
300. Leather Common carp – C. carpionudus.
301. Mirror common carp – C. carpiospecularis.
302. Scale common carp – C. carpiocommunis.
303. Upwelling –Divergence.
304. Down welling –Convergence.
305. Father of physical oceanography – H.F.Muller.
306. Father of chemical oceanography – Boiley(Boyle).
307. Dispersing Agent – Sodiumtripolyphosphate.
308. Shrimp hatcheries in India –351.
309. Gynogenesis – Cyprinus and Poecilidae.
310. Kursk carp – Common carp × wildcarp.
311. Naadan – L. rohita female × Catla catlamale.
312. Milk fish culture ponds are called Tambakponds.
313. Complex of BGA, Diatom, bacteria, Nematode worms etc… are
calledLab-Lab.
314. Boiling or evaporation of brine in the form of paste calledPetis.
315. The mullet fry stocked in a series of parallel trenches calledSevagio.
316. Sea bass – Bhetki(India).
317. In Thungabadra a shore seine used to collect trash fishescalled
Alivi.
318. Trout farming temperature – 4 –20°C.
319. Surface water contain 15 ppm or 0.0015%oxygen.
320. ASTP – Aquaculture Sewage Treatment Plant(CIFA).
321. UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change.
322. Poly Cyclic Hydrocarbons cause tumours tofish.

639. 636
323. Estradiol stimulated liver to produceVitellogen.
324. Pond hardness should be 16 ppm or16mg/l.
325. Yellow water formation –Chrysophyta.
326. Zinc is required to produce DNA andRNA.
327. Cobalt play an important role in nitrogen fixation byRhizobium.
328. Formalin used to remove ammonia from thepond.
329. Na2NO3is the source of oxygen for microbes inpond.
330. Value added marine pearls are Mabepearls.
331. Mother of pearl – Rainbow pearl(Abalone).
332. Babylonia spirata (Buccinidae) –Whelk.
333. First successfully cultured marine fish– Japanese Yellow tail
(Seriolaquinqueradiata).
334. Top producer of Bivalve & scampi AndhraPradesh.
335. Scampi production – 2
nd
W.B, 5
th
TamilNadu.
336. Epoxy resins are used to prevent leaching of toxic chemicals from
larval tanks.
337. Common disinfectant in F/W prawn culture – CuSO4 andFormalin.
338. White muscle virus disease – Nodavirus.
339. HIG – Heterogenous Individual Growth (present in F/WPrawn).
340. Eggs of magur is – Adhesive and light browncolour.
341. Magur eggs are hatch out at 27 - 30°C within 24 – 26hrs.
342. Magur stocking density – 50,000 – 70,000/ha.
343. Singhi eggs are Greenish and hatch out in 18 – 20hrs.
344. Singhi – Batchspawner.
345. Seasonal spawner – Magur andPangasius.
346. Wallago attu (Siluridae) – Adhesive eggs; pale yellow; hatch in 16-
18hrs.
347. Thai magur – C. gariepinnus.
348. F/W prawn –Palemonidae.

640. 637
349. F/W prawn top producer – China (1
st
) and India(2
nd
).
350. M. resenbergii eggs are bright orange (0.6 –0.7mm).
351. M. malcolmsonii eggs areYellow.
352. P. indica eggs are – Redcolour.
353. Kuria labeo – Labeogonius.
354. Jerdon‘s barb – Puntiusjeradoni.
355. Malabar labeo/ tholi – L. dusumiere.
356. Olive barb – Puntius sarana.
357. Agricultural lime – CaCO3 (Limestone orCalcite).
358. Dolamite –CaMg(CO)3.
359. Slaked lime – Ca(OH)2 (Hydrated or Builder‟sLime).
360. Quick lime – CaO (Unslaked or BurntLime).
361. Magua oil cake – 2000 – 2500kg/ha(Saponin).
362. Terris root powder – 15 – 20 kg/ha(Roteonin).
363. N:P ratio – 2:1 to4:1.
364. P:N ratio – 10:1 to 20:1.
365. Cattle manure – 10,000kg/ha/yr ; Poultry manure –8000kg/ha/yr.
366. Azolla protein content – 15-17% (Spirulina upto 50 –60%).
367. ISWFM – Integrated Soil and Water FertilityManagement.
368. Culture of fruits and vegetables –Olericulture.
369. SMS – Spent MushroomSubstrate.
370. Common earth worm found in India – Eieseniafoetida.
371. Water ferm –Azolla.
372. Wounder gift of nature –Spirulina.
373. Cow dung is used as a manure because of its LowerBOD.
374. Bio gas slurry added at the rate of 30 – 45tonns/ha/yr.
375. BOD of domestic sewage 150 – 400mg/l or 150-400ppm.
376. Sewage zooplankton – Cladocerons (Daphnia andMoina).
377. Sewage phytoplankton –Chlorophyceae.

641. 638
378. Cu
++
ions may precipitate in gills and cause death is called –
Asphyxiation.
379. Major sewage irrigated area – Vidyarathi spill (Salt Lake,Kolkatta).
380. ICEF- Indira Gandhi Environmental Facility (NewDelhi).
381. NFDB –Hyderabad.
382. NBFGR –Lucknow.
383. CIFA –Bhubaneswar.
384. CIBA –Chennai.
385. CIFNET –Kochi.
386. CIFT – Kochi.
387. RGCA –Neelankarai.
388. CAA –Chennai.
389. Indian Reservoir area – 3.15 millionha.
390. Continental shelf – 5, 30,000 km
2
or 0.5 millionkm
2
.
391. Estuarine area – 3.9 millionha.
392. Brackish water area – 3.5 millionha.
393. Pokkali – Kerala (Production –500kg/ha).
394. Khar lands – Karnataka (Production – 150kg/ha).
395. Khazan lands – West Bengal & Goa (Production –500kg/ha).
396. Stocking density of extensive farm – 4-10nos/m
2
.
397. Semi intensive – 10 – 30nos/m
2
.
398. Super intensive – 100 – 200nos/m
2.

399. Total shrimp farming area – 1,40,000 – 1,50,000ha.
400. An Immunostimulant developed by CIFA was – CIFASTIM (Heat
KilledBacteria).
401. Deccan Mahseer – Torkhudree.
402. Chocolate mahseer – Neolissocheclus hexagonolepis.
403. Omega 3 fatty acids – Linolenic (n-3) and Linoleic(n-6).
404. Omega 6 fatty acid – Arachidonicacid.

642. 639
405. Omega 9 fatty acid – Oleicacid.
406. Prostoglandin synthesis byLipids.
407. Zoological survey of India –Kolkatta.
408. 1
st
fisherman co-operative society – Machhii (Maharashtra -1913).
409. Flourine responsible for strong teeth andbone.
410. Oysters contain moreZn.
411. Which fish is rich in Vit. A – Amblypharyogodonmola.
412. Memory loss –Dementia.
413. Selenium prevents the body against damage due tooxidation.
414. Immune/ inflamentaory response –Leukotrieness.
415. Conical bag net used to collect eggs is –Benchijal.
416. Inducing drug –Dopamine.
417. Dehydrating agent – AbsoluteAlcohol.
418. Carp pituitary extract can be preserved in Glycin + water(2:1).
419. Carp pituitary gland can be preserved in – Absolute alcohol or
Acetone.
420. Carp brooder diet was developed by CIFA –CIFABROOD.
421. Carp spermatozoa do not have anyacrosome.
422. Carp milt active only in hypertonic solution(water).
423. Male move below female – Hypogyne (Silvercarp).
424. Male chase behind female – Subgyne (Majorcarps).
425. Male and female move parallel –Laterogyne.
426. Continuous chasing for hours without spawning –Pseudochasing.
427. Solitary movement of male –Ungyne.
428. Egg collecting weed – Najas, Hydrilla andEichhornia.
429. Sea pig –Scotoplanes.
430. False gill – Pesudobranch.
431. Chemical sterilization – Sodiumhypochlorite.

643. 640
432. High density larval rearing method – Galveston method (S.D – 100-
150larvae/litre).
433. Filters used in hatchery – Sand filters(Gravity)/
434. Dosage of chlorine for treatment – 5-20ppm.
435. Metal chelating agent –EDTA.
436. Unicellular diatom – Chaetoceros andSkeletonema.
437. Nanoplankton – Isochrysis and Tetraselmis (60µ).
438. Prophylatic treatment for shrimp brooders with formalin(50ppm).
439. Squid – Loligoduvauceli.
440. Non mechanised – 1,81,284. (high inGujarat).
441. Motorised craft –44,578.
442. Mechanised boat –53,684.
443. Total fishing comprise –2,79,546.
444. Backwater oyster – C.madrasensis.
445. Vembanad Lake –Kerala.
446. Aasthumudi Lake –Kerala.
447. Black pearl oyster – Perna marginitiferia.
448. Large reservoirs –56
449. Medium reservoirs – 180.
450. Small reservoirs – 19,134. (High inTN)
451. Non-air breathing cat fishes – Ompok pabda and Sperataseengi.
452. White muscle and White tail disease is a major problem in F/W
prawn culture.
453. Polyester trade name –Terylene.
454. Polyamide trade name – Nylon.
455. Factory trawler equipped with Freezingplants.
456. HSDT – High Speed DemersalTrawler.
457. Ring seines – Small or mini purseseine.
458. Gill net netting material –Nylon.

644. 641
459. Traps – Passive fishing (Linefishing).
460. South Indian reservoir craft isCoracles.
461. Lift net – Chinese dip net(Cochin).
462. Fyke nets/stow nets are operated in shallowwaters.
463. Bag nets – Fixednets.
464. Aerial traps – Mullets and Flyingfish.
465. Flat fish – Platycephalusmaculipinia.
466. Fish fauna of river mahanadhi is supported by its diversity of L.
fimbriatus.
467. Farrakka barrage – RiverGanga.
468. Cod end mesh size should be minimum of 30mm by Marine Fisheries
Regulation Act(MFRA).
469. Inbreeding leads tohomozygosity.
470. Total marine natural parks –4.
471. Gulf of kachchh (Gujarat) –1980.
472. Gulf of mannar (T.N) –1986.
473. Wandoor Mahatma Gandhi marine national park – 1983. (South
Andaman)
474. Rani jansi marine national park (Andaman) –1996.
475. Total marine sanctuaries –3.
476. Bhitarkanika gahirmatha sanctuary (Orissa) –1997.
477. Malvan marine sanctuary (Maharashtra) –1987.
478. Gulf of kutchu (T.N) –1989.
479. Total biospheres –4.
480. Sunderbans (W.B, Mala Forest) –1989.
481. Gulf of mannar (T.N) –1989.
482. Great nicobar (Andaman island) –1989
483. Gulf of kachchh (Gujarat) –2008.
484. Three spot damsel – Dascyllustrimaculatus.

645. 642
485. Rabbit fish – Siganuscanaliculatus.
486. Cryoprotectants used in cell culture – DMSO4 andGlycerol.
487. Monolayer cell culture – T-flask culture.
488. Suspension culture – Rotated spinner flask/ ShakenErlynmeyer.
489. Sea bream – Sparusauratus.
490. Sea perch – Lacteolabrasejapanicus.
491. Normal number of chromosome in a nucleus –Diploid.
492. Abnormal number of chromosome in a nucleus –Aneuploid.
493. Organic buffer –HEPSS.
494. Largest producer of pearl –Japan.
495. Induced breeding and seed production of Sea bass and Milk fish was
developed by –CIBA.
496. Induced breeding and seed production of Grouper, Cobia and
Pompano was developed by – CMFRI.
497. P. monodon attains sexual maturity within 10-12months.
498. P. monodon egg size –0.3mm.
499. DNA to m RNA –Transcription.
500. m RNA to protein –Translation.
501. Green crab – Scyllaoceanica.
502. Siamizine used to control – Blue GreenAlgae.
503. Marine blue green algae (Red tide) – Trichodesmiumsp.
504. Lodhia boat –Gujarat.
505. Ostarcod –Cyprids.
506. Mahima shrimp feed – CMFRI.
507. Sodium arsenite used to control all submergedweeds.
508. Common predatory fish – Glassogobiusgiuris.
509. Common weedy fish – Ambassisranga.
510. Icthyophthirius – Protozoanparasite.
511. Sodium amytal – Anestheticdrug.

646. 643
512. Gestation period of molly – 28days.
513. Smallest genome fish – Fugu rubripes (pufferfish).
514. Largest genome fish – Polypterusaethiopias.
515. Loss in genetic variation –Inbreeding.
516. BOLD – Barcode of LifeDatabase.
517. Hilsa (Tenulosa ilisha) –Anadromous.
518. Major Indian rivers –14
519. Minor Indian rivers –44
520. CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
(2000).
521. Anti Freeze Protein (AFP) found in Winter Flounder
(Pleuronectius).
522. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) found in Jelly fish (Aequorea
victaria).
523. Trangenesis using microprojectices – Ballisticmethod.
524. Uptake of nucleic acid –Lipofection.
525. First Transgenic fish – Zebra fish(1991).
526. Animal cell culture was started by Ross Harrlson(1907).
527. Genome in prokaryotes are measured in –Daltons.
528. Chromosome numbers(2n):
a. Catla catla – 25pairs.
b. M. cephalus – 48pairs.
c. C. punctatus – 32 pairs.
d. C. straiatus – 40pairs.
e. Barbus bsrbus – 100 pairs.
f. Tor – 100pairs.
g. Common carp –104
h. Carrasius auratus –104
i. P. monodon – 88

647. 644
529. Infusoria -Protozoan.
530. Thebacteriawhichconvertsammonia(NH3)intonitrite(NO2)–
Nitrosomonos.
531. The bacteria which converts nitrite (NO2) into nitrate (NO3) –
Nitrobacter.
532. Red and Blue disease in shrimp – Nutritionaldeficiency.
533. Methionine deficiency –Cataract.
534. Non-digestable carbohydrate –Prebiotic.
535. Cytokines are produced by T-Helpercells.
536. File fish (Monocanthidae)– Megupoilon aporus (fool fish or
Leatherjacket).
537. Giemsa strain – Differentialstrain.
538. Maximum oxygen consuming organ –Mitochondria.
539. Mutagen – Nitrousacid.
540. Neoplasm is a synonym –Tumor.
541. Life span of artemia – 2months.
542. European sea bream – Dicentrachuslabrex.
543. Ovary is enclosed in – Cytovarian. (Oviduct ispresent)
544. Stop codon – UGA, UAA andUAG.
545. Initiating codon present in RNA – AUG.(Methionine).
546. White blood cell size – 0.01mm (0.001 –bacteria)
547. Chambal is a tributary of –Yamuna.
548. Hilsha ilisha maximum caught in – W.B. (state fish ofW.B)
549. F/W water limiting factor – P (Marine water –N).
550. Zeolite used to control obnoxiousgas.
551. True F/W prawn – M.chprai.
552. Halaobacterium –Sarcinia.
553. Larval stages of mussel –Trocophore.
554. ICLARM head quarter – Malaysia. (Renamed as World FishCentre)

648. 645
555. F/W mussel – Unio (Glochidium - Larvae).
556. Laminaria – sea weed(brown).
557. Euchemia – Carragenan (raw material).-
558. Fish act as a scavenger –Magur.
559. South American cat fish – C.punctatus.
560. Sapanin extracted from –Holothuria.
561. Human tape worm –Diphyllobothirium.
562. The tank was darkened for breeding of Neontetra.
563. Water milfoil –Myriophyllum.
564. Cat tail –Typha.
565. Desmid –Navicula.
566. Sun animaculatus –Helizoae.
567. Wheel animaculatus –Rotifers.
568. One eyed giant – Cyclops.
569. Pole culture mainly for –Mussel.
570. Indian trout – Bariliusbola.
571. Egg membrane also called –Oolema.
572. Sperm + extender solution – Aliquot (F/W – 1:4 and S/W –1:3).
573. Brown trout – Salmo truttafario.
574. Red finned mahseer – Tortor.
575. Yellow finned mahseer – I.putitira.
576. True basking shark – Cetorhinus.
577. Hammer head shark (Round head) – Spyradiplana.
578. Indian lemon shark – Negapriomacutidens.
579. Indian dog shark – Scoliodonlaticaudus.
580. Dog fish shark – Centrophorus moluccensis(Squalidae).
581. Milk dog shark – Rhizoprionodon acutus.
582. Tiger shark – Galeocerdocuvieri.
583. Long nosed shark – Charcharhinushemiodon.

649. 646
584. Black fin reef shark – C.melomopterus.
585. Deep sea shark – Centrophousscalpraus.
586. Guitar fish shark –Rhinobatidae.
587. Zebra shark – Stegostomafasciatum.
588. Shovel nose ray – Rhinobatusgranulatus.
589. Dolphin fish – Coryphaena hippurus(Coryphaenidae).
590. Small toothed saw fish – Pristismicrodon.
591. Green mussel – M.metacutti.
592. European mussel – Mytilusedulis.
593. Luminous bacterial disease – V.harveyi.
594. Causative agent of EMS (Early Mortality Syndrome) – V.harveyi.
595. Running mortality syndrome is major problem in – L.vannamei
(Entire stock will die within 30 days of stocking).
596. Bacterial kidney disease –Renibacterium.
597. Disinfection of eggs –Betaine.
598. Logistic model –Schafer.
599. Income distribution of people – Lorenzcurve.
600. Gills are pouch like –Cyclostomes.
601. In adult fishe kidney is –Opisthonephrus.
602. Sucker fish –Echenesis.
603. Fighting fish –Belontidae.
604. Most poisonous fish – Japanese Puffer fish (Arothrontetradon).
605. Group of jelly fishes –Smack.
606. Group of herrings –Siege.
607. Ten pounder – Elopsmachnata.
608. Cup oyster – C.gigas.
609. Star fish larvae –Bipinaria.
610. Larvae of Brittle star –Ophiopleuteus.
611. Larvae of sea urchin –Echinopluetus.

650. 647
612. Larvae of Sea cucumber –Auricularia.
613. Larvae of sealilly –Doliolaria.
614. Larvae of Balanoglossus –Tornaria.
615. Larvae of isopod –Cryptonisid.
616. Euphasiacea superba larvae –Furcilia.
617. Crown of throne – A. planci (Coral eatingfish)
618. Shark stomach type – Jtype.
619. Blind sac –shark.
620. Australian lung fish – Neoceratodus (1lung).
621. American lung fish – Lepiolosiren (2lung).
622. African lung fish – Protopterus (2lung).
623. Bow fin fish – Amia calva (Nesting by crushingvegetables).
624. Fish have 4 haemoglobins – Rainbowtrout.
625. Fish have 3 haemoglobins – Goldfish.
626. Hag fishes do not drink water (Cyclostomes).
627. Chilka lake eagle ray – Aetobatus flagellum.
628. Kidney in salmon &trout – Completelyfused.
629. Kidney in Mystus & Arius – Completely separated.
630. Kidney in Cyprinids – Middle and Posterior fused.
631. Female mate with several male - Polyandry.
632. Male mate with several female – Polygamy.
633. Diphycercal caudal fin – Lamprey & Hag fishes.
634. Proteocercal tail – Lung fishes (Plzcheck).
635. Heterocercal caudal fin –Shark
636. Homocercal – Bonyfishes.
637. Homocercal tail –Bony fishes (amia or Bow finfishes)
638. Leptocercal – Rat fishes(Chimaridae).
639. Isocercal – Cod fish.
640. Gephysocerol – Mola mola. (Caudal fin is fused orabsent)

651. 648
641. Scorpion fish –Remora.
642. Larvae of Lamprey –Ammocoetae.
643. Basking shark –Cetorhinidae.
644. Dragon fish –Pegasidae.
645. Gold fish – Johny carp. (Most popularized ornamentalfish)
646. Light producing fish – Anamolops.
647. Sound producing fish –Balistes.
648. Cytovarian – Bony fishes.
649. Semi-cytovarian – Notopteridae. (Feather back)
650. Gymnovarian – Shark.
651. River sting ray –Potamotrygan.
652. White tail sting ray – Dasyatisbleekeri.
653. Sting ray – Dasyatissp.
654. Devil ray – Montabirostris.
655. Eagle ray – Aetomylacus narinari(Myliobatidae).
656. Spotted eagle ray – Aetobatus maculatus(Myliobatidae).
657. Manta / Giant devil ray – Manta birostris(Mobulidae).
658. Cow nose ray – Rhinopteridae.
659. Shovel nose shark – Rhinobatidae.
660. Angel shark –Squantinidae.
661. Saw shark – Pristiophoridae.
662. Cat shark – Orectolobidae.
663. Odoutaspididae – Sand shark.
664. Limpet – Patella (Patellidae).
665. Pleuronectidae and Soleidae – Right eye flounder.
666. Bothidae and Cynoglossidae– Left eye flounder.
667. Psettoidae – Turbots (Both side eye).
668. Citharidae – Flounders (Both side eye).
669. Tongue sole – Cynoglossidae.

652. 649
670. Tritonia – Sea slugs.
671. Chitin – Sea mice.
672. Thermal conductivity of water – 0.0125.
673. F/W fishes – Amminotelic (M/W – Uricotelic).
674. Microfauna - 20 - 200 µ.
675. Meso fauna – 200µ - 1 cm.
676. Macro fauna - > 1cm.
677. The migration never returns to starting place - Emigration.
678. Loss of an individual from one population and an addition of individual
to another population – Immigration.
679. Functional unit of an organism in its community – Niche.
680. Word ecosystem coined by – A.G.Tansley.
681. Ecological pyramid was described by – Charles Elton.
682. Plankton word was coined by – Victor Hensen (1887).
683. Nekton word was coined by – Ernst Haeckal (1890).
684. Based on lifecycle, zooplanktons are Meroplankton and
Holoplanton.
685. Ring or horse shoe shape coral reef –Atoll.
686. Estuarine animals –Homoeosmatis.
687. BOD in sea water – 200 – 400ppm; Sewage water – 150-400ppm.
688. Empirical formula of biomass – (CH2O)106 (NH3)16H3PO4.
689. Density of pure water – 1.
690. Density of sea water – 1.0278.
691. Density of fish flesh –1.076.
692. Toxic form of mercury – Methyl mercury.
693. Star fish larvae – Tubefeet. (Bipinaria)
694. Brahmaputra joins the Ganga at – Golaundo.
695. H+P+E relationship was given by – Meyer and wed meyer (1970).
696. Photic zone – 0 200m.

653. 650
697. Disphotic zone – 200 – 400m.
698. Aphotic zone – beyond 400m.
699. Lake which do not circulate water – Amictic.
700. Two times water circulation in lake – Dimictic.
701. Frequent or continuous mixing of water – Polymictic.
702. Lake water temperature below 4°C – Polar lakes.
703. Lake water temperature above 4°C – Tropical lakes.
704. Lowest layer of atmosphere – Troposphere.
705. Next layer to troposphere – Stratosphere.
706. Mesosphere extends upto – 80 – 90 km.
707. Thermosphere extends upto – 500 km.
708. Lake with no productivity – Dystrophic lake.
709. Horse shoe shaped lake – Yercaud lake.
710. Crescent shaped lake – Nanital.
711. Largest reservoir in India –Hirakud.
712. Deepest reservoir in India – Maimuthar(Pachiparai).
713. Soft water reservoir – Amsrsvsthy, Bhavanisagar, Stanley and
Aliyar.
714. Hard water reservoir – Santhanur andKrishnakiri.
715. Shallowest reservoir –Vidur.
716. Classification of clouds was given by – LukeHoward.
717. Digestion of food particles outside their shell – Forminifera.
718. Tide ranges from 2 – 4 m –Mesotidal.
719. Tide ranges from <2m – Microtidal.
720. World first Oceanographer – M.F.Maury.
721. Euplankton – Trueplankton.
722. Samphar lake - Rajastan.
723. Limnetic plankton – Lake plankton.
724. Pheoplankton – Running water plankton.

654. 651
725. Heleo plankton – Pond plankton.
726. Haliplankton – Sea water plankton.
727. Hypalmyroplankton – Brackish water plankton.
728. Ribandar mangrove – Goa.
729. Low oxygen concentration – °estuary.
730. Moderate oxygen – Negative estuary.
731. Aurelia aurita – Saucer shaped jelly fish.
732. Cyanea sp – Largest jellyfish.
733. Sagitta enflata – Aroow
734. Sagitta acerosa - Glass worm.
735. Seagoose belly/ Comb jelly – Pleurobranchia pileus.
736. Mushroom shape jelly fish – Periphylla periphylla.
737. Hermit crab – Diogenes diogenes.
738. Reward for enterprise – Profit.
739. Supply curve – Upwardslopping.
740. Demand curve – Downward slopping.
741. Elasticity one indicate – Unitary elasticity.
742. Average product curve cannot be --1.
743. Father of economics – Adam smith.
744. Price of commodity increase and demand decreases – Law of
demand.
745. Price of commodity increase with increased supply – Law of Supply.
746. Economicsisthestudyofmankindintheordinarybusinesslife–
Alfred Marshall.
747. Starting point of economics - wants.
748. Wants satisfying power – Utility.
749. Law of diminishing marginal utility – AlfredMardhall.
750. Demand is a deserve to buy a commodity and it supported with
necessary money or purchasingpower.

655. 652
751. The curve represents fixed situation and it cannot indicate changes
over period of time – Demand curve.
752. When a coefficient of elasticity above 1 the demand is - Elastic
demand(£d>1).
753. When a coefficient of elasticity below 1 the demand is – Inelastic
demand (£d<1).
754. When coefficient of elasticity equal to 1 the demand – Unitary elastic
demand.(£d=1)
755. Coefficient of elasticity of demand is 0 – Perfectly inelastic demand.
(£d=0)
756. Coefficient of elasticity of demand is infinity – Perfectly elastic
demand. (£d=infinity)
757. Perfectly inelastic supply - £s = 0.
758. Perfectly elastic supply - £s = Infinity.
759. Unitary elastic supply - £s =1.
760. Elastic supply - £s >1.
761. Inelastic supply - £s <1.
762. A change in quantity demand is followed by change in price of
commodity – Elasticity ofsupply.
763. Market structure characterized by one seller of commodity –
Monopoly.
764. Market structure characterized by two seller of commodity –
Duopoly.
765. Market structure characterized by few seller of commodity –
Oligopoly.
766. Net worth statement – Balancesheet.
767. Income statement is also called – profit and loss statement.
768. Direct tax – Personal tax ; Indirect tax – Commodity tax.
769. Balance sheet shows financial condition and stability of business.

656. 653
770. Commercial bank is also known as – Joint stock bank.
771. Microeconomics – Price theory ; Macroeconomics – Income theory.
772. WTO came to force in - 1995.
773. RBI started in - 1935.
774. State co-operative bank – Apex bank.
775. Central co-operative banks in India – 369.
776. Depreciation can be calculated by – Straight line method.
777. Land is evaluated by – Income capitalization method.
778. Micro and macroeconomics was first used by – Ragnes Frisch.
779. NNP (Net National Product) – GNP (Gross National Product) –
Depreciation.
780. National Income (NI) – NNP – Indirect taxes + Subsidies orNNP
+Indirect taxes – Subsidies.
781. The value of single correlation coefficient lies between - -1 to +1.
782. The most frequently occurring value – Mode.
783. Difference between maximum and minimum value – Range.
784. Measure of dispersion – Variance.
785. Difference between observed and true value – Random error.
786. Chi square test was developed by – Karl Pearson.
787. Which is used to test the difference between observed and expected
distribution – Chi squaredistribution.
788. Poisson distribution was described by Simeon DenisPoisson.
789. t-test was designed by – W.S.Gosste.
790. The relationship between one or two variables –Correlation.
791. A statistic device to estimate the one variable (x) from another
correlated variable (y) –Regression.
792. The graph of cumulative frequency distribution is known as –Ogive.
793. Equality of variance two normal population based on independent
sample is tested usingF-test.

657. 654
794. Monoenoic acid – Oliecacid.
795. Ketopentose – Ribulose.
796. Protein part of an enzyme is –Apoenzyme.
797. A non protein nitrogen matter involve bitter taste of fish – Hx
(Hypoxanthine).
798. Important connective tissue of fish muscle – Collagen.
799. Simple protein –Globulin.
800. Protein synthesis takes place in – Ribosomes.
801. Basic amino acid – Lysine.
802. Cytochrome oxidation –Metaloprotein.
803. Protein loss during thaw drip – Sarcoplasmicprotein.
804. Additive used for water holding –Polyphosphate.
805. Lipid oxidation prevented by – Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHT –
0.01%).
806. Quality of fish is assessed by – Peroxidasevalue.
807. Quality of shrimp is assessed by – Indoletest.
808. Building block of cellulose –Glucose.
809. N- acetyl glucosamine is a component of –Chitin.
810. A non-protein nitrogenous matter involving odour of fish –TMAO.
811. Chronic protein efficiency –Kwashiorkar.
812. Chronic calorie deficiency – Marasmus.
813. Irish moss – Carrageen.
814. Goitrogens related with – Thyroxin.
815. Glycogen content of mollusks – 7%.
816. Spoilage organism producing histamine – Hafniaalvei.
817. K value rejected at the rate – 50-60%.
818. D value of B. stearothermophils – 4-5 (high D-value – Non gas
former).
819. D value for B. coagulans – 0.01 –0.07.

658. 655
820. Halotolerant – C. botulinum.
821. Ceviche – Fermented product.
822. Pla-ra – Lactic acid fermented product.
823. Liquefied fish protein – Fishsilage.
824. FPC (Fish Protein Concentrate) – Edible fish meal.
825. Mush condition of can (tin) called as – Chloromyceum.
826. Multiple tube method – Esty andWilliams.
827. Single tube method – Esty andBigelow.
828. Processed sea cucumber –Trebang.
829. Kener faecal indicator – Faecal Streptococci (Redcolour).
830. Oil content of S. longiceps –5-8%.
831. Sulphur containing amino acid – Methionine andCysteine.
832. Amino acid with aliphatic group – Glycine, Serine, Valine, Leucine,
Threonine, andIsoleucine.
833. Amino acid with carboxyl group – Glutamic and Aspartic acid.
834. Amino acid with aromatic group – Phenyl alanine and Tyrosine.
835. Amino acid with heterocyclic group – Tryptophan andProline.
836. Amino acid with basic groups – Arginine, Histidine andLysin.
837. Fish to sea water ratio – 3:1 to4:1.
838. IMVIC is a confirmation test of –E.coli.
839. Browning of shrimp enzyme –Tyrosinase,
840. Mailard reaction – Non enzymatic browningreaction.
841. Chicken of sea –Tuna.
842. Chloroplast found in –Eukaryotes.
843. Gel strength of surimi tested by –Rheometer.
844. Squalene first reported by –Tsusmoto.
845. Retort pouch layers – PE (outer)/Al (middle)/PP(inner).
846. Sarcoplasmic protein – 20-30%.
847. Flavour enhancer – MSG (Mono SodiumGlutamate).

659. 656
848. Trepang – Holothuriannobilis.
849. Super chilling – Below -1°C.
850. Blood of freshly caught fish contain –Oxyhaemoglobin.
851. Dun spoilage – Halophilic mould.
852. Pink spoilage – Halophilic bacteria.
853. Idophore –Disinfectant.
854. ATP – ADP – AMP – IMP – Inosin – Hx.
855. Moisture content of freeze dried product – 1-2%.
856. Dehydration – Artificial drying.
857. Kamaboko – Steamed product.
858. Garcinia gambosa + Fish + Salt – Colombo curing.
859. The operating temperature of CO2 freezer - -50 to - 70°C.
860. During bacterial dehydration cysteine converted into – H2S.
861. Evaporation of sea water – Solar salt.
862. Shelf life of pit cured product – 20days.
863. Irregular shaped product – Air Blast Freezer(ABF).
864. Operating temperature of plate freezer --40°C.
865. Freezing point of sea water --2°C.
866. Disease caused by virus encountered in sea food –Jaundice.
867. Gelatine is a protein which lack of – Tryptophan.
868. Stick water drained as a by-product during fish meal marketing – Fish
soluble.
869. Father of cell theory – Francesco Reddi.
870. Father of microbiology – Louies Poisteur.
871. Father of antiseptic surgery – JosephLister.
872. Autoclave was invented by – Charles Chamberland.
873. Microbes grow in a reduced oxygen level – Barophiles.
874. Vitamin B source – Fish liver andRoe.
875. Critical level (Max. permissible limit) of PSP -80µg/100g.

660. 657
876. Critical level of DSP –0-60µg/100g.
877. Critical level of ASP - 20µg/100g.
878. Critical level of DDT, DDD & DDE – 5 mg/100g.
879. Critical level of Dieldrin – 3 mg/Kg.
880. Critical level of PCB – 2 mg/ Kg.
881. TBA test – Melonaldehyde produced during fat oxidation.
882. Permissible limit of E. coli –20/g.
883. In pit curing fish and salt ratio –4:1.
884. Protein soluble in low ionic salt solution –Sarcoplasmic.
885. Liquid nitrogen freezer – Non-compressor andcondenser.
886. MAP (Modified Atmosphere Package) – 40% CO2 + 30% N2 + 30%
O2.
887. MAP for lean fishes – 60% CO2 + 30% N2 + 10%O2.
888. MAP for fatty fishes - 60% CO2 + 40%N2.
889. Packaging material for freeze dried product – Flexiblepouches.
890. Recommended head space – 6 to9mm.
891. Glazing prevents –Desiccation.
892. Mush is caused by – Parasiticprotozoan.
893. Sulphide stinkers – C.nitrificans.
894. Father of modern canning industry – BryanDenkin.
895. Time in minute required to kill an organism in a specific medium – F-
value.
896. DegreeoftemperaturerequiredforTDTcurvetravelonelogcycle–
Z-value.
897. Freezing plants in India –399.
898. Specific fish spoilage bacteria –Shewanella.
899. Lethality of neurotoxin –1ng.
900. Common mold spoilage in smoked products – Sporodnema
epizoum.

661. 658
901. Agar is prepared from – Gelidium and Gracillaria.
902. Carrageenan prepared from – Hypnea and Eucheuma.
903. Algin – Brown sea weed(Sargassium).
904. Microaerophills –Lactobacillus.
905. Rigor mortisis convert glycogen into – Lacticacid.
906. Composition of tin plate – 98% steel and 2%tin.
907. Thickness of tin coating expressed in – gm/sq.m(GSM).
908. Colour of Oleoresinous lacquer – Gold colour.
909. ZnO2 added to oleoresin – C (corn)enamel.
910. Poly, ß (1,4) – N acetyl – D – Glucosamine –Chitin.
911. Poly, ß (1,4) Glucosamine – Chitoson.
912. FPC mainly prepared from – Leanfish.
913. Squlene structural formula was given by – Calour.
914. Squlene is a precursor of - CHO synthesis.
915. Breakdown of ATP release – Ca
++
ions.
916. Protein not affected during freezing – Sarcoplasmic.
917. Protein affected during freezing – Myofibrillar.
918. Stablest form of myofibrillar protein – Tropomyosin.
919. Major phospholipid in fish – Phosphatidyl choline (50-60%).
920. Most preferred tuna for canning – T. alalunga.
921. Largest producer and exporter of canned tuna – India.
922. Free CO2 released in oil pack of canned fish – Exudates.
923. C. botulinum do not produce toxin in a pH - <4.5.
924. Ultimate end product of ATP breakdown – Urea.
925. K-value proposed by – Saito et al.
926. Freshly caught fish K-value – 0.
927. Moderate quality of fish K-value – 10 -20.
928. Bacterial load in gut – 10
5
– 10
8
nos./gm.
929. Fish smell rancid when PV value of - >20.

662. 659
930. Good quality of fish PV value - <10.
931. Bound water in the muscle removed by – Humectant.
932. Pure water aW (water activity) – 1.
933. Humectant – Salt, Sorbitol, Glycerol and Sugar.
934. Pioneer of aW – Scott.
935. Humidity – Hygrometer.
936. A curve between moisture content vs aW – Sorption Isotherm.
937. Sorption isotherm – Sigmoid curve.
938. Amendment on irradiated food product act – 1994.
939. Irradiated food safe for human consumption – 10 KGY.
940. Cobalt 60 release – Gammarays.
941. Cesium release – Gamma andBeta.
942. Dose required to kill 90% of bacterial population – D10value.
943. White fish roe – Goldencavior.
944. Roe contain (per ounce) – 30% protein + 90calories.
945. Eh is deepest on – O/R potential offood.
946. Role of microbes in spoilage is first reported by – Kircher.
947. Amount of catch used for meal production –30%.
948. Beach – de – mer bagged in – Gunny bags(India).
949. C. botulinum produce toxin even at –3.3°C.
950. Irradiatedproductstoredinicetoextendshelflifeiscalled–
Radurization.
951. Fish meal rich in – B-complexvitamin.
952. Z value for C. botulinum -10°C.
953. Blue discolouration in canned crab – CuSO4 (Treatment –EDTA).
954. Use antibiotics was proposed by –Tarr.
955. Heat processed product packed in – PP (Poly Propylene).
956. Fish factice is prepared from – Fish oil.
957. The coagulant protein formed inside the fish can is called – Curd.

663. 660
958. Frozen shrimp packed in – Duplex carton.
959. Maximum limit of SO2 in shrimp is – 100ppm.
960. Tween 80 – Emulsifier.
961. Sodium alginate is prepared by – Proton method.
962. Citric acid and Hexa meta phosphate are – Chelating agent.
963. Ascorbic acid – Synergetic.
964. Density is measured by – Hydrometer.
965. Esters of benzoic acid – Parabens.
966. Thermoresistometer invented by – Stumbo.
967. Flat sour spoilage – B. stearothermophilus.
968. Stake burn – Inadequate cooling and storage.
969. Butyric anaerobes – C. thermosacharolyticum.
970. Anaerobic spore former – B.subtilus.
971. Thermophilic facultative anaerobes – B. stearothermophilus and E.
coli.
972. Fish satay – Fermented fish.
973. Pindong – Salted boiled fish.
974. Colombo fish – Marinated fish.
975. Maldive fish – Smoked fish.
976. Aseptic canning system – C. Olin ball (Thermal process).
977. Open top cans (OTS) – Three piece can.
978. Two piece can – Drawn.
979. Epoxy lacquer – Synthetic lacquer.
980. Fish meat can – Sulphur resistant lacquer.
981. Use of anchor is called – Ground tackling.
982. Mast head light – White light.
983. Trawling light – Yellow.
984. Towing light – Yellow.
985. Line fish flag – Red or Yellow.

664. 661
986. Contiguous zone extends upto – 24Nm.
987. Teritorial water ranges from – 12 Nm.
988. International distress frequency – 2182KHZ.
989. Highest resistant to abrasion – PA (Nylon).
990. Latent heat of melting ice – 80 Kcal/Kg.
991. Latent heat of sublimation of ice at 0°C – 283KJ/Kg.
992. Latent heat of vaporization of H2O at 100 atm pressure – 539
Kcal/Kg.
993. Specific heat of water – 1 Kcal/Kg.
994. Boiling point of Liquid nitrogen - -33°C.
995. Freeze dried products are packed in a inert gas medium – Nitrogen.
996. One unit of refrigeration – 4.186 KJ/sec.
997. Big size fatty fishes – Air Blast Freezer (ABF).
998. Small and even size prawn – Fluidized freezer.
999. Kelvin is the absolute scale of – Celcium.
1000.Fahrenheit is the absolute scale of – Rankene.
1001. Latent heat is also known as – Hidden heat.
1002.Very large scale charts covering small areas – Plan charts.
1003.Large scale chart covering a section of a coastal line – Coastal
charts.
1004.Speed of sound wave in water – 1500m/sec.
1005.Speed of radio/electro magnetic wave – 3 × 10
8
m/sec.
1006.Situation in which a ship bottom is touching the sea floor – Aground.
1007.Gyrocompass – True north.
1008.ICAR established during – 1924.
1009.Birds are indicator of – Oil pollution.
1010.The letter ‗M‘ stands for – Medical section.
1011.The letter ‗O‘ stands for – Man overboard.
1012.Single letter used for shooting trawl net – Z flag.

665. 662
1013.Single letter used for handling trawl net – G flag.
1014.Same variation in charts are joined by – Isogonic lines.
1015.Graphical representation of ship course – Course line.
1016.Which is used to prevent twisting & kindling of line – Swivel.
1017.Five prolonged stockless anchor –Grapnel.
1018.Otter boards are connected by – G-links.
1019.Drifters is a – Gill net.
1020.Fish pumps are used in – Purse seine.
1021.Carburettor present in – Diesel engine (Spark plug).
1022.Fuel injector present in – Diesel engine.
1023.Coir is a – Fruit fibre.
1024.Manila is a – Leaf fibre.
1025.PE is a – Continuous filament.
1026.Major fishing harbours in India – 6 (Minor – 41).
1027.Important fishing method followed in all over the world – Purse seine.
1028.Widely used fish detecting instrument – Echo sounder.
1029.Marine borer – Toredo.
1030.Marine fouler – Barnacle.
1031.Rotting is a natural phenomenon caused by – Fungi.
1032.PE – Ethylene glycerol + Terepthalic acid.
1033.Purse seine have – Bunt.
1034.Dredges – Active gear (to collect mussel, oyster and clams).
1035.The steel contain less than 0.15% carbon – Low carbon steel.
1036.No maritime fishing regulation in – Gujarat.
1037.LORAN – Long Range Aid to Navigator.
1038.Channel 16 means – Safety channel.
1039.Maritime fishing villages in Tamil Nadu – 591.
1040.Life saving appliances detailed in – MSA, 1978.
1041.Fire saving appliances detailed in – MSA, 1969.

666. 663
1042.Lubber‘s line indicate – Boat head.
1043.North pole – Red.
1044.South pole – Blue.
1045.Angle between TN (True north) and MN (Magnetic north) – Variation.
1046.Angle between MN (Magnetic north) and CN (Compass north) –
Deviation.
1047.Dredging by dreaming of water at jet speed is called – Scouring.
1048.Liquid fire – Dry chemical powder.
1049.Anchor used in muddy and sandy bottom – Danforth type.
1050.Anchor used in corals and rocky bottom – Single fluke anchor.
1051.Anchor used in small boats – Grapnel anchor.
1052.One bell – Starboard side.
1053.Two bell – Port side.
1054.Three bell – Head on.
1055.A measure of ship‘s capacity to carry cargo – Freight tonnage.
1056.Treatment of timber using inorganic water soluble preservatives –
Boucheirie process.
1057.Shank is a component of - Anchor.
1058.Double hooks are used in – Trolling line.
1059.Swivel used to prevent twisting in – Line fishing.
1060.Basic unit of yarn – Twist.
1061.Vertical hanging co-efficient of gill net – Root of 1-E
2
.
1062.A mesh consist of – Four bars and four knots.
1063.Tanning is a process done in net to – Increase the strength.
1064.Natural fibres are poor resistant to – Acids.
1065.In trawl net heavy chain attached to foot rope by – Tickler chain.
1066.Tunnel shape of valve trap is – Throat.
1067.For deep water fishing – plastic high density floats.
1068.Yarn numbering expressed in – Length/unit mass.

667. 664
1069.Breaking strength is expressed in – Kgf (Tenacity × Tensile
strength).
1070.Two type of seines – Beach serve and Boat serve.
1071.Low density floats – Wood and Cork.
1072.Twins are classified as – Cabled or Twisted and Braided.
1073.Most twisted netting twins – Three strand.
1074.N-cut – Bar cut or Point cut.
1075.T-cut – Mesh cut.
1076.Flapper is a piece of net placed in cod end to prevent an escape of
entered fish in the cod end.
1077.Otter board used in stony & uneven bottom – Oval & V shape.
1078.Sandy, muddy and even bottom otter board – Rectangular flat otter
board.
1079.Efficiency of otter boards are expressed in – Sheer and Drag force.
1080.Pair trawling is also known as – Bull trawling.
1081.Pair trawling – No otter board.
1082.Most widely used multi rig trawling – Double rig trawling.
1083.Thimble prevents chafing of materials.
1084.Which is used to connect link or fastening parts together – Shackle.
1085.For joining the ropes – D-shackle.
1086.For joining various lines and ropes – Eye-bolt shackle.
1087.Jointused in keels, shelves, clamps andother longitudinalparts–
Scarf joint.
1088.Two piece of timber joined by one overlap the other – Lap joint.
1089.Two piece of wood joined at end to end – Butt joint.
1090.Hook consist of – Head, Shank and Bend.
1091.Hook used in pole and line fishing – Barbless hook.
1092.Double or triple hooks are used in – Troll line with artificial baits.
1093.Cork float cannot be used in deep waters.

668. 665
1094.Glass floats withstand the pressure up to – 200 fathoms.
1095.High density plastic floats – Gill and Trawl line.
1096.Line fishing – Glass or plastic float.
1097.Radio buoys are used in – Tuna long line.
1098.Radio buoys transmission range – 50 km.
1099.In trawl net TED (Turtle Excluding Device) installed – Before cod
end.
1100.The transverse curvature of the deck from centre line down to the
sides – Camber.
1101.Outward curvature of the hull surface above the water line – Flare.
1102.The curvature of freeboard deck side – Sheer.
1103.Bulk head divide the hull into number of compartments for protection
against water and fire.
1104.Deck machinery required for trawling – Winches.
1105.Fishing reels are used in – Single line trolling.
1106.Power blocks are used in – Purse seine.
1107.The rope or cable connects the wing to an otter board – Sweep line.
1108.The side pieces joining an upper and lower panel of the four seam
trawl – Selvedge.
1109.The sweep line engaged or disengaged from otter board by – G-link
assembly.
1110.Several pieces of webbing are laced together by – Brace line.
1111.The size of trawl is determined by – Head rope length.
1112.Diameter more than 4mm – Rope ; Less than 4mm – Twin.
1113.From left to top right – Z-twist.
1114.Both fibre and yarn twist in a same direction – Single twist.
1115.Both fibre and yarn twist in a opposite direction – Double twist.
1116.Nylon specified as – 210/6/3.
1117.Cotton twin specified as – 20/0/3.

669. 666
1118.Breaking strength × fibre density – Tenacity.
1119.Preservative – Tannin (Cutch – 4-6%).
1120.The smallest hook size – No. 20.
1121.Automatic jigging reduce the manpower up to – 50%.
1122.In long line, branch line connected to main line by – Gangious and
Snoods.
1123.Secondary leader connects to branch line by – Sekiyama.
1124.Leader wire connected to sekiyama by – Snood wire.
1125.Tendency of fishes to be closed to solid object – Thigmotropism.
1126.Stow nets are used in – Tidal currents.
1127.Aerial trap – Veranda nets.
1128.Other name of Chinese grass – Ramie.
1129.Manila obtained from –Abaca.
1130.Phenol extracted from – Coal tar.
1131.Operating range of dice navigator – 384 – 640 km.
1132.Operating range of LORAN – 300 – 800 km.
1133.Depth of fishing harbour need not to be more than – 6 m.
1134.Instrument used to obtain bearing of object not visible from the
position of boat – Pe-lorus.
1135.One nautical mile is equal to – 6080 feet or 1852 m.
1136.The angle between the sextant mirrors do not exceed - 60°C.
1137.Density of freshwater – 1000 kg/ m
3
.
1138.Density of sea water – 1025 kg/ m
3
.
1139.Density of ice – 0.92 g / Cm
2
.
1140.Density of air – 0.0012g/Cm
3
.
1141.Density of mild steel – 7850 kg/ m
3
.
1142.Density of diesel – 850 kg/ m
3.

1143.Air seasoning of timber takes – 3 - 4 months.
1144.Kiln seasoning of timber takes – 8 – 10 days.

670. 667
1145.Seasoning brought down to – 18 – 20 % moisture.
1146.Percentage of carbon good for steel boat – 0.12 – 0.2 %.
1147.Tensile strength of steel – 4735 kg/ cm
2
.
1148.Tensile strength of FRP – 1050 Kg/ Cm
2
.
1149.Tensile strength of Aluminium – 31000 – 48000 psi.
1150.Capacity of refrigeration unit – Ton of refrigeration.
1151.Primary refrigerants used in – Direct expansion system.
1152.Secondary refrigerants used in – Secondary expansion system.
1153.Patent log is called – Taffrail log.
1154.Name of mechanical time piece – Chronometer.
1155.When NaCl dissolve in water – Endothermic reaction (Heat
absorption).
1156.When NaOH dissolve in water – Exothermic reaction (Heat
liberation).
1157.Piloting – Coastal navigation.
1158.Transducer of Netsonde fixed in – Head rope of trawl net.
1159.A vessel operate a number of long line – Troller.
1160.Example of drive in net – Lift net.
1161.Backbone of vessel – Keel.
1162.Additional member fitted on the back side of the vessel – Apron.
1163.Framework of vessel – Hull.
1164.Light buoy – Tuna long line; Dahn buoy – Set gill net.
1165.Electronic navigation – LORAN.
1166.Scoop net – Lift net; Modern entangling net – Tramnel net.
1167.Fishing gear classification was given by – Von brandt.
1168.Bow‘s & combs – Whales; Fish combs – Eel fishery.
1169.Lampara net – Surrounding net.
1170.Lantern net – Falling gear.
1171.Midwater trawl – Larsen trawl.

671. 668
1172.Rectangular flat otter board – Bottom trawl.
1173.Oval cambered slotted otter board – Bottom & Mid water trawl.
1174.Superkrub otter board – Mid water trawl.
1175.Mechanization by – Paulziener.
1176.Trawl net design – Miyamoto.
1177.Gill net mesh size – Barnav.
1178.Merchant shipping act – George Moorson(1958) .
1179.Electric fishing – Galvanotaxis.
1180.Satpathi type – Mumbai.
1181.Ratnagiri machwa – Maharashtra.
1182.Halar machwa – Gujarat (Lodhia and Kotia).
1183.Rampani boat – Karnataka.
1184.Odam – Kerala.
1185.Batchari boats – West Bengal.
1186.Bombay machwa is also known as – Karanja boat.
1187.Nava – Andhra Pradesh (Teppam – Catamaran).
1188.Kerala is a home place for – Dugout Canoe.
1189.Oil type preservative – Creosote petroleum solution.
1190.Organic solvent preservative – Petroleum fuel oil.
1191.Water bone type – Copper chromate.
1192.Low carbon steel - <0.15%.
1193.Mild carbon steel – 0.15 – 0.3 %.
1194.Medium carbon steel – 0.3 – 0.8 %.
1195.High carbon steel – 0.8 – 1.5 %.
1196.FRP – 1968.
1197.Steel – 1878.
1198.Al – 1890.
1199.Ferro cement – 1847.
1200.GRP – 1946.

672. 669
1201.Life span of Al boat – More than 40 years.
1202.Life span of steel boat – 30 - 40 years.
1203.Life span of wooden boat – 20 -25 years.
1204.Tonnage – Ship capacity.
1205.Plimsoll line – Load line mark.
1206.Block co-efficient (CB) – V/L × b × d.
1207.Prismatic co-efficient (PB) – V/Am × L (Ship resistance).
1208.Water plan area (CW) – Aw/ L × b.
1209.CPP – Controlled Pitch Propeller.
1210.FPP – Fixed Pitch Propeller.
1211.Teak – Tectona grandis.
1212.Aini – Pterocarpus hirsuta.
1213.Urgent message on safety – PAN PAN.
1214.Liquid air - -194.2°C.
1215.°K - °C + 273 ; °R - °F + 460 ; C / 100 = F-32 / 100.
1216.Natural fibre –Sisal.
1217.Seed fibre –Cotton.
1218.Bast fibre – Hemp, Ramie and Liner.
1219.Split fibre – Poly propylene (PP).
1220.Staple fibre – PES.
1221.Monofilament prepared from – PVD.
1222.PES is a synthetic fibre which has high resistant to acids.
1223.British system symbol – Ne.
1224.Metric system symbol – Nm.
1225.Denier system – 9000mts of a single year.
1226.Tex system – weight in 1000mts.
1227.Foundation line - Clove hitch.
1228.Left hand twist – S ; Right hand twist – Z.
1229.CQR anchor – Stockless anchor.

673. 670
1230.Commonly used anchor in India – CQR.
1231.Plough anchor – Grapnel.
1232.Two arms of an anchor can move 45° on either side – Danforth.
1233.Centre log – Irukkumaram.
1234.Three logs – Chinnamaram.
1235.Four logs –Periyamaram.
1236.Five logs – Thundilmaram.
1237.Seven logs –Kolamaram.
1238.Deep sea fishing vessel – Steel vessel.
1239.Highest displacement vessel – Ferro cement vessel.
1240.Bending a boat‘s cable to the ring – Fishermanknot.
1241.Bending together two ropes at a equal size – Reef knot.
1242.Make a temporary eye – Bowline knot.
1243.Jigs – False bait.
1244.Petrol engine – 7:1 to 10:1.
1245.Diesel engine – 12:1 to 19:1.
1246.Brailer – Dip net.
1247.Triangular piece of wood – Knee.
1248.Copper sheathing done for – Hull protection.
1249.Caulking – water proof hull.
1250.Simpson‘s rule used for – Ship area calculation.
1251.Tcheby cheff‘s rule – Ship stability.
1252.Control of engine speed – Governor.
1253.Compass bowl – Binnacle.
1254.Starboard side – Green light.
1255.Port side – Yellow light.
1256.Fly wheel is attached near end of crank shaft.
1257.The big end of connecting rod – Crank pin.
1258.Alpha – I have diver down.

674. 671
1259.Bravo – I am taking in.
1260.Charlie – Yes.
1261.Echo – Altering course to starboard side.
1262.India – Altering course to port side.
1263.Juliet – I am fire.
1264.Mike – My vessel is stopped.
1265.November – Negative (No).
1266.Oscar – Man over board.
1267.Qubec – My vessel is healthy.
1268.Romeo – Not allocated. I have received your last signal.
1269.Sierra – My engine is going astern.
1270.Tang – keep clear on me. I am engaged on pair trawling.
1271.Whisky – I require medical assistance.
1272.Zulu – I need tug. I shout my net.
1273.Total – 26 Alphabet flags; 10 numeric flags; 3 substitute flags; &1
answering flag.
1274.Beam – Maximum breadth.
1275.Geometric centre of vessel – Metacentre.
1276.R12 – CFC.
1277.R22 – HCFC.
1278.R114 – C2CL2F4.
1279.R502 – Mixture of R12 + R22.
1280.R717 –NH3.
1281.R744 –CO2.
1282.R764 –SO2.
1283.R729 – Air.
1284.R718 – H2O.
1285.Freon 11 – Trichloro Monofluro Methane (CCl3F).
1286.Freon 12 - Dichloro Difluro Methane (CCl2F2).

675. 672
1287.Freon 13 - Monochloro Trifluro Methane (CClF3).
1288.Freon 21 - Dichloro Monofluro Methane (CCl2F).
1289.Freon 22 – Monochloro Difluro Methane. (CClF2).
1290.Bimetal lake – Uttaranchal.
1291.Biggest reservoir – Hirakud reservoir.
1292.Black gill disease in shrimp – H2S.
1293.Internal ear helping in balance and hearing – Statoacoustic organ.
1294.Sound producing fishes – Mola and Balistes.
1295.Tangoreceptor – Perceive touch.
1296.Rheoreceptor (in lateral line) – Perceive water current.
1297.White sardine – Kovala coval.
1298.Ribbon fish – Hair tails or cutlars fish.
1299.Indian turbot – Psettodes erumei (Indian hail but). (Successfully
bred by CMFRI)
1300.Malabar sole – Cyanoglossus macrostomus.
1301.No gill raker found in – Muraenesox.
1302.Intestinal respiration – Loaches (Migunus fossilis).
1303.World largest island – Green land.
1304.Temperature decrease with increase elevation – Troposphere.
1305.Temperature increase with increase elevation – Stratosphere.
1306.Epsom salt – MgSO4.
1307.No Coriolis effect in – Equator.
1308.Swirling motion – Eddies.
1309.G
+
positive bacteria cell wall – Teichonic acid.
1310.G
-
negative bacteria cell wall – Lipopolysaccharide.
1311.Kench curing – Lean fishes (cod).
1312.Hot smoking - >30°C (Eels and Trouts).
1313.Cold smoking - <30°C (Cod and Haddock).
1314.Common additive in canning – Brine.

676. 673
1315.Softening of bones – Osteomalacia.
1316.Wet card compass –Mica.
1317.Dry card compass – Rice paper.
1318.SART – Search And Rescue Radar Transponder.
1319.First light house – USA (1716).
1320.Signalling by hands or arms – Semaphore.
1321.Breeches buoy used to transfer a disable person from one ship to
another.
1322.Heart of RADAR system – Modulator.
1323.Flashing light – 120 flashes/min.
1324.Stern light – White unbroken horizon of 135°C (each side 67.5°C).
1325.Side light – Green unbroken horizon of 112.5°C (each side of
52.5°C).
1326.First GPS satellite – 1978.
1327.Total GPS satellite – 24 (21 active and 3 spares).
1328.Common used strongest packing material – Kraft paper.
1329.Barcode – 13 digit number (1
st
two no – Country; next 5 nos –
Manufacture; last 5 nos – Identity of produt).
1330.Moisture content of sea cucumber – 80%.
1331.Moisture content of jelly fish – 96 – 97%.
1332.T-S curve- Temperature – Salinity curve (used to identify water
masses).
1333.Ice broken by waves – Pancake ice.
1334.Ice broken by winds – Floes.
1335.Mass of F/W ice in ocean is called – Ice berg.
1336.Ice berg formation is called – Caulving.
1337.Standing or stationary waves – Seiches or Saysh.
1338.Energy supplied by the wind is equal to the energy lost by breaking
waves is called – Whitecaps.

677. 674
1339.The black sea has high amount of – H2S.
1340.Japan red algae – Nori.
1341.Baleen whale eats 850 litres of Krill per day.
1342.Ctenophore – Comb jelly or Sea walnut.
1343.Longest migratory fish – California grey whale (20000 km/yr).
1344.World largest fishery – Peruvian Anchovy. (Highly capture fish in
the world – 2015)
1345.Kelp is a food for – Sea urchin.
1346.World deepest ocean trench – Mariana (11 km depth, Pacific).
1347.India deepest ocean trench – Java (7.5 km depth, Indian Ocean).
1348.Deepest area in Atlantic ocean – Puerto Rico Trench (9.4km).
1349.Water sample bottles was invented by – Nanseen.
1350.Fish silage – Lactic acid bacteria (Fermented product).
1351.Red lake – Urophysis chris.
1352.Hard shell clam – Mercinaria mercinaria.
1353.The shelf life of fatty fishes in ice – 8 - 12 days.
1354.World food day - 16 October.
1355.World water day – 22 March.
1356.World wetland day – 2 February. (World Reservoir Day)
1357.World soil day – 5 December.
1358.World fisheries day – 10 July.
1359.Fish farmers day – 2 November.
1360.Koi carp day – 8 August.
1361.Pepsin secreted by intestine and acts on protein.
1362.White spot on gills/scales – Myxosporean.
1363.Sekoke disease – Silk worm pupae in feed.
1364.Costiasis – Costia (Icthyobodo). – Protozoan parasite.
1365.Black spot disease in carp – Displostoneum pigmentata.
1366.Bacterial gill disease – Flavobacterium.

678. 675
1367.Furungulosis – A. salmonicida.
1368.BKD (Bacterial Kidney Disease) – Renibacterium.
1369.Columnaris disease – Flexibacter coloumnaris.
1370.Fin tail rot – A. hydrophilla/ Pseudomonos.
1371.Dropsy – A. hydrophilla.
1372.Cotton wool disease – Saprolegnia. (Mould)
1373.EUS (Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome) – Aphanomyces invadens.
(Fungi)
1374.White spot disease – Icthyothirius multifillis. (Protozoa)
1375.Whirling disease is caused by – Myxobolus cerebralis.
1376.RNA virus – Noda virus.
1377.WSSV – Nimaviridae. (DS DNA Virus)
1378.Red tail disease in shrimp is caused by - TSV
1379.Cotton shrimp disease – Microsporodian.
1380.Cell mediated immunity – Lymphocyte.
1381.Transferrin (Metallo protein) – Iron binding protein.
1382.High altitude lake – Titicaca lake.
1383.Oesophagus is commonly known as – Gullet.
1384.Carbohydrate (CHO) digested by – Amylase.
1385.Two kidneys are fused – Clupeidae.
1386.Middle and posterior parts are fused – Plotosidae and Anguillidae.
1387.Only posterior parts are fused – Belonidae, Mugillidae,
Carrangidae andScombridae.
1388.Two kidneys are separated – Lophidae.
1389.Excretory organ in Mollusk – Nephridia.
1390.American eel – Anguilla rostrata.
1391.Sea trout – Salmo trutta trutta.
1392.Every 10°C rise in temperature doubles the metabolic rate – Vant
Haff‟s law.

679. 676
1393.Modification of muscle in shark as heat cell – Brain heater.
1394.Ionocyte present in F/W crab to pump the salt from external to body.
(Hyper osmoregulation).
1395.Heroparous animal can reproduce more than one time during life
cycle. (carp)
1396.Semalparous animal can reproduce only one time during life cycle.
(Salmon)
1397.Early maturing fish – Tilapia. (Prolific breeder)
1398.Very late maturing fish – Sturgeon. (Famous for its Roe)
1399.Bottom feeding fishes having – Sub terminalmouth.
1400.Total nitrogenous excretion of fish contains – 90% NH3 and 10%
Urea.
1401.Caudal fin of Bombay duck – Trilobed. (Only found in Maharashtra
and Gujarat)
1402.Teeth present in tongue of the fish is called – Glossohyal.
1403.World largest living arthropod – Mantis shrimp.
1404.Fast swimming invertebrate – Octopus. (3 hearted cephalopod)
1405.Sunset shell – Sliqua radiate.
1406.A poisonous mollusc shell – Conus.
1407.Razor shell – Solen sp.
1408.Box crab – Calappa lophas.
1409.Moon shell – Natica sp.
1410.Largest digestive gland in fish – Liver.
1411.Blood cell formed in the – Spleen.
1412.Renal portal collects the bloods from kidney.
1413.Hepatic portal collects the blood from liver.
1414.Post cardinal collects the blood from head region.
1415.Fore brain is the site of – Olfactory function.
1416.Mid brain is the site for – Vision.

680. 677
1417.Skeletal muscle helps in locomotion.
1418.Smooth muscle helps in movement of food particles/ excretion.
1419.Sharply pointed and elongated teeth – Villiform (Needle fish).
1420.Sub conical straight or curved – Canine (Shark and Ribbon).
1421.Sharp cutting edges – Incisiform (Parrot and Sea bream).
1422.Broad flattened surface – Molariform (Skates and Saw fish).
1423.Numerous short fine and pointed – Cardiform (Sea bass).
1424.Stain used for marking the shell fishes – Trypan.
1425.Control of respiratory rate is exercised by Medula oblongata (in hind
brain).
1426.Oxygen relatively insoluble in – Plasma.
1427.In edible oyster pediveliger changes into spat after 14 – 19 days.
1428.Polyplacophora have 8 shell plates.
1429.Number of radular teeth in Conus sp – 1.
1430. Chilka lake receive water from – Daya river.
1431.Ganga – Gangotri hills.
1432.Brahmaputra – Great mansarovar lake.
1433.Godavari – Deolali hills. (Maharashtra)
1434.Narmada – Amarkantak hills. (Maharashtra)
1435.Tapti – Mount Vindhya of Satpura ranges. (Maharashtra)
1436.Sutlej – Mansarovar lake.
1437.Ravi – Rohtang pass.
1438.Jhelum – Verinag.
1439.Indus – Tibet.
1440.Pulicate lake – Andhra Pradesh.
1441.Ooty lake – Tamil Nadu.
1442.Chilka lake – Orissa. (Lagoon)
1443.Logtak lake – Manipur.
1444.Jaismand lake – Rajasthan.

681. 678
1445.Gandhisagar – Chambal (M.P).
1446.Shivajisagar – Koyana (Maharashtra).
1447.Krishnarajsagar – Cauvery (Karnataka).
1448.Bhavanisagar – Bhavani (T.N).
1449.Govindsagar – Sutlej (H.P).
1450.Surplus production is denoted by – Y´.
1451.Annual growth rate is – h.
1452.Sperm whale – Phyester catodon. (Famous for Ambergris)
1453.Blue whale – Balanoptera borealis.
1454.Killer whale – Orcinus orca.
1455.First scientifically constructed fish farm in India – H.B.Wilson.
1456.Alpha cells of pancreas secretes –Insulin.
1457.Ovary is not continuous with oviduct – Gymnovarian. - Shark
1458.Ovary is continuous with oviduct – Cytovarian. – Bony fishes
1459.P. monodon – 12 larvae (Nauplii – 6; Mysis – 3; Protozoa – 3).
1460.Cryo injury avoided by – Rinkerssolution.
1461.Selection involving removal of fish is called – Culling.
1462.Assessment of offspring performance – Progeny testing.
1463.Alternate form of gene – Allele.
1464.A chromosome is not a sex chromosome – Autosome.
1465.A system in which sex is determined by genes – Autosomal.
1466.Bentonite is used to reduce the seepage in ponds.
1467.Dike top width is commonly known as – Crown or Crest.
1468.Step like structure in dike - Berm
1469.Anti-stress vitamin – Vitamin C.
1470.Commonly used aquaculture pump – Axial pump.
1471.Increasing in cell size – Hypertrophy.
1472.Increasing in cell number – Hyperplasia.
1473.Damage of cell by protozoan parasite - Cytopathic effect.

682. 679
1474.Primary lymphoid organ – Thymus and Kidney.
1475.Secondary lymphoid organ –Spleen and Gut.
1476.Decrease in maximum oxygen binding capacity of blood – Root
effect.
1477.Decrease in maximum oxygen carrying capacity of blood – Bohr
effect.
1478.The larval development of murrels completed in – 9 weeks.
1479.Gammaxane (Insecticide & weedicide) is also known as – Heterex
UP.
1480.Tafadrin – 20 commercially contain – Endrin.
1481.NUVAN-EC 100 fish poison contain – DDVP.
1482.Average weight of carp spawn – 1.4 mg. – Fertilized egg size –
1.6mm
1483.F/W prawn requires a protein level of – 25 – 30%.
1484.Kanite is a - Potash fertilizer.
1485.Commonly used fish poison – Derris root powder.
1486.Liebig‘s law (Law of Minimum) – Rate of pond fertilization.
1487.A food rarely enters into the gut – Incidental food.
1488.A food is usually consumed by fish – Basic food.
1489.A food frequently found in gut – Secondary food.
1490.Absence of basic food fish may take – Obligate food.
1491.Wet feed moisture content – 45 – 70%.
1492.Moist feed moisture content – 25 – 45%.
1493.Dry feed moisture content – 7 – 13%.
1494.Binders provide water stability to the feed.
1495.Feed intake can be improved by – Feeding stimulants.
1496.Feed binder – Guar gum andCMC.
1497.BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene) – Antioxidant.
1498.Feeding stimulant – L-aminoacids.

683. 680
1499.Feed preservative – Sodium propionate.
1500.FCR – Dry wt. of feed consumed / wet body wt. gain.
1501.FER – Wet wt. gained / Dry wt. of feed consumed.
1502.PER – Wet wt. gained / Dry wt. of protein consumed.
1503.Weight gain – Final wt. – Initial wt. × 100/ Initial wt.
1504.SGR (Specific Growth Rate) – ln Final wt. – ln Initial wt. × 100/
Time of interval indays.
1505.Vitamin D3 – Cholecalciferal.
1506.Vitamin D2– Ergocalciferal.
1507.Vitamin B4 –Choline.
1508.The traditional B/W aquaculture in Orissa – Gheris.
1509.Living manuring machine – Duck. (300-500 ducks/ha)
1510.Cattle for IFF –4-6/ha
1511.Pig for IFF – 40-50/ha
1512.Goat for IFF – 40-60/ha
1513.Poultry for IFF – 1000/ha
1514.Duck droppings contain – 25% organic and 20% inorganic.
1515.Khaki campell – Exotic variety of duck.
1516.Sawah-tumbak rice fish system practiced in – Indonesia.
1517.Minapadi and Penyelang rich fish system practiced in – Malaysia.
1518.Intestinal breeding habitat – Cobitidae.
1519.The young one feeds mucus of parents in – Discus. (For immune
response)
1520.Freeze dried ornamental food – Tubifex worm.
1521.Neon tetra exhibits shoaling behaviour.
1522.Aggressive ornamental fish – Oscar.
1523.In neon tetra sexes are identified by their – Shape of swim bladder.
1524.Which fish stocked to control malaria – Guppy. (Million fish)
1525.Black molly is a – Ovoviviparous.

684. 681
1526.Discus – Symphysodon discus (Spawning cone).
1527.Sword tail – Xiphophorus hellari (Live bearer).
1528.Platy – Xiphophorus maculatus.
1529.Giant sail fin Molly – Poecilia velifera.
1530.Black molly – P. spenophs.
1531.Million fish – P. reticulate (Guppy).
1532.Indian glass fish – Chanda ranga.
1533.Pirahna – Pygocentrus piraya (Roots of floating weed). – Banned
ornamental fish in India.
1534.Zebra danio – Branchydanio rerio (Semi-adhesive eggs).
1535.Rosy barb – Barbus conchonius.
1536.Tiger barb – B. tetrazona.
1537.Green chromide – Etroplus suratensis.
1538.Fire mouth cichilid – Cichlasoma meeki.
1539.Kissing gourami – Holostoma temmincki.
1540.Honey gourami – Colisa chuna.
1541.Gold fish – Plastic stripes.
1542.Angel fish – Strip of plate.
1543.Live bearers – Breeding trap.
1544.Rotifer larvae become adult within – 0.5 – 1.5 days.
1545.Coagulation and precipitation of harvested algal cell done by – Ferric
chloride.
1546.Artemia outer shell colour can be determined by – Haematin
concentration.
1547.Suitable feeding size of artemia – 40 - 50µ.
1548.The hard outer cover of artemia is made up of – Alveolar layer.
1549.Pennate type of diatom – Navicula.
1550.Centricate type of diatom – Skeletonema.
1551.Long chain like diatom – Tychopelagic.

685. 682
1552.Nutrient level is constant in algal culture – Chemostat.
1553.Cell density is constant in algal culture – Turbidostat.
1554.Rice bran used as a food for – Artemia culture.
1555.Essential vitamin for larviculture – Vitamin – C.
1556.The alveolar layer of artemia is dissolved by – Hypochlorite
(Decapsulation).
1557.The word soil is derived from – Solum.
1558.The rock chiefly contain feldspar and quartz – Igneous.
1559.The strength by which soil materials are held together – Soil
consistency.
1560.The weight per unit volume of dry soil – Bulk density.
1561.Deep black, red end laterite soil are example of – Mineral soil.
1562.Peat and humic soils are examples of – Organic soil.
1563.Silt soil size – 0.05 – 0.002 mm.
1564.Clay soil size – Less than 0.002mm.
1565.Fine sand soil size – 0.25 – 0.10 mm.
1566.Coarse sand soil size – 1.0 – 1.5 mm.
1567.Cell structure and division – Calcium.
1568.Water regulation and stress tolerance – Potassium.
1569.Energy compound and maturity – Phosphorus.
1570.Growth and protein production – Nitrogen.
1571.Father of geography – Bernard Orinius.
1572.Father of limnology – F.A.Forel.
1573.The diameter of equator – 12756.8 km (6888nm).
1574.The diameter of polar – 12714 km (6865 nm).
1575.The total area of land on earth – 149 million km
2
.
1576.Study of solar system – Cosmology.
1577.The total area of ocean and seas on earth – 361 million km
2
.
1578.The outer layer of earth – Lithosphere.

686. 683
1579.Major inland fishing areas in the world – 8.
1580.Major marine fishing areas in the world – 19.
1581.An excellent biological indicator of Eutrophication – Aufwuche.
(Periphyton)
1582.The pasteures (food) of the ocean – Cocolithophores. (Responsible
for white tide)
1583.‗S‘ shaped ocean – Atlantic ocean.
1584.Panama canal connects – Pacific and Atlantic.
1585.Largest mid oceanic ridge – Mid Atlantic ridge.
1586.The continental island – New Zealand.
1587.The oceanic island – Hawaii island.
1588.Volcanic island – South Sandwich.
1589.SCUBA has been developed by – Jacques costeue. (Self-Contained
Underwater Breathing Apparatus)
1590.Heavy metal pollution – Zn, and Pb.
1591.Ballast water is a source of – Biological pollution.
1592.Pathogen in domestic waste water – Salmonella paratypii.
1593.Phytoplankton‘s are preserved in - Lugol‟s solution.
1594.Temperature of Abyssal benthic zone – 5 to -1°C.
1595.Macroplankton collected by – Hensen net.
1596.Boring organism – Martesia.
1597.Sandy shore organism – Emerita sp.
1598.Muddy shore organism – Cardium sp.
1599.Rocky shore organism – Sargassium.
1600.Coral reef organism – Acroporna.
1601.Sea water contains about – 47 ml of CO2 / Litre.
1602.Fact behind the beginning of oceanography – Challengers
expedition. (HMSMuller)
1603.Diatoms are counted by – Haemocytometer.

687. 684
1604.EL-Nino also known as – Callao painter.
1605.Continental shelf better known as - Sub littoral zone.
1606.Littoral zone is also known as – Inter tidal zone.
1607.Acid is a – Proton donor.
1608.Base is a – Proton acceptor.
1609.Blue book is a complication of – Endangered species.
1610.Marine cladoceron – Evadne and Podon.
1611.Functional unit of an ecosystem – Organism.
1612.ICUN – International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources.
1613.Penguin – Partially aquatic.
1614.Sea lettuce – Green algae.
1615.The first marine park in India – Jamnagar.
1616.Green book consist of – Rare plants.
1617.Seagull – Larus sp.
1618.Existence of microorganisms was first reported by – Antan Vaan
Leevenhook.
1619. The first person who seen bacteria – Louis Pasteur.
1620.Spherical shape – Cocci.
1621.Cylindrical rod shape – Bacillus.
1622.Differential staining - Antan Vaan Leevenhook.
1623.A compound which is responsible for typical odour of cold stored
products – Heptanal.
1624.Study of antigen – antibody reaction – Serology.
1625.The blood plasma protein which controls an osmotic pressure of
blood –Albumin.
1626.Smallest leucocytes – Lymphocytes.
1627.Largest leucocytes – Monocytes.
1628.A fish need 11 water soluble and 4 fat soluble vitamins.

688. 685
1629. Saturated fatty acid in fish – Palmictic acid.
1630.Heterocyclic amino acid – Tryptophane.
1631.Alphabetic amino acid – Leucine.
1632.Aromatic amino acid – Tyrosine.
1633.Amount of light is absorbed is directly proportional to the length of
solution – Lambert law.
1634.Intensity of coming out light decreases with increasing concentration
of absorbing medium – Beer‟s Law.
1635.Lipoprotein – Mammalian plasma.
1636.Phospholipid – Choline.
1637.Glycoprotein – Mucin of saliva
1638.Phospho protein – Casein of milk.
1639.Sclero protein – Collagen of cartilage.
1640.Reducing sugar – Maltose.
1641.Non-reducing sugar – Sucrose.
1642.Monosaccharidae – Glucose.
1643.Disaccharidae – Lactose.
1644.Polysaccharidae – Starch.
1645.Honopolysaccharidae – Starch.
1646.Heteropolysaccharidae – Glycoprotein.
1647.Mucopolysaccharidae – Chitin.
1648.Protamines – Sturin and Salmin.
1649.Ninhydrin test – U-amino acid.
1650.Iodine test – Polysaccharide.
1651.Drip loss in frozen shrimp – 10%.
1652.Major problem in frozen Cuttle fish – Pink discolouration.
1653.Mackerel mostly preserved in – Columbo curing.
1654.Excellent raw material for producing fish gelatine – Isinglass.
1655.The specific gravity of pearl essence – 1.6.

689. 686
1656.Fish ham is aby-productof - Tuna.
1657.Collagen is prepared from – Isinglass.
1658.Fish bile contain – Cholicacid.
1659.Ambergris is contain – Amberin + Epicoprostanal.
1660.Clupeine protein isolated from – Herring sperm.
1661.Shelf life of FPC – 6 month.
1662.Fish Guano contain – 5-7% 0f N2 and PO4.
1663.NVOC-MAM fermented product from – Fish sauce.
1664.Maximum permissible limit of histamine – 20mg/100g.
1665.Maximum permissible limit of indole in shrimp – 25µg/100g.
1666.An optimum overlapping percentage of double seam – 45%.
1667.Shrink wrapping – LDPE.
1668.Batter which contain leavening agent – Tempura.
1669.First container used for canning – Glass.
1670.COBB‘S value – Water proofness.
1671.Equator – Great circle.
1672.Small circle – Meridian.
1673.Rhumb line – Loxodromous.
1674.Pelorus – Dumb compass.
1675.Azimuth without housing and spare mirror is called – Bearing circle.
1676.Ship‘s head constantly changing due to oscillation – Heading.
1677.Life buoy – Thermocole / Cork (Grab line – 9.5mm dia).
1678.Immersion suit made up of insulating material which do not allow
body temperature – Below2°C.
1679.First international code of signal – 1855.
1680.Spar buoy – Large logs trimmed.
1681.Nun buoy – Conical and build with steel.
1682.Combination buoy – Light and soung signal comnined.

690. 687
1683.Light flashing at a rate of not more than 30/min is called – Flashing
lights.
1684.Light flashing at a rate of not more than 60/min is called – Quick
flashing light.
1685.Light with group of six flashes repeated at an every 10 sec is called –
Interrupted quick flashing.
1686.Maximum distance at which a light may be seen in clear weather –
Normal range.
1687.Light distance seen under existing visible condition – Luminous
range.
1688.Light distance is limited only by curvature of earth – Geographic
range.
1689.VHF (Very High Frequency) – Line of sight radio.
1690.Transmitter – Produce energy in electrical oscillation.
1691.Transducer – Converts electrical energy into sound energy.
1692.Receiver – Amplify the weak electrical oscillation.
1693.Oscilloscope or Cathode Ray Tube is also known as – Fish Lupe.
1694.Echo sounder – Vertical; SONAR – Horizontal.
1695.SONAR frequency – 20 – 40 Khz.
1696.FRP –Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester.
1697.Maximum height covered by wave arch – Hogging.
1698.Minimum area covered by wave arch – Sagging.
1699.Horse shoe shaped nucleus – Nematode cytotoxic cell.
1700.Corialis force – Currents.
1701.Density variance – Internal waves.
1702.Type of freezer in vessel – VPF (Vertical Plate Freezer).
1703.High molecular weight of immunoglobin -65000 dalton/mol/wt.
1704.Ideal depth for brackish water – 1.5 m.
1705.Laminaria can grow up to – 200m.

691. 688
1706.Sea grass – Zostrea. – Angiosperm flowering plant
1707.Mean depth of lake – Volume/ Area.
1708.Fjords are found in – Greenland. – Absent in India
1709.Stock improvement is done by– Gene selectivity. (Selective
Breeding)
1710.Freezing of shrimp sperm is done in – Liquid N2.
1711.Eco-friendly farming system – Semi-intensive.
1712.Chafer‘s present in – Trawl net.
1713.M. reosenbergii larvae needs salinity up to – 12 – 14 ppt.
1714.PFZ – Sea Surface Temperature.
1715.Mariana trench in – Guam island.
1716.Melting point of ice in 0°C is – 4.48.
1717.ASP (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning) affects – Human brain.
1718.Fish and shrimp cannot able to synthesize – Vitamin – C.
1719.Gill present in legs – Stomatopod (Squilla). – Mantis shrimp
1720.World bank situated in – Washington.
1721.Movement of fish along with water current – Denadent.
1722.Null hypothesis symbol –H0.
1723.Illephagus – Common carp (Scale eating fish).
1724.Bottom of the Chinese hatchery should be – Concave.
1725.Jelly fish phylum –Chidaria.
1726.Largest F/W lake – Kolleru.
1727.Largest saline lake – Samphar.
1728.Atmospheric layers – Troposphere – Stratosphere – Mesosphere –
Thermosphere.
1729.Best medium to store pituitary extract – Absolute alcohol.
1730.Surplus production model was given by – Beverton & Holt.
1731.Gear used to catch marine cat fishes – Purse seine.

692. 689
1732.Elasmobranches are highly produced in – Gujarat (2014); 2
nd
in
Tamil Nadu.
1733.Vitamin lost during canning – Vitamin C + Thiamine.
1734.Periphyton is also known as – Heptobenthos.
1735.There are three types joints used in boat building.
1736.A triangular piece connects the stem and keel – Transom knee.
1737.Sailing boats having – U – bottom.
1738.Entry of water to the ruddar post is prevented by – Ruddar gland.
1739.PA continuous filament used in – Mid water trawl and Purse seine.
1740.Cutting the two edges in vertical direction – Point cut.
1741.Fishing without hook – Bobbin.
1742.Harpooning used to catch shark and whales.
1743.Permanent extend due to stress – Elongation.
1744.Resistance to deformation – Stiffness.
1745.Power to recovery from strain – Elasticity.
1746.Kilogram × Force – Breakingload.
1747.Kg force / mm
2
– Tensilestrength.
1748.Safe water buoy – Green colour.
1749.One minute in latitude – One nautical mile.
1750.Magnetic compass bowl filled with – Alcohol.
1751.Colour code for discharge line in refrigeration unit – Red.
1752.Ammonia leakage in refrigeration is detected by – HCl.
1753.CO2used in liquid gas refrigeration system.
1754.Liquid level in accumulator is regulated by – Float valve.
1755.Freezing point of water - 32°F or 0°C.
1756.Suction line indicated by – Yellow colour.
1757.Low pressure side is always insulated.
1758.High pressure side is not insulted.
1759.High latent heat – low quantity of refrigerant used.

693. 690
1760.Artificial harbour – Madras.
1761.Natural harbour – Bambay, Kandla (Gujarat) and Vizhag.
1762.Diamond harbour – West Bengal.
1763.Satellite navigation is based on – Doppler shift effect.
1764.Refrigerant leak detector – Halide torch and Sulphur.
1765.Dol net – Five piece of net.
1766.Russian type of otter board – V-form otter board.
1767.Perdant – Cod end type.
1768.Crow‘s nest – Trawl net.
1769.Berm to avoid soil erosion in pond slope.
1770.To increase the hardness – CaCl2.
1771.To control nitrite toxicity – NaCl2.
1772.Gunter‘s chain – Surveying chain.
1773.Positive displacement – Reciprocating pump.
1774.Heterogeneous population – Stratified sampling.
1775. Linear regression – Y = a + bx.
1776.Curvilinear regression – W = aL
b
.
1777.In length-weight relationship b=3 means – Isometric growth
1778.‗t‘ test – Small sample test.
1779.‗z‘ test – Large sample test.
1780.Family budget was given by – Adam smith.
1781.Wants are more subjective and physiological in nature.
1782.Desire only physiological in nature.
1783.KVK was introduced by – Mohan Singh Mohta.
1784.White revolution – Milk.
1785.Green revolution – Agriculture.
1786.Blue revolution – Fisheries. (in 12
th
5 year plan (2011-2015)
government allotted 50 crores to develop reservoirs to achieve blue
revolution in India)

694. 691
1787.Rainbow revolution – Engineering.
1788.CRZ – High tide line mark to 500m.
1789.CRZ-1 – Ecologically sensitive area.
1790.CRZ-2 – Developed area.
1791.CRZ-3 – Coastal zone in rural area (Non-developed area).
1792.CRZ-4 – Coastal stretches of Andaman & Nicobar islands.
1793.First five year plan – April 1951.
1794.Speckled prawn – Metapenaeus monoceros.
1795.Yellow prawn – M. brevicornis.
1796.Black lip pearl oyster – P. margilitifera (Pteriidae). Found in A& N
island.
1797.Pearl bank in Gulf of Mannar – Pears.
1798.Pearl bank in Gulf of Kutch – Khas.
1799.Fishing banned season for south east coast (T.N) – Apr16 to
June15.
1800.Fishing banned season for south west coast (Kerala) – June15 to
July30.
1801.In pearl oyster, outer shell is formed by a horny substance –
Conchiolon.
1802.Middle layer of pearl oyster shell – Prismatic.
1803.Inner layer of pearl oyster – Nacreous layer.
1804.Artificial or irridated pearls produced by coating – Iridescent
Quanine (from Fishscale).
1805.There are 65 pearl banks present in between Kanyakumari and
Rameshwaram.
1806.Pearl fishing season – February to May.
1807.In pearl oyster induced breeding is done by – Thermal stimulation.
1808.Chemical stimulation done by – 6% H2O2& 0.2 ml NH4(OH)2.

695. 692
1809.Larval stages of pearl oyster – Trocophore (10 hrs) – Veliger (20-22
hrs) – Umbo (10 – 12 day) – Pediveliger (18
th
day) – Plantigarde (20
th

day) – Spat.
1810.Methanol powder used to open the shell for surgery.
1811.Antibiotic effect was given to pearl oyster by – Eosin,
Mercurochrome andAzumin.
1812.Pioneer of edible oyster culture – James Hornell.
1813.Ear shell - Haliostis
1814.Indian rock oyster – Saccostrea cucullata.
1815.Bombay oyster –Saxostreacucullata. Ostroidae
1816.Giant oyster – Hyostissahyotis.
1817.Distortion (Alteration) in shape of shell – Xenomorphism.
1818.Oyster seed collector – Clutch (Lime coated tile with 120 spat
seed).
1819.Off bottom culture – Raft, Rack, Long line and Stake culture.
1820.Rack and Skating method also called – Ren culture.
1821.Mussel – Absence of anterior abductor muscle (Mytillidae).
1822.Mussel fishery zone of India – Kerala.
1823.Leading producer of mussel by raft method – Spain.
1824.Black clam – Villorita cyprinoides.
1825.Pea crab – Pinnotheres alcocki.
1826.Sarcoplasmic protein – Myoalbumin, Globulin and enzymes (21-
25% in total protein).
1827.Myofibrillar protein – Myosin, Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin and
Actinin (66-67% in total protein).
1828.Stroma protein – Collagen and Elastin (3% in total protein).
1829.Basic unit of muscle contraction – Myofibrills.
1830.Basic unit Myofibrillar – Sarcomeres.
1831.Molecular weight of Actin – 46,000 to 48,000.

696. 693
1832.Molecular weight of Tropomyosin – 68,000.
1833.Saturated fatty acids – Butyric acid, Palmitic acid, Lauric
acid,Myristic acid and Stearicacid.
1834.Palmitoleic and Oleic acid – Monoenoic acid.
1835.Lecithins – Nitrogenous base and cephalin.
1836.Polyenoic acid – EPA (5 – double bond) and DHA (6 duble).
1837.Castor oil fish – Ruvettus pretiosus.
1838.Orange discoloration in canned tuna – Glucose-6-Phosphate or
Fructose-6-Phosphte.
1839.Handling of fish during rigor can cause physiological damage called –
Gaping.
1840.Interaction between fish oil and oxygen – Lipid autoxidation.
1841.Frozen fish colour and appearance improved by – Bleeding.
1842.Breakdown of connective tissue – Gaping.
1843.Freezer burn is due to – Sublimation of ice.
1844.Bacteria – 0.91 (aW).
1845.Yeast – 0.85 (aW).
1846.Mould – 0.80 (aW).
1847.Halophilic bacteria – 0.75 (aW).
1848.Xerophilic mould – 0.65 (aW).
1849.Osmophilic yeast – 0.60 (aW).
1850.Saturated brine – 0.75 (aW).
1851.Method of applying combination of stressor on microorganisms to
slow down spoilage – Hurdletechnology.
1852.PV (Peroxide value) and TBT (Thio Barbituric Acid) value used to –
Measure oxidative rancidity.
1853.Presence of metamyoglobin (MMb) and Cysteine leads to –
Greening of canned tuna.
1854.Canned crab meat – Blue discolouration.

697. 694
1855.Canned tuna meat – Honey comb formation.
1856.Retort burn – Clam, Mussel & Oyster.
1857.Mush – Pilchards (Invasion of parasite protozoan – Chloromyxum).
1858.An excellent quality indicator of squid – NH3.
1859.Mahi-mahi – Dolphin from Hawaii.
1860.In canned products;
a. Arsenic – 1ppm.
b. Lead – 5ppm.
c. Copper – 10ppm.
d. Zinc – 50ppm.
e. Tin – 250ppm.
1861.HTST (High Temperature for Short Time) - 161°F for 15 sec (Milk).
1862.Mild heating process of less than 212°F is called – Pasteurization.
1863.Aseptic canning developed by – Dr. WM. Martin.
1864.Temperature of aseptic canning - 149°C (300°F) – UHTST.
1865.Ohmic heating means – Electrical current heating.
1866.TQM developed by – Dr.W.E. Deming.
1867.Chlorine content of the water used for ice preparation – 2 ppm.
1868.Nicin – Bacteriosin (Produced by Lactococcus cactis).
1869.Well designed package – Silent salesman.
1870.PVC is also known as – Saran.
1871.PES is also known as – Mylar.
1872.Weight of packaging material expressed in – gm/m
2
.
1873.Wet rendering – Fish meal prepared from fatty fish.
1874.Dry rendering – Fish meal prepared from lean fish.
1875.Vibrio process – Ethylene chloride.
1876.Canadian process – Isoprophyl alcohol.
1877.Extraction of Insulin – Duallyes and Scott‟s method.
1878.Lolly fish – Holothuria atra.

698. 695
1879.Elephant Trunk fish – Microthele axiolosa.
1880.Shrimp paste – Bagoong (Fermented product).
1881.From total fish catch 20% is consumed as cured fish.
1882.Malabar tamarind – Garcinia gambosoa.
1883.Shark meat contain high amount of – Urea.
1884.Starch is an important binding material.
1885.Squalene (100% natural) – C30H50 (Highly unsaturated
hydrocarbon).
1886.Squalene – Highly lipophilic and Xenobiotic (White in colour).
1887.First commercial film – Cellophane (Cellulose).
1888.Nylon is a better gas barrier.
1889.Alginic acid was first discovered by – Stanford.
1890.Irishmass meaning – Rock mass (Carrageenan).
1891.Gelling carrageenan – Kappaiota.
1892.Non-gelling carrageenan –Lamdo.
1893.Commonly used packing material for dry fish – LDPE & PP.
1894.Pre-oxidant used in fatty fish – Sodium chlorite.
1895.Moisture content of cured fish – 25 – 40%.
1896.Mailard reaction – Amino acid + Sugar (Brown discolouration).
1897.Heat sensitive amino acid – Lysine.
1898.Black anchovy – S. devisi.
1899.White anchovy – S. indicus.
1900.Split opened, bone free dried anchovy – Flakes.
1901.Bombay duck – Bumla.
1902.Hx in fresh fish – 0; Spoiled fish – 8 micromoles/g.
1903.Acceptable level of TBA value is – Less than 2.
1904.Ice requirement – Wt. of fish × Temp. change × Specific heat.
1905.Ice can undergo sublimation when the pressure reduced below –
0.006 bar.

699. 696
1906.One micron is – 1/1000
th
of millimetre.
1907.Cold tolerant – Psychrotrophic.
1908.Cold loving – Psychrophills.
1909.Generation time for E. coli – 20 - 30 min.
1910.Variation in cell morphology –Pleomorphism.
1911.Fish cakes are popular in – Malaysia (Shelf life up to 2 years).
1912.Fish soup powder shelf life – Up to twoyears.
1913.Fish satay is produced from – Flat fishes.
1914.Smallest Cuttle fish – Sepia idiosepius (20 mm long).
1915.Cod – Gadus morhua.
1916.Haddock – Melanogrammus aeglifinis.
1917.Flake ice – 2-3mm thick (Thickness adjusted by altering speed of
rotation).
1918.Freezing of ice crystals in weak brine solution produce – Soft ice.
1919.Kelp – Laminaria japanica.
1920.Fish contain – 65-90% Water, 10-22% Protein, 1-20% Fat and 0.5-
5% Minerals.
1921.Freezing start at a temperature of below 0°C (32°F) is called –
Cryoscopic temperature.
1922.Mackerel with high protein level of – 23.5%.
1923.Connective tissue of muscle made up of – Stroma.
1924.Collagen present in - Skin and Swim bladder.
1925.Jew fish – Scianea glaucus.
1926.Shark liver oil contain – Vitamin A.
1927.Cod liver oil contain – Vitamin D.
1928.Water soluble vitamin – B.
1929.Fat soluble vitamin – A, D, E and K.
1930.Herring – Elupea pallasii (Fatty fish – 4-20%).
1931.Boucherie process- Treatment of sapwood.

700. 697
1932.Lampis – Spider shell.
1933.Murex – Rock shell.
1934.Turitella – Screw shell.
1935.Tibia curta – Wing shell.
1936.Surrounding net without purse seine – Lampara net.
1937.Shore seine – Rampani net.
1938.Birds used for fishing – Cormorants.
1939.Hanging co-efficient (£h) – Hang length of netting/ Fully stretched
length of netting.
1940.Expanded polystyrene – Thermocole.
1941.Buoyancy – W × (1/P-1); W-weight; P-Specific gravity.
1942.Sinking force (S) – W ×(1-1/p).
1943.ABS – Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene.
1944.Specific gravity of floats;
a. Cork – 0.22 – 0.26.
b. Sponge –0.10.
c. Wood –0.50.
d. Glass – 2.60 – 3.70.
e. Plastic –0.95.
f. Rubber –0.29.
g. Artificial –0.24.
1945.Specific gravity of sinkers;
a. Lead –11.3.
b. Iron –7.84.
c. Tungsten –19.62.
d. Brick –1.9.
e. Clay –2.2.
f. Glass –2.6.
g. Cement – 2.24 -2.4.

701. 698
h. Porcelain –1.7.
1946.Common biocides – TBTO & TBTF (Tri Butylin Oxide & Fluride).
1947.Pennants is also known as – Lazy line (Trawl net).
1948.Fishes are harvested from purse seine using large scoop net called –
Brailer.
1949.Snagging – Fish held twin around its head.
1950.Wedging – Fish held tight around its body.
1951.Entangling – Fish held tight by teeth & opercular spine.
1952.Kalava traps used rockey sea bottom & reefs.
1953.Conical bamboo basket trap – Crampa garre.
1954.Rectangular basket trap – Mavulu (Shrimp).
1955.T = 2d/V – Target in echo sounder.
1956.JTED – Juvenile and Trash Excluder Device.
1957.CMS – Convention on Migratory fishes.
1958.IUU – Illegal & Unregulated & Unreported fishing.
1959.Remote sensing was coined by – Erelyn Aruitt (1960).
1960.Indian remote sensing satellite – Bhaskara 1.
1961.The length at which a particular gear allow 50% fish to escape and
50% retained – L50.
1962.Selection factor (SF) – Ratio between mean selection length and
mesh size.
1963.Mean selection length – SF × Mesh size.
1964.Logistic curve – Trawl net selection.
1965.Shell fish protein content – 8-15%; oyster – 5-14%.
1966.Excessive consumption of Vitamin D can cause – Kidney stone.
1967.Best way to assess oxidative rancidity – Organoleptic.
1968.RNA is a site for protein synthesis.
1969.K-value (%) = Hx + H + R/ATP + ADP + AMP + IMP + Hx + H + R ×
100.

702. 699
1970.Freezing reduces the initial bacterial load – 60-90%.
1971.The conversion of lysin into cadavarine is called – Decarboxylation.
1972.Three layer of water – Adsorption, Diffusion and Bound.
1973.Mechanical dryer – Kiln dryer and Tunnel dryer.
1974.Spray dryer – Fish protein Hydrolysate and Fish powders.
1975.Vacuum dryer – Fatty fishes.
1976. Halophobic – Salt sensitive less than 60% (Pseudomonos).
1977.Halotolarant – More than 60% (C. botulinum).
1978.Halophilic – Salt loving less than 20%.
1979.Mixed salting – Pickling.
1980.Kench curing – Lower layer fish and Upper layer with ice.
1981.Ca
++
and Mg
++
can import – White colour.
1982.Cu and Fe can import – Brown or Yellow discolouration.
1983.Oxidation in oil fish – Rust.
1984.Tanning (Putrefactive spoilage) – Near tail and kidney.
1985.Spoilage in cold marinades – Gas formation.
1986.Fish paste in Thailand – Patis.
1987.Denaturation is prevented by – Sucrose.
1988.Gelatinisation in surimi can improved by – Starch.
1989.Gulf of Cambay in – Gujarat.
1990.FPC prepared by – Viobin and Canadian process.
1991.Marine beef was invented by – Dr. Tancko Suzuki.
1992.Moisture content of marine beef – 8-10%.
1993.Alaskan Pollock – Theragra chaleogramma.
1994.Sauce production is an – Anaerobic process.
1995.Byproduct of fish sauce – Bagoong.
1996.Fermented paste product from small shrimp – Belecan (Malaysia).
1997.Myofibrillar protein is responsible for textural property of fish.
1998.Surimi is prepared by – Suwari process.

703. 700
1999.Triglycerides are rich in – Saturated fatty acids.
2000.Terry kiln – Smoking kiln.
2001.Recommended thickness of coating in cans – D11.2/ D5.6.
2002.12D concept is a methid of expressing process lethality requirement.
2003.C. botulinum D-value-10°C; Z-value – 2.52 min.
2004.Conduction – Solid food.
2005.Convection – Liquidfood.
2006.Panelling – Under filling (Seam leakage).
2007.Morray eel –Muraenidae.
2008.Conger eel – Congridae.
2009.Snake eel – Ohpicthidae.
2010.Pike conger – Muraenesocidae.
2011.Gear/ Needle fish – Belonidae.
2012.Flat needle fish – Ablennes hians.
2013.Flat heads – Platycephalidae.
2014.Indian flat head – Platycephalus indicus.
2015.Tiger perch – Terraponidae.
2016.Small scale tiger perch – T. puta.
2017.Angel fishes – Pomocanthidae.
2018.Butterfly fish – Chaetodontidae.
2019.Sickle fish – Ephippidae (Drepane panctata).
2020.Bat fishes – Monodactylidae.
2021.Indian parrot fish- S. russeli (Sparidae).
2022.Ribbon fish – Siganidae.
2023.Indian sail fish – I. platypterus (Istiophoridae).
2024.Silver pomfret – Pampus argentus (Stromatidae).
2025.Red toothed file fish / Trigger fish – Odonus niger (Balistidae).
2026.Freshwater eels – Anguillidae.
2027.Wallogo attu – Siluridae.

704. 701
2028.Indian butter cat fish – Ompok bimaculatus (Siluridae).
2029.Red shrimp – Aristeus alcoki (Aristeidae).
2030.Paste shrimp – Acetus indicus (Segestidae). – Highly landed in
Maharashtra and \Gujarat.
2031.Mud spiny/ Rock lobster – P. polyphagus.
2032.Scalloped spiny lobster – P. homorus.
2033.Long legged spiny lobster – P. longiceps.
2034.Pointed spiny lobster – P. versicolor.
2035.Pronghorn spiny lobster – P. pencillatus.
2036.Yellow brown crab – C. lucifera (Portunidae).
2037.Window pane oyster – P. placuta (Anomiidae).
2038.Edible clam – Veneridae.
2039.Textile clam – Paphia malabarica (Veneridae). (Short neck clam)
2040.Cockles – Aricidae.
2041.Blood clam – A. granosa.
2042.Black clam – Villorita cyprinoides.
2043.Trochoid – Trochus radiates.
2044.Top shell – T. niloticus.
2045.Five fingered shank – L. lambis (Strombidae).
2046.Wing shell – Strombus canarium.
2047.Olive shell/ Cone – Oliva gibbosa (Olividae).
2048.Sacred shank – Xanchus pyrum (Vasidae / Xancidae) – Plz check
it.
2049.Cuttle fish – Sepiidae.
2050.Needle cuttle fish – S. aculeata.
2051.Squids – Loliginidae.
2052.Indian squid – Loligo duvaleli.
2053.Coastal octopus – O. dollfusi (Octopodidae).
2054.Round jelly fish – Crambionella stulhamani (Catostylidae).

705. 702
2055.Sea cucumbers – Holothuridae.
2056.Sand fish – H. scabra.
2057.Teat fish – H. nobilis.
2058.Smallest marine fish – Eviota zonura.
2059.Longest fish – Arapamia gigas in F/W (Osteoglossidae).
2060.Father of ichthyology – Peter Atridi.
2061. Largest cat fish – Silurus glanis (European cat fish).
2062.Golden age of fishes – Devonian period.
2063.No stomachs in – Hag fishes.
2064.Lampreys – Parasite.
2065.Hag fish – Myxine glutinosa.
2066.Hag fish have 6-15 pairs of respiratory gill pouches.
2067.Lamprey have – 7 gill pouches.
2068.Functional kidney of hag fishes – Mesonephrus.
2069.Hag fishes are – Protandrus hermoprotide.
2070.Hag fish caudal fin – Hypocerol.
2071.Primitive fish heart shape is – „S‟.
2072.Fish heart has two chambers; Lung fish – Three chambers.
2073.Fish eggs are – Telolecithal.
2074.Gills of cartilaginous fishes – Lamelliform.
2075.Scales are absent in adult – Holocephali.
2076.Elasmobranches having ‗J‟ shape stomach.
2077.Total export revenue from crustacean – 70%.
2078.Spider prawn – Nematopalemon tencupes.
2079.Hunter shrimp – Exhippolymata ensirostris.
2080.Number of fishing villages in India – 3827.
2081.Number of landing centers in India – 1914.
2082.BIS established in – 1947.

706. 703
2083.Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) test used to detect – Endotoxin
of G
-ve
bacteria infoods.
2084.Bionic nose was developed by university of Nagasaki.
2085. Hx measured by enzyme method – Xanthum oxide.
2086.Causative agent for liquefaction – Streptococcus.
2087.Prime spoiler of surimi –Bacillus.
2088.Haemolytic positive Vibro called – Kangawa positive.
2089.Venerupin shellfish poisoning – Oyster or Asari poisoning.
2090.First international timber –Clamp.
2091.Power required to overcome total resistance of ship – Effective
HorsePower.
2092.The power required to turn the propeller – Shaft horse power.
2093.Power produced inside the cylinder – Indicated horse power.
2094.Power in crankshaft to perform work – Brake horse power.
2095.Shoedhoni – Propulsion by Oars (A.P).
2096.Special type of lift nets – Fish wheels.
2097.Shakling device – Kelley‟s eye.
2098.Fishing by hand lines & ripping of hooks – Pilking or Jigging.
2099.Poison to microorganism – Tannin.
2100.Braiding is also called – Plaiting.
2101.PA – Continuous and Monofilament.
2102.PES – Continuous filament.
2103.PE – Monofilament.
2104.PP – Continuous; Discontinuous; Monofilament.
2105. Degree of unsaturation in oil – Iodine number.
2106.Degree of lipid has been oxidised – Peroxide value.
2107.Secondary structure of protein – Hydrogen bonding.
2108.Macro minerals – Ca, P and Mg.
2109.Micro minerals – Fe, Zn, Cu, & Mb.

707. 704
2110.WTO – World Trade Organisation (1995) – Gneneva.
2111.CBR (Cost Benefit Ratio) – Total Income (TI)/ Total Variable Cost
(TVC).
2112.Positive economics – Factual.
2113.Normal economics – Ideal/ Ethics.
2114.Price elasticity of demand - % change in demand/ % change in
price.
2115.Income elasticity of demand - % change in demand/ % change in
income.
2116.Cross elasticity of demand - % change in commodity/ % change in
demand of substitute.
2117.Tropical cyclones are also called – Hurricanes or Typhoons.
2118.The smallest and most violent storms – Tornado.
2119.Melting of cloud and warm fronts – Occlusion.
2120.More complete layer of cloud – Cirrostratus.
2121.Layer of individual patches of rows – Altocumulus.
2122.Low-lying cloud layer – Stratocumulus.
2123.White wool pack of cloud mass – Cumulus.
2124.Orthomorphic projection – Conformed projection (Mercator).
2125.Meridian cell is also known as – Hadley cell.
2126.Milky way – Akash Ganga.
2127.Relation of wind to pressure in Norhtern hemisphere – Ballot‟s law
(Baic wind law).
2128.Introduction of microbes to increase degradation –
Bioaugmentation.
2129.Salmon migration affected by –Oils.
2130.Most toxic element to fish –Arsenic.
2131.High level of arsenic leads to – Black foot disease.
2132.The main aim of tertiary treatment – Polishing.

708. 705
2133.Odom‟s index – Total no. of sp. In sample × 100/ Total no. of all
individual sp.
2134.The number of relative dominance of various species present in water
– Shanon and Winerindex.
2135.Organic pollution increases – Phosphorus content.
2136.Ovipositor appears in angel fish during breeding.
2137.Ribbon grass – Vallisnaria sp.
2138.Arrow weed – Sagittaria.
2139.Amazon sword plant – Echinodorous.
2140.Hornwort – Ceratophylum.
2141.Indian fern – Ceratopterus.
2142.Stocking density formula for transportation – N = (DO-2)×Vol. of H2O/
C × h. C- Respiration; h – Time.
2143.Antibiotic used during transportation – Oxytetracycline.
2144.Unionized NH3 level during transportation – Not exceed 1 ppm.(in
pond – 0.1 ppm)
2145.Evaluation of project done by – PERT and CPM method.
2146.Discounting – PVFS = FS (1 / (1 + r )
n
).
2147.Compounding – FVPS = PS (1 + r )
n
.
2148.SRR (Simple Rate of Returns) = AANB × 100 / II.
2149.PBP (Pay Back Period) = II / AANB.
2150.BCR – Benefit Cost Ratio (Netted method) – PVNB / II.
2151.BCR (Aggregate method) – PVTB / PVTC.
2152.NPV – Net Present Value (Netted method) – PVNB – II.
2153.NPV (Aggregate method) – PVTN – PVTC.
2154.First fish farmer – Wen Fang.
2155.Heterogeneous mixture of living & non-living bodies which are float or
swim in water – Seston.
2156.Green pastures of sea – Phytoplankton.

709. 706
2157.Potash – K2CO3.
2158.Periphyton is commonly known as – Aufwche. (Bioindicator)
2159.Shore line measured by – Rotometer.
2160.Fluvial lakes are formed by – River activity.
2161.Aeolian lakes are formed by – Wind activity.
2162.Dystrophic lake – No living organisms.
2163.Electric smoking was invented by – Toriyama.
2164.Kuzhi karuvadu (Salt : Fish) – 1 : 4.
2165.Sodium alginate used in – Textile printing.
2166.Shrimp head meal contain – 40 % protein.
2167.Fish sauce is rich in amino acids.
2168.Nitogrn rich fish paste – Mam.
2169.Fish silage used as a cattle feed.
2170.Isinglass dissolve in – Acetic acid.
2171.Cladoceron hatchlings released in batches called – Clutches.
2172.Sludge worm – Tubifex worm (Hermaphrodite).
2173.Artemia cyst size is – 200 µ (Brown colour).
2174.Cyclops – Water flea.
2175.Artemia –Anostraca.
2176.Single cell microscopic animaculates – Infusoria.
2177.Fungal contamination can be eliminated in – Stabe culture
technology.
2178.Spirulina protein contain – Phycocyanin. (Protein – 56-70%)
2179.Thermal conductivity;
i. Polystyrene –0.033.
ii. Styrofoam –0.030.
iii. Polyurthene –0.025.
2180.First law – Law of conservation of energy.
2181.Second law – Law of degradation of energy.

710. 707
2182.Freon leakage can be identified by – Halide torch.
2183.A good compressor should have volumetric efficiency of – 70 – 80%.
2184.Positive displacement compressor – Reciprocating & Rotary.
2185.Dynamic compressor – Centrifugal and Axial.
2186.Slush ice used in on board fishing vessel.
2187.Freon group of refrigerants are – Non-corrosive.
2188.Ice king – Frederic Tudor.
2189.First fridge – William Cullen.
2190.1 hp = 4500 Kgfm / min or 75 Kgfm/sec 0r 736 Watts.
2191.The term biotechnology was coined by – Karl Ereky.
2192.In gold fish, novel gene was introduced by – Zhu et al.
2193.PCR denaturation temperature – 92 - 96°C (1-2min).
2194.PCR Annealing temperature – 35 - 65°C (1-2min).
2195.PCR Extension temperature - 72°C (1-2min).
2196.Coding part of gene – Exons.
2197.Non-coding part of gene – Introns.
2198.Trible binding test – Marshall Nicrenberg.
2199.A = T(Two hydrogen bond); C = G (3 hydrogen bond).
2200.Gain and loss of individual chromosome – Anuploidy.
2201.Hypoploidy
i. Nullisomies – 2n -2.
ii. Monosomies – 2n -1.
2202.Hyperploidy
i. Trisomies – 2n +1.
ii. Tetrasomies – 2n +2.
2203.Polyploidy
i. Autopolyploidy – Samespecies.
ii. Allopolyploidy – Differentspecies.
2204.Widely used chemical mutagen – Nitrous Ethylene Urea (NEU).

711. 708
2205.XX – XY – Rainbow trout, Nile Tilapia, Gold fish, Common carp
and Murrels.
2206.ZZ – WZ – Tilapia, Gambusia and F/W Eel.
2207.WXY – Platy.
2208.XO – Onchorhynchus ruka and Colia julis.
2209.ZO – Colisa and C. fasciatus.
2210.Sex linked inheritance – Johannes Schmidt.
2211.Scale pattern in Common carp is controlled by – Epistasis.
2212.Ratio of dominant epistasis – 12 : 3 : 1.
2213.Ratio of recessive epistasis – 9 : 3 : 4.
2214.Ratio of incomplete dominance – 1 : 2 :1.
2215.DNA sequencing was first done by – Fred Sanger.
2216.Restriction enzyme was discovered by – W. Arber.
2217.DNA polymerase enzyme was discovered by – Kornberg.
2218.RNA polymerase enzyme was discovered by – Ochoa.
2219.Egg splashes – Splashing tetra (Copeinr arnoldi).
2220.Egg scooper – Orange chromid (Etroplus maculatus).
2221.Egg hider – Dwarf cichilid.
2222.Nest fabricator – Stickle back.
2223.Egg carrier – Japanese medrka (Oryzias javanicus).
2224.Egg hanger – Lyre tail (Aphyosemion australe).
2225.Egg stowers – Spawn inside the F/W mussel.
2226.Egg anchors – Angel fish / Discus.
2227.Egg scatters with adhesive eggs – Gold fish, Barbs and Tetra.
2228.Egg scatters with non-adhesive eggs – Danio.
2229.Brook trout – Salvelinus fontinalis.
2230.Tiger grouper – E. microdon.
2231.Coral grouper – Plectropomuo leopardi.
2232.Dragon fly nymph – Aeschna.

712. 709
2233.Damsel fly nymph – Argis.
2234.Insects orders – Odonata, Hemiptera and Coleoptera (3 orders).
2235.Female dosage
i. First dosage –2-3mg/kg.
ii. Final dosage – 10-12mg/kg.
2236.Male dosage – 4-6mg/kg.
2237.Fecundity;
i. Catla – 1-2lakhs.
ii. Rohu – 3.4-3.8lakhs.
iii. Mrigal – 1.3-1.8lakhs.
iv. Silver carp – 1.6-1.7lakhs.
v. Grass carp – 2lakhs.
vi. Eels – 10lakhs.
2238.RBC size – 7-36µ.
2239.Ovipositor – Rhodeus cariceus (Bitter lings).
2240.Sand spawner – Gobio gobio.
2241.Terrestrial spawner – Bryeon petresus.
2242.Obligatory plant spawner – Puntius gonionatus.
2243.Rock & Gravel spawner – Labeo (Lithophils).
2244.Dwarf – Male fish is smaller than the female.
2245.Life span of artemia – 50-60 days.
2246.Gynogenesis – P. formosa, Crucian carp and Gold fish.
2247.Artemia found in salinity ranges between – 100 -250 ppt.
2248.Rotifer size – 0.04 – 2 mm.
2249.Daphnia size – 200 mm.
2250.Polyploidy can be induced by – Colchicine.
2251.Manila/ Japanese clam – Venurupis japonica.
2252.Oysters are – Protandrus Hermaphroditism.
2253.Pacific oyster – C. gigas.

713. 710
2254.American oyster – C. virginica.
2255.Chinese oyster – C. ruvularis.
2256.European oyster – O. edulis.
2257.Olympian oyster – O. lurida.
2258.S. tranquiberica – 2-3 million eggs.
2259.S. serrata – 0.5-2.5 million eggs.
2260.Cray fish – No larval stages.
2261.Chorion of eggs – Lipoprotein.
2262.Lobster – 5 larval stages (1-mysis; 3-phyllosoma; 1-pleurus).
2263.Crab – 7 larval stages (5-zoea; 1-megalopa; 1 crab instar).
2264.P. monodon fecundity – 2-10 lakhs.
2265.M. rosenbergii fecundity – 20,000 – 1,00,000 eggs.
2266.Large head hair tail – Trichurus lepturus.
2267.Tongue sole – Cyanoglossus dubius.
2268.Jewels of sea / cowries – Cyprea.
2269.Pecton – Scallop.
2270.Inflated clam – Katelysia opima.
2271.Elephant tusk shell – Tendalium. - Scaphaphod
2272.Movement of cephalopod by – Jet propulsion / Back ward.
2273.External shell present in – Nautileus.
2274.Octopus – No shell.
2275.Coiling of visceral mass in cephalopod – Torsion.
2276.The word molluscan was first used by – Cuvier.
2277.Sea mouse / Coat of mail shell – Chiton.
2278.Slipper lobster – Scyllaridae.
2279.Lobsters has 14 somites (Body segment).
2280.Isopods – Pill bugs.
2281.Excretory organ of crustacea – Green gland (Antennary gland).
2282. Cladoceron – Daphnia and Moina.

714. 711
2283.Artemia order – Anostrca and Sub class – Branchiopods.
2284.Taxonomy word was first used by – Candolle.
2285.Sea pig– Echinoderm (Holothurian); Family – Elipidiidae. –
Scoctoplanessp.
2286.Sea lion – Pinnipeds (Eared flaps; Family – Otariidae).
2287.Sea cow – Marine mammal (food – Sea grass; Order – Sirenia).
2288.Sea grass – Flowering plant (Order – Alismataces).
2289.Walruses – Odobenidae (Tusk is present).
2290.Reptile class – Tetrapod.
2291.Staining of bones – Alizarian.
2292.Gars – Lepisosteidae.
2293.Amiidae – Bow fish.
2294.Animal eats their own young ones –Paedophagy.
2295.Animals feeds on detritus – Ileophagy.
2296.Fish eat scales of other fishes – Leptophagy.
2297.Hole nester – Mussel.
2298.Miscellaneous material used to built the nest (Polyphile) – Murrel.
2299.Crustacean sampling – Peterson disc.
2300.Guts are preserved by – Gilson‟s fluid.
2301.Vertical migration – Herring and sword fish.
2302.Parrot and Butterfly fish – Grazers.
2303.Mollusc / Bivalves – Strainers.
2304.Goat fish – Sucker.
2305.Herring has a „C‟ shaped intra muscular bone.
2306.Pelvic fin absent in – Needle fish, Eels and Puffer fish.
2307.Aglamoruleus kidney – No glomerular in nephron (Marine fishes).
2308.Glamorules kidney present in – Fresh water fishes.
2309.Elasmobranch kidney is – Opisthonephric.
2310.In gastropod excretion done by – Single renal organ (2 chamber).

715. 712
2311.Bivalve excretion system consist of – Pair of kidney & Kebee‟s
organ.
2312.Cephalopod excretory organ – Kidney (3 chamber).
2313.Full kidney do an excretion only in – Pronephros (Prolarvae).
2314.Anterior part of kidney stop the excretory function – Mesonephros.
2315.Anterior part of kidney is converted into lymphoid organ –
Ophisthonephros.
2316.Ventral unpaired kidney – Coelocanth / Latimera.
2317.Testis is unpaired in – Notopterus.
2318.Testis is simple tube – Sygnathidae.
2319.Sperm duct is shared with kidney – Nephric duct (Wolffian duct).
2320.Shell producing gland present in female fish of egg layers –
Nidamental gland.
2321.Semalparous – Cuttle fish, Salmon and some cat fishes.
2322.Eye stalk of gastropods – Ommatophores.
2323.Absence of eye in – Bivalve.
2324.Sensitive part of eye – Retina.
2325.Retina gets the good oxygen from the – Choroid gland.
2326.Transmission of nerve impulse from one neuron to other – Synapse.
2327.Supporting cells of neuron – Schwan cells.
2328.Catecholamine is released by – Chromaffin tissue.
2329.Last pair of gills – Pseudobranch.
2330.Swamp eel – Synbranchidae.
2331.Sharks having – Lamelliform gills (5-7 gill slit‟s).
2332.Crustaceans have – 8 pairs of gill.
2333.Gills of F/W prawn – Phyllobranch.
2334.Labyrinthiform organ – Climbing perch.
2335.Saccular organ – H. fossilis.
2336.Arborescent organ – Clarius.

716. 713
2337.Cephalopods have – 3 heart (1-systematic; 2-branchial).
2338.Circulatory syatem of crustacean – Open or lacunar type.
2339.Crustacean heart is – Triangular in shape.
2340.Fish heart is – „8‟shaped.
2341.Haemoglobin concentration in fish blood – 7 – 10 g/ 100 ml.
2342.Haemoglobin is made up of – 95% Globin and 5% Hematin.
2343.F/W fish freeze at --0.6°C.
2344.M/W fish freeze at - -0.75°C.
2345.Coagulating substance in blood – Fibrinogen.
2346.Anti-coagulating substance in blood – Heparin.
2347.Fish blood consist of – 55% Plasma and 45% Carpascules.
2348.Circulatory system of fish – Closed system (Single circulation).
2349.Dipnoi (Lung fish) – Double circulation.
2350.Vessels carry blood away from the heart – Arteries.
2351.Vessels carry blood towards the heart – Veins.
2352.Pulmonary sac supplies the blood to – Gills.
2353.Systemic artery supplies the blood to other parts of body.
2354.In portal system, blood do not go directly to the heart from body
parts.
2355.Inferior mouth – Sturgeon and Sucker fish.
2356.Terminal mouth – Trout and Tuna.
2357.Superior mouth – Grouper, Lion fish and Sohd fish.
2358.Slip / Protrusible mouth – Leiognathidae.
2359.Sub terminal mouth – Dace.
2360.Saddle fish – Upper jaw is elongated.
2361.Half beak – Lower jaw is elongated.
2362.Lie and wait predator – Lion fish.
2363.Teeth present in gills – Basibranchials.
2364.Pharyngeal teeth present in - Carps and Suckers.

717. 714
2365.Stomach is completely absent in – Lamprey, Hag fish, Pipe fish
and Parrot fish.
2366.Intestinal bulb present in – Catla and Rohu.
2367.Rectal gland present in - Shark
2368.The cardio pyloric aperture is – „X‟ – Shaped.
2369.Tongue mass of gastropod – Odontophore.
2370.Labiel palp present in each side of mouth in bivalve.
2371.No jaws and Radula in – Mollusk.
2372.Digestive enzyme in bivalve – Amylase and Glycogenase.
2373.Example for holistic model – Swept area method and Surplus
production model.
2374.Beverton & Holt Yield / Recruitment model – Analytical model.
2375.ELEFAN – Electronic Length Frequency Analysis (Developed by
ICLARM).
2376.ELEFAN-1 developed by – Pauly and David (1987).
2377.Length based stock assessment was given by - Sparee (1987).
2378.Eco path modelling is also called – Eosins.
2379.RNG - Random Number Generator.
2380.First co-operative society – 1902.
2381.FISHCOPFED – National Federation of Fisherman Co-Operative Ltd
(1980).
2382.Debate may become highly – Antagonistic.
2383.It‘s a continuous and universal process – Decision making.
2384.Diffusion is a kind of social change.
2385.Pamphlet size varies from – 2 – 12 pages.
2386.Leaflet – Single paper or Flyer (4 × 8").
2387.Booklet – 50 pages contain more information.
2388.OHP – Over Head Projector.
2389.Reflected projection – Opaque projector or Epidiascope.

718. 715
2390.Merchant middle man – Wholesaler.
2391.Agent middle man –
2392.Monopolistic – single seller.
2393.Marketing function was classified by – Pyle.
2394.EPV – Extra Purchase Value.
2395.Negotiated pricing – Variable pricing.
2396.Tapioca leaves contain – 20 – 40% protein.
2397.Mangrove leaves contain – 8 – 18% protein.
2398.Induced breeding in mussel by – Lowering the salinity.
2399.Induced breeding in clam by – Increase in Temp. (18°C to 25°C).
2400.Induced breeding in edible oyster – Increase in 2-4°C from ambient
temp.
2401.Induced breeding in pearl – Pricking of adductor muscle.
2402.Extender solution – Ringer solution, KCl , Glucose, Sodium citrate
and NaCl.
2403.Pearl oyster favourite food – Isochrysis galbana.
2404.A piece of mantle tissue - Grafttissue.
2405.Pearly likely to get attached with the shell – Blisters.
2406.Fecundity of mussel – 0.5 – 1.0million.
2407.Fecundity of lobster – 50,000 – 80,000.
2408.Crab culture common in – Pokkali field (Kerala).
2409.Culture of clam is popular in – Kakinada (A.P).
2410.Fecundity of pearl spot – 2000.
2411.Accumulation of cell fluid – Odema.
2412.CRP – C-Reactive Protein.
2413.IgM in fish – Tetramer; IgM in mammals – Pentamer.
2414.B-Lymphocyte produce specific antibody (Ab) with the help of
Plasma and Memory cells.
2415.T-dependent antigen – Protein.

719. 716
2416.T-independent antigen – Polysaccharide.
2417.Digenean larvae – Miracidium.
2418.Hole in head disease is caused by – Hexamita.
2419.Stalked ciliate protozoan – Epistylis.
2420.Neon tetra disease is caused by – Plistophora.
2421.Fish lice is controlled by – Organophosphate.
2422.Salmon pancreas disease is also called – Sleeping disease.
2423.Lymphocystis is caused by – Irridovirus.
2424.Histopathology stain – Haematoxylin and Eosin blue.
2425.Process of reducing the virulence of pathogen – Attenuation.
2426.Good example for adjuvant –DMSO.
2427.The term adjuvant means – Tohelp.
2428.Most commonly used adjuvant – Freund‟s Complete Adjuvant
(FCA).
2429.Antibodies are – Steroids.
2430.TSV (Taura Syndrome Virus) caused by – RNA virus.
2431.Mullet favourite food – Lumut.
2432.Fairy shrimp – Anostracan / Streptocephalus.
2433.Second largest lipids – Phospholipid.
2434.Heat of combustion is measured by – Bomb Calorimeter.
2435.P
32
half life – 14 days (Convenient isotope).
2436. Swamp cabbage – Ippomea aquatica.
2437.Non-nutrient ingredients added to the feed is called – Feed
additives.
2438.Favour for life is – Probiotics.
2439.Thyroid tumour is due to – Iodine deficiency.
2440.Nutritional anaemia – Folic acid deficiency.
2441.Probiotics – Parker (1914).
2442.The balance between good and bad bacteria – Eubiosis.

720. 717
2443.Nutritional deficiency diseases – Black gill disease, Blue disease
and Red disease.
2444.Coliform bacteria is analysed by – Membrane filteration and
Mutiple tubemethod.
2445.Light producing chemical in fish – Luciferase.
2446.To measure cell in liquid suspension – Flow cytometry.
2447.Aflatoxin – Carcinogen (cause human liver cancer).
2448.National standards – ISI, BIS, BS and USFDA.
2449.International standards – HACCP, ISO 9000 and Codex
Alimentarius.
2450.Hx is a result of nucleotide degradation.
2451.Compound microscope was invented by – Robert Hooke.
2452.Petri dish was invented by – Richard Petri.
2453.Study of internal structure of microbes by – Phase contract
microscopy.
2454.Halophils are – Methanogens.
2455.Prokaryotic DNA – Circular.
2456.Water activity (aW) of sea water – 0.98.
2457.Water activity of fresh water – 1.
2458.Leukocytes are;
a. Granulocytes b.Agranulocytes
i. Basophils a. Monocyte
ii. Eeosophils b. Lymphocyte.
iii. Neutrophils
2459.‗O‘ antigen is also called – Somatic antigen.
2460.Antibody produced by –B-Lymphoid cells.
2461.A substance produced by one population inhibits the other population
– Amensalism /Antagonism.

721. 718
2462.Two populations are benefitted but not obligate relationship –
Synergism / Protocooperation.
2463.Syntrophism – Cross feeding.
2464.Oxidation is the – Loss of electron.
2465.Reduction is the – Gain of electron.
2466.Infrared radiation – O.3 – 2 nm.
2467.UV radiation – 200 – 400 nm.
2468.Accuracy of photocells - 1±0.003.
2469.Cuvettes require 2.5-3.0 cm
2
(ml) ofsample.
2470.Absorbance is also known as – OD (Optical density).
2471.Adsorption chromatography – Affinity, Thin Layer and Ion
exchange chromatography.
2472.Partition chromatography – GC, HPLC, and Paper
chromatography.
2473.Binding agent in cell chromatography – CaSO4.
2474.Separation of amino acids in Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) by –
Ninhydrin.
2475.Relative factor (Rf) – Distance moved by solute / Distance moved
by solvent front.
2476.Adsorbent material is – Silica gel.
2477.Inert binding agent – Water and CaSO4.
2478.Volatile organic compound is separated by – Gas Chromatography
(GC).
2479.GC was first invented by – Fritz Prior.
2480.Gas – Liquid Chromatography (GLC) invented by – Arche JP Martin.
2481.Liquid – liquid partition chromatography was invented by –Martin &
Synge.
2482.Immunosorbent was invented by – Wide & Jerker Porath.
2483.Antibody formation theory was given by – Paul Erich.

722. 719
2484.Radio Immuno Assay (RIA) was developed by – Rosalyn Yalow &
Saloman Aaron Berson (1960).
2485.Flow rate GC was – 55 ml / min.
2486.GC Columns are two types;
a. Packed column – 1.5-10 cm length; 2-4 cm innerdia.
b. Capillarycoloumn;
i. Wall Coated Open Tubular(WCOT)
ii. Support Coated Open Tubular(SCOT)
2487.PLOT – Porous Layer Open Tubular.
2488. Cross linked agarose – Sepharose resin.
2489.Cross linked dextron – Sephadexresin.
2490.Cationic buffer – Tris, Pyridine, and Alkyl amine.
2491.Anionic buffer – Acetate, Barbitarate & Phosphate.
2492.Compound (M) + Ligend (L) = Complex (ML).
2493.Types of gel;
a. Coarse – 30 - 100µ.
b. Fine – 20 - 80µ.
2494.Gel and their molecular size limits;
i. Dextran – 2,00,000 – 8,00,000 Daltons.
ii. Polyacrylamide – 1800 – 4,00,000Daltons.
iii. Porous glass gravel – 3000 – 9 millionDaltons.
2495.Substrate and compound produced;
i. Inosine – Hx(K-value).
ii. Tryptophan –Indole.
iii. TMAO –TMA.
iv. Urea –Ammonia.
v. Lipids – Carbonyls.
vi. Histidine –Histamine.
vii. Protein – Tyrosine, Indole andSkatole.

723. 720
viii. Glycine, Serine and Leucine – Esters & Acetic, Propianic,
Butyric and Hexaenoic.
ix. Methionine & Cysteine – Acetic acid, CO2&H2O.
x. Methionine & Cysteine – H2S, CH3SH & (CH)2S.
2496.Hx is converted into uric acid by – Xanthine oxide.
2497.Facultative psychrophils – Extend above 20°C.
2498.Obligate psychrophils – Cannot grow above 20°C.
2499.£h – Oxidative redoxpotential.
2500.Antimicrobial agent;
i. Eugenol –Cloves.
ii. Alicin –Garlic.
iii. Allylisothiocyanate- Mustard.
iv. Cinnamic aldehyde –Cinnamin.
2501.Purification will be rapid when the SSO exceeds – 1 × 10
7
cfu/g.
2502.Dry salting – Non-fatty fishes.
2503.Wet salting – Fatty fishes.
2504.Rusty colour spoilage – P. salinaria.
2505.Halobacterium & Halococcus – Extremhalophile.
2506.Smoked fish spoilage – Mould (Penicilum and Aspergillus).
2507.Radurization – Heat pasteurization (1-5 KGY).
2508.Radapperdization – Commercial sterility (550K rad to 5M rad).
2509.Radicidation – 5-8 KGY.
2510.Impermeable to gas – Cellophane.
2511.Hydrophobic material – PVC and PE.
2512.Tyndallisation was developed by – Stem Arnold.
2513.Fish cant able to synthesize – Astaxanthine.
2514.Carotenoid – Antioxidant.
2515.Commercial heat pasteurization – Sous vide.

724. 721
2516.Steam under pressure autoclave was invented by – Chevalier
Appert.
2517.Enterobacteriaceae – Salmonella shigella.
2518.Super chilling – 0 to 4°C.
2519.Chlorine concentrations;
i. Washing floor – 100-200ppm.
ii. Table and utensile – 50-100ppm.
iii. Processing – 5-10ppm.
iv. Ice production – 5ppm.
2520.Histamine producing bacteria‘s are – Mesophiles.
2521.ATP – Muscle Plasticizer.
2522.Dielectric thawer has a thermal efficiency of – 70%.
2523.Freezing time –L× PD +RD
2

VD× f + K .
2524.Cytoskeletal protein – Connectin, Nebulin & Desmin.
2525.Shark spoils faster than lean fish.
2526.Trade name of hypochloride film – Pliofilm.
2527.Coagulants – Alum, Ferric Chloride and Polymers.
2528.Carps are having high – Thiaminase activity.
2529.ATP synthesized from – Cretine PO4 Orginine PO4.
2530.Salt water fish have high content of - Iodine.
2531.Dark muscle shrinks up to – 52%.
2532.White muscle shrinks up to – 15%.
2533.Energy source for light muscle – Glycogen.
2534.Energy sorce for dark muscle – Lipid.
2535.Insitu conservation – On site conservation.
2536.Exsitu conservation – Off site conservation.
2537.Gaseous cycle – O2, CO2 and N2.
2538.Sedimentary cycle – P and S.

725. 722
2539.Mutualism (living together) word was coined by – De Bary.
2540.Commensalism word was coined by – Van Bene Den.
2541.Obligate mutualism – Continuous relationship (Giant Clam).
2542.Facultative mutualism – Non-continuous relationship (Sucker
fish).
2543.Microcystis in F/W produce toxin called – Hydroxylamine (Kills the
fish).
2544.Parasite lives inside the host cell – Intra cellular (Trypan).
2545.Parasite lives between the host cells – Inter cellular (Fluke &
Isopod).
2546.Parasite themselves parasitized by others called – Hyperparasitism.
2547.Vernal pond – Water present only in spring season.
2548.Water present only in spring and dry in summer – Vernal autumnal
pond.
2549.Water exist in all times but freeze during winter – Aestival pond.
2550.Epineuston – Ranatra and Pistia.
2551.Hyponeuston – Notonecta.
2552.Positive thigmotoxis – Adhere to surface of substratum.
2553.Positive rheotaxis – Moving against water current.
2554.Upper most zone of river – Crenon zone.
2555.Spring or boil zone – Eucrenon.
2556.Brook or head stream zone – Hypocrenon.
2557.DO is minimum in – Tropholytic zone.
2558.Bottom or deep water zone – Profundal zone.
2559.Fiddler crab – Uca sp.
2560.Mangrove shaping prawn – Alphenus sp.
2561.Mangrove crab – Aratus sp.
2562.Ghost crab – Dotilca sp.
2563.Hermit crab – Clipanarius sp.

726. 723
2564.Wood borer – Isopod (Sphaeroma sp).
2565.Olive ridly turtle – Lepidochelys olivacea.
2566.Leathery turtle – Dermochelys.
2567.Hawk bill turtle – Eritomochelys imbricata.
2568.Flood – Result in low salinity.
2569.Drought – Result in high salinity.
2570.Mississippi river estuary – Saltwedge or Positive estuary.
2571.Fjords estuary – ‗U‟ shaped (By glacial action).
2572.Sea pen – Umbellula lindhal.
2573.Ideal temperature for coral reefs – 25 to 29°C.
2574.Fringing coral reefs are found – Along the shore line.
2575.Barrier coral reefs are found – Off shore (10-100 km from coast).
2576.Coral larvae –Planule.
2577.Rock barnacle – B. balanoida.
2578.Dog whelk – Nucella lapillius.
2579.Sea slater – Ligia oceanica.
2580.Acorn barnacle – Semibalanus balanoidas.
2581.Periwinkle snail – Littoria littoria.
2582.Thalassia – Turtle grass.
2583.Zostrea – Eel grass.
2584.Macrobenthos - > 1cm.
2585.Meiobenthos – 1/10
th
of cm (100µ).
2586.Microbenthos – Tiny organisms (0.1 - 50µ).
2587.Mega plankton - 20 cm.
2588.Macro plankton – 2 to 20 cm.
2589.Mero plankton – 0.2 to 2 cm.
2590.Micro plankton – 20 to 200µ.
2591.Nano plankton – 2 to 20µ.
2592.Pico plankton – 0.2 to 2µ.

727. 724
2593.Fempto plankton – 0.02 to 0.2µ.
2594.Sand crab – Emerita.
2595.Blue light can penetrate up to – 150m.
2596.Limiting factor of phytoplankton growth – Iron.
2597.Epipelagic zone – 0-200m (Photic zone).
2598.Mesopelagic zone – 200-1000m (Disphotic / Twilight zone).
2599.Bathypelagic zone – 1000-2000m (Aphotic zone).
2600.Abyssopelagic zone – 2000-4000m (Aphotic zone).
2601.Hadapelagic zone – 6000-10000m (Aphotic zone).
2602.Free face in canned products indicated by – „G‟.
2603.Heat penetration in cans increased by – Endover and Agitation.
2604.Lethal effect on spore is usually - 93°C.
2605.Planimeter used to count the number of squares in lethality curve.
2606.Spore germination can be repressed by – Starch.
2607.Decimal reduction time (D) – t / log a – log b.
2608.Low acid foods – pH 5.3 and above (Fish and Milk).
2609.Medium acid foods – pH 4.5-pH 5.3 (Soups and Sauces).
2610.Acid foods – pH 3.7-pH 4.5 (Tomato and Pine apple).
2611.High acid foods – pH 3.7 and below (Pickle and Grapes).
2612.Vegetative bacteria and spores can be destructed by – HCl.
2613.TFS cans coated with – Chromium metal & Chromium oxide.
2614.No pigments were added in the lacquer of – R (Regulat) or F (Fruit).
2615.Epoxy lacquer – Epichlrohydrin + Bizophenol.
2616.Phenolic enamel – Phenol + Formaldehyde.
2617.Polyesters – Esterification of polycarboxylic acid with polyhydric
alcohol.
2618.Vinyl resin – Copolymerisation of vinyl chloride & Vinyl acetate.
2619.Sealed cans are washed in – 1.5% of Sodium poly phosphate at
80°C.

728. 725
2620.Tamil Nadu coast length – 1076 km.
2621.NGO‘s in India – 5000.
2622.Ministry of commerce – MPEDA.
2623.Father of public administration – Woodrow Wilson.
2624.POSDCORB was given by – Luther Gullick.
2625.Principles of hierarchy – Scalar process.
2626.Aflatoxin / Gossypol – Natural anti-nutrient.
2627.Rotifer – Branchionus.
2628.Copepod – Cyclops.
2629.Cladocerons – Daphnia and Moina.
2630.Energy requirement of carps – 3400-3800 Kcal/kg.
2631.Protein requirement of Common carp – 31-38%.
2632.Protein requirement of Rohu & Mrigal – 45%.
2633.Protein requirement of Grass carp – 36%.
2634.Protein requirement for young fishes – 40-60%.
2635.Carbohydrate requirement of carps – 25-28%.
2636.Fat requirement of carps – 5-7%.
2637.Pond hardness up to – 20 mg/l.
2638.Pond nitrate level – 0.06-0.1 mg/l.
2639.Pond phosphate level – 0.2-0.4 mg/l.
2640.Pond CO2 level – 15 mg/l.
2641.Bleaching powder used for eradication of predators – 5000kg/ha.
2642.Pond slope should be – 1:1.5.
2643.Nursery pond depth – 1.0-1.5m.
2644.Rearing pond depth – 1.5-2.0m.
2645.Stocking pond – 2.0-2.5m.
2646.Clarius batrachus – 4 pairs of barbells and mature in 1
st
year.
2647.Catla/Rohu/Mrigal/G.C/S.C are mature in – 2
nd
year.
2648.Common carp mature in – within 6 months.

729. 726
2649.Channa punctatus mature in – 1
st
year.000
2650.Channa straiatus mature in – 2
nd
year.
2651.Major river catchment area – 20000 km
2
.
2652.Medium river catchment area – 2000-20000 km
2
.
2653.Minor reservoir catchment area – less than 2000 km
2
.
2654.River and their length;
i. Indus – 2880km.
ii. Beas – 460 km.
iii. Brahmaputra – 2900km.
iv. Yamuna – 1000km.
2655.River and their catchment;
i. Jhelum – 34775km
2
.
ii. Ravi – 14442km
2
.
iii. Beas – 20303km
2
.
iv. Ganga – 861404km
2
.
v. Krishna – 258948km
2
.
vi. Cauvery – 87900 km
2
.
2656.Longest perennial river – Cauvery.
2657.Largest river of peninsular India –Godavari.
2658.Brahmaputra flows through Tibet is called – Tsangpo.
2659.East coast rivers – Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna.
2660.West coast rivers – Narmada and Tapti.
2661.Reservoirs in India – 550.
2662.Hooghly matlah estuary total area – 2340 km
2
.
2663.Antigen of lower molecular weight – Hapten.
2664.Recombinant DNA vaccines are also known as – New Generation
Vaccines.
2665.Snails can be controlled by – Malocophagus.
2666.Atlantic salmon – Salmo salar.

730. 727
2667.Pacific salmon – Oncorhynchus sp.
2668.Pompano – Trachnotus carolinus.
2669.Rabbit fish – Siganus guttatus.
2670.Nile tilapia – O. niloticus.
2671.Java tilapia – O. mossambicus.
2672.Blue tilapia – O. aureus.
2673.European eel – A. anguilla.
2674.Japanese eel – A. japonica.
2675.Indian Pompano – T. mokkale.
2676.Hormones are act as a – Messenger.
2677.Steroids – Fat soluble compounds.
2678.Follicle contain – Group of epithelial cells.
2679.CSC – Critical Standing Crop.
2680.The assimilation and storage of energy as protein, fat and
carbohydrate –Anabolism.
2681.The transformation of stored energy into usable energy (ATP) –
Catabolism.
2682.Male hormone – 17-alpha- Methyl Testosterone.
2683.Female hormone – 17-ß-Estradiol or Diethyl Stibestrol.
2684.Fertilization takes place without any genetic contribution from sperm
– Gynogenesis (All maternalinheritance).
2685.Fertilization takes place without any genetic contribution from ovum–
Androgenesis (All paternal inheritance).
2686.Photosynthesis occurs within – 400-800nm wave length.
2687.Light energy measured in – Einsteins.
2688.One einestein – 2.854 × 10
7
g calories.
2689.The percentage of reflected light – Albedo.
2690.Aquatic life in colder region during winter is sustained by – Unique
density behaviour of water or Anomalous behaviour of water.

731. 728
2691.Water is 755 times denser than air.
2692.Measurement of an intensity of heat is –Temperature.
2693.Laminar flow cause smooth slipping of water particle and has little
drag on moving objects.
2694.Turbulent flow cause random and pass an object throughout the
water.
2695.Tumbling motions of turbulent flow – Eddies.
2696.Orthrograde Oxygen curve – Oligotrophic lake.
2697.Clinograde oxygen curve – Eutrophic lake.
2698.Active in night time – Nocturnal.
2699.Active only in lighted period of the day – Diurnal.
2700.Enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation – Nitrogenase.
2701.Photic zone – Trophogeniczone.
2702.Aphotic zone – Tropholyticzone.
2703.Cells of organism receive electrons from organic compounds –
Organotrophs.
2704.Cells of organism derive electron from inorganic matter –
Lithotrophs.
2705.Organisms need vitamin for their growth – Auxotrophs (Algae).
2706.Cyanophyta / Myxophyta – Blue Green Algae (Microcystis).
2707.Chlorophyta – Green Algae (Chlorella).
2708.Charophyta – Stone wort.
2709.Bacillariophyceae – Diatoms.
2710.Chrysophyceae – Golden Brown Algae.
2711.Xanthophyceae – Yellow Green Algae.
2712.Cryptophyta – Cryptomonods.
2713.Rhotophyta – Red Algae.
2714.Phyrophyta – Dinoflagellates,
2715.Hypsographic curve – Depth – Area curve.

732. 729
2716.Oxygen deficit – DOsaturation – DOpresent.
2717.Slow moving thick masses of ice – Glacier‟s.
2718.Placoid scale – Shark, Ray and Skates.
2719.Cosmoid scale – Lung fishes.
2720.Ganoid scales – Reed fish, Gar, Sturgeon, and Paddle fish.
2721.Cycloid scale – Carps.
2722.Ctenoid scale – Perches.
2723.Blood of young eels (Leptocephalus) – Colourless.
2724.Phylum – Mollusca
a. Class 1:Amphineura
i. Aplacophora –Neomenia.
ii. Monoplacophora –Neopilinia.
iii. Polyplacophora –Chiton.
b. Class 2: Scaphopoda –Dentalium.
c. Class 3: Pelecypoda – Bivalves.
d. Class 4: Gastropoda – Snail, Slug andAbalone.
e. Class 5: Cephalopoda – Octopus, Squid andNautilus.
2725.Rich food for poor people –Fish.
2726.“Farm to Plate” – Food safety and quality programme in Thailand
(2003).
2727.P. gonionatus breeds 3-4 times in a year (Important weed controlling
fish, seed available in CIFA).
2728.Maximum floodplain wetland found in – Assam.
2729.Stocking and recapture of fish – Culture based capture fishery (Sea
ranching).
2730.Aquatic chicken or poor man fish – Tilapia.
2731.Culture of migratory fishes based on capture based fishery –
Valliculture (Mediterranean sea).

733. 730
2732.A chemical or substance which is found in organism but not normally
produced by the organism – Xenobiotics.
2733.Hazard is a physical, chemical or biological agent found in food which
cause adverse health effect.
2734.Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) or Persistent Bio-accumulative
toxicants – Pesticides.
2735.Anaerobic ammonia oxidation – Anammox.
2736.Chemical treatment of CuSO4 , Bleaching powder and
Formaldehyde are used to protect the net from biofoulers in cage and
pen culture.
2737.Killai backwaters found in – Tamil Nadu.
2738.Central Institute for Coastal Engineering for Fisheries – CICEF
(Bengaluru).
2739.Integrated fishery project – Cochin.
2740.Loose shell disease of shrimp is due to – Poor water quality.
2741.Blue shell diasese of shrimp is due to – Nutritional deficiency.
2742.Low productivity of is due to – Organic Loading and Pondageing
(Repeated culture).
2743.Aqua-Silviculture is a mangrove friendly culture of shrimp, crab and
fishes at low densities in Asia.
2744.Most domesticated fish species in the world – Carps.
2745.India is called as – Carp country.
2746.Female rohu and male catla – Nadan.
2747.Interrenal tissue of steroidogenic cells produce – Corticosteroids.
2748.Interrenal tissue of chromaffin cells produce – Catecholamine.
2749.Adipose dorsal fin present in – Aridae
2750.M. rosenbergii attain first maturity – 4-7 month
2751.P. monodon attains first maturity at – 10-12 month
2752.Egg size of M. rosenbergii – 0.6-0.7mm

734. 731
2753.P. momodon egg size –0.3mm
2754.Fertilized egg size of common carp – 1.6 mm (spawn size – 1.4mg)
2755.DNA to mRNA –Transcription
2756.mRNA to Protein - Translation
2757.In shrimp Y-organ produces – Moulting hormone
2758.Scoliosis and Lordosis are caused by – Vit. C deficiency
2759.Chronic soft shell syndrome in shrimp is due to the deficiency of – Ca
and P.
2760.Deep sea lobster – P. sewelli
2761.Flower shrimp – P. semisulcatus
2762.Green crab – S. oceanica
2763.Ostracod – Cypris
2764.Melaization in shrimp is due to – Pro-phenoloxide
2765.Poor man pomfret – Drift fish
2766.BGA is controlled by using – Simazine
2767.One molecule of glucose completely oxidize and produce – 38 ATP
2768.Induced breeding was first started in – Brazil (1932)
2769.Induced breeding of sand lobster was developed by – CMFRI
2770.Hybrid vigor is known as – Heterosis
2771.Infusoria ia a – Protozoan parasite
2772.Icthyophthiris is a – Protozoan parasite
2773.Argulus is a – Copepod parasite
2774.Sex reversal is common in – Sword tail
2775.Dorsal fin absent in the case of – Lion Head Gold fish
2776.Most powerful anti-nutritional factor present in the plant ingredients –
Phytic acid
2777.Average productivity of Indian reservoirs – 10 -20 0r 15-20 kg/ha
2778.Smallest fish genome – Tetradon cuticota
2779.Velvet disease is caused by – Protozoa

735. 732
2780.Proliferative Kidney Disease is caused by – Tetracapsula
bryosalmonae
2781.Ratio of silt, sand and clay for pond construction is – 1:3:2
2782.Dissolution of genetic material is called – Pyknosis
2783.Rostrum triangular shape in – P.merguiensis
2784.Most important disease in fin fish farming – EUS

736. 733
ARTICLES FROM STUDENTS AND STAFFS



THE SEABIN




BY D.KAMIL AKAMAD (II B.F.Sc.)




What‟s A Seabin?

The v5 Seabin unit is a floating debris interception device designed to be stalled in
water of marinas,yachtclubs,portsand any water body with a calm environment and
servicesavailable.
What Can The Seabin Catch?

The Seabin‘s catch bag holds 20kgs of debris.The estimated average catch is 1.5 kg
per day(depending on weather and debris volumes)including microplastics down to
2mm small.This equals over ½ ton of debris peryear.


How Does It Works?

The seabin moves up and down with the range of tide collecting all floating
rubbish.water is sucked from the surface and passes through a catch bag inside the
seabin,with a submersible water pump capable of displacing 25,000 litresper

737. 734
hour,plugged directly into a 110/220V outlet.The water is then pumped back into the
Marina leaving litter and debris trapped in the catch bag to be disposed of properly.


Where To Place It?

The Seabin is installed in a specific ―Debris problem area‖ in a marine on a floating
dock.This strategic positioning enables the wind and the currents to push directly to the
seabin.

738. 735
INSECT LARVAE AS REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL

By Kaviyarasan ( II M.F.Sc.,)

Introduction:

Fish farmers often use fish meal, or pelleted feed that are made from other fish as a
source of protein. Using wild caught fish to feed farmed fish has always been a
controversial issue.However,insect based meal could also play a major role in feeding
fish in aquaculture, and could become a sustainable alternative to fish meals. Insects
are going to be the next revolutionary solution for the food and feed crisis of the world.
For example the Black soldier fly larvae that can be used as a feed ingredient in
different forms (live, chopped, or dried and ground). The larvae are a high-value feed
source, rich in protein and fat. They contain about 40–44% crude protein (CP). The
amount of fat is extremely variable and depends on the type of diet. Shortage and high
prize of fish meal are the major problem and the alternative of fish meal is a great
solution of aboveproblems
Insect meal:

There are 2000 edible insects are present in the world and which are majorly having
high amount of proteins and rich in micronutrients. It‘s a part of the natural diet of both
freshwater and marine water fishes.They are rich in amino acids, lipids, vitamins and
minerals.No need for arable land, low need for energy and water.Many insects
(Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata)
also show antifungal activity and/or antibacterial peptides that may increase the shelf-
life of insect-containing feeds.They convert organic wastes into body mass having 42%
crude protein and 35 % crude fats. The larvae are also able to inhibit growth of
pathogenic microorganism such as E. coli and Salmonella in the manure. Review by
FAOscientists of feeding trials - concluded that insect meal could replace between
25% and 100% of soymeal or fishmeal in the animals‟ diets with no adverse effects,
and most insect meals were deficient in calcium and the amino acids methionine
and lysine, but those can be addedcheaply.

739. 736
Black soldier fly:

Black soldier fly larvae are a high-value feed source, rich in protein and fat.They
contain about 40–44% crude protein (CP) Most essential amino acid levels are
higher than soymeal.It is also not a potential carrier of disease.(van Huis et
al.,2013).It has been suggested that the larvae contain natural antibiotics (Newton
etal., 2008).Black soldier fly larvae also contains different minerals such as iron,
phosphorus, zinc, sodium and potassium. BSF meal lipids contain about 54% lauric
acid which has been shown to be active against lipid coated viruses, Clostridium,
and many pathogenic protozoaand Biodiesel can also be produced as they have
35% oil is the one of the additional advandage. Global production of BSF is growing
rapidly;from7,000-8,000tonneswetweightin2014-2015to14,000tonnesin2016.


Dried mealworms:

The dried meal worm contains 36% of protein, 18% of crude fat, fiber 7% and 9% of
moisture, in the case of protein content jumps to a whopping 55%Omega-3
Polyunsaturated -3.7 g/kgOmega-6 Polyunsaturated -91.3 g/k, Vitamins are poorly
represented in most edible insects, mealworms are among the best Vitamin B12
sources identified so far.

Insect composition (vs) Fish requirements of Proteins:

The protein requirements of different fish species range from 28 to 55% of dry diet
Marine species fishes – (40-55%),Most freshwater fishes - (25–40% ),Average protein
content of insects – (50- 82%).

Hermetia illucens meal as fish meal replacement for rainbow trout:

In the test diet insect meal replaced almost 50% of the fishmeal. Fish of initially
66.5±2.3 g body weight were grown to 125±4.5 g FCRs did not differ for the control and
the treatment fish . (Stadtlander et al.,2017).Dried ground black soldier fly prepupae
reared on dairy cattle manure enriched with 25–50% trout offal could be used to replace
up to 50% of fishmeal protein in trout diets for 8 weeks without significantly affecting fish
growth or the sensory quality of trout fillets replacing 25% of the fishmeal protein

740. 737
rainbow trout diets with black soldier fly prepupae meal (reared on pig manure) did not
affect weight gain and feed conversion ratio (St-Hilaire et al., 2007).
Canadian approval for insects in salmon feed:

Enterra Feed Corporation has received approval from the Canadian Food Inspection
Agency (CFIA) to sell its Whole Dried Black Soldier Fly Larvae as a feed ingredient for
salmonids, including farmed salmon, trout and arctic char.
Insect meal for shrimp:

The trials with the white leg shrimp were done.The control diet contained 25% fish meal
(FM) and a total of 5 different diets with increasing rates of inclusion of insect meal as a
replacement for the FM, which were designed with iso-nutritive contents.the best results
were found for the 10.3% insect meal inclusion in the diet (50% FM replacement): an
increase by 33.7% in weight gain and by 24% in final body weight after 8 weeks of
feeding.
Immune stimulating effect:

A challenge test was performed with a frequent pathogen in aquaculture (Vibrio
parahemolyticus), responsible for the well-known Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS). After
10 days, the survival rate reached 90% in the diet with 50% FM replacement
by insect meal.Since the shrimp does not have an acquired immune system, this
patented immuno-stimulant property is verypromising.
Problems in plant meal:

It is limiting in Sulphur containing amino acids (methionine and cysteine) and contains
some antinutrient substances such as trypsin inhibitor,haemagglutinin,gossypol and
antivitamins.Low palatability of the meal and the problems of the inflammation of the
digestive tract.Potential hurdles which includes Bioaccumulation of
insecticides,Heavy metals and Natural toxins(insects harvested from the wild) It can be
monitored more easily in mass rearing setups through controls of their rearing
substrates, especially when organic by-products are proposed as diets for the insects. A
study using high dietary levels of maggot meal (>35%), obtained from larvae fed on
poultry droppings has shown increased levels of liver Glutathione S- transferase (GST)
in Nile tilapia

741. 738
Solution :

Mass rearing of the insects on quality-controlled substrates in order to avoid any
potential toxicity problem.


Demand and Supply of Fishmeal:





Conclusion:

The use of a mixture of different protein sources or dietary AA supplementation could
reduce the potential nutrient deficiencies and to better balance of the AA profiles of
aqua feeds incorporating insect meal. Currently, 4 tons of wild fish are required to
produce 1 ton of farmed fish. With its insect meal, Entomo Farm offers an alternative
protein of animal origin, which is safer, more sustainable and delivered at a competitive
price in comparison with fish meal.Easily digestible and rich in protein (>70%). In trout
and tilapia diets, the introduction of insect feed accelerated weight gain during the
growth stage.

742. 739
RECENT ADVANCES IN FISHERIESBIOTECHNOLOGY




By (J. Jaculine Pereira) Assistant Professor


Introduction:
Biotechnological research and development are growing in
tremendous ways. It has assumed greatest importance in recent years in
the development of agriculture and human health. The biotechnology has
endowed with new tools and tremendous power to create novel genes and
genotypes of plants, animals and fish. The application of biotechnology in
the fisheries sector is a relatively recent practice. Aquaculture is the
farming and husbandry of aquatic organisms and as it is the fastest
growing food sector in the world with its increasing role for economy and
safe food strategy of countries. Due to the continuous depletion of the fish
stocks in the aquatic systems, farming of fish, crustaceans, mollusks and
aquatic plants, is now a substantial global industry supplying a significant
proportion of the aquatic products consumed. The important risks in the
future will be shortage in food supply and high prices. Aquatic products are
the major important sources of protein and essential nutrient components
for the world for eliminatingmalnutrition.
Aquaculture also plays an important role in rural economies through
new employment opportunities. Aquaculture outputs need to be enhanced
several fold in order to meet the rising demands for pretentious food
through fish and other aquatic products in coming years. Biotechnological
applications have good potential for increasing aquacultural productivity,
food security and environmental quality throughout the world. Now
aquaculture industry involved in the development of economically viable
production technologies, reducing the impact of pollution on the
environment and improving public perception. Biotechnology is offering
valuable applications in the field of aquaculture through selective breeding,
hybridization, productivity, health, growth, nutrition, cryopreservation and
conservation of genetic resources in aqua cultural stocks for the benefit of
human beings. However, biotechnology activities in terms of the potential
adverseeffectsontheenvironmentandhumanhealtharetoberegulated

743. 740
for the sustainable development in aquaculture and also for the sustainable
development of fisheries. The increased application of biotechnological
tools can revolutionize our fish farming besides its role in biodiversity
conservation.
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FISH BREEDING
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is the best available
biotechnological tool for the induced breeding of fish now. GnRH is the key
regulator and central initiator of reproductive cascade in all vertebrates
(Bhattacharya et al., 2002). It is a decapeptide and was first isolated from
pig and sheep hypothalami with the ability to induce pituitary release of
luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
Depending on the structural variant and their biological activities, number of
chemical analogues have been prepared and one of them is salmon GnRH
analogue used now in fish breeding and marked commercially under the
name of ―Ovaprim‖ throughout the world.The induced breeding of fish is
now successfully achieved by the development of GnRHtechnology.


CHROMOSOME MANIPULATION TECHNIQUES
Chromosome sex manipulation techniques to induce polyploidy (triploidy
and tetraploidy) and any one of the parental chromosome inheritance
(gynogenesis and androgenesis) have been applied extensively in cultured
fish species. These techniques are important for the improvement of fish
breeding for gonadal sterilization, sex control and improvement of hybrid
viability. Most vertebrates are diploid, polyploid individuals possess one or
more additional chromosome sets, bringing the total to three in triploids,
four in tetraploids and so on. Induced triploidy is widely accepted as the
most effective method for producing sterile fish for aquaculture and
fisheries management. The methods used to induce triploids and other
types of chromosome set manipulations in fishes. Tetraploid breeding lines
are of potential benefit to aquaculture, by providing a way to produce large
numbers of sterile triploid fish through simple inter-ploidy crosses between
tetraploids and diploids. Though tetraploidy has been induced in many
finfish species, the viability of tetraploids was low in most instances. In
teleosts, technique for inducing sterility include triploidy induction and
exogenous hormonetreatment.

744. 741
Triploidy can be induced by exposing eggs to physical or chemical
treatment shortly after fertilization to inhibit extrusion of the second polar
body. Triploid fish are expected to be sterile because of the failure of
homologous chromosomes to synapse correctly during the first meiotic
division. Methods of triploidy induction include exposing fertilized eggs to
hydrostatic pressure shock or chemicals such an colchicine, cytochalasin-B
or nitrous oxide or temperature shock (cold or hot),. Triploids can also be
produced by crossing tetraploids and diploids. Tetraploid induction involves
fertilization of eggs with normal sperm and exposing the diploid zygote for
physical or chemical treatment to suppress the first mitotic division.
Gynogenesis is the process of progeny development with exclusive
maternal inheritance. The production of gynogenetic individuals is of
particular fish breeders because a high level of inbreeding can be induced
in single generation. Gynogenesis may also be used to produce all-female
populations in species with female homogamety and to reveal the sex
determination mechanisms in fish. It is to use all female gynogenetic
progenies (instead of normal bisexual progenies) for sex inversion
experiments.
Androgenesis is the process by which a young one is produced by
the male parent with no genetic contribution from female. Induction of
androgenesis can produce all male population in fish which would have
commercial application in aquaculture. It can also be used in generating
homozygous lines of fish and in the recovery of lost genotypes from the
cryopreserved sperms. Androgenetic individuals have been produced in a
few species of cyprinids, cichlids andsalmonids.


SEX CONTROL
The use of sex control techniques to influence characteristics of
economically desirable teleost species is becoming an important
management tool to increase aquaculture production. Techniques allow
production of monosex population by sex manipulation are potentially
useful in species where one sex is more useful than the other. There are
basically two ways of sex manipulation i.e. hormonal or genetic. The
endocrine or hormonal control involves the treatment of fish with sex
steroidsduringtheearlyphasebeforesexdifferentiationstarts.The

745. 742
process of sex differentiation in teleost is protracted and labile rending the
hormonal induction of sex reversal possible in gonochoristic and
hermaphroditic species. The induction involves administration of an
optimum dose of sex steroid during the labile period which reverses the
phenotypic expression of a genetic female into a male but the genetic male
remains a male. The genetic approach to sex manipulation for production
of all male, all female or all sterile populations is through the induction of
ploidy. In teleosts, some species have fully developed sex chromosomes.
As a consequence the genders are difficult to recognize karyotypically
although sex identification can be achieved using molecular genetic
methods. The phenotypic sex of gonochoristic fish is determined essentially
by sex chromosomes, it can also be influenced by environmental factors.
The most common environmental factor governing sex determination in fish
based on current knowledge is temperature. In cichlids (Oreochromis spp.)
monosex or almost monosex populations can be obtained after exposing
juveniles to temperatures of 37
o
C (Nile tilapia) or 35
o
C (Blue tilapia O.
aureaus) over 28 days after yolk sacresorption
TRANSGENESIS
Transgenesis is defined as the introduction of gene or DNA into host
genome resulting in its stable maintenance, transmission and expression.
The technology gives an excellent opportunity for modifying or improving
the genetic traits of commercially important fishes, crustaceans and
mollusks for aquaculture. The idea of producing transgenic animals
became popular by Palmitter et al. (1982) first produced transgenic mouse
by introducing metallothione- in human growth hormone fusion gene (mT-
hGH) into mouse egg, resulting in dramatic increase in growth. This
initiated a series of attempts on gene transfer in economically important
animals including fish.The first transgenic fish was produced by Zhu et al.
(1985) in China, who claimed the transient expression in putative
transgenics. The technique has now seen successfully applied to a number
of fish species. Dramatic growth enhancement has been shown using this
technique especially in salmonids. Some studies have revealed
enhancement of growth in adult salmon to an average of 3-5 times the size
of nontransgenic controls, with some individuals, especially during the first
few months of growth, reaching as much as 10-30 times the size of the
controls.

746. 743
The introduction of transgenic technique has simultaneously put more
emphasis on the need for production of sterile progeny in order to minimize
the risk of transgenic stocks mixing in the wild populations. The technical
development have expanded the possibilities for producing either sterile
fish or those reproductive activity can be specifically turned on or off using
inducible promoters. This would clearly be of considerable value allowing
both optimal growth and controlled reproduction of the transgenic stocks
while ensuring that any escaped fish would be unable to breed. An
increased resistance of fish to cold temperatures has been another subject
of research in fish transgenics for the past several years (Fletcher et al.,
2001). Coldwater temperatures pose a considerable stressor to many fish
and few are able to survive water temperatures much below 0- 1
o
C. This is
often a major problem in aquaculture in cold climates. Some marine
teleosts have high levels (10-25 mg/ml) of serum antifreeze proteins (AFP)
or glycoproteins (AFGP) which effectively reduce the freezing temperature
by preventing ice-crystal growth. The isolation, characterization and
regulation of these antifreeze proteins particularly of the winter flounder
Pleuronectes americanus has been the subject of research for a
considerable period in Canada. Consequently, the gene encoding the liver
AFP from winter flounder was successfully introduced into the genome of
Atlantic salmon where it became integrated into the germ line and then
passed onto the off-spring F3 where it was expressed specifically in the
liver (Hew et al., 1995). The introduction of AFPs to gold fish also increased
their cold tolerance, to temperatures at which all the control fish died (12 h
at 0
o
C; Wang et al., 1995). Similarly, injection or oral administration of AFP
to juvenile milkfish or tilapia led to an increase in resistance to a 26 to 13
o

C drop in temperature (Wu et al., 1998). The development of stocks
harbouring this gene would be a major benefit in commercial aquaculture in
countries where winter temperatures often border the physiological limits of
these species. The most promising tool for the future of transgenic fish
production is undoubtedly in the development of the embryonic stem cell
(ESC) technology. These cells are undifferentiated and remain totipotent so
they can be manipulated in vitro and subsequently reintroduced into early
embryos where they can contribute to the germ line of the host. This would
facilitate the genes to be stably introduced or deleted (Melamed et al.,
2002). Though progress has been made significantly in several laboratories
around the world, there are numerous problems to be resolved before the
successful commercialization of the transgenic brood stock foraquaculture.

747. 744
To realize the full potential of the transgenic fish technology in aquaculture,
several important scientific aspects are required. These include
i) Identified genes of desirable traits for aquaculture and other
applications
ii) Suitable promoters to direct the expression of transgenes at optimal
levels during the desired developmentalstages
iii) More efficient technologies for mass genetransfer
iv) Targeted gene transfer technologies such as embryonic stem cell
genetransfer
v) Informations on the physiological, nutritional, immunological and
environmental factors that maximize the performance of the
transgenicsand
vi) Safety and environmental impacts of transgenicfish.


AQUACULTURE NUTRITION
Over the last decade, the world has witnessed spectacular growth in the
aquaculture industry of many developing countries. As a result, aquaculture
has been contributing significantly to food security and poverty elevation. It
is further anticipated that world aquaculture production will continue to
increase and since nutrition and feeding play a pivotal role in sustainable
aquaculture, use of nutritionally balanced and complete formulated feeds
will, continue to play a dominant role in finfish and shellfish production.
Hence, alternative and biotechnologically improved feed ingredients should
be sought along with improvements in pond management and manipulation
of pond productivity. The idea of introducing exogenous enzymes into fish
feed is not new but their efficacy in fish feeds is being reinvestigated.
Addition of proteolytic enzymes to diets resulted in only small positive
effects in common carp (Dabrowska et al., 1979; Srivastava et al., 1994)
and in freshwater giant prawn (personal communication). The use of
thermo stable bacterial α-amylase on growth and feed utilization in rohu
(Labeo rohita) (Ghosh et al., 2001) has been reported. Probiotics are
probably one of the most important research developments in recent times.
Probiotics have been successfully used in aquaculture to enhance both
internal and external microbial environment and the current trend is to
replace antibiotics by probiotics for ecological consideration (Gildberg et al.,
1997). A classical example of the successful use of probiotics in shrimp
culture in Indonesia is given by Moriarty (1996). Shankar (1996)advocated

748. 745
the use of probiotics as an efficient feed and also as a tool for the
prevention of the viral attack in shrimp farming. Mohanty et al. (1996) used
probiotic alongwith ground goat liver and starch to show the potential
significance of probiotic supplementation in larval diet. Ravi et al. (1998)
studied the use of commercial probiotics for maintaining water quality and
thereby enhancing growth rate of P. indicus. They noticed that in addition to
the better growth rate, experimental shrimps were also observed to moult
faster than the control shrimps. Hence, probiotics could be a safe
alternative to antibiotics for sustainable shrimp culture. The cost of feed
ingredients and other inputs are increasing, while market costs for the
major cultivable finfish and shellfish species have remained static or are
decreasing. It is, therefore, likely that increased aquaculture production will
be from herbivorous/omnivorous fishes in developing countries of Asia and
other parts of the world. Aquaculturist can reduce the current dependence
on natural marine resource to farm carnivorous finfish and shellfish through
the use of the low cost, locally available, alternative feed ingredients
(Hasan,2001).
The use of biotechnologically improved products and appropriate use
of locally available feed ingredients in semi intensive aquaculture is still
needed. A reliable database of agricultural feed resources is thus an
essential prerequisite, for planning sustainable aquaculture development.
This database will give projection of major agricultural byproducts
throughout the world that may benefit the aquaculture feed industry. Finally,
improvement of nutrition and feeding for sustainable aquaculture
development can be achieved through:
i) clear understanding of the dietary nutrient requirementsof
cultivable species including their application to practical culture
conditions
ii) developing species specific diet for maximal reproduction and
larval quality, iii) increased understanding of larvalnutrition
iii) improving the efficiency of resources use in aquaculture using
agriculture and fishery by-products wastes and also employing
biotechnological approach to breakdown the complex products to
simpler and easily digestibleforms
iv) developing feeding strategies based on renewable feed
ingredients and employing biotechnological techniques specially
the use of microbes and/or heat stable microbial enzymes (Ghosh
et al.,2001)

749. 746
v) better understanding of nutrient modulation of diseaseresistance
vi) improved strategies to minimize toxicity ofnutrients
vii) promotion of biotechnological approaches to improve feed quality
by using microbial stable digestive enzymes and use ofprobiotics
viii) recognizing the importance of feed and quality concerns over food
safety issuesand
ix) considering the effects of biotechnologically manipulated diets on
product quality and the improved nutritional characteristics of the
final product in terms of human nutrition, e.g. omega- 3 fats,
iodine, selinium, vitamin A andD.
It is hoped that biotechnology will play a promising role in the fish
nutrition in future. One day, genes that enable fish to digest and utilize
nutritionally poor feedstuffs will be transferred. Once this is accomplished
fish will be able to utilize chitin and will be able to efficiently utilize poor
sources of protein such as chicken feathers. This will lower feed and its
production costs.

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Disease problems are a major constraint for development of aquaculture.
Biotechnological tools such as molecular diagnostic methods, use of
vaccines and immunostimulants are gaining popularity for improving the
disease resistance in fish and shellfish species world over. For viral
diseases, avoidance of the pathogen is very important. In this context,
there is a need to have rapid methods for detection of the pathogens.
Biotechnological tools such as gene probes and polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) are showing great potential in this area. Gene probes and PCR
based diagnostic methods have been developed for a number of
pathogens affecting fish and shrimp (Karunasagar and Karunasagar,
1999).
BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS TO AQUACULT URE
In case of finfish aquaculture, a number of vaccines against bacteria and
viruses have been developed. Some of these have been conventional
vaccines consisting of killed microorganism but new generation of vaccines
consisting of protein subunit vaccines, genetically engineered organisms
and DNA vaccines are currently under development. In the vertebrate
system, immunization against disease is a common strategy. However, the
immune system of shrimp is rather poorly developed. Biotechnological tools
are helpful for development of molecules, which can stimulate this immune

750. 747
system of shrimp. Recent studies have shown that the non specific defense
system can be stimulated using, microbial products such as
peptidoglycans, lipopolysarcharides or glucans (Itami et al., 1998). Among
the immunostimulants known to be effective in fish, chitin, glucan, and
levamisole enhance phagocytic activities and specific antibody responses
(Sakai,1999).


MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Recent advances in molecular biology have provided number of
genetic markers which have multiple application in fisheries and
aquaculture (Lakra, 2001). Molecular biological approaches began to be
used in fisheries in the 1950s. Their use in aquaculture and fisheries has
increased dramatically over the past few years. The molecular identification
of aquaculture stocks is a fundamental requirement in any culture
programme. Mitochondrial DNA has provided a wealth of genetic markers
to answer questions on the phylogeny, evolution and population structure
of fishes. Mitochondrial DNA has an effective population size one quarter
that of nuclear genes and thus might be expected to show greater
population divergence than nuclear genes. Patterns of mtDNA variation in
40 fish species where considerable divergence of local populations was
reported(Billington and Hebert,1991). Among the DNA markers, multi-locus
VNTR analysis (i.e., DNA fingerprinting) can be used to assess the amount
of inbreeding in cultured populations. Marker based approaches can be
used to increase the efficiency of breeding programmes based on
biometrical methods. Genetic markers can be used to identify family groups
or individuals so they can be reared together and thereby simplifying of
experimental designs can be possible. Quantitative trait loci or QTLs, is one
of the very powerful application of the new DNA based technologies is to
identify marker loci which are associated with nuclear loci that control
economically important traits. If such markers have been identified they can
be used in selection programmes. An approach towards his marker
assisted selection (MAS) in fish has been made in rainbow trout by
Herbinger et al. (1995). During the past few years efforts have been taken
for the development of microsatellite markers for a variety of aquaculture
species (Ward and Grewe, 1994). Highly polymorphic microsatellites allow
theparentsofsuperiorprogenytobeidentifiedinmixedfamilyrearing

751. 748
environments, so enabling of selective breeding to occur on commercial
fish farms (Wright and Bentzen, 1994). Microsatellite markers are based on
length variation of tandem repeats of usually 2-5 base pairs. They are more
in genome, thus the number of markers is po tentially unlimited.
Microsatellite loci display varying levels of polymorphism. The highly
polymorphic loci are of use in parentage studies, the less variable loci are
more useful in discriminating populations. The assay of microsatellite
variation is based on the PCR technique, thus only small amounts of tissue,
for example from fish scales, are needed as a source of DNA. A number of
recent studies have assessed the utility of microsatillite markers in
aquaculture genetics (Herbinger et al.,1999).
CRYOPRESERVATION OF GAMETES OR GENE BANKING
Cryopreservation is a technique in which longterm preservation and
storage of biological material at very low temperature are involved, usually
at -196
o
C, i.e., the temperature of liquid nitrogen. It is based on the
principle that very low temperatures immobilize the physiological and
biochemical activities of cells, thus, making it possible to keep them viable
for very long period. The technology of cryopreservation of fish milt (i.e.,
containing spermatozoa) has been adopted from animal husbandry. The
first success in preserving fish sperm at low temperature was reported by
Blaxter (1953) who fertilized herring (Clupea harengus) eggs with frozen-
thawed semen. The spermatozoa of almost all cultivable fish species have
now been cryopreserved (Lakra, 1993). Cryopreservation overcomes the
problem of males maturing before females, allows selective breeding and
stock improvement and enables the conservation of genomes (Harvey,
1996). One of the emerging requirements for undertaking gene banking of
aquatic resources is the need to build a genetic base collection that can be
used by breeders for evolving new strains. Most of the plant varieties that
have been produced are based on gene bank collections. Aquatic gene
banks however, suffer from the fact that at present it is possible to
cryopreserve only the male gametes of finfishes and there in no viable
technique for finfish eggs and embryos. However, the recent reports on the
freezing of shrimp embryos (Subramoniam and Newton, 1993; and Diwan
and Kandasami ;1997) look promising. So, it is essential that gene banking
of cultivated and cultivable aquatic species be carried outexpeditiously.

752. 749
MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY FOR AQUACULTURE
Aquatic habitats contain diverse microbial communities and their role
in detrital food webs and organic mineralisation, particularly through
bacteria has been well studied. Microbiological studies delineate the trophic
interactions and define the nutrient and energy flow patterns providing
specific tools for environmental modifications as also products that could be
substitutes for chemical inputs or mechanical devices. Microbial technology
for aquaculture comprising aspects of biofertilization, microbial processing
of organic matter, use of probiotics and enhancement of feed digestibility,
detritus enrichment and shortening of food chains for better energy transfer
rates, genetic upgradation of bacterial strains, biofiltration and waste
recycling as also techniques pertaining to post-harvest technology hold
great promise in improving aquaculture productivity, on a sustainable basis
(Ayyappan, 1994).
MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS
In recent years the field of natural product research has emerged to
generate large number of molecules with great structural diversity.
Commercially valuable products such as pharmaceutical compounds,
pigments, oils, sterols, alginates and agarose are being extracted from
micro and macro-algae in many parts of the world. Joffe and Thomas
(1989) estimated that about 25% of all pharmaceutical sales are drugs
derived from plant natural product and an additional 12% are based on
microbially produced natural product. Despite the belief that the biodiversity
in the marine environment far exceeds the terrestrial environment, research
into the use of marine natural product as pharmaceutical agents is still in its
infancy. However, in the last 30 years, marine organisms -algae,
invertebrates and microbes have provided key structures and compounds
that proved their potential in several fields particularly as new therapeutic
agents for a variety of diseases (Riguera, 1997). Among the recent notable
products, novel compounds have been isolated from blood plasma and
tissue extract of several marine animals particularly from horseshoe crab
(Limulus polyphemus) which have the properties that destroy malignant
melanoma cells, human colon carcinoma cells, stop the growth of marine
phytoplankton and possesses strong spermicidal activity (Mukesh et al.,
1998).Eventhemarineseaweedsareagoodsourceofuniquenatural

753. 750
products with medicinal properties. Cell and tissue culture established from
complex marine seaweeds have the potential to biologically synthesize
these compounds in a controlled environment at a scale required for
continued drug development or commercial production (Rorrer et al., 1998).

754. 751
USEFUL FACTS ABOUT CEPHALOPODS



By R.Abinaya (IV B.F.Sc.)


Introduction:
Cephalopods were used to be treated often as part of discardable
bycatches until recently, but it is no longer so. They now have an upgraded
status because of their export potential, and their place as an important
part of Indian marine products exports. During the last few years, with the
establishment of processing plants in Saurashtra, the export of
cephalopods has gone up considerably from Gujarat (Sarvaiya, 1989).
While the global cephalopod catch went up from 0.58 million tonnes in
1950 to 3.512 million tonnes in 2003, the Indian cephalopod catches
increased from 400 tonnes in 1957 to 89,353 tonnes by 2003 (ISHSTAT
2004). According to the latest estimate, cephalopod landings in India for the
year 2007 were 94,804 t (CMFRI,2007).
Proximate Composition:
Cephalopods have high commercial value, for the reason that they
constitute a good source of quality aqua products. The flesh of
Cephalopods is firm and it blends to provide a variety of processed and
preserved products owing to absence of bones, ease of cleaning and
leaving behind a marginal quantity of wastage. They have also a high food
value. The meat content in cephalopods is much higher than fish,
containing 40-70% consumable fraction. proximate composition of the
cephalopod flesh shows moisture at 75-80%, crude protein (TN x 6.25) at
16-21 %, crude fat (1.0-1.5%) and ash (1-2%). Due to high nutritive value
and better taste, cephalopods are widely accepted as a choice food in
various parts of the world (Takasashi, 1974; Roper et. al, 1984 and
Sarvaiya, 1990).

755. 752
Cephalopods as Food:
Cephalopods have been used by man as food from times immemorial, as
exemplified by their consumption particularly among Greeks, Egyptians etc.
The cephalopod meat is prepared in many ways for food. In India,
cephalopods were initially used in dried form. In East Asian countries baby
octopus is consumed live. Considered as a delicacy, it is highly relished. In
Britan, squids are incorporated into fish stews to enhance the taste. The
Japanese have mastered a large variety of culinary preparations out of
squids, cuttlefishes and octopods. In Korea, they are mainly sailed and
fermented. Of late, products such as cephalopod pickles etc. have also
been developed and these are gaining in popularity.
Export of Cephalopods:
In the global market, Japanese squids are preferred because they are
considered to be of high nutritive value .Frozen cephalopods form the
second largest export item among the marine products exported fromIndia.
In India, squids and cuttle fishes used to be cut into uniform strips, each
measuring about 2 to 25 cm called 'fingers' and exported. The main
markets for these items are Spain, Italy, Greece, France, UK, Belgium and
the Netherlands. The other major markets are Japan, Singapore, Thailand
and HongKong.
Uses of Cuttlebone:
In Japan, a variety of fancy articles are made from cuttlebone. Powdered
cuttlebone is a good source of food for poultry and cage birds, as it is a rich
source of calcium. Cuttlebone is also used as a grinding stone for the
beaks of cage birds. Pulverised cutllebones are used for cleaning the
surface of woodwork and of motor vehicles before they arepainted.
Powdered cuttlebone is also a good cleaning agent for glass and other
smooth surfaces, besides being of medicinal value. Finely grounded
cuttlebones are used as a cosmetic in Italy. These are also used now in
jewellery making and for moulding purposes. Among the cephalopod
products, cuttlebone was the first item to be exported from India and in
1986 .In India cuttlebone powder is made in processing units situated at
Okha in Gujarat . Traditionally Cuttlebone powder is used as medicine for
some ear ailments

756. 753
Uses of Cephalopod Ink:
Medicinal value of cuttle fish is attributed to the ink. squid ink is traditionally
applied in food products .cuttlefish ink is believed to exhibit antiseptic
properties. It has also been proved that stored fishes treated with cuttlefish
ink, have extended shelf life than the untreated ones. The contents of the
ink sac are used in manufacturing dyes. Aqueous extracts of ink from S.
inermis were tested against Moloney murine leukaemia virus reverse
transcriptase, and the ink showed strong inhibition of MMLVRT .
Uses of Other Organs:
Ambergris, (obtained from sperm whales, which is used as a fixative in
perfumery), is formed around beaks of squids, consumed as food . Squid
liver extracts are used for human consumption and in dehydrated form they
are used as food for livestock . In Japan high-grade oils are extracted from
squid liver for use in paints and the offal is converted into squid manure.
The cephalopod eyes are used in the paint and cosmetic industries, as well
as in the production of luminous dials. The pen or quill of the squid is a
valuable source of high quality chitin and chitosan. In Japan, squid pens
are collected and used by the contact lens industry. According to Ron
(1992), squid liver is used to make squid oil and squid liver powder, which
have been found to have superior value for the growth of seaweeds and in
aquaculture. 'Maricream', an ice cream like product from squid muscle is
being developed successfully and may be launched in the consumer
market (CIFT, 2008) soon.
Other Uses of Cephalopods:
Live cephalopods are good experimental animals in the field of research
and education. Of late, they are also gaining popularity in aquarium market.
Cephalopods are also used in fish hooks, as these have, out of experience,
come to be a favourite bait used by long line fishermen engaged in
catching tunas, billfishes and other pelagic fishes.

757. 754
Conclusion:
The utilisation of cephalopods for human consumption is extensive and
diverse. The high protein and low fat content of cephalopods make them an
important and healthy element in the human diet. With the increasing
demand of food for human consumption, cephalopod resources are
expected to receive even more of attention in the future.

758. 755
Rain offish

(Lluvia depeces)

By V.Nitheswara ( II B.F.Sc)




Introduction:

Rain festival commonly known as the Lluvia de peces or ‗‘Rain of Fish,‘‘ it is said to
occur at least once and sometimes twice in a year in the small town of Yoro: during a
massive rain storm, hundreds of small silver fish supposedly rain from the sky onto the
streets of the small town.
History beyond rain festival:

This incident is said to have been happening in the town since the 1800s in the months
of May or June, each year a large storm rolls through the town with a very heavy rain,
and once the storm has passed, the streets are found flapping and flopping, full of
small, still-living fish. In 1970s, a National Geographic team actually witnessed the
event, making it one of the few credible sightings of such a phenomenon, through the
sky and not another source remained elusive. But scientific understanding of it still
remainssketchy.
View on Rain Festival:

In 1823, explorer and botanist Alexander Von Humbolt wrote of the 1698 volcanic
eruption of Mt.Carihuairazo which apparently also covered forty-three square miles the
surrounding country with mud and fish (possibly from an underground lake connected to
the volcano. By and large, reports of animal rain generally concern fish and frogs, but
other, far more disturbing reports have told of birds, snakes, foot-long alligators,
jellyfish, mice, spiders, and even a ‗‘rain of flesh and blood.‘‘ In some reports, the
animals are already dead when they come crashing to earth, while in other, they are
alive, and those that survive the fall-though surely discombobulated-hop or flopaway.

759. 756
Explanation Beyond this Mystery:

The explanation generally offered for the rain of fish is meteorological, often speculated
to be strong winds or waterspouts (fishnados), as is commonly proposed when
attempting to explain similar occurrences of raining animals. The nearest marine source
for the fish is the Atlantic Ocean, about 200km away, though this explanation might be
seen as unlikely due to the improbability of waterspouts collecting fish in the open sea
every year in May or June and transporting them directly to Yoro.
Conclusion:

The department of Yoro, Honduras have held it has an annual festival to celebrate this
phenomenon. The date of the festival is variable, coinciding with the first major rainfall in
May or June. This festival includes a parade and carnival. The ‗‘art of god‘‘ is very
beautiful to enjoy and this festival proves that. It makes people happy and enjoy in the
grace ofgod.

760. 757
REASONS, RESPONSES, STRANDING CODES AND CARCASS

DISPOSAL TO STRANDING OF MARINE MAMMALS



S.Babuganesh (IV B.F.Sc), V.Nitheswara & D. Kamil Akamad (II B.F.Sc)



Introduction:

Cetaceans stranding which is very common now, but it is a historical event happening
around a year, Cetacean stranding, commonly known as beaching, is a phenomenon in
which whales and dolphins strand themselves on land usually on a beach. Most whales
often die due to dehydration, collapsing under their own weight, or drowning when high
tide covers the blowhole. Today there continues to be much interest in and conjecture
about dolphin ―stranding‘‘, or ending up on dry land to die. Stranding of both single
dolphins and group of dolphins has been recorded Aristotle even stated this has, ― It is
not known why they sometimes run aground on the seashore; for it asserted that this
happens rather frequently when the fancy takes them and with no apparent reason‖.


Reasons to stranding of Marine mammals:

Stranding may be due to result of certain disease thousands of dolphins were stranded
along the coast of Atlantic during two year period due to Morbillivirus infection. This
disease resulted in mass stranding. This virus is easily passed from one dolphin to
another because dolphins are social animal. It enters the body of dolphin through their
blowhole. Another reason for stranding of Multiple dolphins may be caused by forced
submerge due to acute toxic event such as oil spill. Stranding may be also by injury with
fishing artifacts.
Populations of stranded dolphins are predominately males and calves. Males do not
have any way to shed contaminants as female which shed their contaminants through
their breast. Faulty echolocation may also result in stranding perhaps dolphins make
mistakes in navigation due to magnetic distrubances while following earth‘s geo

761. 758
magnetic contours. Even predatory action leads stranding. Weather condition like
building up low pressure in the ocean causes stranding.
Responses to stranding of Marine mammals:

The most important thing about a dolphin stranding is keeping everyone that is people
and dolphin safe and the report the presence of dolphin to the local police proper care
for the dolphin. Look up the nearest marine animal rescue service. Although the police
will probably do this for you, Every coastal region of the united states has a volunteer
stranding networks to saved stranded connects with these networks to saved stranded
mammals of all kinds, as well as turtles. Make sure it‘s alive. Even if the mammal is
dead, the body needs to be removed from the beach to protect the people. Watch their
blowholes for exchalation. Keep people back it‘s your job to coordinate the safety of
both those near the dolphin and the dolphin itself. Recruit others to help protect the
dolphin once people have moved away from the dolphin, recruit others to assist you.
Keep the dolphin where it is trying to move a dolphin will make its current injuries worse,
or injure it anyway. Always understand the danger of illness. A stranded dolphin is a
wild animal. It may feel threatened by your presence and choose to attack those near it.
Stand away from the tail and face. Continue to keep people back. Check the location of
the blowhole roll the dolphin onto its belly if needed. Douse the dolphin in water. Get
shade for the dolphin if the dolphin is in direct sunlight, create shade for it with a beach
umbrella. Dig holes under the pectoralfins.
Stranding Codes:

Live stranding:

Animal is still alive, moving, showing reflexes and breathing. First responders must act
quickly to save the animal
Freshly Dead:

Animal is not moving or breathing no reflexes are present. Flesh is full firm when
touched, no smell. Eyes are Still bright. Take the sample for DNA testing. Secure
Carcass for necropsy.Secure Skeleton for Museum display.

762. 759
Moderately decomposed:

Carcass is Blotting and Starting no smell. Fluid leaks out of the body. Eyes are dull and
may easily fall from the Sockets. Conduct necropsy when possible. Take sample for
DNA Testing Secure selection museum display.
Severely Decomposed:

Carcass severely decomposed, very foul smell. Large sections of skin starts to peel off
. Take sample for DNA Testing Secure selection of museum display

Skeleton remains:

Mummy side starts cassette. Take sample for DNA Testing. Secure selection. museum
display.
Carcass display of Marine mammals

Burning:

The Quickest and most effective way, but it renders the Skeleton users for display.

Burying:

The hole should be deep enough and abopve the highest tide line. Skeleton can be
retrieved after a few months
Sinking:

Skeleton can be Wrap carcass will weighted fishing boats. Haul the wrapped carcass
offshore, tail first , when already offshore. , deflate the abdomen by shooting it from a
distance or piercing it using a long glalve to let the air out. The Skeleton can be retrieve
after a few months.

763. 760
Conclusion:

Most frequently involved species are toothed whales (Odontoceti) rather than baleen
whales (Mysticeti) they share some common features characteristics Odontocetes that
normally inhabit deep waters and live in large, tightly knit groups are the most
susceptible. This includes the pilot and killer whales and a few beaked whale species.
People should realize that every stranding is because of them and we should not pollute
our marine resources for our needs. They should think that the marine resources which
we see should be there for their future stop polluting marine resources and we all put
our hand in hand to save ourdolphins.

764. 761
CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES FOR THE REMOVAL OF MERCURY FROMW ATER




By S.Babuganesh (IV B.F.Sc), R.Shalini (Assistant Professor),
R.Jayashakila (Professor and Head), Asha Hema malini


Idea Behind the innovation:

Mercury is one of the primary heavy metal contaminants of global concern due to
anthropogenic emission. It is present in aquatic ecosystem and accumulates in living
organism and enters human body. Recently, Kodaikanal lake was a subject of mercury
contamination from a Thermometer factory. Mercury affects central nervous system,
kidney, brain, skin and fetus. Removal of mercury from water is usually done by ion
exchange, reverse osmosis, chemical precipitation, electrolysis and adsorption.
Chitosan, derived from shrimp waste has been recently identified as an agent for the
removal of mercury from waste water based on that, the idea behind this innovation is
to make nanoparticles of chitosan with enhanced surface area for effective removal of
mercury from contaminatedwater.
Innovation:

 Chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) were prepared based on the ionic gelation of
positively charged chitosan with the negatively charged tripolyphosphateanions.
 A CNP filter bed (500 mg) was prepared in a hypodermal syringe and the bed
was pre conditioned with 1% nitric acidwash.
 Purified water was spiked with 5ppb, 10ppb and 25 ppb mercury solution and
10ml of each dilution was individually allowed to pass through CNP filterbed.
 Mercury in filtrate water, bed and purified waterwas analysed by ICP-MS
(Inductively coupled plasma- MassSpectrometer)

765. 762
 Removal of mercury by CNP was estimated as 83%

Benefits:

 Nanoparticles made with chitosan wereeffectivein rapid removal of mercury
from water of up to83%.
This innovation for removal of mercury was found effective than the technologies which
involve, costly equipments and harsh chemicals.

3.04
1.59 1.23

10
10
Final conc of Hg 20
Initial conc of Hg 25
30

766. 763
Gulf Of Mannar Marine National Park



By S.Krishnaveni (II B.F.Sc)



INTRODUCTION:

The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a protected area of India consisting of 21
small islands (islets) and adjacent coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar in the Indian Ocean.
It lies 1 to 10 km away from the east coast of Tamil Nadu for 160 km between
Thoothukudi and Dhanushkodi. It is the core area of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere
Reserve which includes a 10 km buffer zone around the park, including the populated
coastal area.
GEOGRAPHY:

Thoothukudi group: (4 islands), Vembar group: (3 islands), Kilakarai group: (7 islands),
and Mandapam group: (4 islands).
Location: Coastal regions of Thoothukudi and Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu,
India.
Nearest city: Rameshwaram

Area: 560 km2

Established: 1986

Governing body: Tamil Nadu Ministry Of Environment and forests.

FLORA AND FAUNA:

The park includes estuaries, mudflats, beaches, and forests of the near shore
environment. It also includes coral reefs, seaweeds, sea grasses, salt marshes, and
mangroves.

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Flora:

Mangroves dominate the intertidal zones of the park islands. 12 species of sea grasses
and 147 species of seaweeds were recorded. The species belong to the Rhizopora,
Avicennia, Ceriops, Lumnitzera genus. Pemphis acidula is the only endemic plant
species.
Fauna:

Vertebrates:

Dugong, a vulnerable marine mammal is the flagship mammal of the park. Cetaceans:
Indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin, Finless porpoise, Spinner dolphin, Melon headed whale,
Dwarf sperm whale. Species endangered are Blue whale, Fin whale, and Humpback
whale. Coral associated fishes belong to the family Chaetodontidae, Scarus spp. (Parrot
fish), Amphiprion spp. (clown fish), Holocentrus spp. (squirrel fish) are abundant. A
unique endemic species of Balanoglossus, living fossil that links invertebrates and
vertebrates, has been recorded only at Kurusadai.
Invertebrates:

Stony coral species belonging to Faviidae and Portidae suborders constitute the
dominant reef builders here. 4 species of shrimp and lobster, 106 species of crab, 17
species of sea cucumber, and 466 species of molluscs, 108 species of sponges, and
100 species of echinoderm occur in the Gulf. Coral cover is about 35%.

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HABITAT DEGRADATION:

Vaan Island, one of the 4 islands in thoothukudi, has shrunken, if efforts are not taken, it
would soon vanish under the sea. Rampant coral mining by people of the fishing
villages along the coast is the main cause of the devastation to the island. Two of the 21
islands have already submerged around a decadeago.
CONCLUSION:

Along the coast near the park there are about 125 villages which support 100000
people who are mainly Marakayers, engaged in fishing. Glass-bottomed boats available
at Mandapam cater to tourists visiting the area. Thus the park has a high diversity of
plants, animals in its marine, intertidal, and near shorehabitats.

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LIFE OF OLIVE RIDLEY TURTLE




By R.Abarna (II B.F.Sc)


INTRODUCTION:

Olive ridley turtles are considered as one of vulnerable species by ICUN. They are one
among the 4 turtles found along Gulf of Mannar. Their decreasing numbers cause alterations
in the marine ecosystem. The hot topic spoken now a days are how the turtles can be
conserved. Biologists, Ecologists ,NGOs, Turtle lovers take various steps to protect their
eggs and hatchlings. As humans we must know about turtles to save them fromextinction.
DESCRIPTION:

Growing to about 2 feet in length, the Olive ridley gets its name from its olive-colored
carapace, which is heart-shaped. Olive ridleys are unique in that they can have variable
and asymmetrical lateral scute 6 to 8 counts ranging from five to 9 plates on each side.
Each side of the carapace has 12–14 marginal scutes. A medium-sized, broad head
that appears triangular from above and short snout. It has paddle like forelimbs, each
having two anterior claws.Hatchlings are dark gray with a pale yolk scar, but appear all
black when wet. A thin, white line borders the carapace, as well as the trailing edge of
the fore and hind flippers. Both hatchlings and juveniles have serrated posterior
marginal scutes and 3 keels which become smooth with age. Adults are somewhat
sexually dimorphic. Mature males have longer and thicker tails, which are used for
copulation and the presence of enlarged and hooked claws on the males' front flippers
allow them to grasp the female carapace during copulation. Males also have longer,
more tapered carapaces than females, which have round,dome-likecarapace.

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FEEDING:

The olive ridley is predominantly carnivorous, especially in immature stages of the life
cycle. An Common prey items include jellyfish, tunicates, sea urchins, bryozoans,
bivalves, snails, shrimp, crabs, rock lobsters, and sipunculid worms. The olive ridley is
also known to feed on filamentous algae in areas devoid of other food sources. Studies
have indicated some level of cannibalistic behaviour.


NESTING GROUNDS:

Olive ridley turtles are best known for their behavior of synchronized nesting in mass
numbers, termed arribadas. Interestingly, females return to the very same beach from
where they first hatched, to lay their eggs. They lay their eggs in conical nests about
one and a half feet deep which they laboriously dig with their hind flippers. In the Indian
Ocean, the majority of olive ridleys nest in two or three large groups near Gahirmatha in
Odisha. The coast of Odisha in India is the largest mass nesting site for the olive ridley,
followed by the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica. In 1991, over 600,000 turtles nested
along the coast of Odisha in one week. Nesting occurs elsewhere along the
Coromandel Coast and Sri Lanka, but scattered. Nesting beaches can be characterized
as relatively flat, midbeach zone, and free of debris. Beach fidelity is common, but not
absolute. Nesting events are usually nocturnal, but diurnal nesting has been reported,
especially during largearribadas.

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HATCHING:

The female will remain near shore for the internesting period, which is about one
month. Mean clutch size varies throughout its range and decreases with each nesting
attempt. A mean clutch size 105-116 (30–168 eggs) .The incubation period is usually
between 45 and 51 days under natural conditions, but may extend to 70 days in poor
weather conditions. Eggs incubated at temperatures of 31 to 32 °C will produce only
females; eggs incubated at 28 °C or less will produce males; and incubation
temperatures of 29 to 30 °C will produce a mixed sex clutch. Hatching success can vary
by beach and year, due to changing environmental conditions and rates of nest
predators.


THREATS:

Hatchlings are preyed upon as they travel across the beach to the water by vultures,
frigate birds, crabs, raccoons, coyotes, iguanas, and snakes. In the water, hatchling
predators most likely include oceanic fishes, sharks, and crocodiles. Adults have
relatively few known predators sharks, and killer whales are responsible for occasional
attacks. On land, nesting females may be attacked by jaguars. Humans are still listed as
the leading threat to L. olivacea, responsible for unsustainable egg collection,
slaughtering
nesting females on the beach, and direct harvesting adults at sea for commercial sale of
both the meat and hides.Other major threats include mortality associated with boat
collisions, and incidental takes in fisheries. Trawling, gill nets, ghost nests, longline
fishing, and pot fishing, have significantly affected olive ridley populations. Between
1993 and 2003, more than 100,000 olive ridley turtles were reported dead in Odisha,
India from fishery-related practices. In addition, entanglement and ingestion of marine
debris is listed as a major threat for this species. Coastal development threatensnewly

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hatched turtles through the effects of light pollution. Hatchlings which use light cues to
orient themselves to the sea are now misled into moving towards land, and die from
dehydration or are killed on road


CONSERVATION STATUS:

The olive ridley is classified as vulnerable according to the International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), and is listed in Appendix I of
CITES. These listings were largely responsible for halting the large scale commercial
exploitation and trade of olive ridley skins. The Convention on Migratory Species and
the Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles have
also provided olive ridleys with protection, leading to increased conservation and
management for this marine turtle. National listings for this species range from
Endangered to Threatened, yet enforcing these sanctions on a global scale has been
unsuccessful for the most part. Conservation successes for the olive ridley have relied
on well coordinated national programs in combination with local communities and
nongovernment organizations, which focused primarily on public outreach and
education. Arribada management has also played a critical role in conserving olive
ridleys. Lastly, enforcing the use of turtle excluder devices in the shrimp trawling
industry has also proved effective in some areas. Globally, the olive ridley continues to
receive less conservation attention than its close relative, the Kemp's ridley (L. kempii).
Also, many schools arrange trips for students to carry out the conservation project,
especially in India. Recently to preserve the olive ridley sea turtle population the
Chennai wildlife team collected close to 10,000 Olive Ridley turtle eggs along the
Marina coast, of which 8,834 hatchlings were successfully released into the sea in a
phasedmanner.

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WAY FORWARD TO SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE INRESERVOIRS




By Neethu. M Teaching Assistant(Contractual)



Introduction:
Increase in the size of population has always bought pressure to natural resources.
The case was not different for fisheries sector and this increased demand for fish
products cannot be solely relied on wild fisheries resources especially to marine capture
fisheries. Solution to this ever increasing demand lies with aquaculture but majority of
the inland water bodies show clear signs of overexploitation of important fish stocks in
the recent years. This could threaten the long-term sustainability of fisheries and the
contribution of fisheries to national food supply. Even though the living aquatic
resources are renewable, as they are finite in nature, proper management of the
resources is essential for ensuring sustainability. Rivers, estuaries and the lagoons
being under the threat of environmental degradation and are not expected to play a
significant role in meeting the additional requirements of inland fish production in India.
In addition to that, water abstraction, sedimentation, habitat degradation, pollution and
unregulated fishing are responsible for the loss of riverine fishery. Thus, reservoirs
remain as a prime focus for enhanced fish production to meet the future demand in
addition to nutritional security and increased farmer‘s income. The reservoirs are
considered as ‗sleeping giants‘ in view of their huge hidden fish production potential.
The application of new technologies and innovations would be required to tap the fish
production potential of the reservoirs in a sustainable manner. A scientific management
approach is needed for facilitating livelihood and nutritional security of the rural
population by protecting the aquatic ecosystems through conservation of indigenous
fish species. A common management strategy cannot be recommended to all reservoirs
as different reservoirs need different development plans and policies depending on their
varying ecological characters. The three strategies for fisheries development in
reservoirs include culture based fisheries management for small andmedium

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reservoirs, stock management in large reservoirs, and table fish production through
enclosure culture (cages) in medium and large reservoirs.


Stock enhancement:
Stock enhancement is particularly effective for augmenting fish production of large
reservoirs where the fish stocked may breed and enhance the existing stock. The
primary purpose of stock enhancement in floodplains, large reservoirs and lakes of Asia
is to increase the food fish supplies where as in developed countries focus is to
enhance recreational fisheries and conservation of species. The ideal period for
fingerling stocking is the post monsoon season when the water level stabilizes with
plenty of zooplankton. The size of the fingerlings at the time of stocking is very crucial
as 100 mm and above is the ideal size for better survival and fastgrowth.


Species enhancement
The stocking of right fish species at appropriate proportions is the key factor for the
success of the enhancement programs in reservoirs. The selection of species must be
based on their growth rate, food and feeding habits, market demand, food conversion
efficiency, capability to utilize the available natural food and availability of fish seed. The
combination and composition of the species to be stocked are determined by the
available food niches. In case of IMC‘S high proportion of Catla catla and Labeo rohita
are recommended for stocking in reservoirs with a high density of zooplankton and
phytoplankton. The percentage of Cirrhinus mrigala should be determined based on the
benthic food niche and detritus load available in the reservoir, but their proportion
should not be more than 30% owing to difficulty in harvesting. The exotic carp,
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp) is also one of the candidate species for
stocking as it has a very fast growth rate due to its ability to utilize phytoplankton. The
species suitable for stocking the Indian reservoirs are; C. catla, L. rohita, C. mrigala, L.
calbasu, L. bata, C. cirrhosa and Tor spp. The euryhaline Pearl spot Etroplus suratensis
is also suitable for stocking in reservoirs. Stocking of the seeds of endemic carps such
as Labeo kontius, Puntius carnaticus, Gonoproktopterus dubius, G. kolus and Tor
khudree need to be promoted in reservoirs located in Peninsular river basins. The
breedingtechnologyofendemiccarpsmustbeperfectedforregularsupplyofseeds.

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Common carp, C. carpio, is suitable to many reservoirs of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu as
they exhibited better growth rate and contributed significantly to the fishery. The small
reservoirs need to be selected exclusively for developing catfish fishery as fishes like
Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis have high market demand and fetch
better price compared to carps. The stocking of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium
malcolmsonii, in small productive reservoirs can also be promoted. Low consumer
preference and market demand is a problem for grass carp (C. idella) and silver carp
(H. molitrix) for stocking in south Indian reservoirs. The greatest obstacle for species
diversification in Indian reservoirs is the non-availability of adequate seeds of other
commercially important indigenous species at large scale. The diversification of species
based on available food niches will help in achieving better fish yield from the
reservoirs. The inclusion of indigenous endemic and threatened species will help in
conserving the native fish biodiversity in theecosystem.

Environmental enhancement
Environmental manipulation through nutrient input can enhance the productivity of
reservoirs. During such enhancements, care should be taken as excessive input of
nutrients may lead to eutrophication. In India, environmental enhancement of reservoirs
is rarely practiced due to the paucity of proper guidelines on nutrient enhancement. The
improvement in productivity was achieved in selected reservoirs (Vidur reservoir in
Tamil Nadu, Kyrdemkulai, and Nongmahir in Meghalaya and Natkara reservoir in
Madhya Pradesh) of India due to the application offertilizers.

Culture-based fisheries:
Culture-based fisheries (CBF) are stock enhancement practices suitable for water
bodies that do not support sustainable fisheries through self-recruiting fish populations.
The CBF involve stocking of fish into the reservoirs, allowing the stock to grow by
utilizing the natural fish food resources and harvesting them at an appropriate size. This
is generally practiced in small reservoirs where recapturing of the stocked fish is easy.
The culture-based fishery has effectively enhanced the fish yield from small and
mediumreservoirs.
Eg: Aliyar reservoir in Tamil Nadu

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Stocking guidelines
Releasing large numbers of hatchery-reared juveniles may initially increase the
abundance of the stocked species, but does not necessarily lead to a long-term
population level increase in reservoirs. The life history of the fish to be stocked also
need consideration for effective management. Stocking may affect the genetics of wild
populations and therefore the genetic information should be obtained prior to stocking
and should be constantlymonitored.
The release of diseased fish into the wild may result in transmission of disease to wild
stocks and low survival of the stocked fish. Ideally, the fish seed should be free from
diseases and should be obtained from certified hatcheries to minimize the risk of
disease transmission and stock loss. A well-planned management strategy needs to be
formulated to adopt the biosecurity measureseffectively.

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CLOUDY WATER AND GREEN WATER IN THE AQUARIUM




Dr.B.Ahilan, Professor and Head Aquaculture




Cloudy/ milky water:

If the water is cloudy immediately, or within an hour or two of filling the tank, it‘s
probably due to insufficiently washed gravel. Drain the tank and rinse the gravel
until the water runs clear. If washing doesn‘t solve the problem, the next most likely
cause of cloudy water in a newly filled tank is a high level of dissolved constituents
such as phosphates, silicates or heavy metals and pH will be high.
In these cases, treating the water with conditioners will often resolve the problem.
Another option, that has many benefits beyond resolving cloudy water, is to use
Reverse Osmosis water.
Often cloudy water doesn‘t appear the instant an aquarium is set up. Instead it
appears days, weeks, or even months later. In these cases the cause is usually due to
bacterial bloom. As the new aquarium goes through the initial break in cycle, it is not
unusual for the water to become cloudy, or at least a little hazy. It will take several
weeks to several months to establish bacterial colonies that are able to clear wastes
from the water. Over time that cloudiness will resolve itself. partial water changes, will
quickly resolve most cases of bacterial bloom. Cut back feeding to every second or
third day, which will cut down on excess food decay. If there are particles of debris in
the water that are unable to remove via water changes and vacuuming, a flocculent
may be used to clear them away. Flocculent cause particles of debris to clump
together so they can easily be removed by the filter.
A vast majority of cases of cloudy water can be resolved by weekly 10-15% water
changes, keeping the gravel very clean and using good quality food.

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Green water:

It‘s due to algal growth. Placing the aquarium in direct sunlight or leaving the lights on
too long will result in algae growth. Reduce the amount of time the lights are on, and
move the aquarium to a location out of direct sunlight.
Nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates also support the algae growth and must
also be reduced to successfully battle algae. A water change will give some
immediate relief. It is important to deal with phosphates and nitrates at their source to
rid ofthem.
Phosphates come from two sources – decaying matter such as fish food and from the
water source itself. If the water naturally has a high level of phosphate, RO water or a
phosphate remover should be used to treat the water. Reducing the amount of fish
food and changing to a brand that is lower in phosphates will also help bring down the
phosphate in the water.
Nitrates naturally rise in the aquarium over time, as a byproduct of fish wastes. The
only to remove them is to perform a water change. Make sure that filter is kept clean
and is adequate for tank size. Also make sure that the aquarium is not overstocked.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOSECURITY IN AQUACULTURE




Dr. P. Padhmavathy, Professor and head, Environment




INTRODUCTION:

The world‘s demands for high quality aquaculture products make control of diseases
increasingly important. Good Biosecurity measures are vital to maintaining healthy
animals, to reducing the risk of acquiring diseases in aquaculture facilities and to
harvest high quality good yield.


BIOSECURITY:

Biosecurity can be defined as ‗the measures and methods adopted to secure a
disease free environment in all phases of aquaculture practices (i.e. hatcheries,
nurseries, growout farms) for improved profitability‘. Biosecurity protocols are
intended to maintain the ―security‖ of a facility with respect to certain disease-
causing organisms (parasites, bacteria, viruses and fungi) that may not be present
in a particularsystem.
In short, food producers have consumer safety as their primary target. If the food
they produce is not safe, no economic model works. The second and equally
important target is economic prosperity. Part of this process is biosecurity. It
touches all the bases; environmental integrity, animal welfare, food safety and
economicgain.
An aquaculture, critical control points are areas in the production process that may
present or permit biological hazards. Spotting these areas often requires a little foresight
and common sense. One of the challenges faced by aquaculturists is to offer all the life
stages of their animal‘s proper sanitary conditions and Biosecurity. A comprehensive
biosecurity programmer should be in place and this is essential in combating and
preventing disease.

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Biosecurity involves following strict management protocols to prevent specific
pathogens from entering a system or reducing the numbers. A good understanding of
pathogen reservoirs is important. Quarantine, sanitations and disinfection are all
important components ofbiosecurity.
Quarantine, defined as the isolation of an organism or group of organisms to prevent
the introduction or spread of infectious disease, is a standard procedure that is
extremely important in aquaculture. In practical terms, quarantine is a standard set of
procedures that should be observed to prevent the introduction of pathogens or
diseases into a population of fish, prawn and shrimp in aquaculture. The quarantine
protocols should be strictly adhered and should follow as many of the following
protocols as arepractical:
1.Testing of a sample of shrimp, prawn and fish prior to bringing them on to the facility.
2.Isolation or separation from other populations for a period of time (depending upon
species, diseases of concern, the system)
3.Feeding observation and diet
adjustment. 4.Sampling and proper
treatment.
5. Reduction or elimination of infectiouspathogens.
6.Disease preventionstrategies.


Sanitation and Disinfection, Good sanitation and disinfection procedures reduce the
numbers of disease causing organisms present within a given system and prevent or
reduce the spread of disease causing organisms from one system to another.


Biosecurity Programme for shrimp production sector:

The major implementation of any biosecurity measures is always going to be in the
hatcheries and in the growing ponds. However, besides good management practices
and treatments in hatcheries and ponds there are biosecurity measures which should
be put intoplace:

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1. Identify all vectors that can transmit disease from one place to another. Man is a
major source of contamination. Anybody working with shrimp in several ponds
should wash his/her hands, legs, and feet with proper disinfection solutions, after
handling equipment or animals and before moving to work on the next pond.
Other vectors of disease transmission include crabs, rodents wild birds etc.
whichcan contaminate the water in ponds. These vectors should be kept in
control completely in the vicinity of aquaculturepractices.


2. Do not share equipment between ponds unless necessary. In these cases,
disinfect all equipment prior to beingre-used.


3. Ensure that the site is limited to one combined entrance and exit to establish a
secure Biosecurity perimeter. Restrict access to the hatcheries and farms to
authorized personsonly.


4. Ensure that all vehicles have been cleaned and disinfected prior to arrival atsite.


5. Keep clean all surronding areas of the hatchery or farm. After cleansing disinfect
all surronding areas of the hatchery orfarm.


6. Thoroughly clean all equipment such as sampling tubs, trays, nets etc., rinse with
clean water and thendisinfect.


Biosecurity is the management practices that prevent non-infected, healthy animal
populations from being exposed to infectious or parasitic agents. Common biosecurity
measures include:

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1. Sanitation- Sanitation includes the cleaning and disinfecting of hatcheries,
holding facilities, tanks, ponds, handling and vaccination equipment, etc.
Cleaning must be done before disnifecting. Disinfectants include chlorine, heat,
steam, formalin, and other chemical compounds. All of the chemical disinfectants
are toxic, so all equipment shoul be rinsed well afterdisinfecting.


2. Vertical disease transmission- Vertically transmitted diseases (from parent to
offspring) can be prevented by using healthy, disease-free broodstock.
3. Egg disinfection- Egg disinfection with iodine or other solutions at the time of
the water hardening of eggs can reduce the incidence of disease problems of
eggs andlarvae.


4. Traffic- Restricting people and equipment traffic can reduce the chance of
disease transmission from one facility toanother.


5. Water treatments- Water treatments of incoming or recirculating water
decreases the chance of pathogenic organisms entering the culture system.
Treatments include mechanical filtration, UV light, andozone.


6. Effluent treatment- Treatment of wastewater from aquaculture facilities and
processing plants reduces the release of microorganisms into the environment.
Infected water from the plant was released, and then this water taken into the
aquaculturesystem.

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ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS (AFPs)




Dr.C. JUDITH BETSY, Assistant Professor, Aquaculture




Introduction:

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins (ISPs) refer to a class of
polypeptides produced by certain vertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria that permit
their survival in subzero environments. AFPs bind to small ice crystals to inhibit
growth and recrystallization of ice that would otherwise be fatal. There is also
increasing evidence that AFPs interact with mammalian cell membranes to protect
them from cold damage. This work suggests the involvement of AFPs in cold
acclimatization.
Thermal hysteresis

AFPs create a difference between the melting point and freezing point known as
thermal hysteresis. The addition of AFPs at the interface between solid ice and liquid
water inhibits the thermodynamically favored growth of the ice crystal. Ice growth is
kinetically inhibited by the AFPs covering the water-accessible surfaces of ice.Thermal
hysteresis is easily measured in the lab with a nanolitre osmometer. Different organisms
have different values of thermal hysteresis. The maximum level of thermal hysteresis
shown by fish AFP is approximately -1.5°C(2.7°F).
The rate of cooling can influence the thermal hysteresis value of AFPs. Rapid
cooling can substantially decrease the nonequilibrium freezing point, and hence
the thermal hysteresis value. This means organisms may not be able to adapt to
their subzero environment if the temperature drops abruptly. Species containing
AFPs may be classified as:

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Freeze avoidant: These species are able to prevent their body fluids from
freezing altogether. Generally, the AFP function may be overcome at extremely
cold temperatures, leading to rapid ice growth and death.
Freeze tolerant: These species are able to survive body fluid freezing. Some
freeze tolerant species are thought to use AFPs as cryoprotectants to prevent
the damages of freezing, but not freezing altogether. The exact mechanism is
still unknown. However, it is thought AFPs may inhibit recrystallization and
stabilize cell membranes to prevent damage by ice. They may work in
conjunction with protein ice nucleators (PINs) to control the rate of ice
propagation following freezing.

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STRUCTURE OF ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN

Binding mechanism and antifreeze function

According to the structure and function study on the antifreeze protein from the fish
winter flounder, the antifreeze mechanism of the AFP molecule was shown to be
due to the binding to an ice nucleation structure in a zipper-like fashion through
hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl groups of its four Thr residues to the oxygens
along the direction in ice lattice, subsequently stopping or retarding the growth of
ice pyramidal planes so as to depress the freezepoint.
Fish AFPs
Type I AFP:
It is found in winter flounder, longhorn sculpin and short horn sculpin. It is the best
documented AFP because it was the first to have its three dimensional structure
determined. Type I AFP consists of a single, long, amphipathic alpha helix, about
3.3-4.5 kD in size. There are three faces to the 3D structure: the hydrophobic,
hydrophilic, and Thr-Asx face.
Type I-hyp AFP (where hyp stands for hyperactive) is found in several right eye
flounders. It is approximately 32 kD. The protein was isolated from the blood plasma of
winter flounder. It is considerably better at depressing freezing temperature than most
fish AFPs.
Type II AFPs:

It is found in sea raven, smelt and herring. They are cysteine-rich globular
proteins containing five disulfide bonds.
Type III AFPs:

It is found in Antarctic eelpout. They exhibit similar overall hydrophobicity at
ice binding surfaces to type I AFPs. They are approximately 6kD in size.

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Type IV AFPs

It is found in longhorn sculpins. They are alpha helical proteins rich in glutamate and
glutamine. This protein is approximately 12KDa in size and consists of a 4-helix bundle.
Its only posttranslational modification is a pyroglutamate residue, a cyclized glutamine
residue at its N-terminal.

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ENTREPRENEURSHIP




Mahesh Babu

Definition and concept of entrepreneurship:

Entrepreneurship means to create something new, organizing and coordinating and
bearing risk with economic uncertainty. It is the name given to the factor of
production which performs the function of ―Enterprise‖. Out of the five factors of
production i.e. land, labour, capital, organization and enterprise, organization does
the work of coordination between different factors and makes the production
possible by taking upon itself the risk or more appropriately the uncertainty of
production. That is why the entrepreneur is termed as ―Uncertainty Bearer‖ and his
function as that of Uncertainty bearing. The major factor for entrepreneurship is the
achievementmotivation.
Entrepreneur

The term is originally a loanword from French and was first defined by the Irish
economist Richard Cantillon. Entrepreneur in English is a term applied to the type of
personality who is willing to take upon her or himself a new venture or enterprise
and accepts full responsibility for theoutcome.
Social entrepreneurs act within a market aiming to create social value through the
improvement of goods and services offered to the community. Their main aim is to
help offer a better service improving the community as a whole and are
predominately run as nonprofit schemes.
Joseph, an economist, regarded

1. ofproduction.
2. Opening of newmarket.
Conquest of new entrepreneur is an innovator who carries out new combinations
initiate and accelerate the process of economic development. This innovation could
occur in the following forms

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Introduction of new goods.


1. Introduction of new methods sources ofmaterials.
2.Organisation of a unit in newway.
PROFILE OF AN ENTREPRENEUR:







Characteristics Traits
Self confidence Independence, individuality, optimism
Result orientation Need for achievement, profit-oriented,persistence,
perseverance, determination, hard-work, drive,energy,
Initiative
Risk-taking Risk taking ability, likes challenges
Leadership Capacity to lead, gets along with others, responsive to
suggestions and criticism
Originality Innovative, creative, flexible, open-minded,versatile,
Knowledgeable

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Future outlook Foresighted, perceptive


We can classify entrepreneurs into the following categories:



1. Innovative entrepreneur: he is one who introduces something new into the economy
or employs a new technique of production, opens a new market, exploits a new
source of raw material and reorganises the wholeenterprise.


2. Imitating entrepreneurs: they lap up the innovations brought by innovating
entrepreneurs. They are suited to developing countries which are constrained to take
up expensiveresearch.

3. Fabian entrepreneurs: such entrepreneurs are very cautious and sceptical in
adopting and implementing any change. They are lazy and shy and lackthe
will to adopt the new methods.



4. Drone entrepreneurs: they are characterised by a refusal to adopt and use
opportunities to make changes in production. They stick to conventional ideas and
products. Such entrepreneurs may even suffer losses but they don‘tchange.

790. 787
Roles and functions of an entrepreneur:



The various roles performed by an entrepreneur are as follows,



1. Innovation: an entrepreneur is basically an innovator who tries to develop new
technology, products andmarkets.


2. Bearer of risks and uncertainty: an entrepreneur assumes businessrisks.


3. Promoter: As promoters they conceive the business idea, conduct feasibility studies,
take steps to get the company registered and raise capital for the company from the
public and othersources.


4. Supplier of capital: in several cases entrepreneurs start business enterprises with
their own financial resources. Thus they supply initial capital to the business and
undertakes businessrisks.


5. Management: As a manager, the entrepreneur plans, organises, directs and controls
the activities of the business. He leads the workers, coordinates their operations and
motivates them for higherproductivity.

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QUALITIES OF A SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR:

 Wideknowledge


 Foresight


 Openmind


 Adaptability


 Business mortality and socialresponsibility


 Dependability


 Innovativeattitude


 Self-confidence


 Business connections and Goodwill


 Leadershipqualities

792. 789
GROWTH OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA:

The industrial policy of the Government since independence has encouraged entrepreneurs
to increase the tempo of industrialisation. Several measures taken by the Government have
helped in disseminating the entrepreneurial acumen concentrated among a few dominated
communities to a large number of industrially potential people of varied social strata.
Small scale industry development organisations, small industries service institutes,
directorate of industries centres, district industries centres, and small industry development
bank of India have been setup to help the small entrepreneurs in their pursuit.
Vast majority of entrepreneurs are engaged in tiny and small scale units. The problem of
such units relate to shortage of materials, capital and power, lack of training facilities, lack of
quality control, difficulty in marketing, obsolete technology,etc
A system of entrepreneurship has evolved in the U. S. that has been quite successful and
that may have considerable applicability to some other technologically advanced countries,
such as Germany and Japan, which appear to need more economic dynamism. The system
needs modification however, for underdeveloped economies like India‘s. In particular, the
optimal roles for individual entrepreneurs – and the public policies necessary to support this
role – are somewhat different in India than in an advanced economy. Innovation would
actually impair growth by diverting resources from the more valuable tasks of adopting
known-to-be superiortechnologies.
The entrepreneurs‘ capacity to try out highly novel ideas has value not just in the very
early stages of a new technology; even after the basic elements of a new technology
have been proven, considerable trial and error is necessary for its widespread diffusion.
The successful implementation of technologies that are ‗new‘ to India will almost
certainly require a host of new complementary goods and services to make them
suitable for local use.

793. 790
FUTURE OF ECO-FRIENDLY FISHING IN INDIA




M.KALAIARASAN




Lures:

Plastic lures are mostly made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastisol and stabilizers with
phthalate (the stuff that adds flexibility to the lure). This phthalate stuff is at least half of the
weight of a plastic lure does not bind chemically to the PVC resin. Every year the phthalates
leach out of the plastic baits. This makes it bad for the ecosystem so in order to protect your own
tackle look for lures without these chemicals.
Lead sinkers are one of the worst polluters in water. It leads to poisoning in humans which affect
their reproductive health and heavy-metal poisoning in aquatic environment and lead to cancer.
In order to avoid this use easy sinkers that are made from eco-friendly materials such as
urethane, glycerin and iron which are elastic and reduce the corrosive effect on marine
ecosystem. There is also another option called environ weights which are made entirely out of
biodegradable material, so if they do get lost, they are able to degrade easily and safety for the
environment.
Mold a bait is hundred percent biodegradable and will not harm fish, waterfowl or wildlife,
because it is made from organic-based material which has the properties as silicone rubber
without the adverse effects.
1. To avoid the bottom trawling operation in Gulf of Mannar region, because to damage the
seabed, sea bottom, sea grasses and coralreef.

794. 791
2. Ghost nets are fishing nets that have been left or lost in the tangled on a rocky reef or drifting
in the open sea. The biodegradable decaying net material are used in the every fishing
operation. To keep the marine eco system in ournation.
3. Only keep fish that intend to eat. Don‘t be greedy with the fish but if it intends to keep a fish,
know what the legal size of that fish is tookeep.
4. Use flatten barbs hooks. Fishes are able to break off hooks, so avoid use of stainless steel
hooks, because the fish will have a chance of surviving as the hook might rustout.
5. We can use least environmentally invasive fishing is artificial luring orfly-fishing.

6. During releasing the fish, make hold it in water gently and move it back and forth until it is able
to swimaway.
7. To avoid release of live bait in fishing areas, instead of that we can use live bait over lures it
has no negative impact onenvironment.
8. We can‘t move the fish from one water body to another to avoid diseasecontamination.

795. 792
THE ROLE OF n-3 FATTY ACIDS IN PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY




VIKASH KUMAR

INTRODUCTION

The growing burden of depression is evident by the projection that depression will be the
second leading cause of disease or injury in the world by 2020. The phospholipid
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) hypothesis of depression is shedding a light to discover
the Unsolved of depression. There are two main types of PUFAs in human body, the omega-
6 (n-6) series derived from cis-linoleic acid (LA, 18:2) and the omega-3 (n-3) series derived
from α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3). N-3 and N-6 PUFAs are important components of all cell
membranes,
Essential for humans and other mammals, and they cannot be synthesized in the body;
hence, they have to be obtained in our diet and, thus, are called essential fatty acids
(EFAs).8 The PUFAs themselves appear to be active in biological function, while some of
their function
require their conversion to eicosanoids and other products. ALA can be converted to
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA forms the
precursor of the 3 series of PGs and the 5 series of LTs. LA can be converted to γ-linolenic
acid (GLA, 18:3, n-6) and GLA can be elongated to form dihomo- (DGLA, 20:3, n-6), which is
the precursor of the series of prostaglandins (PGs). DGLA can be further converted to
arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4, n-6), which is the precursor of series of PGs, thromboxanes (TXs)
and the series of leukotrienes (LTs). Both PGs and LTs are highly biologically active, have
anti- or pro-inflammatory actions, and are known to be involved in various pathological
processes, such as atherosclerosis, asthma, metabolic syndrome X, inflammatorybowel

796. 793
disease, neurological, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, autoimmune, and several other
inflammatory conditions. DHA deficit is associated with dysfunctions of neuronal membrane
stability and transmission of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, which might connect to
aetiology of mood and cognitive dysfunction of depression. On the other hand, EPA is
important in balancing the immune function and physical healthy by reducing membrane
arachidonic acid (AA, an n-6 PUFA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis, and might be
associated with medical comorbidity and somatic symptoms in depression.
The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on depression

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious affective illness with a high prevalence rate. The
occurrence of depression is commonly comorbid with other medical illnesses. While 6% of
primary care patients experience depression, the prevalence is higher (12%) among medical
In patients. Furthermore, the annual prevalence of major depressive disorder shows nearly a 60-
fold variation across countries. It is similar to the cross-national differences in coronary artery
disease mortality, which suggests that similar dietary risk factors might be important.
Specifically, societies with a high consumption of fish, in which contains more n-3 PUFAs,
appear to have a lower prevalence of major depressive disorder, coronary heart disease
mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, stroke mortality and all causemortality.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Stress Response

Several studies have suggested that EPA and DHA may have an adaptogenic role in stress by
regulating and attenuating the stress response. Even modest supplementation with n-3 PUFAs
[Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids] reduces plasma norepinephrine, an important link to the
stress response. A diet that is low in EPA/DHA increases the risk of both depression and other
diseases related to chronic inflammation. EPA and DHA also specifically lower protein
inflammatory, Cytokines, which helps with depression and health problems associated with it. In

797. 794
healthy patients, fish oil reduced insulin resistance and plasma triglycerides and increased
resilience to Stress by decreasing the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Fish oil did not
reduce insulin resistance in patients with diabetes, but did lower triglycerides. Thus fish oil
showed promise in the prevention of insulin resistance and related health problems. Given that
trauma survivors also appear to be at increased risk of developing diabetes, the impact of EPA
and DHA on insulin resistance could be another way that they positively impact health.
Sources of EPA and DHA

The chief dietary source of EPA and DHA is fish. According to population studies, people must
eat 1 to 1.5 pounds of fish per week to achieve the mental health effects. However, eating that
much fish may not be safe because of contaminants in seafood and not everyone likes fish. Fish
oil is the best source of EPA and DHA in supplements. The minimum dosage of DHA for
possible prevention of depression is 200–400mg. The effective dosage for treatment of
depression and other affective disorders is 1,000mg of EPA. The FDA GRAS (generally
recognized as safe) levels are 3000 mg of EPA/DHA together, and 1500 mg ofDHA.

798. 795
EFFECTS OF SARGASSUM IN WSSV





VINOTH KUMAR




An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of hot water extract of brown seaweeds
Sargassum duplicatum and Sargassum wightii on the growth and white spot syndrome virus
(WSSV) resistance in shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL). Artemia nauplii (instar II) were
enriched with both seaweed extracts at various concentrations (250, 500 and 750 mg L
−1
) and
fed to the respective P. monodon (PL15–35) group for 20 days. A control group was also
maintained without seaweed extract supplementation. The weight gain of the experimental
groups was significantly higher (0.274–0.323 g) than the control group (0.261 g). Similarly, the
specific growth rate was also significantly higher (16.27–17.06%) in the experimental groups
than in the control group (16.03%). After 20 days of the feeding experiment, the shrimp PL were
challenged with WSSV for 21 days. During the challenge test, the control shrimp displayed
100% mortality within 8 days. In contrast, the mortality percentage of the highest concentration
(750 mg L
−1
) of seaweed extract enriched Artemia nauplii fed shrimp was 54–79%.
Comparatively, low mortality was observed in S. wightii extract-enriched Artemia nauplii fed
shrimp. The polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated the concentration-dependent infection
of WSSV in P. monodon PL.Oral administration of crude fucoidan (CF) extracted from
Sargassum polycystum can reduce the impact of White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV) infection
in Penaeus monodon. Crude fucoidan mixed with diet for shrimps weighing of 5–8 and 12–15 g
was fed before and after WSSV infection. After 10 days of infection, the maximum survival rates
of shrimps of 5–8 and 12–15 g were 46% and 93%, respectively. The crude fucoidan also
inhibited the growth of Vibrio harveyi, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli atminimal

799. 796
inhibition concentrations (MIC) of 12.0, 12.0 and 6.0 mg/ml, respectively. White spot syndrome
virus (WSSV) has been devastating the shrimp industry for almost a decade.
This study compares water parameters, alkalinity, and micro flora in three ponds on a farm
on Negros Island (Philippines) during two production cycles where WSSV infection resulted in
an outbreak in 2006 but not in 2005. The total bacterial count of the pond water in 2005 was
about twice as high as in 2006.However, luminous bacterial counts were twice as high in 2006
than in 2005 and total presumptive Vibrio, as counted on Vibrio selective thiosulfate citrate
bile salt sucrose (TCBS) agar, was over ten times higher, with a greater percentage of green
colonies. More green colonies might indicate a higher concentration of harmful Vibrio bacteria.
Total alkalinity for both production cycles was within the normal range while temperature,
salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen varied and sometimes fell below or exceeded the
acceptable range. In 2006, there were more instances during which the temperature fluctuated
3-4°C within the period of 07:00-17:00, and salinity more often dropped below 15 ppt. Our
survey suggests that WSSV outbreak is triggered by watertemperature.

800. 797
COLOR -ENHANCING FOODS FOR AQUARIUM FISH





B. PRIYADHARSHINI




The color of a fish is primarily due to two factors, pigmentation and light reflection. Fish skin
contains pigment cells called chromatophores and light reflecting cells called iridocytes.
Unlike most other animals, many species of fish have the ability to change their colors, often
over a very short time period. Fish can make this quick change because their pigment cells
contain different types of pigments ranging from black or brown to reds, yellows and oranges.
When these pigments move from the central core of a cell to its surface in response to a
―message‖ from the fish‘s nervous system, the animal will appear to change colors. Many
species will take advantage of this ability to ―blend‖ into theirbackgrounds.
Fish lack the ability to synthesize their own pigments, so they must obtain pigment compounds
from their diet in order to maintain their coloration. This presents no problem in nature, where
fish can graze freely to obtain a variety of pigment-rich plant, algae and bacteria. In the aquarium
environment, however, it is up to hobbyists to ensure that their fish are receiving a diet that has
the ingredients needed to maintain their beautiful natural coloration. Some artificial foods have
natural and synthetic pigment compounds that can be safely absorbed by aquarium fish. It is
usually possible to see a change in the coloration of fish within six to ten weeks of putting them
on a color-enhancingdiet.

801. 798
Top color enhancing compounds for fish feeds

The color enhancers are of two types

–Natural and Artificial.




NATURAL COLOR ENHANCERS

1. Spirulina – This has an above average carotenoid content that is easily assimilated,
being found in very simple algaecell


2. Paprika, Red Pepper Meal – More potent than spirulina, and contains red pigmentsready
to be absorbed and assimilatedimmediately.


3. Marigold Flower Meal – Probably one of the most potent natural sources of carotenoids
available. The pigments require manipulation by koi to convert them toreds.


4. A Yeast - Phaffia rhodozyma– This is easily digested and is a recognised source of
carotene andastaxanthin.

802. 799
ARTIFICIAL COLOR ENHANCERS

Astaxanthin and Canthaxanthin – are guaranteed, potent sources of colour in the form that
will be exhibited immediately in the skin.
The coloration obtained from various pigments is as follows:

Melanin for black and brown

Pure astaxanthin or canthaxanthin, Carotenoids for reds andoranges
Xanthophyll foryellow
Phycocyanin forblues



COLOR ENHANCING DIETS: -

These diets may contain additional natural pigments to enhance colors of ornamental fishes.
The carotenoid pigment found in most marine and a few freshwater invertebrates is astaxanthin.
This pigment gives the characteristic color to the flesh of salmon and is available in the diet of
aquarium fish in shrimp and krill meals and salmon (fish) meal used as sources of protein in
some feeds. These carotenoid pigments are often added to feeds for farm raised salmon and
trout to give fillets a desirable red color. Xanthophylls (yellow pigments) are found in corn gluten
meal and dried egg that may be added to the diet to enhance yellows. The ground petals of
marigold flowers have also been used as a source of xanthophylls. The blue-green algae
spirulina is a rich source of phycocyanin and may be added to a diet to enhance blue coloration.
The expense of supplementary pigments often limits the amount used in tropical fish feeds, so
the emphasis is placed on increasing the quantity or efficiency of natural color enhancing
sources infeeds.

803. 800
COLORATIONS IN KOI:-

There are many factors that conspire against koi (and koi keepers) when endeavouring to
enhance their colour. Rather than exploring the factors that can negate our colour enhancing
activities, it is more productive to concentrate on the most significant factors that will control a
Koi's colour - and they are:
The Koi's genetic makeup (which has coded for the koi's current (and future) skin, colour and
pattern characteristics.
The colour enhancers that are stored and expressed in the skin.

Skin pigmentation in koi is caused by dots (colour cells called chromatophores) the
intensity of which is determined by how densely the dots are packed and how intensely each
dot is coloured. A koi's genetic code will determine both factors, with the role of colour
enhancement through feeding only being able to improve the colour of each colour
cell, rather than increase their density in the skin. However, there is always hope as that
same genetic code will also code for colour development where pattern and the appearance
of other chromatophores may develop in the future. The role of colour enhancers in Koi is only
to be able to exhibit pigments if they receive them (or their precursors) in their diet. Feed a Koi
a completely colour deficient diet, and over time, colours will fade to form a very
'unornamental' off-white skincolour.
What causes colour to fade?

Carotenoids are the massive group of colour enhancing compounds that are stored
and exhibited in koi skin. They are a group of chemicals that impart colour by the way they
absorb and reflect light. Those that refract higher wavelengths of light (reds)are more desirable
than those that refract the lower end of the spectrum (yellow). They are organic in nature, and
areverycloselyrelatedtoVitaminA,andsimilarinstructuretovitaminE.Duetotheirsimilarity

804. 801
in chemical structure to these two vitamins, they behave in a similar way in living tissue, being
very reactive and unstable, easily degraded in oxygen heat and light. As carotenoids do
degenerate over time, Koi require a constant supply of carotenoids to keep the chromatophores
packed with carotenoids. Keeping the bucket of colour topped up, relying on us completely for
their nutrition, the colouration of koi in artificial koi ponds also depends on them receiving
carotenoids of the correct quality and quantity. As mentioned earlier, carotenoids are a group of
closely related organic chemicals, where through a number of subtle molecular changes, specific
carotenoid pigments can be converted into others in the carotenoid family. Many different
organisms (including shrimp, krill and koi) have the ability to convert certain pigments into
others. Shrimp and krill are marine crustacea that are largely harvested off Norway and the
Antarctic, and are renowned for their red pigmentation caused by the carotenoid astaxanthin.
However, these filter feeding organisms feed on marine algae that is suspended in the water
(and definitely not pink!), converting a range of pigments (carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin) into
the red pigment astaxanthin. Koi can perform a similar trick with carotenoids, but to varying
degrees depending on the tissues involved. For example, if red pigments commonly found in
algae, such as spirulina, (carotene and lutein), upon digestion and assimilation, koi choose to
deposit these yellow carotenoids unchanged in their flesh. Fortunately however, they do convert
such pigments into the more desirable red pigment astaxanthin, enhancing and improving their
red colouration. Salmon and trout also have an interest in astaxanthin, making their flesh look
natural and appetising. But unlike carp, they are unable to convert other pigments (such as lutein
and carotene) into the desirable astaxanthin which must be fed directly in their diet. Koi absorb
and convert carotenes very efficiently intoastaxanthin,
and is the secret behind the apparent anomaly of enhancing the red skin in koi by feeding
them on green algae.

805. 802
TYPES OF APPROACHES TO ENHANCING COLORATIONS IN KOI :-

1.The scatter-gun approach - using natural sources of carotenoids.
2.The precise approach - using synthetic colour enhancers.


Natural sources:

There are several recognised natural sources of carotenoids suitable for colour enhancement.
Like any natural commodity, qualities and pigment content can vary from source to source, and
being organic, can be liable to degradation during food manufacture. However, natural sources
are also renowned for offering a superb range of carotenoids giving koi (who have the ability to
convert carotenoids) excellent colour potential. For example, marigold petals have more than 20
different caroteds, which koi can work with and manipulate. They also have a high concentration
of these compounds (approximately 9000mg per kilo), whereas shrimp or krill meal will only
have about 200mg per kilo, with the added issue of the exoskeletal material have exceedingly
high ash content. Furthermore, there is a price to pay for koi using natural carotenoid sources as
the process of converting them into more desirable astaxanthin requires energy. Good natural
sources of red pigmentation include shrimp, prawn and krill, with similar red pigments found in
high quantities in redpeppers.
Artificial sources:


These will provide Koi with a precise amount of pigment in the form in which it will be deposited
in the skin. So rather than feeding a natural source of unknown quantity or quality of carotenoid
which Koi will convert into red, they can be offered a metered dose of pigments which they can
be offered for direct uptake towards enhancement of the Koi‘s colour.

806. 803
Overdosing:


There is always a risk of overdosing, when feeding koi with whole foods selected for their high
carotenoid content. If carotenoids are fed in excessive amounts, area of white tissue can turn
muddy brown or yellow. This is caused by the effects carotenoids have of light. While white
areas of skin will not deposit red pigmentation because they do not possess red
chromatophores, high levels of carotenoids circulating in the tissue will inevitably interact with
the light and cause whites to suffer. Premium koi diets will contain 'safe' levels of colour
enhancers, giving koi the benefits of a precise and effectiveformulation.

807. 804


FISHERIES NEWSPAPER INFORMATION [2017 -2018]




By D.KAMIL AKAMAD (II B.F.SC.) S.BABUGANESH (IV B.F.Sc.)








DATE FISHERIES INFORMATION INFORMATION ON
NEWSPAPER

04/01/2017
The male dugong was
washed ashore in
Pudumandam area
near
Uchipulidistrict.

―THE HINDU‖
13/02/2017 New Zealand beached Pilot
Whale crisis over.
―THE HINDU‖
26/02/2017 Carcass of 125 years old
Green turtle washed
ashore on
valangapuri[Rameswaram].

―THE HINDU‖
28/02/2017 Collection of 10,000 turtle
eggs near Chennai and
Kanchipuram shore region.
―DINATHANTHI‖
15/03/2017 Capture of Raninaranina
(spanner
crab)nearThoothukudi.
―DINATHANTHI‖
14/03/2017 Thailand turtle thatgulped
10,000 coins on themend
―THE HINDU‖
02/04/2017 Fish venom to help numb ―THE HINDU‖

808. 805

pain
02/04/2017 Japan kills 333 whales in
Antartic hunt
―THE HINDU‖
05/04/2017 Tree dwelling Crab species
found in kerala[Kani
maranjandu]
―THE HINDU‖
08/04/2017 96 Olive Ridley hatchlings
were released into the sea at
kulasekarapattinam
―THE HINDU‖
10/04/2017 Thousand Olive Ridley
eggs hatch in in
Ganjam
―THE HINDU‖
10/04/2017 Increasing the 37%
generation of killifish bypilang
scientists
―DINATHANTHI‖
16/05/2017 60Kg of sea cucumber were
seized
near thoothukudi.
―DINATHANTHI‖
26/05/2017 Death of man due to attackof
kalungu fish nearOothankuli.
―DINAMALAR‖
08/07/2017 Capture of Rare species
like kadal anil near Pamban.
―DINATHANTHI‖
11/07/2017 Mandapam Range of forest
department had collected
about 13,000 Olive Ridley
eggs during nesting season
and realease about 12,000
hatchlings in the sea.
―THE HINDU‖
14/07/2017 Oar fish stranding /washed a ―THE HINDU‖

809. 806

shore.
15/07/2017 300Kg of sea cucumber
were siezed near
Thoothukudi.
―THE HINDU‖
25/08/2017 Whale shark washed a shore
near Thoothukudi.
―DINAKARAN‖
05/09/2017 Making the Sea cloth by
Mussels(Bysus thread)
―DINATHANTHI‖
24/11/2017 Tiger pistol shrimp produces
200 deribel to catch their prey
.
Whale carcass spotted in sea
near Tiruchendur.

Made of fish robo talk fum in
fish
research near Switzerland.
―DINATHANTHI‖



―THE HINDU‖



―DINATHANTHI‖
29/11/2017 Four dolphins washed a
shore near Punnakayal.
―DINATHANTHI‖
29/11/2017 More than 1000 fishes
stranding near Besant
nagar,Chennai.
―DINATHANTHI‖
18/12/2017 Forest staff collect 128 eggs
of Oliva Ridley near
Mandapam.
―THE HINDU‖
18/12/2017 Oldest Plesiosaur(Polycotylus
latippinus)was strong
swimmers.
―THE HINDU‖
05/01/2018 Japanese Tsukiji market
holds final new year auction
of Giant blue fin tuna
bought
―THE HINDU‖

810. 807

for $320,000 by restaurant.
12/01/2018 Swiss cooks ordered to stun
lobsters before boiling them in
Geneva.
―THE HINDU‖
13/01/2018 Allow country boats for
katchatheevu festival near
Ramanathapuram.
―THE HINDU‖
01/02/2018 No takers for sea cucumbers
culture despite good potential.
―THE HINDU‖
11/02/2018 Olive Ridley turtle stranded
near Tiruchendhur.
―THE HINDU‖
12/02/2018 Three new Eel species found
in Bay of BengaL.
Gymnothorax
visakhaensisEnchelyore
propinqua
Gymnothorax pseudotile
―THE HINDU‖
16/02/2018 Training programme for
fisherman near Thoothukudi

―THE HINDU‖
26/02/2018 Forest ranger collected 1,304
turtle eggs near Dhanushkodi.
―THE HINDU‖
27/02/2018 In a record over lakh of Olive
Ridley nest at Rushikulya
coast
―THE HINDU‖
11/03/2018 The terrapin races against
extinction in the wild.
―THE HINDU‖

14/03/2018 Seven spinner dolphins
washed ashore near
Thiruvallur district.

―DINA THANTHI‖

811. 808

20/03/2018 Jelly fish stranding near
Dhanushkodi.
―THE HINDU‖
27/03/2018 Ancient jumping
genes(Transposons)may
give corals new lease oflife.
―THE HINDU‖
04/04/2018 Bow head whales have
diverse song book.
―THE HINDU‖
12/04/2018 Satellite tracker humpback
whales for two months from
Gulf of Oman to Kerala.
―THE HINDU‖
12/04/2018 Seahorses were seized near
Ramanathapuram.
―DINATHANTH‖
15/04/2018 Water Rich diamonds hint of
vast oceans deep inside earth
―THE HINDU‖
18/04/2018 Sharks acquire a taste for
jazz music.
―THE HINDU‖
19/04/2018 Octopus comes from outer
space (icy meteors),claims
study.
―THE HINDU‖
22/04/2018 Smart patch for flexible
monitoring of marine life.
―THE HINDU‖
25/04/2018 99% of Whale sharks in
Pacific Island found to be
female.
―THE HINDU‖
28/04/2018 China‘s first indigenous
aircraft carrier begins sea
trial.
―THE HINDU‖

812. 809

02/05/2018 Gujarat retains the first spot in
marine fish catch
―THE HINDU‖
05/05/2018 Whale dies in ThailandAfter
Swallowing 80 plasticbags.
―THE HINDU‖
08/05/2018 15 crore worth of Star
appearance turtles were
seized near
Pudhukottai.
―DINATHANTH‖
11/05/2018 Sharks wash up on Swansea
Beach
―THE HINDU‖
15/05/2018 Blue whale Population
discovered in New Zealand.
―THE HINDU‖
21/05/2018 World Largest Freshwater
Pearl Auctioned for Rs.2.5
Crores in Netherlands
―THE HINDU‖
23/05/2018 Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Found in Rohu fish alaram
―THE HINDU‖
26/05/2018 Dolphins have been
Witnessed entertaining
themselves bycreating
underwater bubblerings.
―THE HINDU‖
28/05/2018 Demand for frozen Seafood
lifts exports.
―THE HINDU‖
31/05/2018 A fish that can Father a near
clone of itself.
―THE HINDU‖
02/06/2018 The New species of reef fish
hails from Obama‘s birthplace
―THE HINDU‖
12/06/2018 Dolphin stranding near ―THE HINDU‖

813. 810

Thoothukudi.
12/06/2018 Under divine care,turtle swim
on in temple tanks.
―THE HINDU‖
17/06/2018 Rain of fish in Indonesia and
Srilanka.
―DINATHANTHI‖
17/06/2018 New species of turtle
(Kinosternonvogti)discovered
in mexico
―DINATHANTHI‖
18/06/2018 Fisherman got good catch,but
affected by diesel price.
―THE HINDU‖
19/06/2018 Sperm whale
stranding/washed ashore in
Indonesia.
―DINATHANTHI‖
19/06/2018 Jharkhand to light up the fish
rearing eagerly
―THE HINDU‖
20/06/2018 Much needs to be done to
preserve marine
resources.(National Seminar
Of Conservation and
Sustainabilityof Aquatic
Resources CSAR in
Thoothukudi.
―THE HINDU‖
20/06/2018 Increased of exported Indian
seafood Rs.3773 crores.
―DINATHANTHI‖
22/06/2018 A rare blue whale has been
sighted in the Red sea‘s Gulf
of Aqaba
―INDIAN EXPRESS‖
23/06/2018 3 times melting of ice in
antartic region.
―DINATHANTHI‖

814. 811

24/06/2018 River Dolphins hunts prey
using many methods?
―THE HINDU‖
24/06/2018 150 million year old turtle
fossil found in China
―THE HINDU‖
25/06/2018 Contaminated fish seized at
Walayar.
―THE HINDU‖
09/07/2018 A shot of formalin in a sea ―THE HINDU‖
11/07/2018 Pacific Northwest Orcas Hit
30-year low.
―THE HINDU‖

12/07/2018

Choco Maha Munglang
receives best fish farmer
Award.

―THE HINDU‖
15/07/2018 A delicious alien Ikerala
kitchen.
―THE HINDU‖
15/07/2018 250 kg sea cucumber
wereseizedon Thoppuvalarai
seashore.
―THE HINDU‖
16/07/2018 Alarm over mass turtle deaths
in Alapuzzha.
―THE HINDU‖
16/07/2018 Fish leather invokes a sense
of fashion and pride in Kenya.
―THE HINDU‖
16/07/2018 Luxuary villas raise fearsfor
endangered seals inCyprus.
―THE HINDU‖
16/07/2018 Warm zones in ice age ―THE HINDU‖
16/07/2018 Outrage over killing of Rare
Whale.
―THE HINDU‖

815. 812

21/07/2018 5000 kg fish landed with
formalin seizedin
kerala(Kozhikode)
―THE HINDU‖
25/07/2018 Formalin inherently present in
Fish in Parrikal.
―THE HINDU‖
25/07/2018 Snail slug it over a racing
championship.
―THE HINDU‖
27/07/2018 Paradorical Hippos on the
Japanese Coast.
―THE INDIAN
EXPRESS‖
27/07/2018 Ancient art work of Gyodaku
in Japan.
―DINATHANTHI‖
29/07/2018 Two fisherman sustain burns
near thoothukudi.
―THE HINDU‖
29/07/2018 Minke Whale hunting ends in
Iceland as industry shuts.
―THE HINDU‖
29/07/2018 Untouched ocean habitats
rapidly shrinking.
―THE HINDU‖
29/07/2018 The long linned one of
gangetic dolphin near Punjab.
―THE HINDU‖
29/07/2018 7 feet dolphin washed ashore
at Girgaum chowpathy in
Mumbai.
―THE NEW INDIAN
EXPRESS‖
29/07/2018 World‘s Marine Wilderness
rapidly shrinking.
―THE NEW INDIAN
EXPRESS‖
30/07/2018 Research Intiative to develop
ornamental fish breeding
launched.
―THE HINDU‖
(BUSINESS LINE)
30/07/2018 Government plans ‗ISRO‘ ―THE HINDU‖

816. 813

Like Ocean mission.
30/07/2018 Polar bear dead after it
attacked worker.
―THE HINDU‖
31/07/2018 Odisha locals Rescue baby
Whale shark.
―THE HINDU‖
01/08/2018 Biggest King penguin Colony
shrinks by 90%
―THE HINDU‖
01/08/2018 Sea erossion wreaks hawour
near Alappuzha
―THE HINDU‖
03/08/2018 Seaweed cultivation turns
leucerative near Thoothukudi.
―THE HINDU‖
05/08/2018 Emaciated Orca may receive
human help.
―THE HINDU‖
05/08/2018 Portuguese man- of- war
spotted on Goa beach.
―THE HINDU‖
05/08/2018 Aggressive fishing using
seize nets is reducing the
marine wealth of
Vishakapattanam and near
places on the Northern
Andhrapradesh coast.
―THE HINDU‖
05/08/2018 Deep sea fishing scheme fails
to draw fisherfolk of
Rameswaram.
―THE HINDU‖
10/08/2018 Teeth from ancient mega
shark discovered on
Australian beach.
―THE HINDU‖

817. 814

11/08/2018 Indian Coast Guard unit to
comeup inThoothukudi(ICG
Inspector generalInspects
Four sites near VOCport)
―THE HINDU‖
12/08/2018 Marine mammal woes ―THE HINDU‖
13/08/2018 Mega beach cleanup
undertaken near Thoothukudi.
―THE HINDU‖
13/08/2018 Six sailors recall their historic
voyage around the globe.
―THE HINDU‖
13/08/2018 Submarine training lax says
CAG.
―THE HINDU‖
14/08/2018 Coral reefs could survive
Global warming,says study in
Washington
―THE HINDU‖
20/08/2018 Pilot Whale dolphinshunting
near Parrow Island Situated
between Norway andIsland.
―DINAMALAR‖
21/08/2018 Mysterious ocean giant
sighted.
―THE HINDU‖
21/08/2018 Consignment of Farmed fish
species Flagged off.
―THE HINDU‖
22/08/2018 Blast fishing thrives in Libya
chaos.
―THE HINDU‖

818. 815

819. 816

820. When You Fish for love, Bait with your
heart , not your Brain

821. By
STUNNERS
(Respect All Fear None)
(2015-16 BATCH)

THANK YOU ALL