Aquatic management

Biomanagement

1. AQUATIC MANAGEMENT.

2. GROUP MEMBERS: SAHANA NARASE GOWDA. URVI KISHOR SUTHAR. SAKSHI MUSKAN. DHEERAJ CHITTA. YASANGI DIVYA REDDY.

3. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM. An aquatic ecosystem is an  ecosystem  in a body water.  Communities of  organisms  that are dependent on each other and on their environment live in aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems include oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, estuaries, and wetlands. Within these aquatic ecosystems are living things that depend on the water for survival, such as fish, plants, and microorganisms. These ecosystems are very fragile and can be easily disturbed by pollution.

4. TYPES OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM. The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are: Marine ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems: Lentic: slow moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes. Lotic: faster moving water, for example streams and rivers Wetlands: areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time.

5. Aquatic ecosystems contribute to a large proportion of the planets biotic. Productivity as about 30% of the world's primary productivity comes from plants living in the ocean. These ecosystems also include wetlands located at lake shores, riverbanks, the ocean shoreline, and any habitat where the soil or vegetation is submerged for some duration. When compared to terrestrial communities, aquatic communities are limited abiotically in several different ways.

6. Organisms in aquatic systems survive partial to total submergence. Water submergence influences the availability of atmospheric oxygen, which is required for respiration, and solar radiation, which is needed in photosynthesis. Some organisms in aquatic systems must deal with dissolved salts in their immediate environment. This condition has caused these forms of life to develop physiological adaptations to deal with this problem. Aquatic ecosystems are nutritionally limited by phosphorus and iron, rather than nitrogen.

7. Water Management is important since it helps determine future Irrigation expectations. Water, once an abundant natural resource, is becoming a more valuable commodity due to droughts and overuse. It is important because it is needed for life to exist. Many uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all these human uses require fresh water . SIGNIFICANCE OF AQUATIC MANAGEMENT.

8. Water is a renewable resource, but only when it’s managed well. If it isn’t, the world faces serious consequences. Here are ten reasons why water management matters so much: Our access to water is limited: Knowing how much water we truly have access to at any given time is essential to management. Only 3% of the world’s water is fresh and drinkable. 2. Water management addresses complex issues: Managing water resources involves a lot of moving parts. The parties responsible must know how much water is available, how it needs to be used, and what needs to happen to make the water usable.

9. 3. Water management tackles serious challenges: Besides being complicated, water management is difficult. Many issues put access to clean, safe water in jeopardy. 4. Water management and food production are linked : At 70%, agriculture uses the majority of the world’s freshwater. It’s needed to produce food, so the more people there are, the more water is needed. 5. Water scarcity affects over 40% of the world’s population: According to the World Bank, 40% of the world’s population is affected by water scarcity. Estimates show that by 2025, 1.8 billion people will live with scarcity. 6. More than 2 billion people lack reliable water services: According to a report released by the WHO and UNICEF in 2019, over 2 billion people lack access to a safely-managed drinking water service.

10. 7. Poorly-managed water resources are deadly: Waterborne illnesses like cholera cause millions of deaths each year. Children under the age of 5 who live in developing countries are especially at risk. 8. Privatizing water systems raises prices: In recent times, many water systems have become privatized. This leads to an increase in prices. 9. Water management is a local and national issue: Local authorities are best equipped to handle top priority issues within a community. This makes a strong local water management system essential. 10. Good water management benefits everyone: When water resources are managed well, communities and the government benefit.

11. Human Influences on Aquatic Ecosystems: Human activities affecting aquatic ecosystems are more likely to disrupt natural patterns and processes because species do not have the ability to adapt to the rapid changes to their environment that can occur. Human influences in the lower Athabasca basin include the oil sands operations, pulp and paper mills, municipal discharges, and, to a lesser extent, forestry and agriculture. PROBLEMS.

12. 2. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification: Some contaminants that enter aquatic systems are preferentially stored in organisms, usually in fat tissue, rather than being released or excreted. This results in an accumulation of the contaminant over time in a process known as bioaccumulation. Biomagnification refers to the higher concentrations of contaminants in organisms at higher trophic levels within food webs. While an organism in a low trophic level of a food web may contain low levels of a contaminant, its consumer will concentrate the contaminant as it consumes many of these individuals over its lifetime. At each trophic level in the food web, contaminants become more concentrated. Contaminant accumulation is higher in food webs with more steps to the top predator.

13. Endocrine Disrupting Substances: Endocrine disrupting substances (EDS) are pollutants that could alter the growth, reproduction and general development of an aquatic organism. EDSs can be found in agricultural pesticides, alkyl phenolics (detergents used to remove oils) found in industrial and municipal effluents, and natural hormones and synthetic steroids (such as those found in contraceptives) found in municipal effluent and agricultural runoff. Climate Change: Modelling conducted by the Northern Rivers Basin Study (NRBS) indicated that global climate warming could result in earlier spring melt, higher levels of rain and snow, and an increase in evaporation (NREI 2002). Together, these changes could result in an overall decrease in Athabasca River water levels. Warmer temperatures causing earlier melting of ice jams could affect the replenishment of lakes and ponds, resulting in lower water levels.

14. Atmospheric Deposition: Oil sands operations and pulp mills release gases and small particulate matter (PM) into the atmosphere. These substances can then be deposited on the land or water by dry or wet deposition (when rain or snow bind to the gases or particulates).Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are examples of contaminants found in the atmosphere. These gases are associated with acid rain and the acidification of sensitive lakes and soils in the oil sands region. Mercury is of particular concern in the northern rivers of Alberta.

15. PROPOSAL PLANS/ MANAGEMENT. One of the goals of water resource management is water security. It is not possible to ‘predict and plan’ a single path to water security for rapidly growing and urbanizing global populations. This is due to climatic and non-climatic uncertainties. To help strengthen water security, there is a need to build capacity, adaptability and resilience for the future planning and management of water resources. Depending on the region and state of current water conditions, policy and implementation, water resource management objectives can vary. However, often Water Resources Management objectives can include promoting conditions for environmentally sustainable, economically efficient and equitably allocated use of water resources. They also include to increase the benefits and reduce the risk related to existing hydraulic infrastructure.

16. Levels of planning: 1. Local level: Planned for a small area or village. Watershed development plan for village. Rainwater harvesting technique. Check dams, village tanks constructed. 2. Regional level: Comparatively large area with several villages. Construction of irrigation schemes. 3. State level: When regional level planning covers several districts of state. 4. National level: Water resources planning carried for major river basin of a river. 5. International level: River running across neighbouring nations planning need at international level.

17. Aquaculture and water resource management. Aquaculture is defined as the breeding, rearing and harvesting of fish, shellfish, plants, algae and other organisms in all types of water. While this may seem distant from the water supply for consumption, agriculture and industry, it can be linked via water resource management. Understanding trophic systems and their health as a function of environmental conditions, including water turbidity and temperature, is the responsibility for some hydrologists. Meanwhile, aquaponics uses wastewater produced by facilities that raise fish or other marine animals to supply nutrients for plants that are grown hydroponically (without soil). The plants, in turn, purify the water, which is then returned to the marine animals

18. IMPLICATING THE PLANS. Integrated aquatic ecosystem management requires proper study, sound understanding and effective management of water systems and their internal relations. The water systems should be studied and managed as part of the broader environment and in relation to socio-economic demands and potentials, acknowledging the political and cultural context. The aim of integrated aquatic system management is to ensure the sustained multifunctional use of the system. Sustainable aquatic resources development and management depends mainly on the proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance, which is possible with geographic information system(GIS) and remote sensing techniques, complement and supplement ground data collection in various facets of different kinds of water resources projects.

19. Integrated Water Resources Management. The concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM) has been developing over the past several decades. IWRM is the response to the growing pressure on our water resources systems caused by growing populations and socioeconomic developments. IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. Interactions among the natural, administrative, and socioeconomic water resource subsectors and between them and their environment .

20. Steps involved in implementation: Outlining broad policy goals as a vision for water management. Identifying specific water management issues and problems. Evaluating potential solutions to resolve these issues; Implementing the most appropriate strategy(s); Evaluating the outcomes of implementing these strategies; and Integrating the lessons learned from evaluating the outcomes into future work. The critical stage of this approach is revising future programs and activities based on past experiences in water planning and management and incorporating new knowledge and information. This conceptual model is demonstrated in the "Learning-by-Doing Management Cycle" below.

21. Top-Down Planning and Management. These plans typically consist of a series of reports, complete with numerous appendices, describing all aspects of water resources management and use. This master planning exercise has typically been a top-down approach. Professionals have dominated the top-down approach. Using this approach there is typically little if any active participation of interested stakeholders. The approach assumes that one or more institutions have the ability and authority to develop and implement the plan. Bottom-Up Planning and Management. Plans are being created from the bottom-up rather than top-down through a process of consensus building. Concerned citizens, nongovernmental organizations, as well as professionals in governmental agencies are increasingly working together toward the creation of adaptive comprehensive water management programs, policies, and plans. Bottom-up planning must strive to achieve a common or “shared” vision among all stakeholders. It must either comply with all applicable laws and regulations or propose changes to them. These process issues emphasize the need to make water resources planning and management as efficient and effective as possible and remain participatory.

22. Water Management Techniques Following are the top 10 water best management practices that are implemented to reduce water use: Meter/Measure/Manage Optimize Cooling Towers Replace Restroom Fixtures Eliminate Single-Pass Cooling Use Water-Smart Landscaping and Irrigation Reduce Steam Sterilizer Tempering Water Use Reuse Laboratory Culture Water Control Reverse Osmosis System Operation Recover Rainwater Recover Air Handler Condensate

23. CONCLUSION. Effective water resources planning, and management is a challenge today, and will be an increasing challenge into the foreseeable future. This presentation introduces some of the tools that are being used to meet these challenges. We consider it only a first step toward becoming an accomplished planner or manager.