Arabic business translation (1)

KH

2. The Routledge Course in Arabic Business
Translation
The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Translation: Arabic-English-Arabic is an essential
coursebook for university students wishing to develop their skills in translating different
types of business texts between English and Arabic. Practical in its approach, the book
introduces translation students to the concept of translation and equivalence in the context of
business texts, business translators, and the linguistic and syntactic features of business texts.
It also highlights translation tools and technology in addition to the translation strategies
which can be adopted to render business texts between English and Arabic. Key features in
the book include:
• Six comprehensive chapters covering (after the Introduction) the areas of economics,
management, production, finance, and marketing in the translation industry;
• Detailed explanation of the lexical and syntactic features of business texts;
• Practical English and Arabic business translation texts featuring a vast business
vocabulary bank;
• Authentic business texts extracted from English and Arabic books containing economic,
management, production, finance, and marketing texts;
• Great range of English and Arabic translation exercises to enable students to practice
their familiarity with business vocabulary they learned throughout the book; and
• Glossaries following all English and Arabic business texts containing the translation of
main vocabulary items.
The practicality of the approach adopted in this book makes it an essential business
translation coursebook for translation students. In addition, the carefully designed content
helps students to easily explore different types of business texts, familiarize themselves with
key words, and complete translation exercises. University instructors working on English
and Arabic business translations will find this book highly useful.
Mahmoud Altarabin is an assistant professor of translation and linguistics at the Islamic
University, Gaza, where he teaches different translation courses to undergraduates and
postgraduates. He authored The Routledge Course on Media, Legal and Technical Translation ,
On Translating Arabic and English Media Texts, and Basics of Translation: A Textbook for
Arab University Students.

3. Routledge Studies in Arabic Translation
Routledge Studies in Arabic Translation explores themes and theories involving the Arabic
language. This series addresses the complexities and emerging perspectives within Arabic
translation including linguistic, literary, semiotic, cognitive, cultural, philosophical, socio-
logical, political, socio-economic, educational, and professional. Providing an essential
knowledge base for researchers and scholars of the Arabic language and translation studies,
this series presents the most innovative research in this emerging area.
The Routledge Course on Media, Legal and Technical Translation
English-Arabic-English
Mahmoud Altarabin
The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Translation
Arabic-English-Arabic
Mahmoud Altarabin
For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/languages/
series/RSAT

4. The Routledge Course in Arabic
Business Translation
Arabic-English-Arabic
Mahmoud Altarabin

5. First published 2022
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2022 Mahmoud Altarabin
The right of Mahmoud Altarabin to be identified as author of this work has been
asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN: 978-0-367-77331-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-77333-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-17084-6 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC

6. To my family

8. Contents
List of tables x
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xii
Introduction 1
1 Business translation: basic concepts 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Translation and equivalence 4
1.3 Business translators 6
1.4 Features of business texts 6
1.4.1 Lexical features 7
1.4.2 Syntactic features 8
1.5 Translation tools and technology 9
1.5.1 General translation tools 9
1.5.2 CAT tools 10
1.6 Translation strategies 10
1.6.1 Literal translation 10
1.6.2 Calque 11
1.6.3 Borrowing 12
1.6.4 Varied equivalents 12
2 Translating economic texts 14
2.1 Business cycle 14
Section 1: English into Arabic 14
Section 2: Arabic into English 18
2.2 Employment 22
Section 1: English into Arabic 22
Section 2: Arabic into English 26
2.3 Corporate social responsibility 28
Section 1: English into Arabic 28
Section 2: Arabic into English 32

9. viii Contents
2.4 International trade 34
Section 1: English into Arabic 34
Section 2: Arabic into English 38
3 Translating management texts 41
3.1 Management 41
Section 1: English into Arabic 41
Section 2: Arabic into English 45
3.2 Company and organization structure 49
Section 1: English into Arabic 49
Section 2: Arabic into English 53
4 Translating production texts 57
4.1 Economy sectors 57
Section 1: English into Arabic 57
Section 2: Arabic into English 61
4.2 Production 64
Section 1: English into Arabic 64
Section 2: Arabic into English 68
4.3 Logistics 72
Section 1: English into Arabic 72
Section 2: Arabic into English 76
4.4 Quality 80
Section 1: English into Arabic 80
Section 2: Arabic into English 84
5 Translating finance texts 88
5.1 Accounting and financial statements 88
Section 1: English into Arabic 88
Section 2: Arabic into English 92
5.2 Banking 96
Section 1: English into Arabic 96
Section 2: Arabic into English 100
5.3 Islamic banking and finance 104
Section 1: English into Arabic 104
Section 2: Arabic into English 108
5.4 Corporate financing and bonds 112
Section 1: English into Arabic 112
Section 2: Arabic into English 116
5.5 Futures and derivatives 120
Section 1: English into Arabic 120
Section 2: Arabic into English 124
5.6 Market competition 128
Section 1: English into Arabic 128
Section 2: Arabic into English 132

10. Contents ix
5.7 Microfinance 136
Section 1: English into Arabic 136
Section 2: Arabic into English 140
6 Translating marketing texts 144
6.1 Products and brands 144
Section 1: English into Arabic 144
Section 2: Arabic into English 148
6.2 Marketing 150
Section 1: English into Arabic 150
Section 2: Arabic into English 154
6.3 Advertising 158
Section 1: English into Arabic 158
Section 2: Arabic into English 162
6.4 E-commerce 166
Section 1: English into Arabic 166
Section 2: Arabic into English 170
References 175
Index 182

11. Tables
1.1 Example of business vocabulary 8
1.2 Literal English into Arabic literal translations 11
1.3 Literal Arabic into English translations 11
1.4 Islamic finance terms borrowed into English 12
1.5 Varied English target language equivalents 12
1.6 Varied Arabic target language equivalents 13

12. Foreword
The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Translation is the first book to offer a comprehen-
sive practical course in translating business material from Arabic to English and vice versa.
Its six chapters cover basic issues in general and business translation ( Chapter 1 ), followed
by key areas in business translation – economics ( Chapter 2 ), management ( Chapter 3 ),
production ( Chapter 4 ), finance ( Chapter 5 ) and marketing ( Chapter 6 ). The chapters are
divided into specific topics; e.g. ‘Business cycle,’ ‘Employment,’ ‘Corporate Social Respon-
sibility,’ and ‘International Trade’ in chapter 2 . For each topic a number of texts in English
and Arabic are provided, and for each text there is a series of guided practical text-based
exercises of different types that focus on that particular text, covering both English>Arabic
and Arabic>English translation. By working through this book, students will acquire a thor-
ough grounding in both the vocabulary and generic features of a range of Arabic and English
business texts and will develop coherent strategies and techniques for translating these texts
into the other language. I am very happy to recommend this book to teachers and students
alike.
James Dickins, University of Leeds
18.02.2021

13. Acknowledgments
It is my solemn duty to thank Allah for giving me the insight, patience, skills, and great dedi-
cation to complete the authoring of this book, my second book with Routledge. I also thank
my parents and wife for their wholehearted support.
I am immensely grateful to Andrea Hartill, a senior commissioning editor and publisher
at Routledge, for her considerable support, great encouragement, and follow-up. I am also
thankful for Ellie Auton, the editorial assistant for language learning at Routledge.
I am profoundly indebted to James Dickins for writing the foreword.
I would also like to express my gratitude to the academic staff at the Department of
English, Islamic University of Gaza, for their continuous support.

14. Introduction
The literature on translation issues between English and Arabic abounds and can be found in
books, chapters in edited books, theses, and journal articles. Although various translation text-
books are recommended for English and Arabic translation courses, the books on translating
business texts are rare, especially books intended for undergraduate students. Despite the fact
that business translation courses are now part of translation programs at the undergraduate and
postgraduate levels in different universities, there seem to be no high-quality textbooks which
can sharpen students’ skills in translating major business text types, which generally include
English and Arabic texts on economics, management, production, finance, and marketing.
Given the aforementioned state of affairs, one can simply ask: “Does this book offer better
innovative content than existing books?” The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Transla-
tion is not designed to be the only coursebook on business translation between English and
Arabic, because this is not practically possible. However, the unique English and Arabic tex-
tual content and the careful selection of the vast range of business topics make it an essential
and engaging coursebook not only for translation students but also for instructors. Texts and
translation exercises are equally divided between English and Arabic in order to sharpen
students’ translation skills in two directions.
Aim of the book
The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Translation: Arabic-English-Arabic is primarily
authored to offer a bidirectional account of English and Arabic business translation texts.
The book provides translation students with a detailed analysis of the defining lexical and
syntactic features of business texts and lists practical translation strategies. It is completely
practical and classifies business texts into main categories: economics, management, pro-
duction, finance, and marketing. This collection of major categories, which include sub-
categories, provides students and instructors alike with a unique collection of English and
Arabic textual material and translation exercises.
There are two main reasons for selecting the collection of the English and Arabic busi-
ness texts which the book contains. First, the vast range of English and Arabic business texts
included in the book are believed to be the most common types of business texts which stu-
dents and translators are expected to render. Second, translation students at different levels
are always driven by the need to enhance their translation skills in English and Arabic.
The book features a carefully designed content to enhance students’ translation skills and
at the same time enrich their vocabulary bank. Each English and Arabic business text is
followed by the translation of the main business terms to provide students with common
accurate translations.
DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-1

15. 2 Introduction
The varied types of translation exercises aim to sharpen three translation skills: translation,
searching for the meaning of specific business terms and analyzing inaccurately translated
sentences. One exercise requires students to translate sentences containing main business
terms for which a model translation is provided. Another exercise requires searching for
the meaning of English or Arabic business terms. At another level, students are required to
analyze inaccurate translations of specific sentences to test how far they keep themselves
familiar with business terms. In addition, students are also required to translate short pas-
sages quoted from books covering the subtopics included in each part of the classification of
business texts: economics, management, production, finance, and marketing.
Thus, this book is strongly believed to be an essential coursebook mainly for undergradu-
ate translation students across the Arab world universities and other universities or aca-
demic institutions in non-Arab countries teaching business translation courses (English and
Arabic). It is carefully authored to ensure providing students with considerable translation
experience in academic and professional settings.
Book structure
The book contains six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces students to basic concepts such as
translation and equivalence, business translators, lexical and syntactic features of business
texts, translation tools and technology, and translation strategies. Chapter 2 is entitled Eco-
nomics and includes texts on business cycle, employment, corporate social responsibility,
and international trade. Chapter 3 is entitled Management and includes two main subsec-
tions: management and company and organization structure. Chapter 4 , Production, includes
texts on economy sectors, production, logistics, and quality. Chapter 5 is entitled Finance
and includes texts on accounting and financial statements, banking, Islamic banking and
finance, corporate financing and bonds, futures and derivatives, market competition, and
microfinance. Chapter 6 is entitled Marketing and includes texts on products and brands,
marketing, advertising, and e-commerce. Translation instructors can select English or Arabic
texts and exercises which are relevant to their course descriptions.

16. 1 Business translation : Basic concepts
1.1 Introduction
Translation is a driving force in modern society which enables and promotes effective com-
munication between different nations around the globe. In addition to the role it plays in
protecting cultural heritage, translation is an invaluable tool for transmitting knowledge
and sharing ideas, expertise, and information. It continues to facilitate scientific and tech-
nical advancement in today’s globalized and fast-paced information era. Furthermore, the
advancement in various fields has dramatically changed the way we experience different
aspects of our lives, including education, culture, science, economy, and business. Transla-
tion in its capacity as a means of disseminating knowledge has always paved the way for
advancement in various academic fields. Byrne (2012 , p. 1) highlights the significance of
translation as follows:
Virtually every aspect of our lives from education and work to entertainment, shopping
and travel has been swept along by a seemingly unstoppable wave of new inventions
and technological advances. What many people do not realize is that these inventions
and advances are accompanied at almost every step of the way by translation in its
capacity as a vehicle for disseminating scientific and technical knowledge.
Reflecting its indispensability, translation proves to be an absolutely reliable means devised
to promote business between not only individuals but also public and private business insti-
tutions in countries speaking different languages around the world. Furthermore, translation
connects the legal and economic aspects of international business through the translation of
contracts, company laws, meeting minutes, various types of agreements, business plans, busi-
ness and market reports, financial documents as well as regulatory and insurance documents.
Economy in the Arab world is largely connected to the international economy ( El-Zaim,
1991 ; Al-Shaer, 2015 ; and Al-Bursan, 2011 ). In addition, the daily volume of business trans-
actions between Arab businesses and those in non-Arab countries can be beyond measure.
Business documents of diverse types are translated between English and Arabic to promote
business or determine the rights and duties of the parties to business transactions. Adding
to its critical significance to individuals and companies, business translation can be used in
academic disciplines at various levels.
The nature of business texts may considerably differ from other types of translation texts.
The type of equivalence sought in business translation is generally determined by linguistic
factors rather than paralinguistic factors which basically relate to non-lexical elements of
texts. This indicates that functional equivalence can be the dominant type of equivalence
DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-2

17. 4 Business translation
aimed at when rendering business texts. In addition, translating business texts is subject to
temporal, financial, and reliability parameters which govern the translation of such texts and
the criteria against which they are evaluated.
With regard to the temporal (time) parameter, the translation of business texts is carried
out under time constraints or deadlines which can sometimes entail higher costs on the part
of the clients requesting fast translations. Due to the strictness of time, many translators
would be tempted to resort to machine translation, which can be impractical especially when
dealing with particular languages such as English and Arabic. However, it should be noted
that machine translation – which, in the case of English and Arabic, most notably includes
web-based platforms such as Google Translate, Reverso Context, and Almaany
1
– can be
used to render individual words or phrases “accurately.” However, one needs to ensure
editing the translations to reflect the meaning of the source language’s terms. Some online
platforms such as Google Translate do not classify word meanings according to specific
domains such as legal, technical, financial, economic, religious, and so on. It is therefore
difficult for undergraduate students and beginner translators to determine the accuracy of
translating words like depression, which has domain-based meanings when translating into
Arabic. Almaany online dictionary classifies the Arabic equivalents of depression according
(weather fore-
ﺾﻔﺨﻨﻣ يﻮﺟ (economic), and دﺎﺴﻛ، دﻮﻛر (psychology), ،رﺎﯿﮭﻧا بﺎﺌﺘﻛا to domain:
cast). This draws our attention to the fact that such differences in meaning should be taken
into careful consideration when selecting specific word meanings and excluding others.
Reliability of texts and translators is another decisive parameter in business translation.
In the light of temporal constraints, business translation often involves a compromise over
reliability, speed, and cost ( Chiper, 2000 ). Generally, translated business texts can be judged
reliable when they reflect all source text details and information, on the one hand, and pro-
vide an accurate basis for their users’ actions, on the other.
Translators’ reliability is “judged in relation to the text, to clients, and to technology”
( Chiper, 2000 , p. 218). While text reliability is achieved by paying attention to details, use of
academic resources, and editing of texts, translators’ reliability is judged against the ability
to work on different text types, meeting deadlines, and negotiating abilities. With reference
to technology, translators’ reliability is judged against the ability to use computer software
and internet to deliver their translations. Other concepts of immense significance to business
translation include the very basic terms such as translation, equivalence, translation strate-
gies, and translator’s tools.
1.2 Translation and equivalence
Although this book is confined to translating business texts, it is necessary to link business
translation to basic translation concepts which are central to most text types. One of these
concepts is the basic definition of translation itself. The key terms in various translation
definitions include, but are not limited to, “process” and “rendering” ( Simpson & Weiner,
1989 ), “reproducing” ( Nida & Taber, 1969 ), and “replacement” and “equivalent text” ( Cat-
ford, 1965 ).
Translation is primarily a process following which translators decode the syntactic and
semantic components of the source text to search for target text equivalents and then render
the source text. In addition, translation involves a reproduction or replacement of the source
text according to the norms of the target language. Let us consider the following example
from English business texts.
ST: A business cycle is a short-term pattern of economic expansions and contractions.

18. Business translation 5
Syntactic and semantic decoding of the sentence:
(verb be) cannot beis,
ةرود ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا/ةرود لﺎﻤﻋﻷا is a noun phrase meaningA business cycle
translated into Arabic when it is present, and translators therefore should search for a natural
or using a verb
ﺔﻠﻤﺟ ﺔﯿﻤﺳا equivalent by turning the whole sentence into verbless sentence
Short-.
ﺔﻠﻤﺟ ﺔﯿﻠﻌﻓ in case the translator decides to render it into a verbal sentence ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ such as
of economicand
ﻂﻤﻧ ﺮﯿﺼﻗ ﻞﺟﻷا is an adjective and noun construction meaningterm pattern
.
ﻦﻣ ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟا شﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻاو يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا is a prepositional phrase meaningexpansions and contractions
Given.
تاﺮﺘﻓ ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟا شﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻاو يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا Note that translators can use the plural sense and say
this explanation, the ST sentence can be rendered as:
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ ةروﺪﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺪﺣأ طﺎﻤﻧﻷا ةﺮﯿﺼﻗ ﻞﺟﻷا تاﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟا وأ شﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
ةروﺪﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲھ ﺪﺣأ طﺎﻤﻧﻷا ةﺮﯿﺼﻗ ﻞﺟﻷا تاﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟا وأ شﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ةروﺪﻟا
at the lexical level and ﻞﺜﻤﺗ with ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ Translators may for example replace
are two accurate trans-
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ةرود and ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ةروﺪﻟا at the phrase level. لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ةرود with
lations of business cycle and can be used interchangeably without semantic differences.
Having more than one target language equivalent is usually discussed under equivalence, a
central concept in translation which is briefly discussed below.
Equivalence
Translation theorists and scholars have not yet agreed on one definition of equivalence, nor
have they agreed on classifying its types and textual levels, which include word level equiva-
lence, phrase and clause level equivalence, sentence equivalence, and text equivalence. It
is, however, commonly agreed that what complicates achieving equivalence are the factors
which do not directly relate to the linguistic components of the text but which do relate
mainly to society, culture, and religion.
Achieving equivalence has always been problematic or impossible ( Catford, 1965 ; New-
mark, 1981 ; Biguenet & Schulte, 1989 ; Ivir, 1996 ; Hatim & Munday, 2004 ; Baker, 2018 ).
The difficulty in achieving equivalence relates to extralinguistic factors which are far beyond
the simple selection of words.
One of the translation theorists who focused on linguistic equivalence was Mona Baker
in her In Other Words ( 2018 ).
2
She divided equivalence into different language levels which
include word level, phrase level, grammatical level, and textual level. In addition, she dis-
cussed the problems of equivalence at each level and proposed some practical solutions.
Problems of equivalence in business texts, being a subcategory of technical texts, can
arise in different domains and at different levels. Word level equivalence is of immense
significance here because students mainly look for equivalents at word level followed by
،رﺎﯿﮭﻧا بﺎﺌﺘﻛا can meandepressionphrase level. Given the domain and word level factors,
(weather forecast). This reflects that
ﺾﻔﺨﻨﻣ يﻮﺟ (economic), and دﺎﺴﻛ، دﻮﻛر (psychology),
students and translators should be aware of the different uses of a word in order to select
. However, in the business texts,
مﺎﮭﻣ/تﺎﺒﺟاو generally meansDutiesthe accurate translation.
.
مﻮﺳر ﺔﯿﻛﺮﻤﺟ it means
What makes equivalence more complicated is the availability of more than one equivalent
when used in plural
ﺷﻛﺮتﺎ and أﺎﻤﻋل ﺎﺠﺗرﺔﯾ meansBusinesstranslation in the same domain.
(businesses). Logistics has different translations into Arabic within the business domain, and
there is no specific criterion to prefer one equivalent to the other/others. The technical Arabic
, which basically relates to managing the flow of
ﻢﻠﻋ ةرادإ ﺪﺗﻖﻓ اﺎﻀﺒﻟﻊﺋ translation of the term is

19. 6 Business translation
goods, information, and other resources such as products from production areas to consump-
. One of the
اﻮﻠﻟﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟ tion areas. The term can also be rendered into Arabic through borrowing as
, which could be used in military fields,
اﺪﺨﻟﻣﺎت اﻮﻠﻟﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟ problematic translations of the term is
commercial fields, and production fields. Despite the availability of different translations of
remains a seemingly better translation of the
اﻮﺴﻟﺎﯿﻗت or ﻢﻠﻋ ةرادإ ﺪﺗﻖﻓ اﺎﻀﺒﻟﻊﺋ into Arabic, logistics
term in the context of business texts. Bottleneck in business and economic texts does not have one
Arabic translation which can clearly account for the meaning in the business field. One of the avail-
,which provides a very general meaning of the English term referring to
اﺎﻨﺘﺧق able translations is
congestion in the production system. Al-Mawrid dictionary, a well-known English-Arabic dic-
, which does not practically reflect the meaning mentioned
ﻖﻨﺨﻣ asbottlenecktionary, translates
ظﺎﻈﺘﻛا مﺎﻈﻧ or ظﺎﻈﺘﻛا ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا Therefore, paraphrasing the term into Arabic as just now.
can better reflect the meaning of the term. Other similar translations can also be used.
جﺎﺘﻧﻹا
Translating financial terms from English into Arabic can also cause difficulties. Financial
The difference .
ﻢﺋاﻮﻗ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ and تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺑ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ has different Arabic translations such as statements
is more commonly used.
تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺑ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ between the two lies in that
When translating business, economic, or financial terms between English and Arabic, stu-
dents are advised to adopt commonly used target language equivalents. In addition, students
may further explore the context-based meaning and usage of the source language terms to
ensure that the selected target language equivalents reflect the specific meanings of source
language terms. Furthermore, preference can be given to commonly used terms instead of
accurate terms which may not be known to a larger readership. Student translators should
also familiarize themselves with the contextual usage of certain business terms whose mean-
ings significantly differ from one context to another.
1.3 Business translators
Translators perform an essential and complex role in the translation industry in general and
in business translation specifically. In addition to the different types of technical texts that
include, but are not limited to, business, financial, economic, and medical texts, there are dif-
ferent types of translators who work in different places. Many government and private institu-
tions and companies employ their own translators mainly to reduce costs, to ensure continuous
availability of translators, and to develop translators’ skills to better meet the specific needs of
the employing institutions. Generally, translators working for certain institutions work on and
translate specific types of texts. Another category of translators includes freelance translators
who are self-employed and search for translation work. They work on various text types, and
they frequently edit or revise the work of other translators.
Translators working on business texts can be staff, in-house, or freelance translators.
These translators sharpen their own skills to learn the extensive terminology which char-
acterizes business texts. Business translators may also need to have a university degree,
have considerable computer skills, and work with others on specific translation projects. In
addition, translators working on technical texts, which include business texts, must have a
good command of both the source language and the target language in addition to mastering
research skills needed to carry out the translation of complex business texts.
1.4 Features of business texts
Business texts are a subcategory of technical texts and therefore share common features with
these texts. Tylor (1998 ) explains that the term technical includes scientific disciplines such
as medicine, physics, and so on, applied technology, and less obviously “scientific” subjects

20. Business translation 7
such as economics. Business texts can be divided into two basic categories: culturally com-
mon business texts (business and market reports, financial statements, business letters, pro-
duction, management, etc.) and culturally uncommon business texts (Islamic banking and
finance). Business texts have a number of key features which set them apart from other texts
having no technical nature. The features are mainly confined to lexical units and syntactic
structures. The following are some of the key defining features of business texts.
1.4.1 Lexical features
Language features
Sharing common features with technical language, business language is different from ordi-
nary language used in general textbooks. Pinchuk (1977 ) lists the features of technical lan-
guage which, for the purposes of this book, apply to business language. Pinchuk says that
technical language is specialized, that it is economic in terms of linguistic means, and that it
defines terms accurately. The components which affect the readability of business texts are
writer, text, and readers ( Kirkman & Turk, 2005 ).
Informative language
The language used in business texts is an informative language featuring impersonal style
( Dickins, Hervey & Higgins, 2017 ), Tylor (1998 ) and Dukāte (2009 ). This type of informa-
tive language which features the use of declarative sentences can be seen in various types of
business documents.
Use of metaphors
One feature of literary texts which can be noticed in business language is the use of meta-
phors (figure of speech) to explain a certain idea. Examples of business metaphors include
low hanging fruit (easy and quick wins), lots of moving parts (a project or a program with
numerous components), and boil the ocean (a lot of work with a small return).
Terminology
Business texts feature domain-specific terms which set them apart from other technical texts.
In addition, business terms belong to a number of business domains such as management,
finance, and marketing.
In addition to the domain-specific terms, business texts can include words which have
different meanings when used in a general sense. Depression in everyday language refers
to feelings. When used in a business domain, the word refers to a severe recession in an
economy or market.
Facts
The presentation of facts is one of the main features of business texts. Consider the follow-
ing example:
The price of U.S. crude fell as much as 34% to $27.34 a barrel ( Disha Experts, 2020 ).
.ً ﻂﺒھ ﺮﻌﺳ ﻂﻔﻨﻟا ﻲﻜﯾﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ 34% ﺚﯿﺣ ﺢﺒﺻأ ﺮﻌﺳ ﻞﯿﻣﺮﺒﻟا 27.34 ارﻻودً ﺎﯿﻜﯾﺮﻣأ

21. 8 Business translation
Table 1.1 Example of business vocabulary
ST term TT
project life cycle
Gantt Chart
contingency plan
cash flow
income statement
fixed assets
balance sheet
cost-based pricing
E-commerce
inbound marketing
ةرود ةﺎﯿﺣ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا
ﻂﻄﺨﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﺟ )ﺢﺿﻮﯾ لوﺪﺠﻟا ﻲﻨﻣﺰﻟا عوﺮﺸﻤﻠﻟ(
ﺔﻄﺧ ئراﻮﻄﻟا
ﻖﻓﺪﺘﻟا يﺪﻘﻨﻟا
نﺎﯿﺑ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا/تاداﺮﯾﻹا
لﻮﺻأ ﺔﺘﺑﺎﺛ
نﺎﯿﺑ/ﻒﺸﻛ ﺔﯿﻧاﺰﯿﻤﻟا
ﺮﯿﻌﺴﺘﻟا ﻢﺋﺎﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻟا
ةرﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ
ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﻠﺧاﺪﻟا )دراﻮﻟا(
However, business texts may include predictions about future events. Consider the following
example:
Any management action that would increase the level of expected return would have a
positive effect ( Jain & Khan, 2007 , 4.11).
ﺔﻤﺛ ﺮﺛأ ﻲﺑﺎﺠﯾإ يﻷ ءاﺮﺟإ يرادإ ﺪﻗ ﻢھﺎﺴﯾ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻓر ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟا ﻊﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟا.
1.4.2 Syntactic features
Business writing is practically listed under technical writing and both, therefore, share some
significant syntactic structures. Use of simple declarative sentences, nominalization, and
passive structures are major syntactic features in business discourse.
Abstract nouns and gerunds
Dickins et al. (2017 , p. 241) say that technical texts feature the use of abstract subjects.
Notice the use of abstract nouns and gerunds in the following texts and the absence of nouns
referring to concrete entities.
Management comprises the interlocking functions of formulating corporate policy and
organizing, planning, controlling, and directing the . . . resources to achieve the policy’s
objectives ( Saxena, 2009 ).
Another example:
A fancy management philosophy called Business Process Re-engineering looks precisely
at this. Its goal is the simplification of all business processes, by getting rid of any unneces-
sary steps ( Voortman, 2004 ).
Passive structures
Business writing features the use of passive structures. Consider the following examples:
• The reports must be presented to the management to be reviewed and updated annually.
• A final report will be sent to the National Food Administration ( NCM, 2004 ).

22. Business translation 9
Simple sentences
Simplicity is a significant feature of technical texts ( Byrne, 2012 ). Its significance lies in reduc-
ing the work readers need to do to understand the text, and therefore the risk of misunder-
standing is reduced. Technical texts which include business texts use simple and declarative
sentences to ensure simplicity. The following is an example of simple declarative sentences:
• Marketing is exciting, important, and profitable ( Burrow, 2008 ).
• There was strong central planning and a good deal of informal support and direction of
industrial development ( Stretton, 1999 ).
Nominalization
Nominalization refers to “the use of a noun in the same language or in a TT” ( Hervey &
Higgins, 2002 , p. 180). Dickins et al. (2017 ) point out that nominalization is a common
feature of technical texts. In addition, Pinchuk (1977 , p. 165) explains that “nominalization
style is easier to write.” Tylor (1998 ) says that nominalization distinguishes the grammar of
technical texts from the grammar of the spoken language. Consider the following example:
• The decisions about the extent and method of government intervention are therefore continu-
ally being made and reviewed by governments, and their electorate ( Gillespie, 2016 , p. 13).
1.5 Translation tools and technology
Carrying out any translation work today primarily depends on using different tools and software
which highlights the strong link between translation and technology and the significant role
technology plays in translating technical, scientific and business texts. Knowledge, translation,
and technology are interrelated in that translation promotes the dissemination of technical and
scientific knowledge while technological applications have significant impact on translation.
Scholars anticipate that technology will have more dominance in the translation industry
in the future. We have seen instant translation software for different uses, as in the case with
the Google Translate application which is used to translate road signs through using the
mobile camera. In the business world, the use of technology changed the way business is
conducted and also helped the globalization of business activities.
Technology has increased the demand for translators, which requires translators’ familiar-
ity with different technological applications as a necessary requirement to meet the new and
changing demand on translation. Almost all translations are now carried out using computer
applications which save time and facilitate easier and faster communication between transla-
tors and clients. In addition, translators need to get used to the advancements in the field of
technology and translation because their job has gone far beyond using Microsoft Word or
email. They are now required to deal with different tools, technologies, and files. We con-
sider now some of the common general and text-processing tools which translators can use.
1.5.1 General translation tools
General translation tools are the tools which translators and others not involved in the transla-
tion industry can use. These tools can be traditional such as paper-based dictionaries or tech-
nological such as computers and electronic dictionaries. A management student may use a
traditional or electronic bilingual dictionary to translate business terms between English and

23. 10 Business translation
Arabic. The same applies to students in scientific and nonscientific disciplines. It is impor-
tant to note that preference is given to electronic tools which can be cheaper and less time-
consuming. Google offers a free translation service which many people, including translators,
use to search for the meanings of specific words. Another important and freely available online
tool available for business translators working on English and Arabic texts is Almaany online
dictionary. The most significant feature of this online dictionary lies in providing domain-
based meanings. It also offers translated examples for the contextual use of words. Translators
and student translators need to verify the accuracy of the translations carried out through such
tools, especially Google Translate. Electronic translation tools can sometimes provide all pos-
sible translations of a given term without highlighting the contextual use of each translation.
1.5.2 CAT tools
Technically, translators may be requested to deal with basic software such as Microsoft
Office programs and Adobe products. At a more advanced level, certain translation compa-
nies and agencies may require translators’ knowledge and use of Computer Assisted Transla-
tion (CAT) tools which may seem highly expensive and time-consuming at the initial stages.
CAT tools basically include translation memories, machine translation, terminology man-
agement, and some other significant features.
The most popular paid CAT tools are SDL Trados, memoQ, and Wordfast. Some transla-
tion agencies require having at least one of these as a precondition for assigning translation
projects. SDL Trados is probably the most well-known CAT tool available in the market. In
addition, its features include powerful translation memory, advanced terminology manage-
ment technology, editing, project management, and machine translation. SDL Trados is very
useful when translating texts which contain repeated information in specific types of texts
which normally do not include literary texts.
MemoQ offers similar features to those of SDL Trados, while Wordfast runs within
Microsoft Word, handles different text formats, and has a translation memory and terminol-
ogy management. It is essential that translators and student translators train themselves on
using these translation technologies because the future of translation is gearing toward the
integration of CAT tools in translation.
1.6 Translation strategies
The selection of a translation strategy depends on the availability of target language equiva-
lent business terms which are usually technical and objective in nature. In addition, the pur-
pose of translation sometimes determines the method of rendering source language texts into
a target language. Is the translation going to be used for general information purposes? Is it
going to be published? Is it going to be used by business institutions to understand the nature
of business in a specific area? Generally speaking, direct translation/literal translation is the
most common translation strategy adopted in rendering technical texts in general and busi-
ness texts specifically. It can be followed by borrowing, explanation, and varied equivalents.
1.6.1 Literal translation
What is meant by literal translation here is the availability of direct target language equiva-
lents, whether on the word level or the phrase level. This type of translation does not pose any
challenge to translators or student translators because they can simply look up the meaning

24. Business translation 11
of English or Arabic words in traditional paper-based dictionaries or electronic dictionaries.
However, they are advised to ensure that the selected meaning suits the context. For example,
(Baalbaki &Baalbaki,
ﺣ،نﺰ ﻒﻌﺿ، ﺾﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﺟ،يﻮ ﻣزﻷاﺔ ﻗﻻاﺘﺼﯾدﺎﺔ is translated asdepression
is used in the
ﺔﻣزأ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا 2008, p. 332). Out of these literal translations of the word, only
business context. Translators also need to take into consideration that literal or direct transla-
tion does not always mean one-to-one correspondence but can also mean one-to-two, as in
the previous example. Consider the following examples of business terms which are literally
translated between English and Arabic.
Table 1.2 Literal English into Arabic literal translations
S T T T
investment
market economies
inflation
goods
marketing management
رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا
دﺎﺼﺘﻗا قﻮﺴﻟا / تﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺳ
ﻢﺨﻀﺗ
ﻊﻠﺳ/ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺑ
ةرادإ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا
Table 1.3 Literal Arabic into English translations
T T S T
unemployment
fiscal policy
monetary policy
financial policy
ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺑ
ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ
ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﺒﯾﺮﺿ
ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
قﺎﻔﻧإ ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺣ / تﺎﻘﻔﻧ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ
ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ ﻲﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا
ﻖﻓﺪﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا
government spending
strategic planning
information flow
can have different English equivalent ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ Note that some Arabic phrases such as
terms, but each is used in a specific context. Student translators therefore need to explore
the contextual use of each equivalent to ensure that it suits the specific context in which the
source language term was used.
1.6.2 Calque
Calque is primarily a type of borrowing which refers to the literal translation of source text
individual words to create a new term in the target language. It is important to note that some
target language near synonyms are sometimes used. Consider the following examples:
Long position: The term long position refers to an investor’s purchase of a security or
derivative with the expectation that its price will rise in the future. In many Arabic busi-
.
ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻞﯾﻮط ness texts, it is literally translated as
Short position: A short position refers to the selling of a security or derivative because
its future price is expected to decrease. It is usually translated in Arabic business texts
.
ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺮﯿﺼﻗ as
1
2

25. 12 Business translation
, while short posi-
ﺷﺮاء Long position is sometimes translated into a more general meaning as
ect the general meaning of buying andflAlthough such translations re.
ﺑﯿﻊ tion is rendered as
selling, they do not make specific reference to an investor’s buying or selling of securities or
derivatives. Therefore, student translators are advised to note such differences in meaning.
1.6.3 Borrowing
Borrowing is commonly used when translating business terms between English and Ara-
The word refers to a group.
ﻞﺗرﺎﻜﻟا can be borrowed into Arabic as cartelbic. For example,
of companies cooperating together to improve their profits, stop competition among them-
,
اﺎﺤﺗد اﺮﺸﻟﻛﺎت selves, and dominate the market in which they operate. It can also be rendered as
but such rendering may not reflect all aspects of the source language term. Gantt Chart is
in
لوﺪﺠﻟا ﻲﻨﻣﺰﻟا عوﺮﺸﻤﻠﻟ and is sometimes followed by ﻂﻄﺨﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﺟ translated into Arabic as
parentheses to highlight its specific meaning.
English borrows a number of Arabic financial terms which are either used on their own or
followed by an explanation. Consider the examples in the following table.
Table 1.4 Islamic finance terms borrowed into English
Functional equivalent TT borrowing ST
joint partnership arrangement Musharakah
profit-loss-sharing partnership Mudarabah
cost-plus financing Murabahah
give something on rent Ijar
sharia-compliant bonds Sukuk
interest-free loan Qard Hassan
order to manufacture by specification Istisna’
1.6.4 Varied equivalents
ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻣ
ﺔﺑرﺎﻀﻣ
ﺔﺤﺑاﺮﻣ
رﺎﺠﯾإ
كﻮﻜﺻ
ضﺮﻗ ﻦﺴﺣ
عﺎﻨﺼﺘﺳا
Some business and financial terms can have more than one target language equivalent and
student translators therefore need to consider the context in which each of these equivalents
is used. Consider the following examples:
Table 1.5 Varied English target language equivalents
T T S T
monetary policy
fiscal policy
financial policy
government spending
government expenditure
ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ
ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﺒﯾﺮﺿ
ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
قﺎﻔﻧإ ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺣ
تﺎﻓوﺮﺼﻣ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ
The need to explore the contextual usage of a target language equivalent arises when a
number of target language equivalents exist for one source language term, as in the case of
the Arabic terms above. While monetary policy refers to the actions of the monetary author-
ity or the central bank to control money supply and interest rates in addition to achieving
other policy objectives, fiscal policy refers to the government actions to control and adjust
spending levels and tax rates. Financial policy can refer to the policies which aim to achieve

26. Business translation 13
Table 1.6 Varied Arabic target language equivalents
S T T T
logistics
business cycle
goods
financial statements
تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا
ﻢﻠﻋ ةرادإ ﻖﻓﺪﺗ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا
تﺎﯿﻗﻮﺴﻟا
ةرود ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا
ةرود لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
ﻊﻠﺳ
ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺑ
تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺑ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
ﻢﺋاﻮﻗ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
financial stability and market efficiency and determine the roles and responsibilities within
a financial system of business firms.
One English word or phrase can have different equivalents in Arabic. Students therefore
need to explore the contextual use of such variants and select the appropriate equivalents.
is used in
ﻊﻠﺳ in English. However, goodsrefer to ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺑ and ﻊﻠﺳ For example, the words
is mainly
ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺑ the context where meeting human needs and consumption are mentioned.
mentioned in the context of shipment and tax on imports. Therefore, student translators
should adopt the appropriate translation strategy taking into account the differences in target
language equivalents.
Notes
1 These are the main translation websites used by Arab translators and student translators.
2 Her book had its first edition in (1992) and its second in (2011).

27. 2 Translating economic texts
2.1 Business cycle
Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1: The business cycle
The business cycle or trade cycle is a permanent feature of market economies: gross domes-
tic product (GDP) fluctuates as booms and recessions succeed each other. During a boom,
an economy (or at least parts of it) expands to the point where it is working at full capacity,
so that production, employment, prices, profits, investment, and interest rates all tend to rise.
During a recession, the demand for goods and services declines and the economy begins to
work at below its potential. Investment, output, employment, profits, commodity and share
prices, and interest rates generally fall. A serious, long-standing recession is called a depres-
sion or a slump ( Zompanti, 2009 , p. 18)
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ةرود ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا/لﺎﻤﻋأ
تﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا قﻮﺳ
ةرود ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ business cycle trade cycle
ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟإ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟا ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا / ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟا
تاﺮﺘﻓ رﺎھدزﻻا market economies GDP
ﺐﻠﻘﺘﯾ / ﺢﺟرﺄﺘﯾ
تاﺮﺘﻓ دﻮﻛﺮﻟا / دﺎﺴﻜﻟا fluctuates booms
ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺑ ﮫﺘﻗﺎط recessions full capacity
رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا رﺎﻌﺳأ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا investment interest rates
ﻞﯿﻤﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﺐﻠط ﻰﻠﻋ tend to demand for
ﺔﻋﺎﻀﺑ/ﻊﻠﺳ
نود ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﮫﺗﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣإ
ﺾﻔﺨﻨﺗ goods declines
تﺎﺟﺮﺨﻣ below its potential output
دﺎﺴﻛ طﻮﺒھ depression slump
Exercise 1: Using the vocabulary list above, translate the passage above up to “all tend to rise.”
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• A business cycle is a short-term pattern of economic expansions and contractions.
• A market economy relies on capitalism to create an environment in which producers and
consumers are free to sell and buy what they choose.
• In economics, a recession refers to the contraction of a business cycle which reflects a
significant decline in economic activity.
• The global demand for goods can increase or decrease.
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations. The first one is done for you .
• A depression is a severe downturn in economic activity.
رﺎھدزﻹا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻮھ ﻊﺟاﺮﺘﻟا ﻂﯿﺴﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ طﺎﺸﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
دﺎﺴﻜﻟا ﻮھ ﻊﺟاﺮﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﺷ ﻲﻓ طﺎﺸﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا or ﯾفﺮﻌ دﺎﺴﻜﻟا ﮫﻧﺄﺑ ﻊﺟاﺮﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﺷ ﻲﻓ طﺎﺸﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا. ُ
•
•
DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-3

28. Translating economic texts 15
• Petrol prices have fluctuated dramatically in recent years.
ﺎظﻮﺤﻠﻣَ لﻼﺧ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا. ً تﺪﮭﺷ رﺎﻌﺳأ زﺎﻐﻟا ﺎﺗﺎﺒﺛ •
• A company cannot survive if there is no demand on its goods or services.
ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻠﺻاﻮﻣ ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻤﻋأ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺣ دﻮﺟو ﺐﻠط ﻞﯿﻠﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﻌﻠﺳ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧو. •
• People in different sectors may lose their jobs during a downturn in the business
cycle.
ﺪﻘﻔﯾ نﻮﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﻢﮭﻔﺋﺎظو لﻼﺧ ةﺮﺘﻓ مﺪﻋ تﺎﺒﺛ ةروﺪﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا. •
Exercise 4: Match the English words/phrases with their Arabic translations .
S T T T
1
2
3
4
surplus
monetary policy
fiscal policy
intervention
a.
b.
c.
d.
5
6
7
8
9
10
decrease spending
trough
upturn
consumption
equilibrium
commodity
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ
ﻞﺧﺪﺗ
ﺾﺋﺎﻓ
ﻞﻠﻘﯾ تﺎﻓوﺮﺼﻤﻟا
ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
شﺎﻌﺘﻧا
نزاﻮﺗ
ﺔﻌﻠﺳ
عﺎﻘﻟا
كﻼﮭﺘﺳا
• Governments use fiscal policy to adjust spending levels and tax rates.
• Consumer surplus refers to the economic measurement of the benefits a consumer
receives.
• Consumption in economics is the use of goods or services.
• Economic equilibrium is the balance between economic forces such as supply and
demand.
• Budget balance declines when a government increases its spending or decreases
taxes.
Exercise 6: Read the following passage and then (1) translate the italicized text, and (2) find
what matches the Arabic translations following the passage .
Practically every phase of economic life has felt the force of these great general move-
ments. In addition to these longtime movements and general trends there has been a con-
stant ebb and flow of economic life. Industry has been subjected to cycles of prosperity and
depression – great wave movements with three to eleven years from crest to crest and which
vary widely in intensity and depth. The concept of “normality” in regard to economic life is
a situation of flux and reflux . Industry is continually merging from one phase of the business
cycle to another ( Thomas, 2015 ).
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ﺔﺟرﺪﺑ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ ةﺪﺤﻟا. •
تﺮﻌﺷ ةﻮﻘﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا. •
ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﺺﺨﯾ ةﺎﯿﺤﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا. •

29. 16 Translating economic texts
Text 2
A number of economists have criticized ABCT’s use of interest rates in explaining the cycle.
They include the claim that ABCT exaggerates the importance of interest rates in influ-
encing the volume of investment and the claim that ABCT says businesses use changes in
interest rates to predict how the demand for goods will change (specifically, to predict shifts
in demand from consumers’ goods to capital goods during the cycle) but that interest rates
are not good predictors of demand. The claims also include that inflation affects short-term
interest rates more than long-term interest rates, so investment should not be affected much
by changes in interest rates due to inflation because investment depends more on changes in
long-term rates ( Simpson, 2014 , p. 89).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ءﺎﻤﻠﻋ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﯾﺮﻈﻧ ةرود لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ﺔﯾوﺎﺴﻤﻨﻟا
زَﻋْﻢ/ دإّﻋَءﺎ
ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ economists ABCT
تﻻﺪﻌﻣ/رﺎﻌﺳأ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا
ﻎﻟﺎﺒﯾ ﻲﻓ interest rates claim
influencingexaggerates
ﻢﺠﺣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا تﺎﻛﺮﺷ volume of investment businesses
ﺘﯾَﻨَﺒﺄﱠ ﺑِـ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا predict demand for goods
تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻊﻠﺳ ﺔﯿﻛﻼﮭﺘﺳا shifts in demand consumers’ goods
ﻊﻠﺳ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ / ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﺳأر
ﻢﺨﻀﺗ
تاﺮﺷﺆﻣ capital goods predictors
ﺮﯿﺼﻗ ﻞﺟﻷا inflation short-term
ﻞﯾﻮط ﻞﺟﻷا ﺪﻤﺘﻌﯾ long-term depends
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Interest rate means the amount of a loan charged as interest to the borrower. This amount
must be paid to the lender.
• It is predicted that lower cost investments in this field will perform better than invest-
ments of higher costs.
• This list includes the major exporters of capital goods.
• There was a sudden shift in demand for consumers’ goods.
• Inflation refers to the increase in the cost of living caused by the rise of goods and ser-
vices prices.
• Short-term investments or temporary investments can be sold or converted to cash.
• The current situation necessitates protecting the new project against the ups and downs
of any business cycle.
• There are gloomy predictions for a quick economic recovery after the COVID-19
pandemic.
• The new research focuses on the impact of the business cycle on the economy.

30. Translating economic texts 17
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Commodity prices in the secondary market depend on interest rates.
• ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا يﻮﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ضﺮﻌﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﻠﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا.
• Exporting capital goods significantly promotes the national economy.
• زﺰﻌﯾ داﺮﯿﺘﺳا ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻛﻼﮭﺘﺳﻻا دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻨطﻮﻟا.
• There is steady demand for goods and services.
• ﺔﻤﺛ ﺐﻠط بﺬﺑﺬﺘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﺿوﺮﻌﻤﻟا.
Exercise 4: Match the English words with their Arabic translations .
S T T T
1 consultant a.
2 contract b.
3
4
peak
excess
c.
d.
5 stimulate e.
6 save f.
7
8
transact
fluctuate
g.
h.
9
10
purchase
boom
i.
j.
ةورذ
ﻊﺠﺸﯾ
ﺾﺋﺎﻓ
ﺪﻘﻋ
رﺎﺸﺘﺴﻣ
ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﯾ
ءاﺮﺷ
رﺎھدزا
ﺮﺧﺪﯾ
بﺬﺑﺬﺘﯾ / ﺢﺟرﺄﺘﯾ
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The newly appointed consultant can provide expert advice on business in emerging
markets.
• The company designed a strategy to manage possible price fluctuations.
• Contract theory studies how economic actors such as individuals and organizations sign
legally binding agreements.
• An economic boom refers to the significant growth of a company’s sales or a country’s
GDP.
• The peak of a business cycle refers to the highest point of an economic expansion and
the beginning of a contraction phase.
• All companies must follow new purchase procedures.
Exercise 6: Read the following passage and then translate the italicized words .
Observing business cycles at the sectoral level has the great advantage that it sheds light
on economic transmission mechanisms, whereas for stabilization policy purposes its ben-
efits are not so clear. This is based on the notion that the business cycle is mainly driven by
fluctuations in demand that can be smoothed by interventions targeting certain demand com-
ponents. Opposite to this, supply side measures are understood to aim at the trend component
only ( Scheiblecker, 2008 , p. 3).

31. 18 Translating economic texts
Section 2: Arabic into English Text 1
نإ ﺎﺣﺔﻟاﻮﺸﺘﻟﺶﯾ اﺎﯿﺴﻟﻲﺳ ﻟھﻸفاﺪ ﻟاوﺴﯿﺳﺎتﺎ ﻗﻻاﺘﺼﯾدﺎﺔ ﺳﻻاﺘﻘﯾراﺮﺔﺪﻗ ﺪﮭﻣت ﻣﻷاﺮ ﻮﮭﻈﻟر ﺮﻈﻧﺔﯾﺟﯾﺪةﺪ ﻲﻓ
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻟاةروﺪ ﻗﻻاﺘﺼﯾدﺎ،ﺔ أﻖﻠط ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ ﺮﻈﻧﺔﯾ ةرود ﻋﻷاﻤلﺎ اﺎﯿﺴﻟﺔﺳ. ﺎﻓﻮﻜﺤﻟﺔﻣ أﺎﻨﺛء ﺮﺘﻓة ﻧﻻاﺘﺨﺑﺎتﺎ ﻞﻀﻔﺗ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ
ﺎﯿﺳﺔﺳ ﺎﻣﺔﯿﻟ ﻮﺗﺔﯿﻌﺳ ﻞﺜﻣ ﯾزةدﺎ ﻧﻹاﻔقﺎ اﻮﻜﺤﻟﻲﻣ وﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗ اﺮﻀﻟاﺐﺋ. وﻮھ ﻣﻷاﺮ ﻟايﺬ ﺆﯿﺳديإﻰﻟ ﯾزةدﺎ ﻢﺠﺣ
اﻮﺘﻟﻒﯿظ، ﻧاوﺨﻔضﺎ ﺪﻌﻣل اﺎﻄﺒﻟﻟﺔ، وﻦﻣ ﻢﺛ ﻖﻠﺧ ﺔﺌﯿﺑ أﺎﻤﻋل ﺔﻌﺠﺸﻣ ﺰﻔﺤﺗ ﻓأداﺮ اﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟ ﻮﺼﺘﻠﻟﺖﯾ ﺬﮭﻟه اﻮﻜﺤﻟﺔﻣ.
ﺪﯿﺑ نأ ھاﺬ ﻧﻻاﺘﻌشﺎ ﻲﻓ ﻟاةروﺪ ﻗﻻاﺘﺼﯾدﺎﺔ ﺐﺒﺴﯾ ﻮﺠﻓة ﺔﯿﻤﺨﻀﺗ ﺗراوﻔﺎﻋﺎً ﻲﻓ ﺳﻷاﻌرﺎ. ﺎﻤﻣ ﻞﻌﺠﯾ اﻮﻜﺤﻟﺔﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ
ﻋإةدﺎ اﺎﺨﺘﻧﺎﮭﺑ ﮫﺠﺘﺗ ﻮﺤﻧ ﺢﺒﻛ اﺐﻠﻄﻟ اﻲﻠﻜﻟ ﺎﻀﻘﻠﻟء ﻰﻠﻋ اﻢﺨﻀﺘﻟ، وﻦﻣ ﻢﺛ ﺣإثاﺪ اﺎﻤﻜﻧش ﻲﻓ ﻟاةروﺪ ﻗﻻاﺘﺼﯾدﺎﺔ.
( Al-Afandi, 2020 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
تﺪﮭﻣ ﻖﯾﺮﻄﻟا paved the way obfuscation
ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ fiscal policy elections
قﺎﻔﻧإ ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺣ government spending expansionist
ﻒﯿظﻮﺗ employment tax cuts
ﺔﺌﯿﺑ لﺎﻤﻋأ business environment unemployment
ﺪﯿﺑ نأ however favorable
ةﻮﺠﻓ ﺔﯿﻤﺨﻀﺗ inflationary gap boom
ﺐﻠط ﻲﻠﻛ aggregate demand control
شﺎﻤﻜﻧا deflation to eliminate
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the passage above .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
فﺪﮭﺗ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻰﻟإ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﯾ كﺎﻨھ يأ رود ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﻨﺻ راﺮﻘﻟا.
فﺪﮭﯾ وﺬﺨﺘﻣ تاراﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺘﻟ ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﯿﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻓ قﺎﻔﻧﻹا مﺎﻌﻟا.
ﺶﻗﺎﻨﯾ ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻦﻣ اﺬھ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ قﺎﻔﻧﻹا ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺎھﺮﺛأو ﻰﻠﻋ راﺮﻘﺘﺳﻻا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗ ﺐﺋاﺮﻀﻟا ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺌﻓ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻟا اﺰﻓﺎﺣً ﺎﯾﻮﻗً رﺎﺧدﻼﻟ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻاو.
ﺰﻜﺗﺮﺗ ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﻒﯿظﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ أﺪﺒﻣ نﺎﻤﺿ ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ ﺔﻔﯿظو ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ ﻲﻨطاﻮﻣ ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا.
ﻢھﺎﺴﯾ ﻊﯾﻮﻨﺗ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﻓ ﻖﻠﺧ ﺔﺌﯿﺑ لﺎﻤﻋأ ﺔﯾﻮﻗ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗو.
نﻮﻜﺘﺗ ةروﺪﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ شﺎﻌﺘﻧا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣو دﺎﺴﻛ.
ثﺪﺤﺗ ةﻮﺠﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﺨﻀﺘﻟا اذإ نﺎﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟا ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﺮﺒﻛأ ﻦﻣ ضﺮﻌﻟا ﻲﻠﻜﻟا.
ﺖﺸﻗﺎﻧ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺔﯾﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﻞﺒﺳ ﻞﯿﺼﺤﺗ تاداﺮﯾﻹا ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧوً
ﺐﺋاﺮﻀﻟا.
ﺢﺼﻧ نورﺎﺸﺘﺴﻣ نﻮﺼﺘﺨﻣ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺘﺑ ﺐﺋاﺮﻀﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺮﺛأ ﻲﺑﺎﺠﯾإ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ تﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻا ﻲﺘﻟا
ﺪﻘﻌﺘﺳ لﻼﺧ ﻦﯾﺮﮭﺷ.
ثﺪﺤﯾ شﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻا ةدﺎﻋ ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ راﺮﻤﺘﺳﻻ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا رﺎﻌﺳأ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ،تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺪﻗو نﻮﻜﯾ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ارﺎﺛآً ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ
دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺣ زوﺎﺠﺗ اﺬھ شﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻا ﺪﺤﻟا حﻮﻤﺴﻤﻟا ﮫﺑ.
ﺐﺠﯾ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ةﺮﻄﯿﺴﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻲﻠﻜﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺣ دﻮﺟو ةﻮﺠﻓ ﺔﯿﻤﺨﻀﺗ.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ﺶﯾﻮﺸﺗ
تﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا
ﺔﯿﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗ ﺐﺋاﺮﻀﻟا
ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺑ
ﺔﻌﺠﺸﻣ
شﺎﻌﺘﻧﻻا
ﺢﺒﻛ
ءﺎﻀﻘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ

32. Translating economic texts 19
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations. The first one
is done for you .
فﺪﮭﺗ ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻨﻟا ﻰﻟإ ءﺎﻀﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﺨﻀﺘﻟا. •
• The fiscal policy aims to discuss inflation implications.
• Correction: The monetary policy aims to eliminate inflation.
ﺪﻗ يدﺆﯾ شﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺰﺠﻋ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﺮﯿﻏ ﻊﻗﻮﺘﻣ. •
• Inflation may cause expected financial flows.
ﺮﻛذ ﺲﯿﺋﺮﻟا ﻲﻜﯾﺮﻣﻷا نأ ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗ ﺐﺋاﺮﻀﻟا ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯿﺳ يوذ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻤﻟا. •
• The current president said that taxes will support the unemployed.
Exercise 4: Match the Arabic words with their English translations .
T T S T
ﺾﺋﺎﻓ
قﺎﻔﻧإ
ﺮﯿﺒﺧ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا
عﺎﻔﺗرا
ةورذ
شﺎﻌﺘﻧا
دﺎﺼﺘﻗا
ﻢﺠﺣ
يدﺎﯿﺳ
ﻮﻤﻧ spending 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a.
b.economy
increase c.
surplus d.
upswing e.
sovereign f.
economist g.
peak h.
growth i.
volume j.
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻊﻗﻮﺘﯾ ثوﺪﺣ ﺾﺋﺎﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻦﮭﻣ ةدﺪﺤﻣ ﺰﺠﻋو ﻲﻓ ﻦﮭﻣ ىﺮﺧأ. •
ﻻ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ بﺎﺒﺳأ ﺔﯿﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺘﻟ ﺮﯿﺒﺧ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻲﺒﻨﺟأ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻠﻟ. •
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ قوﺪﻨﺼﻟا يدﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺪﺣأ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺾﺋاﻮﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا. •
ﻎﻠﺑ ﻢﺠﺣ قﺎﻔﻧﻹا ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا
6.1 نﻮﯿﻠﺑ لﺎﯾر. •
ﺖﻧﺎﻛ بﻮﻨﺟ ﺎﯿﻘﯾﺮﻓأ ﺮﺒﻛأ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا. •
ﺔﻤﺛ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﻮﻤﻧ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ىﻮﻗأ ﻰﻠﻋ ىﺪﻤﻟا ﻞﯾﻮﻄﻟا. •
ﺖﺒﻠط ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﯿﺒﺧ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﺳارد ﺮﺛأ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻞﺒﺳو ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ هﺬھ •
ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا فﺪﮭﺑ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ حﺎﺑرأ ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ.
ﺖﻀﻔﺨﻧا تﻻﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓ مﺎﻋ
2020 ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ قﻼﻏﻹا يﺬﻟا ﮫﺘﺒﺒﺳ ﺔﻣزأ ﺎﻧورﻮﻛ ﻲﻓ ناﺪﻠﺑ •
ةﺮﯿﺜﻛ لﻮﺣ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا.
ﺖﻨﻤﻀﺗ اﺔﻄﺨﻟ اﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟﺔﯾ اﺪﺠﻟﯾﺪة ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺗ إﺎﻔﻧق ﻮﻜﺣﻲﻣ ﺔﻤﯿﻘﺑ
10 ﻼﻣﻦﯿﯾ رﻻود ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺘﻟ ﻋةﺪ ﺎﺸﻣرﻊﯾ ﺔﯿﻨﺑ ﺔﯿﺘﺤﺗ. •
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺪﻘﻟ تﺪﮭﺷ تادﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﯿﻨطﻮﻟا ﺎﺣﺎﺘﻔﻧاً اﺮﯿﺒﻛً لﻼﺧ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا ﺎﻤﻣ ﺮﺛأ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓ
هﺬھ لوﺪﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ ﺪﻘﻔﺗ هﺬھ ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا اءﺰﺟً ﻦﻣ ﺎھﺮﺛأ ﻲﻓ تادﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﺣﻮﺘﻔﻤﻟا اذإ ﺎﻣ ﺎھﺎﻧرﺎﻗ تﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺎﺑ ،ﺔﻘﻠﻐﻤﻟا
ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ﻞﯿﺒﺳ لﺎﺜﻤﻟا نﺈﻓ تادراﻮﻟا ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﺎﺒﻠﺳً ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﯿﻗ ﻒﻋﺎﻀﻣ قﺎﻔﻧﻹا ،ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﺐﺟو دﺎﺠﯾإ عﻮﻧ ﻦﻣ
ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟاو.
(Ayeb, 2010 , p. 192 )

33. 20 Translating economic texts
Text 2
ﻮﮭﻓ ىﺮﯾ نأ ﻲﻜﻟﺎﻣ سأر ،لﺎﻤﻟا وأ ﻦﯿﯿﻟﺎﻤﺳأﺮﻟا نﻮﺒﻏﺮﯾ ﺎﻤﺋادً ﻲﻓ ةدﺎﯾز جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻦﻣ ﻞﺟأ ﺔﻤﻛاﺮﻣ ،ﻢﮭﺣﺎﺑرأ ﻦﻣو
ﻢﺛ ﻞﯿﻤﻟا ﻮﺤﻧ ﺪﯾﺰﻣ ﻦﻣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟاو ﺎﻤﻣ يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ﻮﻤﻨﻟا رﺎھدزﻻاو يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا )ﺔﻟﺎﺣ شﺎﻌﺘﻧﻻا ﻲﻓ
ةروﺪﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا(، ﺪﯿﺑ نأ اﺬھ ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ودرﺎﻜﯾر ﺲﯿﻟ ﻼﺑﺎﻗً ،ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﻲﻓ ﻞﺟﻷا ،ﻞﯾﻮﻄﻟا ﺎﻨھو ﺰﻛﺮﯾ
ودرﺎﻜﯾر ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ حﺎﺑرﻷا ،رﻮﺟﻷاو ﺎﻤﻠﻓ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ حﺎﺑرﻷا ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ةرﻮﺼﺑ ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋر ﻰﻠﻋ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ رﻮﺟﻷا
ةﺮﯿﺧﻷاو ﻞﯿﻤﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻞﺟﻷا ﻞﯾﻮﻄﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺪﯾاﺰﺘﻟا ،ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا نﺈﻓ ﺪﯾاﺰﺗ رﻮﺟﻷا ﺐﺒﺴﯾ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا لﺪﻌﻣ ﺢﺑﺮﻟا ﺮﺒﻋ
،ﻦﻣﺰﻟا ﺎﻤﻨﯿﺑ ﻻ ﺢﻠﻔﯾ ﺬﺋﺪﻨﻋ مﺪﻘﺘﻟا ﻲﻨﻘﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ فﺎﻘﯾإ اﺎﻔﺨﻧض ﺑرﻷاحﺎ. ﻞﺑ نإ اﺪﻘﺘﻟماﻲﻨﻘﺘﻟ ﻞﻤﻌﯾ ﺎﺑﺎﺠﺗه ﺎﻌﻣﺲﻛ ﻟةروﺪ
ﺑرﻷا،حﺎ ﻷﮫﻧ ﺐﺒﺴﯾ اﺎﻔﺨﻧض ﺑرأحﺎ اﻟﺮأﺎﻤﺳﻦﯿﯿﻟ.
(Al-Afandi, 2020 , p. 20 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ةدﺎﯾز جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻜﻟﺎﻣ سأر لﺎﻤﻟا increase production capitalists
ﻊﺳﻮﺗ ﺔﻤﻛاﺮﻣ expansion accumulation
ودرﺎﻜﯾر ﺔﻟﺎﺣ شﺎﻌﺘﻧﻻا
ﺲﯿﻟ ﻼﺑﺎﻗً Ricardo boom phase
رﻮﺟأ ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺳﻼﻟ salaries unsustainable
ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا ةرﻮﺼﺑ ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋر latter mainly
ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا ﻞﯿﻤﺗ decline tend to
مﺪﻘﺘﻟا ﻲﻨﻘﺘﻟا لﺪﻌﻣ ﺢﺑﺮﻟا technical progress profit rate
ﻞﻤﻌﯾ هﺎﺠﺗﺎﺑ ﺲﻛﺎﻌﻣ فﺎﻘﯾإ contradicts curb
ﺐﺒﺴﯾ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا ةرود حﺎﺑرﻷا causes decline profit cycle
.رﺎھدزﻻا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺪﻗ مﺪﺨﺘﺴﯾ نﻮﯿﻟﺎﻤﺳأﺮﻟا ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﮭﺟاﻮﻤﻟ ﻦﯿﯿﻟﺎﻤﺳأر ﻦﯾﺮﺧآ.
فﺪﮭﯾ اﺬھ ءاﺮﺟﻹا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ شﺎﻌﺘﻧﻻا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا عﺎﻔﺗرﺎﺑ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻞﯿﻐﺸﺘﻟا.
ﺪﻗ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗ ةدﺎﯾز جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ةدﺎﯾﺰﺑ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا.
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺛ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺒﻏﺮﻟاو ﻲﻓ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ فﺪﮭﻟا.
طﺎﻤﻧأ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ اﺬھ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻗ راﺮﻤﺘﺳﻼﻟ.
ﺮﺛﺆﯾ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا حﺎﺑرأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﺒﻠﺳً ﻰﻠﻋ ءادأ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﺎﺿﺮﻟاو ﻲﻔﯿظﻮﻟا.
ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ دﺎﺠﯾإ قﺮط ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧﻻا ﺊﺟﺎﻔﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺪﻌﻣ حﺎﺑرﻷا.
ﻞﻤﻌﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز جﺎﺘﻧﻹا فﺪﮭﺑ ةدﺎﯾز حﺎﺑرﻷا ﻊﯿﺳﻮﺗو ﺎﮭﺗارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﻛ
ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ىﺮﺧﻷا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا.
ﺐﺒﺴﯾ ﺪﯾاﺰﺗ رﻮﺟﻷا ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا لﺪﻌﻣ ﺢﺑﺮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ىﺪﻤﻟا ﺪﯿﻌﺒﻟا.
•
•
•
•
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Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:
ﺪﯾﺰﯾ اﺬھ ءاﺮﺟﻹا ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﺗ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا حﺎﺑرﻷا. •
• These measures promote productive capacity which cause a price increase and thus an
increase in profits.
ىدأ ﻚﻟذ ءاﺮﺟﻹا ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯿﻛﺮﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز جﺎﺘﻧإ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺾﻐﺑ ﺮﻈﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻟا وأ ةدﻮﺠﻟا. •
• It led to focusing on increasing commodity production.

34. Translating economic texts 21
Exercise 4: Match the Arabic words/phrases with their English translations .
T T S T
drop a.
stimulate b.
mortgage c.
fluctuate d.
lay off e.
trend f.
ﻦھر يرﺎﻘﻋ
ﺾﻔﺨﻨﯾ
ءﺎﻨﻐﺘﺳا ﻦﻋ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻣ / ﺢﯾﺮﺴﺘﻟا
ﺰﻔﺤﯾ
ﺐﻠﻘﺘﯾ / ﺢﺟرﺄﺘﯾ
درﻮﻣ
هﺎﺠﺗا
ﺆﺒﻨﺘﻠﻟ
تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ
ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻧ 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
flows g.
start-up h.
i.resource
to predict j.
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﯾفﺮﻌ ﻦھﺮﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻢﻠﻋ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺎﻀﯾأو ﻲﻓ نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا لﺎﻘﺘﻧﺎﺑ ﻖﺣ ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻣ رﺎﻘﻋ (property) ﻰﻟإ ﺔﮭﺠﻟا ﺔﺤﻧﺎﻤﻟا ُ
ضﺮﻘﻠﻟ نﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﺪﯾﺪﺴﺗ ضﺮﻘﻟا.
ﺄﺠﻠﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻰﻟإ ﺢﯾﺮﺴﺗ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﯾﺪﻟ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺎھروﺮﻣ تﺎﻣزﺄﺑ ﻢﺛ
لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻰﻟإ عﺎﻗ
(trough) ةروﺪﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
ﻰﻌﺴﺗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﻦھاﺮﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻊﺿو ﻂﻄﺧ ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﺰﯿﻔﺤﺗ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓﺎﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣزأ ﺎﻧورﻮﻛ ﻲﺘﻟا
تﺮﺛأ ﺎﺒﻠﺳً ﻰﻠﻋ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا.
ﺰﯿﻤﺘﺗ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺔﻤﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ ةروﺪﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا عﺎﻔﺗرﺎﺑ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ةدﺎﯾزو ﻞﺧﺪﻟا يدﺮﻔﻟا لﻼﻐﺘﺳﻻاو ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟا
دراﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا.
زﺮﺒﺗ ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﺆﺒﻨﺘﻟا تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ دﺎﺠﯾإ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ يدﺎﻔﺘﻟ تﻼﻜﺸﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﻗ ثﺪﺤﺗ ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ ذﺎﻔﻧ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ
عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا.
ﻞﻀﻔﺗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ءﺎﻨﺛأ ةﺮﺘﻓ تﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﯿﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ ةدﺎﯾز قﺎﻔﻧﻹا ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗو
ﺐﺋاﺮﻀﻟا.
تأﺪﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻣ ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﻓوﺮﻌﻣ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ تاذ ةدﻮﺟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ رﺎﻌﺳﺄﺑو
ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ.
ﺖﺳرد نﺎﺠﻠﻟا تﺎﯿﻟآ ظﺎﻔﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺐﻨﺠﺗو ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞظ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﺒﺒﺴﺗ ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺨﺑ
ﺔﺣدﺎﻓ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ.
ﻻ ﺪﺟﻮﯾ ﺆﺒﻨﺗ ﺪﺣﻮﻣ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ تاروﺪﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺎﮭﺗﺪﻣو دﻮﺟﻮﻟ فﻼﺘﺧا ﻲﻓ ةرﺪﻗ لوﺪﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ جوﺮﺨﻟا ﻦﻣ
ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ شﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻا لﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻاو ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا.
ﺐﺒﺴﯾ شﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺎﺿﺎﻔﺨﻧاً اﺮﯿﺒﻛً ﻲﻓ حﺎﺑرأ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
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Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺐﺠﯾ مﺪﻋ ﻂﻠﺨﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ةروﺪﻟاو ؛ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ةروﺪﻟﺎﻓ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا: ﻲھ ﻊﺑﺎﺘﺗ تﻻﺎﺣ دﻮﻛﺮﻟا ،شﺎﻌﺘﻧﻻاو
ﻞﻜﻓ ةرود ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺲﯿﻟ ةروﺮﻀﻟﺎﺑ نأ ﻲﺗﺄﺗ ﺔﺑﻮﺤﺼﻣ ﺔﻣزﺄﺑ ،ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﻜﻟو ﻞﻛ ﺔﻣزأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﻻ ﺪﺑ نأ نﻮﻜﺗ اءﺰﺟً
ﻦﻣ ةروﺪﻟا ،ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا يأ ةرود ،شﺎﻌﺘﻧﻻا ﻲﺗﺄﺗو ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ءﺰﺠﻟا يﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻤﻗ ةرود شﺎﻌﺘﻧﻻا
جاوﺮﻟاو ،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا يدﺆﯾو رﺎﯿﮭﻧا ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻊﻓد دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓ ﺐھﺎﯿﻏ ةرود دﻮﻛﺮﻟا ،شﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻاو يأ نأ
ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻊﻓﺪﺗ ةروﺪﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻦﻣ ةورﺬﻟا ﻰﻟإ عﺎﻘﻟا
(Bin Omar, 2017 , pp. 35–36 ) (trough).

35. 22 Translating economic texts
2.2 Employment
Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1
JOB MARKET
A number of measures were attempted in order to combat the crisis in the job market.
Thus, employment measures and unemployment insurance were improved, as well as
measures for those who had lost their jobs. In July 2009, parliament adopted the “law for
employment initiative.” The aim of the law is to mitigate the impact of the financial crisis
on the unemployed, to create means by which job positions can be maintained, and to give
a larger number of people the opportunity to participate in employment activities. The law
should help companies cope better with the difficulties arising from the financial crisis
and help to avoid disproportionate job losses. In addition, companies offering social work
receive a 50% subsidy from the employment office for the salaries payable ( Jungmann &
Sagemann, 2011 ).
Vocabulary
S T
T T S T T T
قﻮﺳ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺮﯿﺑاﺪﺗ / تﺎﺳﺎﯿﻗ
ﺔﮭﺟاﻮﻣ ﺔﻣزأ job market measures
تﺬﺨﺗا were attempted combat crisis
ﻒﯿظﻮﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺑ employment unemployment
ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺔﻔﯿظو insurance lost job
نﺎﻤﻟﺮﺑ ةردﺎﺒﻣ ﻒﯿظﻮﺘﻟا parliament employment initiative
ﻒﯿﻔﺨﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺛأ mitigate impact
ﺔﻣزأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺐﺻﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻔﯿظو financial crisis job positions
ﻢﻠﻗﺄﺘﻟا / ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻞﻀﻓأ
ﺔﻧﺎﻋإ/ﻢﻋد ﻲﻟﺎﻣ
ﺔﻤﺟﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ cope better arising from
ﻖﺤﺘﺴﻣ ﻊﻓﺪﻟا subsidy payable
Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences from the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• These strategies are specifically designed to help you exercise your skills in the job
market.
• The proposed measures effectively combat the financial crisis.
• The new data on private-sector employment reflect the coverage of unemployment
insurance.
• The parliament approved the measures to mitigate the socio-economic impact of job
losses resulting from the financial crisis.
• A new plan was put forward to highlight the importance of a practical monetary policy
to cope with possible future financial crises.
• The new measures aim to mitigate the impact of the financial crisis.

36. Translating economic texts 23
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The unemployed protested against the insufficient subsidies.
ﺞﺘﺣا نﻮﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ مﺪﻋ ﺔﯾﺎﻔﻛ تﺎﺒﺗﺮﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﮭﺸﻟا. •
• The committee discussed the delay in paying the employees’ salaries.
ترﺮﻗ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ مﺪﻋ ﻊﻓد ﺐﺗاور ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا. •
• Financial performance measures help evaluate the progress achieved in the company’s
performance.
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ تاءاﺮﺟﻹا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ ﻖﺋاﻮﻋ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ مﺪﻘﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ءادأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا. •
Exercise 4: Match the English words with their Arabic translations .
S T T T
1 unprofitable a.
2 rationalization b.
3
4
employability
recruitment
c.
d.
5
6
downsizing
deregulation
e.
f.
7
8
welfare
sack
g.
h.
9 tenure i.
10 restructuring j.
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
ﺪﯿﺷﺮﺗ
ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ/ﻞﯿﻐﺸﺗ/ﻒﯿظﻮﺗ
ﺔﻟازإ دﻮﯿﻘﻟا / ﺮﯾﺮﺤﺗ
ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﺤﺑﺮﻣ
ﺔﯿﺣﻼﺼﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ
ﺺﯿﻠﻘﺗ دﺪﻋ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا
/ ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟا
ةدﺎﻋإ ﺔﻠﻜﯿھ
ةﺪﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا
حﺮﺴﯾ/ﻞﺼﻔﯾ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻣ
)هﺎﻓﺮﻟا )ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا
• The market report demonstrates that some unprofitable companies will soon exit the
market.
• Many managers agreed to promote rationalization in order to increase the profitability
of their companies.
• The downsizing dimension focuses on the short-term profits a company aims to achieve.
• The majority of the company board members decided to prevent managers from sacking
employees within three months of their commencing the work.
• The management has put forward a plan to restructure the company at the earliest
opportunity.
• The Ministry of Labor began promoting short-term employment initiatives to reduce the
high unemployment rates.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
COSTS OF DOWNSIZING
Downsizing is often very costly to a corporation. More than 50 percent of companies that
downsize fail to reach their financial objectives. More than one million people are perma-
nently laid off each year. For example, Boeing eliminated 60,000 jobs between 1989 and
1997. The company’s orders for jets increased from two hundred to nine hundred within two
years. The company has had a difficult time hiring qualified people. ( Alkhafaji, 2001 , p. 153)

37. 24 Translating economic texts
Text 2
The centrality of labor flexibility, wage costs, and unemployment in debates over Euro-
pean economic development puts employment systems at the heart of any putative Euro-
peanization of national economies. An employment system refers to the interaction of
various formative institutions making up the national and sectoral profile of the labor
force. These institutions comprise the training and educational processes, the legal and
industrial relations regulations, the organizational structure and practices of industry,
and the politics of the workplace. However, we are not using the term employment
system in the sense of a formal model of the use and reproduction of labor ( Cressey &
Jones, 1995 ).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﺔﯿﻤھأ / ﺔﯾﺰﻛﺮﻣ
ﺮﺟأ
ﺔﻧوﺮﻣ قﻮﺳ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا
ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ centrality labor flexibility
costswage
debates
تﺎﺷﺎﻘﻧ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا economic development
ﻊﻀﯾ ﻦﻤﺿ تﺎﯾﻮﻟوأ ﺔﺑروأ/ءﺎﻔﺿإ ﻊﺑﺎط ﻲﺑوروأ
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻧ puts at heart Europeanization
تادﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﯿﻨطو national economies formative institutions
تﺎﻤﺳ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻄﻗ ةﻮﻘﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا sectoral profile labor force
نﻮﻜﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ / ﻢﻀﺗ
ﺔﻤﻈﻧأ/ﺢﺋاﻮﻟ
ﺔﯿﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺻو comprise legal and industrial
ﻞﻜﯿھ ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ regulations organizational structure
Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences from the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Responding to changes in market conditions is what defines labor flexibility in the
labor market.
• Different governments can play different roles to promote the economic development of
their countries.
• Many economists support the globalization of national economies.
• Some companies find it difficult to work internationally because of the conflicting eco-
nomic regulations.
• Companies must devise stable organizational structures to achieve success in competi-
tive global business environments.
• The new regulations pose serious challenges to emerging markets.
• Most manufacturing companies cannot offer high-wage jobs due to the financial losses
they incurred during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The new organizational structure must clearly highlight the roles and responsibilities as
well as the information flow in order to enable all employees to carry out their tasks
more efficiently.
• The Arab Gulf countries discussed a joint plan to enhance economic development in
order to improve the living conditions in poor Muslim countries.

38. Translating economic texts 25
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• People in the first group did not actively contribute to national economies.
• ﻢھﺎﺳ ﺾﻌﺑ ءﺎﻀﻋأ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻤﻟا ﻰﻟوﻷا حﺎﺠﻨﺑ ﻲﻓ تادﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﯿﻨطﻮﻟا.
• The new study reviews the positive economic developments associated with economic
growth.
• ضﺮﻌﺘﺴﯾ ﺺﺨﻠﻣ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا تارﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﻤﻟا ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
• Artificial wage increases enforced by government policies were severely criticized.
• تﺪﻘﺘﻧا ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا تادﺎﯾﺰﻟا ﺔﺣﺮﺘﻘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻂﻄﺧ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا.
Exercise 4: Translate the following words and phrases into Arabic .
S T T T
1
2
employment agency
industrialized economies
………………………………………..
………………………………………..
3
4
job insecurity
fire
………………………………………..
………………………………………..
5
6
7
8
9
10
employers
probationary period
temporary jobs
public sector
competitiveness
local companies
………………………………………..
………………………………………..
………………………………………..
………………………………………..
………………………………………..
………………………………………..
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Applicants can email their job applications to the employment agency no later than
April 30, 2021.
) need to consider the effect of their mac-
تادﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا(Industrialized economies •
roeconomic policies on regional and international economic development.
• Companies must clearly explain the conditions of the probationary period before sign-
ing employment contracts.
• Competition among local companies drives constant development of their products tar-
geting different customers.
• Statistics indicate that a high proportion of workers occupy temporary private-sector
jobs.
• The economic and job insecurity forced many employees to search for better opportuni-
ties abroad.
• Disabled people are at higher risk of job insecurity.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
EFFECTS OF JOB FLEXIBILITY ON JOB INSECURITY
Because employees are contracted on a permanent basis after the probation period, they do
not experience job insecurity. This is seen as a positive motivational effect, not only by the
employees but also by the organization that wants to deliver a sustained high level of service
to customers ( Vuuren & Klandermans, 1999 ).

39. 26 Translating economic texts
Section 2: Arabic into English Text 1
ﺎﺑﻮﺘﻟازي ﻊﻣ ﺺﯿﻠﻘﺗ اﺪﻘﺘﺳام اﺎﻤﻌﻟﺔﻟ ﻟاﻓاﻮ،ةﺪ ﺐﺠﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ اﻮﻜﺤﻟﺔﻣ اﻮﻌﺴﻟدﺔﯾ وﻮﻜﺣﻣﺎت لود اﺞﯿﻠﺨﻟ نأ ﺺﻠﻘﺗ اﻮﺘﻟﻒﯿظ
اﻮﻜﺤﻟﻣﻲ،وﻮﺘﺗﻒﻗ ﻦﻋ اﺪﺨﺘﺳام ﻚﻠﺗ اﻮﻟﺎظﻒﺋ ﻮﻛﺔﻠﯿﺳ ﻮﺘﻟزﻊﯾ ﻟاﺧﺪ؛ﻞ ذإ ﺮﺘﻔﯾض نأ ﻮﻜﯾناﻮﺘﻟﻒﯿظ اﻮﻜﺤﻟﻲﻣ ﺎﯿﻨﺒﻣً
ﻰﻠﻋ ﺣﻻاﺘﯿجﺎ اﻲﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟ ﺆﻤﻠﻟﺎﺴﺳت اﻮﻜﺤﻟﺔﯿﻣ. وﻊﻣ اﻢﺨﻀﺘﻟ اﺎﺤﻟﻲﻟ ﻲﻓ ﻋدﺪ اﻮﻤﻟﻦﯿﻔظ ﻲﻓ لود اﺞﯿﻠﺨﻟ،ﻻ ﺪﺒﯾونأ
ﺎﻨھكيأ ﺎﺣﺔﺟإﻰﻟ ﯾزةدﺎﻋدﺪاﻮﻤﻟﻦﯿﻔظ اﻮﻜﺤﻟﻦﯿﯿﻣ،ﻞﺑرﺎﻤﺑ ﻮﻜﯾنﻦﻣ ﺟﻷاىﺪ ﺺﯿﻠﻘﺗ ﻋھدﺪﻢ. نإ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ اﻮﺘﻟﻒﯿظ
اﻮﻜﺤﻟﻲﻣ ﻞﻠﻘﯿﺳ ﻮﻌﺻﺔﺑ ﻮﺗﻒﯿظ اﻮﻤﻟاﻦﯿﻨط ﻲﻓ اﺎﻄﻘﻟع اﺎﺨﻟص؛ ﺎﻓﻮﻤﻟاﻦط ﻮﻜﯿﺳن ﺎﯿﺧره ﺳﻷاﮭﻞ ﻓﻷاوﻀﻞ نأ ﻞﻤﻌﯾ
ﻲﻓ اﺎﻄﻘﻟعاﻮﻜﺤﻟﻲﻣ. وﺎﻨﺑء ﮫﯿﻠﻋ،ﻓنﺈ ﺟﻷارﻮاﻲﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﺒﻠﻄﯾ اﻮﻤﻟاﻮﻨطنﻦﻣاﺎﻄﻘﻟعاﺎﺨﻟصﯾﺮﺘﻔُ ضنأ ﺎﺴﺗوي
ﺟأھرﻮﻢﻲﻓ اﺎﻄﻘﻟعاﻮﻜﺤﻟﻲﻣ.
( ACRPS, 2019 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ماﺪﻘﺘﺳا ﺺﯿﻠﻘﺗ recruitment downsizing
ﻒﯿظﻮﺗ ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟا ةﺪﻓاﻮﻟا government employment foreign workers
ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا ﻒﻗﻮﺘﺗ ﻦﻋ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا income distribution stop using
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ جﺎﯿﺘﺣا ﻲﻘﯿﻘﺣ institutions genuine need
ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻣ ةدﺎﯾز دﺪﻋ employees increased number
ﻒﯿظﻮﺗ ﻦﯿﻨطاﻮﻣ ىﺪﺟأ employ citizens more effective
in the above passage . تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا Exercise 1: Translate until
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺖﻘﻓاو ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ماﺪﻘﺘﺳا ﻦﯾرﺎﺸﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﯿﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻂﻄﺧ ﺔﯾﻮﻤﻨﺗ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ. •
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻏﺮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ،ﻊﺿاﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻰﻘﺒﯾ ﻒﯿظﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻞﻗأ ﻦﻣ هاﻮﺘﺴﻣ ،يﻮﻨﺴﻟا ﻮھو ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻰﻧدﻷا •
لﻼﺧ ﻦﯾﺪﻘﻌﻟا ﻦﯾﺮﯿﺧﻷا ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ دﺪﻌﺑ نﺎﻜﺴﻟا.
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺮﯿﺜﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ لود ﺲﻠﺠﻣ نوﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻲﺠﯿﻠﺨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟا ةﺪﻓاﻮﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ ﺖﻐﻠﺑ ﺎﮭﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻟاﻮﺣ ﻒﺼﻧ داﺪﻌﺗ •
نﺎﻜﺳ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻚﻠﺗ لوﺪﻟا.
ﺆﺘﺳدي ﯾزةدﺎ اﺐﻠﻄﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣت اﺮﺸﻟﺔﻛ إﻰﻟ ﻖﻠﺧ وﺎظﻒﺋ ﺟﯾﺪةﺪ وﺎﺑﺎﺘﻟﻲﻟ ﯾزةدﺎ ﻋدﺪ اﻮﻤﻟﻦﯿﻔظ •
ﺎﻤﻋ ﻖﺒﺳ.
ﻦﯿﺒﺗ ﻟاﺳارﺪﺔ نأ اﺎﻄﻘﻟع اﻮﻜﺤﻟﻲﻣ ﻰﻌﺴﯾ إﻰﻟ ﻮﺗﻒﯿظ اﻮﻤﻟاﻦﯿﻨط ﻲﻓ ﻦﮭﻣ ﺟﯾﺪةﺪ ﺾﻔﺨﻟ ﻮﺘﺴﻣى •
اﺎﻄﺒﻟﺔﻟ.
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:
مﺪﻘﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا لﺎﻤﻌﻟا ﺐﻧﺎﺟﻷا مﺎﯿﻘﻠﻟ لﺎﻤﻋﺄﺑ ﻻ ﺎھﺪﯾﺮﯾ لﺎﻤﻌﻟا ،نﻮﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا وأ ﻻ نﻮﻌﯿﻄﺘﺴﯾ مﺎﯿﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﺑ. •
• Companies recruit foreign workers only when host country workers do not accept car-
rying out a certain type of work.
رﺎﺷأ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺘﻟا ﻰﻟإ رﺎﺛﻵا ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﺠﺗﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا ﺮﯿﻏ لدﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺧﺪﻠﻟ. •
• The report highlighted the impact of income distribution.
ﺾﻌﺑ صﺎﺨﺷﻷا ﻦﯾﺬﻟا ﻢﮭﯾﺪﻟ تﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻊﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﮭﻜﻠﻤﺗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺪﻗ اﻮﻧﻮﻜﯾ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ وأ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻣ
ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا.
•
• Individuals having relations with government-owned companies are government
employees.

40. 1
2
3
4
5
Translating economic texts 27
Exercise 4: Translate the following phrases into English .
T T S T
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ةﺮﺘﻓ ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺘﻟا
ﺪﻘﻋ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻲﺋﺎﮭﻧ
فوﺮظ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا
ﺮﻘﺘﻔﯾ ﻰﻟإ ةﺮﺒﺨﻟا
بر ﻞﻤﻌﻟا/ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا
تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺘﻟا
تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا
ﺢﺷﺮﻣ ﺔﻔﯿظﻮﻠﻟ
ﺔﻧوﺮﻣ قﻮﺳ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا
ﻊﯿﺠﺸﺗ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا
6
7
8
9
10
.ً
ﻦﯿﻌﺘﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﯾﺪﻣ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟا تﺎﯾﻮﻟوﻷاو ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻤﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا.
ﻞﻤﻌﺗ تﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻨﯿﺼﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﺔﻧوﺮﻣ قﻮﺳ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ةءﺎﻔﻛو جﺎﺘﻧﻹا فﺪﮭﺑ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا.
ﻊﻗو ﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ داﺮﯿﺘﺳا تارﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻘﻋ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻲﺋﺎﮭﻧ ﻊﻣ ﻚﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ تﺎﺿوﺎﻔﻣ ﺎﻤﮭﻨﯿﺑ لﻮﺣ
قﻮﻘﺣ تﺎﺒﺟاوو ﻞﻛ ﺎﻤﮭﻨﻣ.
لوﺎﺤﺗ لوﺪﻟا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﯿﺠﺸﺘﻟ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻲﻣﺪﻘﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻦﯿﻨطاﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﻊﻨﻤﻟ ﺎھرﺎﻜﺘﺣا.
ﺪﻘﺘﻌﯾ ﺾﻌﺒﻟا نأ فوﺮظ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﻀﻓأ ﻦﻣ فوﺮظ ﻞﻤﻋ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا نوﺮﯾو ﻚﻟﺬﻛ نأ
ﺔﺟرد نﺎﻣﻷا ﻲﻔﯿظﻮﻟا نﻮﻜﺗ ﺮﺒﻛأ ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا.
ﺐﻌﻠﯾ ﺐﯾرﺪﺘﻟا ﻲﻨﮭﻤﻟا ﺺﺼﺨﻤﻟا داﺪﻋﻹ لﺎﻤﻋ ةﺮﮭﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﻨﮭﻣو ارودً ﻻﺎﻌﻓً ﻲﻓ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﺟﺎﺣو
قﻮﺳ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا.
ﺢﻨﻤﯾ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﺮﺳﻷ بﻼﻄﻟا ﺔﺻﺮﻓ ﻖﯿﻓﻮﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻚﻠﺗ ﺮﺳﻷا
تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣو قﻮﺳ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا.
ﺮﮭظأ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺘﻟا يﺬﻟا ﮫﺗﺪﻋأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا اﺮﺧﺆﻣً نأ ﺾﻌﺑ ءﺎﻀﻋأ ﺲﻠﺠﻣ ةرادﻹا نوﺮﻘﺘﻔﯾ ﻰﻟإ ةﺮﺒﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺪﻋ
تﻻﺎﺠﻣ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ،ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ةرادإو دراﻮﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا قاﻮﺳﻷاو ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا.
ﻻ ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﯾ نﻮﻣﺪﻘﺘﻤﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﺑ ﺔﻔﯿظو ﻲﻓ هﺬھ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻘﻋ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻢﺋاد ﻞﺒﻗ ءﺎﮭﻧإ ةﺮﺘﻓ ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺘﻟا
ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺗدﺪﺣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
ﻢﻟ ﻖﻓاﻮﯾ ﺢﺷﺮﻤﻟا ﺔﻔﯿظﻮﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﮫﯿﻠﻋو ﺖﺜﺤﺑ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻦﯿﺣﺮﺸﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺧآ ﻢﮭﻨﻜﻤﯾ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا
ﺎﻘﺒطً طوﺮﺸﻟ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
ﻻ زوﺎﺠﺘﺗ ةﺮﺘﻓ ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟﺎﺑ دﺪﺠﻟا ةﺪﻣ 180 ﺎﻣﻮﯾ •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺔﻔﯿظﻮﻟا: p. 55 )(Al-Karkhi, 2014
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺔﻔﯿظﻮﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺗ سﺎﺳأ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﻲﮭﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﻣﻮﮭﻔﻣ ﻂﺴﺒﻤﻟا
فﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﻧﻮﻛ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﻊﻤﺠﻟ ﻖﯿﺛﻮﺗو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ بﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا ﺔﻔﯿظﻮﻠﻟ.
نإ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻊﻤﺠﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺟأ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺔﻔﯿظﻮﻟا ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺲﻜﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻒﺻو ﺔﻔﯿظﻮﻟا تﺎﺒﺟاﻮﻟاو ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا ﺎﮭﻟ
تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣو لﻮﺣ تارﺎﮭﻤﻟا تﺎﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻤﻟاو جذﺎﻤﻨﻟاو ﺔﯿﻨھﺬﻟا ﺔﯿﻨﻘﺘﻟاو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺘﻟ ،ﺔﻔﯿظﻮﻟا ﺎﮭﻧأ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﺘﺳا
ﺔﻔﯿظﻮﻟا ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺰﻛﺮﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ مﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ تﻼﺑﺎﻘﻤﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗو دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا.

41. 28 Translating economic texts
2.3 Corporate social responsibility
Section 1: English into Arabic
Text 1
PROFITS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
In the 1920s, many large American corporations began, on a wide scale, to establish pension
funds, employee stock ownership, life insurance schemes, limitations on working hours, and
high wages. They built houses, churches, schools and libraries, provided medical and legal
services, and gave money to charities. Since this is fairly surprising behaviour for business
corporations, there must be a good explanation. Neil J. Mitchell argues that the reason for
many of these actions, most of which clearly did not bring immediate cash benefits, was that
large corporations had a legitimacy problem. The existence of large corporations showed
the classical economic theory of perfect competition to be inadequate. Consequently, large
corporations introduced ‘welfare capitalism’ as a way of creating favourable public opinion.
( Zompanti, 2009 , pp. 98–99)
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻣ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا تﺎﻛﺮﺷ social responsibility corporations
ءﺎﺸﻧإ ةزﺎﯿﺣ/ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻣ ﻢﮭﺳﻷا
دﻮﯿﻗ establish stock ownership
ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ/تﺎﻄﻄﺨﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ
عﺮﺒﺗ لاﻮﻣﺄﺑ insurance schemes limitations
charities
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺔﯾﺮﯿﺧ gave money
تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ﺪﺋاﻮﻓ/تﺎﻗﺎﻘﺤﺘﺳا ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ
ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ business corporations cash benefits
ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ﺔﯿﻋﺮﺷ/ﺔﯿﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ
ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﻤﺋﻼﻣ / ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﯿﻓﺎﻛ legitimacy problem perfect competition
ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺮﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا / ﺔﯿھﺎﻓﺮﻟا
يأر مﺎﻋ inadequate welfare
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ/ﻢﺋﻼﻣ favorable public opinion
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The study reflects the importance of corporate social responsibility as a significant ele-
ment of corporate image in local and international markets.
• Drivers must show at the point of entry the insurance policy which covers their
vehicles.
• Parents receiving cash benefits should take responsibility for their families.
• The present research paper examines and evaluates the use of corporate social
responsibility in competitive markets.
• Many large American corporations began, on a wide scale, to establish pension funds,
employee stock ownership, life insurance policies, limitations on working hours, and
high wages.
• They built houses, schools, and libraries, and gave money to charities.

42. Translating economic texts 29
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The annual report shows that three business corporations did not implement the strate-
gic plan related to corporate social responsibility.
تﺮﮭظأ ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﮭﺸﻟا نأ ﻦﯿﺛﻼﺛ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺖﻘﺒط ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ﺔﯾﻮﻨﺴﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا تاﺪﻋﺎﺴﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا. •
• An employee received cash benefits after submitting all necessary financial
documents.
مﺪﻘﺗ ﻒظﻮﻣ ﺐﻠﻄﺑ لﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ تاﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ. •
• A perfect competition market provides producers and consumers with full information.
مﺪﻘﯾ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺮﺤﻟا تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﻦﯿﺠﺘﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟاو. •
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
ﻢﯿﻈﻌﺗ .................. ﻲﻀﻘﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ ..... maximize profits eliminate discrimination
دﺎﺼﺘﻗا/ةﺄﺸﻨﻣ .........
.............. ةﺮﻤﻌﻣ free enterprise
durable goods
conform to …………………..
عﺎﻤﺘﺟا ................
directors’ meeting
............ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ............ ﺪﻋﺎﻘﺘﻟا economic downturn age of retirement
............... ﻲﻗﻼﺧأ ﺢﯾﺮﺴﺗ .................
..................... ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ethical obligation lay off staff
expenditures
……………….. fiscal measures
ضوﺮﻌﻤﻟا يﺪﻘﻨﻟا ............... ﺔﻀﺋﺎﻓ money supply excess savings
ﺲﻠﻔﯾ ....... اﺮﻀﻟاﺐﺋ اﺮﻔﻤﻟوﺔﺿ go bankrupt increase taxation
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• New managers must focus all efforts on maximizing profits.
• The central government should take necessary measures to respond to the economic
downturn.
• Three recent reports indicate that the interest rate is not a practical tool for managing the
money supply.
• The current economic downturn caused heavy losses for major companies working in
the region.
• Due to the economic crisis, many companies working abroad had to stop their opera-
tions and lay off their staff.
• The existence of large corporations reflects the inadequacy of the classical economic
theory of perfect competition.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been around through good and
bad financial times. CSR is defined as “situations where the firm goes beyond compliance
and engages in actions that appear to further some social good beyond the interests of the
firms and that which is required by law.” More broadly, CSR encompasses the components
of economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic business decisions ( GECRC, 2009 ).

43. 30 Translating economic texts
Text 2
CORPORATE SOCIAL IRRESPONSIBILITY: THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND IDEOLOGY
The focus of this chapter is on the role of government in relation to corporate social respon-
sibility (CSR) and the 2007–2010 financial crises. It argues that the financial crisis was a
result of a failure of government. More specifically, it locates the origins of failure, which
gave rise to the crisis, in the political and economic changes of the 1980s and after. The
UK Thatcher government along with that of the Reagan administration in the United States
delivered a new right, neo-liberal, laissez faire economic agenda that has come to be char-
acterised, rightly or wrongly, as market fundamentalism (Soros, 1998; Stiglitz, 2002). Neo-
liberalism and market fundamentalism can be equated to government irresponsibility and
that the move to free up markets, among other things, ultimately gave rise to the 2007–2010
financial crises. ( Jones, 2010 ).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﺔﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﯾﺪﯾأ/ةﺪﯿﻘﻋ
لدﺎﺠﯾ
ﺔﻣزأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
ﻞﺸﻓ ideology financial crisis
failure argue
locates
دﺪﺤﺗ ﺐﺒﺳ / تدأ ﻰﻟإ
ﻲﻟاﺮﺒﯿﻟ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ gave rise
ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺮﺸﺗﺎﺗ Thatcher government neoliberal
ُ أﺪﺒﻣ مﺪﻋ ﻞﺧﺪﺘﻟا / ﺔﯾﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا
ﺔﯿﻟﻮﺻأ قﻮﺴﻟا
ﻒﺻﻮ
ﺔﯿﻟاﺮﺒﯿﻠﻟا ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا
ﺗ laissez-faire be characterized
market fundamentalism neoliberalism
... ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﮫﺗاوﺎﺴﻣ ب ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻣﻼﻟا/ماﺪﻌﻧا ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟا
ﺮﯾﺮﺤﺗ can be equated irresponsibility
كﺮﺤﺘﻟا/ﮫﺟﻮﺘﻟا ﻮﺤﻧ the move to free up
Exercise 1: Translate the third sentence of the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• This paper investigates the status of corporate social responsibility within the globalized
free market.
• Advocates of market fundamentalism strongly believe in the possibility of maximizing
individual freedom through free markets.
• Some claim that neoliberalism threatened job stability and consequently the eco-
nomic security of individuals.
• It is believed that market failure was a major cause for the financial crisis.
• Neoliberalism and market fundamentalism can be equated to government irresponsibil-
ity and that the move to free up markets, among other things, ultimately gave rise to the
2007–2010 financial crisis.
• The focus of this chapter is on the role of government in relation to corporate social
responsibility (CSR) and the 2007–2010 financial crises.
• It argues that the financial crisis was a result of government failure.

44. Translating economic texts 31
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Economic ideologies focus on the structuring of economies, unlike economic theories,
which focus on how economies work.
ﺰﻛﺮﯾ ﺮﻜﻔﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ طﺎﻤﻧأ تﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻻﺎﺑ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺰﻛﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ
تﺎﺟﺮﺨﻣ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
•
• What would the US do to regain its influence in the international economy if neoliberal-
ism fails?
ﺎﻣ ﻲھ تاﻮﻄﺨﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﻌﺒﺗا تﺎﯾﻻﻮﻟا ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﺘﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺊﺷﺎﻨﻟا اذإ ﻞﺸﻓ
؟نﻮﯿﻟاﺮﺒﯿﻠﻟا
•
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ/ﻊﻤﺟ ..........
ةرادإ ...........
ﻖﻘﺤﯾ .................... raise capital make profits
......... ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ strategic management corporate governance
............ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا
ﺔﻤھﺎﺴﻣ .......... corporate ethics
corporate contribution
form a business …………………
ﻦﯿﻤھﺎﺴﻣ/بﺎﺤﺻأ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ
.............. ﺔﯿﻌﻤﺘﺠﻣ
stockholders
............ تاداﺪﻣإ supply chain societal goals
........... دراﻮﻤﻟا ﻞﺜﺘﻤﯾ ل comply with resource management
ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﻲﺗاذ … ................... ﻞﻤﻋ corporate self-regulation business strategy
تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ و ........ ةردﺎﺒﻣ ..................policies and practices strategic initiative
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Companies are permitted to raise capital from borrowing or donations. No deposits
from ordinary individuals are allowed.
• The proposed program is designed to develop human resource management as well as
the company’s strategic planning.
• All employers must adopt policies and practices aiming at the eradication of discrimina-
tion against women in workplaces.
• The present research paper examines the impact of a company’s business strategy on the
performance of its corporate social responsibility.
• The new business strategy which will be adopted by the company clearly outlines the
role it plays to undertake its corporate social responsibility.
• Public and private-sector companies should not mainly focus on making profits.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
During the long and distinguished history of the “company” or business/corporate in India
and other parts of the world, business leaders have been trying to make a positive impact on
the society, communities around them and the world, in some way or the other. The problem
with CSR is that nobody is very clear about what exactly it encompasses ( Mennakanti &
Miryala, 2016 ).

45. 32 Translating economic texts
Section 2: Arabic into English Text 1
ﺐﺴﺘﻜﯾ روﺪﻟا ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ عﺎﻄﻘﻟاو صﺎﺨﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ مﺎﻋ ﺔﯿﻤھأ ةﺪﯾاﺰﺘﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲﻠﺨﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺮﯿﺜﻛ
ﻦﻣ ﺎھراودأ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ،ﺔﯿﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﺒﺤﺻ ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا نﺎﻛ ﺮﻈﻨﯾ ﺎﮭﯿﻟإ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﻧأ ﺮﻣأ ﻲﻌﯿﺒط ﻊﻗﻮﺘﻣو
ﻲﻓ ﻞظ ءﺎﻔﺘﻧا فﺪﮭﻟا ﻲﺤﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎھﺮﯾﺪﺗ ،تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا نإو ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﻓ ﺮﯿﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ نﺎﯿﺣﻷا
ﻖﻘﺤﺗ تاداﺮﯾإ ﺎﺣﺎﺑرأوً ﺔﻠﺋﺎط. نﺎﻛو ﺎﻌﻗﻮﺘﻣً ﻊﻣ لﻮﺤﺗ هﺬھ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ةدﺎﻋإو ﺎﮭﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ
ﺎﮭﺗرادإو ﻰﻠﻋ اﺬھ سﺎﺳﻷا نأ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﯾ ﺎھرود ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﻦﻜﻟو ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺘﻟا ﻲﻠﻤﻌﻟا برﺎﺠﺘﻟ ﺔﺼﺨﺼﺨﻟا ﺮﮭظأ نأ
روﺪﻟا ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ماﺰﺘﻟﻻاو ﻲﻗﻼﺧﻷا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻮھ ﺎﻀﯾأ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا دﻮﻌﯾ ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾﺰﺑ ﺢﺑﺮﻟا ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗو تﺎﻋاﺰﻨﻟا
تﺎﻓﻼﺘﺧﻻاو ﻦﯿﺑ ةرادﻹا ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟاو ﺎﮭﯿﻓ تﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﺗ ،ﺎﮭﻌﻣ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺪﯾﺰﯾ ﻦﻣ ءﺎﻤﺘﻧا ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﯾﺪﯿﻔﺘﺴﻤﻟاو
ﻰﻟإ هﺬھ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
( Elasrag, 2018 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﺔﺼﺨﺼﺨﻟا privatization becomes important
ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا ﻲﻗﻼﺧﻷا moral obligation giving up
رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا investment associated with
ةدﺎﯾز ﺢﺑﺮﻟا increasing profits absence of
ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ تﺎﻋاﺰﻨﻟا reduce conflicts state-run
تﺎﻓﻼﺘﺧا difference generate revenues
ءﺎﻤﺘﻧا affiliation transferring to
ﻦﯾﺪﯿﻔﺘﺴﻤﻟا beneficiaries privatization
ﺎھﺮﯾﺪﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence until
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺮﯿﺸﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ نأ ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ زﺰﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﯿﺤﺑر. •
ﻞﺜﻤﺘﯾ رود ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺎھﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﻈﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﻤﯿﻗ ﻲﻓ •
ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا.
ﻢﻟ ﻖﻔﺘﯾ نﻮﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ دﺪﺤﻣ ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ دﺪﻌﺗو ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻜﺷأ ﻢﻟو ﺢﻀﺘﺗ ﺔﯾؤر •
ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا لﻮﺣ ﺎھرود ﻲﻓ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
ﺶﻗﺎﻨﺗ هﺬھ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺔﺼﺨﺼﺨﻟا ﺎﻤﻟ ﮫﻟ ﻦﻣ رﺎﺛآ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻦﯾدﺎﯿﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻاو •
ﺔﯿﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟاو.
ىﺮﯾ نﻮﺼﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻢﻠﻋ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا نأ ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺎھدﻮﺟﻮﺑ يﺬﻟا ﮫﻤﻜﺤﺗ •
ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺒﺟاو ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣاﺰﺘﻟاو.
ﻦﻤﻀﯾ ءادأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎھروﺪﻟ هﺎﺠﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻣ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺎﮭﻟﻮﺼﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻋد ﺔﻓﺎﻛ داﺮﻓأ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﻓاﺪھﻷ •
ﺎﮭﻄﻄﺧو ﺔﯾﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟا.
تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ءﺰﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ؛ﮫﺑ ﮫﯿﻠﻋو نﺈﻓ ءادأ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣاﺰﺘﻟﻻ ﺔﯿﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا زﺰﻌﯾ ئدﺎﺒﻣ •
ﺲﺳأو ﻞﻓﺎﻜﺘﻟا ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا.
ﺐﺴﺘﻜﯾ روﺪﻟا ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ عﺎﻄﻘﻟاو صﺎﺨﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ مﺎﻋ ﺔﯿﻤھأ ةﺪﯾاﺰﺘﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲﻠﺨﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻦﻋ •
ﺮﯿﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺎھراودأ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﯿﻣﺪﺨﻟاو.
ﺐﺴﺘﻜﯾ ﺔﯿﻤھأ
ﻲﻠﺨﺗ ﻦﻋ
ﺎﮭﺘﺒﺤﺻ
ءﺎﻔﺘﻧا
ﺎھﺮﯾﺪﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا
ﻖﻘﺤﺗ تاداﺮﯾإ
لﻮﺤﺗ ﻰﻟإ عﺎﻄﻗ
صﺎﺧ

46. Translating economic texts 33
نﺎﻛ ﺎﻌﻗﻮﺘﻣً ﻊﻣ لﻮﺤﺗ هﺬھ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا نأ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﯾ ﺎھرود ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا. •
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:
ﺲﻜﻌﯾ ﻒﯿظﻮﺘﻟا رﺎﺛآ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎھروﺪﻟ هﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا. •
• Preventing unemployment reflects that corporates implement their social responsibility
roles.
ﺖﻛردأ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﺎﮭطﺎﺒﺗرا ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟﺎﺑ ةروﺮﺿو ةدﺎﯾز ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأ. •
• Few public institutions realized the importance of their social linkage.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﺔﯿﻓﺎﻔﺸﻟا تادﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﻤﻟا advanced………………………….
ةﺰﯿﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ ﺔﯿﻌﻤﺘﺠﻣ community ………………………….
ﺎﺿر ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا ﻖـﯿﻘﺤﺗ نزاﻮﺗ ………………. ……………………..
ﺮﺛأ ﻲﺑﺎﺠﯾإ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ………. impact business …………….
ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا local com……… ………………………
ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺴﻣ رود يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻲﺳﺎﺳأ sustainable…………. basic economic ……..
تاردﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﯿﺗاذ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻟود …………… standards………………….
ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ءادأ ﻲﺴﺳﺆﻣ providing ………. ………………………
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻞﻤﻌﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺦﯿﺳﺮﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻤﯿﻠﻌﺗ ﺎھﺪﻋاﻮﻗو ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟﺎﺑ ،ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺚﯿﺣ مﺰﺘﻠﺗ
عوﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا ﻚﻠﺘﻟ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺘﺑ هﺬھ تﺎﻤﯿﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻟاو.
ﺐﻌﻠﺗ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو مﻼﻋﻹا ارودً ﻼﻋﺎﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ ﻲﻋﻮﻟا ﺔﯿﻤھﺄﺑ ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ،تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺎﮭﻧأ ﺗزﺮﺒ ًُ
ﺺﺼﻗ حﺎﺠﻧ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟ ﺖﻣﺰﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﺑ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا.
زﺮﺒﺗ ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ رﻮﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ نزاﻮﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻤﻟا
ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻤﻟاو ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا.
ﯾزﺮﺒ ﻊﯾﺮﺸﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﻞﻀﻓﺄﻛ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ مﺪﻘﺘﻟا ُ
يرﺎﻀﺤﻟا.
رﻮﺤﻤﺘﺗ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ هﺬھ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا لﻮﺣ نﺎﯿﺑ ﺮﺛأ ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺎﺿﺮﻟاو ﻲﻔﯿظﻮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ءادأ
تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ؛ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﻛ ﺖﻣﺪﻗ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ةﺪﻋ تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﻟ ءادأ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗو ﺎﮭﺘﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻣ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا.
ﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗً ﺎھروﺪﻟ صﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟﺎﺑ ،ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺬﻔﻨﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹاو ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟاو ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ مﺪﻘﺗو
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻟ.
ترﺮﻗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ءاﺮﺟإ ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧﻷ ﺎﮭﻌﯾرﺎﺸﻣو ﺎﮭﺗﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳاو ﺎﮭﺠﻣاﺮﺑو فﺮﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺎھءادأ
ﻲﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺪﻘﻟ ﺖﺿﺮﻓ ﺔﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺎﮭﺴﻔﻧ اﺮﺧﺆﻣً ةﻮﻘﺑ ﻲﻓ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ءاﻮﺳ ﺔﯿﻨطﻮﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﻣ وأ
ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا. ﺎﻤﻛ ﺖﺿﺮﻓ هﺬھ ةﻮﻘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺮﻗأ ﺔﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﻻﺪﺟً ﻦﻣ عﻮﻧ ﺮﺧآ – ﺔﺻﺎﺧو ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا
يﺬﻟا وﺪﻐﯾ اﺪﯿﻌﺑً ﻦﻋ دوﺪﺣ ﻢﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا – لﻮﺣ ﺔﯿھﺎﻣ ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ﺔﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺎﮭﻧﻮﻛ ةردﺎﺒﻣ
مأ ؟ماﺰﻟإ اﺬھ لﺪﺠﻟا يﺬﻟا ﻊﻀﯾ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا )عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا( ﺔﺤﺟرﺄﺘﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯿﻘﺷ: ﻞھ ﻲھ ماﺰﻟإ ﻰﻠﻋ ؟تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا
مأ ﻲھ ﻞﻤﻋ ردﺎﺒﺗ ﮫﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
p. 15 )(Abu Annasr, 2015,

47. 34 Translating economic texts
2.4 International trade
Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1
In many respects international trade in services is importantly different from trade in goods.
Indeed, the fact that multilateral negotiations on trade in services began in earnest four
decades after the beginning of multilateral negotiations on trade in goods is a testament to
this difference. The basic economic argument for reducing or eliminating impediments to
trade rests on the improvements in efficiency in the allocation of a country’s resources that
result from such actions. In essence, trade allows a country to focus its resources and ener-
gies on what it does relatively better than the rest of the world, importing those things that it
does less well, and paying for its imports by exporting the things that it does especially well
( White, 2001 , pp. 5–6).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
international trade
economic argument
rests on
allocation of resources
importing
Additional vocabulary
trade barriers
free trade
comparative advantage
balance of payments
ةرﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﯿﻟود
شﺎﻘﻧ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﺗ ﻰﻟإ
ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا
داﺮﯿﺘﺳا
ﻖﺋاﻮﻋ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
ةرﺎﺠﺗ ةﺮﺣ
ةﺰﯿﻣ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ
ناﺰﯿﻣ تﺎﻋﻮﻓﺪﻤﻟا multilateral
eliminating impediments
efficiency
focus resources
does less well
dumping
tariffs
subsidize
protectionism دﺪﻌﺘﻣ فاﺮطﻷا
ﺔﻟازإ ﻖﺋاﻮﻌﻟا
ةءﺎﻔﻛ
ﺰﻛﺮﯾ دراﻮﻤﻟا
ﻻ ﺪﯿﺠﯾ اﻞﻤﻌﻟ ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ / ﺪﯿﺠﯾﺎھ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ أﻞﻗ
قاﺮﻏإ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟﺎﺑ
تﺎﻔﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻛﺮﻤﺟ
ﻢﻋﺪﯾ / مﺪﻘﯾ نﻮﻌﻟا
ﺔﯿﺋﺎﻤﺤﻟا / ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺤﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا
Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences of the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The Palestinian government is planning to promote international trade despite the Israeli
measure to oppose the plan.
• Allocation of the available resources can cause conflicts if such allocation does not take
sustainable development into account.
• The planned meeting will discuss different mechanisms and initiatives aiming at elimi-
nating international trade barriers and promoting free trade.
• Aiming to promote domestic products and industries, many governments in the
region are attempting to follow protectionism which aims to restrict international
trade.
• The representatives participating in the meeting called on the developed countries to
discontinue dumping goods into the Middle East markets.
• International trade in services is significantly different from trade in goods.

48. Translating economic texts 35
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• You must follow certain procedures and obtain permission to import goods.
ﻻ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﻚﻟ ﺪﯿﻘﺘﻟا تاءاﺮﺟﺈﺑ ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺮﯾﺪﺼﺗ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺑ جرﺎﺨﻠﻟ. •
• Foreign companies need to discontinue dumping subsidized products into our domestic
markets.
ﻦﯿﻌﺘﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا ظﺎﻔﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ لﺪﻌﻣ قاﺮﻏإ ﺎﻨﻗﻮﺳ ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﻣﻮﻋﺪﻤﻟا. •
• The charity developed a policy to allocate the available resources to support
children.
ﺖﻌﺿو ﺔﯿﻌﻤﺠﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﯿﺨﻟا تاءاﺮﺟإ ﺔﻣرﺎﺻ ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺘﻟ ﺾﻌﺑ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا ﻢﻋﺪﻟ لﺎﻔطﻷا. •
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
ناﺰﯿﻣ يرﺎﺠﺗ .............. ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻧ balance of trade infant industry
......... ﻊﻠﺳ/ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺑ
ﺰﺠﻋ ...............
تﺎﻋﺎﻨﺻ ................ merchandise trade strategic industries
ﺆطﺎﺒﺗ/ﻊﺟاﺮﺗ ........... trade deficit economic slowdown
ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ و ................cost and freight Barter ………………….
ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ................ ﺾﺋﺎﻓ ................
Free-Trade Zone trade surplus
ةرﺎﺠﺗ ........... ............... قﻮﺴﻟا electronic commerce market economy
.............. ﻦﺤﺸﻟا تﺎﺑاﺮﻄﺿا قﻮﺴﻟا
ﺪﻨﺳ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ......
ءﺎﻔﺘﻛا ﻲﺗاذ bill of lading market disruption
non-tariff barriers
......................... performance bond
customs
………………. autarky
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Amid the pandemic, the central government is putting forward plans to avoid any pos-
sible downturn in merchandise trade.
• There are proposals to establish a free-trade zone in line with our international commit-
ments to meet the expectations of all partners.
• Due to the weak world economy and the escalating trade war between the United States
and China, there is a dramatic slowdown in global trade.
• The basic economic argument for reducing impediments to trade rests on the improve-
ments in the efficiency of allocating a country’s resources that result from such
actions.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabi:
TRADE DEFICITS AND SURPLUSES
When a country’s imports exceed its exports – that is, when it has a negative balance of trade – it
suffers a trade deficit. When exports exceed imports, the nation enjoys a trade surplus. Sev-
eral factors, such as general economic conditions and the effect of trade agreements, influ-
ence trade deficits and surpluses. For example, higher domestic costs, greater international
competition, and continuing economic problems among some of its regional trading partners
have slowed the tremendous growth in exports that Japan once enjoyed ( Ebert & Griffin,
2013 , p. 94).

49. 36 Translating economic texts
Text 2
IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE TO NATIONS
Almost all nations of the world endeavour to develop their export markets, as export has
increasingly become an engine of economic growth, development and national prosperity.
The success of smaller economies like Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea is based on the
fact that these economies are the centre of global manufacturing, trading and services activi-
ties. When the domestic markets are small, foreign markets provide opportunities to achieve
economies of scale, trade expansion and economic growth to the nation. Secondly, countries
tend to export commodities, goods and services, in case the demand for them in the local
markets is limited, such as the export of agricultural products by the EU, the US and Austra-
lia and oil export from the Middle East countries. ( Singh, 2009 )
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﻰﻌﺴﯾ قاﻮﺳأ ﺮﯾﺪﺼﺘﻟا endeavor export markets
كﺮﺤﻣ ـﻟ رﺎھدزا an engine of prosperity
تادﺎﺼﺘﻗا ىﺮﻐﺻ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ/رﻮﺤﻣ
لواﺪﺗ smaller economies the center of
ﻊﯿﻨﺼﺗ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻋ global manufacturing trading
ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯿﻣﺪﺧ قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻣ / ﺔﯿﻠﺧاد
تارﻮﻓو ﻢﺠﺤﻟا / سﺎﯿﻘﻤﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا services activities domestic markets
قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺧ foreign markets economies of scale
ﻊﺳﻮﺗ يرﺎﺠﺗ ﻞﯿﻤﯾ/ﻞﯿﻤﺗ ﻰﻟإ
ﺐﻠط ﻰﻠﻋ trade expansion tend to
ﻊﻠﺳ commodities demand for
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻋارز ﺮﯾﺪﺼﺗ ﻂﻔﻨﻟا agricultural products oil export
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate following sentences into Arabic:
• In 2018, China’s global manufacturing accounted for 28% of global manufacturing.
• Some local companies gained considerable experience in foreign markets and can there-
fore succeed in competing with other companies.
• Different countries engage in international trade to expand their goods and services
market. International trade enables consumers to buy cheaper products.
• Export crops are grown for export markets and are usually traded on international
markets.
• The Ministry of Agriculture stressed the need to enhance the capacity to implement
international standards for agricultural products to ensure the competitiveness of those
products in international markets.
• The success of smaller economies like Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea is based on
the fact that these economies are centers of global manufacturing, trading, and services
activities.

50. Translating economic texts 37
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The central government discussed different ways to enhance the capacity of small com-
panies in domestic markets.
• ﺖﺸﻗﺎﻧ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا تﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﻤﻟا ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺘﻟ ةرﺪﻗ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا.
• Efficient government export authorities can help local companies to identify possible
opportunities to market their products in export markets.
• ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻠﻟ ةﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ صﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹا.
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
..................... economic differences ............. ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا economic barriers
ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ................ branch office flow of capital ﻖﻓﺪﺗ .......................
forbid exportation ﻊﻨﻤﯾ/ﺮﻈﺤﯾ ..........
ﺔﻛﺮﺷ / لﺎﻤﻋأ ................ revenue tariffs تاداﺮﯾإ ..............
a domestic business embargo .............................
ضﺮﻌﻣ ..................
trade fair trade gap ةﻮﺠﻓ ................
quota ....................... set a limit ............................
encourage trade ....................... imports declined ...........................
international transactions تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ .... declining industries ............... ةرﻮھﺪﺘﻣ
تاﺪﺋﺎﻋ ................... لاﺪﺒﺘﺳا/لﻼﺣإ ........
import substitution export earnings
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Social barriers can sometimes lead to economic barriers which can include protection-
ism trade policies.
• Different governments made provisions which forbid the exportation of goods, tech-
nologies, or services if they are intended to promote the economic development of an
enemy country.
• Different countries have recently proposed legislation to eliminate legal and economic
barriers to international transactions.
• Countries relying on commodity exports are at risk of insufficient export earnings due
to the intense competition in international markets.
• When domestic markets are small, foreign markets provide opportunities to achieve
economies of scale, trade expansion, and economic growth in a nation.
• Many countries tend to export goods and services in case the demand for them in the
local markets is limited, as in the exporting of agricultural products by the EU, the US,
and Australia, and in the oil exports from Middle East countries.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
BARRIERS TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Whether a business is truly multinational or sells to only a few foreign markets, several fac-
tors will affect its international operations. Success in foreign markets will largely depend on
the ways it responds to social , economic, legal, and political barriers to international trade
( Ebert & Griffin, 2013 , p. 103).

51. 38 Translating economic texts
Section 2: Arabic into English Text 1
ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺔﺜﯾﺪﺤﻟا ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻌﻟاو
تﺪﮭﺷ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ةﺮﺻﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻠﻟ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻠﻟو تارﻮﻄﺗ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟ ،ﺎھﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺚﯿﺣ تﺪﻘﻋ
تﺎﻗﺎﻔﺗﻻا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﻣو ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا
(WTO) ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺳ 1995، كﺎﻨھو
تاﺮﻘﻤﻟا/تﺎﺻرﻮﺒﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻢﻈﻌﻤﻟ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا ،ﻊﻠﺴﻟاو ﺎﻤﻛ ﺖﻌﻀﺧ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا رﺎﻌﺳﻷ
تﻼﻤﻌﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛو ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻊﻓاﺪﻟا ﺲﯿﺋﺮﻟا ءارو ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟا رﻮﻄﺘﻟاو ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟ ﻞﻘﻨﻟا
ةرﻮﻄﺘﻤﻟا ﻦﻔﺴﻟاو ﺊﻧاﻮﻤﻟاو ،ﺔﻗﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﺪﻗو ﺖﻐﻠﺑ مﺎﯿﻗأ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺎﻣﺎﻗرأ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ،اﺪﺟ ﻲﻔﻓ ﺔﻨﺳ
2000 ﺖﻐﻠﺑ
مﺎﯿﻗأ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا
(6.5) نﻮﻠﯾﺮﺗ ،رﻻود يأ ﺎﮭﻧأ تدادزا )نوﺮﺸﻋ ةﺮﻣ( ﺬﻨﻣ ﺔﻨﺳ 1970، ﺖﻨﯾﺎﺒﺗو تﺎﻤھﺎﺴﻣ
لوﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ مﺎﯿﻗأ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻠﻟ ،تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻠﻟو ﺪﻗو ﺎﮭﺘﻣﺪﻘﺗ ﺔﻨﺳ
2009 ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻟاﻮﺘﻟا ﻞﻛ ﻦﻣ ،ﻦﯿﺼﻟا ﺎﯿﻧﺎﻤﻟأ
تﺎﯾﻻﻮﻟا ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﻢﺛ نﺎﺑﺎﯿﻟا.
(Assamirrai, 2016 , p. 201 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺑ تﺎﻣﺪﺧو goods and services globalization
ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟ to regulate agreements were concluded
ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا fix prices exchanges
ﺖﻌﻀﺧ was subjected to goods/commodities
ﻊﻓاد ﻲﺴﯿﺋر main drive exchange rates
ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﻞﻘﻧ transportation expansion and development
ﺖﻐﻠﺑ valued at values
ﺎﮭﺘﻣﺪﻘﺗ topped by varied
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence until 1995 .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺰﻜﺗﺮﯾ ﺮھﻮﺟ ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯾﺮﻈﻧ ىﺮﺗ نأ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا طﺎﺸﻧ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺢﺑﺮﻣ ﻰﺘﺣ لوﺪﻠﻟ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻻ
ﺎﮭﻨﻜﻤﯾ جﺎﺘﻧإ ﻞﻛ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﺑ ﻞﻗأ ﻦﻣ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ لوﺪﻟا ىﺮﺧﻷا.
فﺮﻌﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ لدﺎﺒﺗ ،ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ،تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟاو ﻦﯿﺑ لود ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ.
ﺐﻌﻠﯾ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ارود ﺎﻤﮭﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ تﺎھﺎﺠﺗا ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ ﺗﻊﺟﺮ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ًً ُ
ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﻰﻟإ ضﺮﻌﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﻟاو.
زﺮﺒﺗ ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﺊﻧاﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﯿﮭﺴﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺎﮭﻧﻮﻜﻟ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ءﺎﻘﺘﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﻞﻘﻧ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺎﮭﻧأ ﺬﻔﻨﻤﻟا
ﺪﯿﺣﻮﻟا تﻻدﺎﺒﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا.
ىدأ ﻊﺳﻮﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا بﺬﺟو تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟأ ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻰﻟإ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ تﻻﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗو
تﺎﯾﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗو فاﺪھأ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا.
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﻞﺒﺳ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ تﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣإ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺪﻘﻋ تﺎﻗﺎﻔﺗا ةرﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﯿﻟود ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا صﺎﺨﻟاو ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗو
تارﺎﮭﻤﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳاو ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺘﻟ لدﺎﺒﺘﻟا يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا.
تدأ دﻮﯿﻘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﺿﺮﻓ ﺾﻌﺑ لوﺪﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ رﻮھﺪﺗ فوﺮﻈﻟا ﺔﯿﺸﯿﻌﻤﻟا تﺎﺌﻔﻟ ﺔﻀﯾﺮﻋ
ﻦﻣ نﺎﻜﺳ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﻌﻀﺧ ﺮﯿﺑاﺪﺘﻟ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﻣرﺎﺻ.
ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻊﻓاﺪﻟا ﻲﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا ءارو ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟا رﻮﻄﺘﻟاو ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟ ﻞﻘﻨﻟا ةرﻮﻄﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا
تزﺰﻋ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا.
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•
•
•
ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻌﻟا
تﺪﻘﻋ تﺎﻗﺎﻔﺗا
تﺎﺻرﻮﺑ
ﻊﻠﺳ
رﺎﻌﺳأ تﻼﻤﻌﻟا
ﻊﺳﻮﺗ رﻮﻄﺗو
مﺎﯿﻗأ
ﺖﻨﯾﺎﺒﺗ

52. Translating economic texts 39
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:
ﺶﻗﺎﻨﺘﺳ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﺰﯿﻔﺤﺗ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﺒﻨﺟﻷا رﺎﻌﺳأو ﺔﻠﻤﻌﻟا ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟاو ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا. •
• The committee discussed barriers to foreign investment, use of currency and interna-
tional trade.
تﺪﻛأ ةرازﻮﻟا ﺎﮭﻧأ ﺪﯾﺆﺗ ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻋ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا. •
• The state institution confirmed its support to the globalization of protectionism.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻣﻔﺿوﺎتﺎ ﻦﯿﺑ لود اﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟ ﺣلﻮ اﺎﻔﺗﺎﯿﻗتاﺎﺠﺘﻟرة ﻟاﻟوﺪﯿﺔاﻲﺘﻟ ﺪﮭﺗفإﻰﻟ ﺰﻌﺗﺰﯾ
ﻗﻻاﺘﺼﯾدﺎتﺎ اﻮﻟﺔﯿﻨط.
•
• The two countries must negotiate international trade agreements aiming at strengthen-
ing global economies.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
عﺎﻄﻗ ﻞﻘﻨﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺮﻌﺴﻟا ﺪﺣاﻮﻟا law of ………..………….... sector
كﻼﮭﺘﺳا ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻖﻓﺪﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا direct ..………….. flow of ……….
لواﺪﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟاو ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ trading …………… marketing……
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﺋاﺬﻏ ﻊﻠﺳ ةدرﻮﺘﺴﻣ food …………….. ………….. goods
دراﻮﻣ ﺔﯿﻌﯿﺒط ﻊﻀﯾ ﻞﯿﻗاﺮﻋ impose………………………………..
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﻦﺤﺸﻟا ﺪﯾﺰﯾ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ date of ………….. ……………. costs
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ / ﺪﺳ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ قﻮﺴﻟا
ﻊﯿﺳﻮﺗ ةﺪﻋﺎﻗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا date of ………….. meet ……………...
تﺎﻘﻔﻧ ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺘﻟا expand…………….…………….. costs
قﻮﺳ ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﺮﯾﺪﺼﺗ ﺾﺋﺎﻔﻟا …………….surplus……………………
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻦﻣ نﺎﻜﺴﻟا ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا رﺎﺠﺘﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻓﺪﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟاو ﺮﺒﻋ دوﺪﺤﻟا. •
ىدأ ﻒﻌﺿ تارﺎﮭﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرادﻹا ﺰﺠﻌﻟاو ﻦﻋ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ءﻂﺑ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا مﺪﻋو ةرﺪﻘﻟا •
ﻰﻠﻋ يدﺎﻔﺗ ﺰﺠﻌﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
ﻢﻈﻨﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ •
ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو صﺮﻓ ﺎﮭﻌﯿﺑ.
رﺪﺼﺗ ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا ﺾﺋﺎﻓ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا ﻰﻟإ ناﺪﻠﺑ ةروﺎﺠﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﯿﻘﯾﺮﻓأ وأ ﻰﻟإ لود دﺎﺤﺗﻻا ﻲﺑوروﻷا. •
ﺶﻗﺎﻨﯿﺳ ﺮﻤﺗﺆﻤﻟا يﺬﻟا ﺪﻘﻌﯿﺳ ﺮﮭﺸﻟا مدﺎﻘﻟا ﻞﺒﺳ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗو ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺎﮭﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳاو ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ •
ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
ﺖﺸﻗﺎﻧ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻞﺒﺳ ﺔﮭﺟاﻮﻣ تﺎﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﮫﺟاﻮﺗ عﺎﻄﻗ ﻞﻘﻨﻟا ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟاو ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا. •
ﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا تاﺪﺋﺎﻋ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ءاﺮﺸﻟ ﻊﻠﺳ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺑو ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳأ ﻦﻣ لود ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺘﻟ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا •
قﻮﺴﻟا.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
هﺎﺠﺗﻻا ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا صﺎﺨﻟاو رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﺒﻨﺟﻷا ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟا
ﻆﺣﻼﯾ نأ لﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻧ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﺒﻨﺟﻷا ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟا داز لﺪﻌﻤﺑ عﺮﺳأ ﺮﺒﻛأو ﻦﻣ ةدﺎﯾز لﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻧ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا
ﺚﯿﺣ نﺎﻛ لﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻧ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﻞﯿﻤﯾ ﻲﻓ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻲﻟاﻮﺣ 12% لﻼﺧ ﺪﻘﻋ تﺎﻨﯿﻌﺴﺘﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ ﻞﺻو
مﺎﻋ
1998 ﻰﻟإ 695 رﺎﯿﻠﻣ رﻻود ﻢﺛ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ ةدﺎﯾز ﺖﻠﺻو ﻰﻟإ 45% ﺎﻤﻨﯿﺑ ﻞﺻو مﺎﻋ 1999 ﻰﻟإ 1088 رﺎﯿﻠﻣ
رﻻود ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑو ةدﺎﯾز ﺖﻐﻠﺑ
.57%
(Awad & Shehata, 2018 , p. 32 )

53. 40 Translating economic texts
Text 2
ﻲﻔﻓ تاﻮﻨﺴﻟا ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا ﺖﻟﻮﺤﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺋﺎﻤﺤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻖﺋﺎﻋ لﺪﺑ كﺮﺤﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻠﻟ ﻲﻓ
ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا هﺬھ ﺔﯿﺋﺎﻤﺤﻟا ةﺪﯾاﺰﺘﻤﻟا ﺎھﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺪﯾﺰﻣ ﻦﻣ ءﺎﻄﺑإ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا عﺎﻔﺗراو تﻻﺪﻌﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا
ضﺎﻔﺨﻧاو تﺎﯾﻮﺘﺴﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا.
،اﺬﻟ نﺈﻓ ﻲﻧﺪﺗ تﻻﺪﻌﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺎھﺪﯿﯿﻘﺗو ﻮھ ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻲﻧﺪﺘﻟ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ،ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺆطﺎﺒﺘﻟﺎﻓ ﻊﺳاﻮﻟا
ﻲﻓ تﻻﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا نﺎﻛ ﻻوﺆﺴﻣً ﺔﺟرﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻟوﻷا ﻦﻋ طﻮﺒھ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ لﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا يﻮﻨﺴﻟا ﻢﺠﺤﻟ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻦﻣ 8% لﻼﺧ تﺎﻨﯿﺘﺴﻟا ﻰﻟإ
5.7% لﻼﺧ تﺎﻨﯿﻌﺒﺴﻟا ﻰﻟإو 2.7% لﻼﺧ ﻒﺼﻨﻟا لوﻷا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻨﯿﻧﺎﻤﺜﻟا.
(Shaheen, 2018 , p. 37 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﺖﻟﻮﺤﺗ تاﻮﻨﺴﻟا ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا turned into recent years
ﻖﺋﺎﻋ ﺔﯿﺋﺎﻤﺣ barrier protectionism
ءﺎﻄﺑإ كﺮﺤﻣ slowing down drive
ﺪﯿﯿﻘﺗ تﻻﺪﻌﻣ
ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ restricting low rates
تﻻﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﺆطﺎﺒﺗ ﻊﺳاو growth rates extended slowdown
ﻢﺠﺣ طﻮﺒھ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ volume of drop in average
تﺎﻨﯿﻌﺒﺴﻟا تﺎﻨﯿﺘﺴﻟا seventies sixties
Exercise 1: Translate the first passage above .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺖﺴﻜﻌﻧا تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﺠﮭﺘﻧا هﺬھ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺎﺒﻠﺳً ﻰﻠﻋ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟاو ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓ
ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا.
ﺖﻟﻮﺤﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺠﮭﺘﻨﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻲﻓ تاﻮﻨﺴﻟا
ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا ﻰﻟإ ﻖﺋﺎﻋ ﻮﻤﻨﻟ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻌﻟا كﺮﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا ﻮﻤﻨﻟ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟاو ﺔظﻮﺤﻠﻤﻟا لواﺪﺘﻟ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا.
ﻞﻜﺸﯾ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا تﻻﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا عﺎﻔﺗراو تﻻﺪﻌﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺾﻌﺑ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﻤﻟا ﺎﻘﺋﺎﻋً دﺪﮭﯾ ﺔﻣﻼﺳ
دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
تﺮﮭظأ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺘﻟا نأ ﺔﻏﺎﯿﺻ تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟ ﺾﻌﺑ تﻼﻜﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻟا ﻞﺜﻣ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا
ﺖﺤﺒﺻأ ﺔﻤﮭﻣ ﺔﺒﻌﺻ ﻲﻓ ﻞظ ةﺮﺘﻓ دﻮﻛﺮﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا.
كﺎﻨھ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا ﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻢﺠﺣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻣ ،قﻮﺴﻟا ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳو ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا مﺪﻋو
راﺮﻘﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻاو.
ﺮﮭظأ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺘﻟا يﻮﻨﺴﻟا نأ ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟا ةدﺎﯾزو ﻞﺧد ﺮﺳﻷا ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺔﯿﻌﯿﺒط ﻮﻤﻨﻠﻟ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻧوﻵا
ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا.
ﺖﻌﻓر نﺎﺠﻠﻟا ﺔﯿﻨﻌﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺎﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ذﺎﺨﺗﻻ ﺮﯿﺑاﺪﺗ ةدﺪﺤﻣ نﺎﻤﻀﻟ ةرﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﯿﻟود ﺔﻟدﺎﻋ ﺰﻛﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا.
يدﺆﯾ ﻊﻤﺠﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﻮﻤﻨﻟاو يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ صﺮﻓ لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻰﻟإ قاﻮﺳأ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ
ﺰﯿﻔﺤﺗو ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ةﻮﻘﻛ ﺔﻛﺮﺤﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻠﻟ.
ﺮﻘﺘﻔﺗ ةﺪﻋ ناﺪﻠﺑ ﻰﻟإ تﺎﻣﻮﻘﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﻞﯾﻮط ﻞﺟﻷا.
ﺖﺑﺮﻋأ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺎﮭﻘﻠﻗ لﺎﯿﺣ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ طﻮﺒھ تﻻﺪﻌﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﺮﻣﻷا يﺬﻟا ﺮﺛأ ﺎﺒﻠﺳً ﻰﻠﻋ
تﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

54. 3 Translating management texts
3.1 Management
Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1: The management process
Managers work in charities, social organizations, educational institutions, and government
agencies. Regardless of the nature and size of an organization, managers are among its most
important resources. Management itself is the process of planning, organizing, leading,
and controlling an organization’s financial, physical, human, and information resources to
achieve its goals. Managers oversee the use of all these resources in their respective firms.
All aspects of a manager’s job are interrelated. Any given manager is likely to be engaged in
each of these activities during the course of any given day ( Ebert & Griffin, 2013 , p. 114).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﻦﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ تﺎﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺔﯾﺮﯿﺧ charitiesmanagers
تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ social organizations institutions
تﻻﺎﻛو ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺔﻌﯿﺒط ﻢﺠﺣو government agencies nature and size
دراﻮﻣ ةرادإ managementresources
ةدﺎﯿﻗ يدﺎﻣ leading physical
يﺮﺸﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﮭﻓاﺪھأ human achieve its goals
فﺮﺸﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ firmsoversee
تﻻﺎﺠﻣ ﺔﻄﺑاﺮﺘﻣ interrelatedaspects
كرﺎﺸﯾ / طﺮﺨﻨﯾ ﻲﻓ لﻼﺧ be engaged in the course of
Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences of the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Managers of social organizations must inform all employees about the competencies
related to the effective management of their organizations.
• This research paper discusses the effective implementation of strategic manage-
ment programs in government agencies.
• The report highlights government agencies’ weak management policies that did not
promote managing local resources.
• Some people believe that public-sector management has the same qualities as private-
sector management.
DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-4

55. 42 Translating management texts
• Managers of the public-sector institutions need to employ strategies that ensure effec- tive human resource management.
• Management is sometimes referred to as the process of achieving the strategic goals of a certain institution.
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The process of human resource management includes the selection and recruitment of
employees.
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﺔﻄﺧ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا رﺎﯿﺘﺧا ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗو ﻞﻀﻓأ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﺟﺎﺤﻟا ﻢﮭﯿﻟإ. •
• Managers are responsible for overseeing a company or employees and for directing and
planning the human resources and administrative functions of a specific company.
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ تﺎﯿﻟﺆﺴﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﯾﺪﻤﻟا ﻼﻛً ﻦﻣ ةرادإ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا وأ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻣ ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ
ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ ﮫﯿﺟﻮﺗو ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ.
•
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
........... ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺷ دﺪﺤﯾ .................... comprehensive strategy determine goals
ﻂﻄﺧ ................ operational plans supervise ...........................
.................... ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻧ
work environment emerging markets .........................
ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ .................. زﺰﻌﯾ ...................
ﺬﺨﺘﯾ ....................
satisfy priority foster partnerships
time management
........................ make decisions
سﺎﯿﻗ ............. دﺪﺤﯾ ................... measure performance set objectives
غﻼﺑﻹا ﻦﻋ / ﻞﯿﺻﻮﺗ ......
ﻊﻀﯾ / رﻮﻄﯾ ...............
ﺲﻠﺠﻣ.................. communicate objectives board of directors
develop strategies unsatisfactory
..........................
يدﺆﯾ ............... ﺺﺼﺨﯾ ..............
perform tasks allocate resources
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• A comprehensive strategy is a company’s plan to achieve its planned objectives.
• Operational plans provide managers with detailed and necessary information on the
tasks that must be performed.
• A manager’s responsibilities include measuring employees’ performance and providing
them with direction.
• The tasks of a company’s board of directors include sorting out priorities, developing
strategic plans, finding and allocating resources, and achieving strategic objectives.
• The central government currently seeks to foster partnerships with the private sector,
which plays a key role in emerging markets.
• Time management is the optimal tool for maximizing productivity during a given period
of time.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
POLICIES
In the context of company strategy, policies are guiding rules or principles that are
regarded as an integral part of the company’s “success model”; that is to say, they are
practices or ways of doing things, often long established, that are seen as indispens-
able parts of the company’s formula for achieving a sustainable competitive advantage
( Sadler, 2003 , p. 10).

56. Translating management texts 43
Text 2
Strategic management can be seen as the linking process between the management of
the organization’s internal resources and its external relationships with its customers,
suppliers, competitors, and the economic and social environment in which it exists.
The organization develops these relationships from its abilities and resources. Hence,
the organization uses its history, skills, resources, knowledge, and various concepts to
explore its future actions. For some large organizations, there are additional aspects of
strategy that occur at their headquarters. This is called the corporate level of strategic
management and covers such topics as raising finance and dealing with subsidiaries
( Lynch, 2015 , p. 10).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
linking process
ةرادإ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ strategic management
دراﻮﻣ ﺔﯿﻠﺧاد internal resources
ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻂﺑر
تﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺧ
external relationships
ﻦﺋﺎﺑز/ءﻼﻤﻋ
نﻮﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ
نودرﻮﻣ supplierscustomers
ﺔﺌﯿﺑ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا competitors social environment
ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ تﺎﻗﻼﻋ تارﺪﻗ develops relationships abilities
ﻢﯿھﺎﻔﻣ ﻒﺸﻜﺘﺴﯾ exploreconcepts
future actions
تاءاﺮﺟإ ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺐﻧاﻮﺟ/ﮫﺟوأ
ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ aspects
تاﺮﻘﻣ headquarters corporate level
ﻊﻤﺟ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا عوﺮﻓ/تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺗ raising finance subsidiaries
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Some countries focus on strategic management of industrial development to promote
national economies.
• The present research paper is designed to analyze the impact of firms’ external relation-
ships on development at the organizational level.
• The process of internal resource management is specifically designed to identify priori-
ties, to effectively and efficiently develop resources, and to foster productivity.
• The new business strategy aims to develop business relationships among different
companies.
• Customers can benefit from the presence of different competitors, which leads to a
reduction in goods and services prices because competing companies seek to secure a
larger market share.
• New companies are aware that developing their business largely depends on building
strong relationships with internal and external institutions.
• The political, economic, and social environment and the free-trade zone have attracted
different investors to various economic sectors in the country, which consequently led
to economic growth.

57. 44 Translating management texts
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The study recommended carrying out an analysis and evaluation of the available
resources and capabilities.
• ﺖﺻوأ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ءاﺮﺟﺈﺑ ﺔﺳارد ىوﺪﺟ دراﻮﻤﻟ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا.
• The committee discussed allocating all available physical and human resources to
achieve the planned objectives.
• ﺶﻗﺎﻨﺘﺳ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا مدﺎﻘﻟا ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ فاﺪھأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
management culture
ﻖﺒﻄﯾ/ﺬﻔﻨﯾ .............. implement strategy ........................
ﺮﯾﺪﻣ ................
sustainable advantages general manager ................
مﺪﺨﺘﺴﯾ/ﻞﻐﺘﺴﯾ ............
ﺪﻤﺼﯾ مﺎﻣأ / يرﺎﺠﯾ .............
زﺰﻌﯾ ...............
utilize resources enhance performance
ﺪﯿﻔﺘﺴﯾ ﻦﻣ/ﻞﻐﺘﺴﯾ ......... survive competition exploit linkages
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ/ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ ............ create value change objectives ............................
project management ........................ company activities ............................
ﺮﺷﺆﻣ...............
performance indicator management tools ............................
....... ﺔﻣﻼﻋ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ﻊﺳﻮﺗ ..............
ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﻲﻔﯿظو
brand management international expansion
operations management
.................... functional organization
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The institution decided to implement its strategies and programs to gain sustainable
advantages.
• Some new strategic plans present different mechanisms to develop work capacities
and utilize resources efficiently.
• The general manager stressed the need to include key performance indicators and other
essential elements in any future project management plan.
• Some local companies began to improve their operations management to face the chal-
lenges of foreign companies’ international expansion.
• Public-sector institutions may utilize management tools developed by the private sector
to improve performance.
• The project management team members believe that developing the company activities
can significantly help meeting the needs of the local community.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Company directors are responsible to shareholders and other stakeholders to ensure that
the capital invested in the company is used prudently. Directors are expected to maximize
the return on investment for that capital. The principal reason for having a project authoriza-
tion procedure is to ensure that money will only be spent on projects that promise to be
profitable or are otherwise essential in the interests of the organization and its stakeholders
( Lock, 2013 , p. 119).

58. Translating management texts 45
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
ﻰﻌﺴﺗ ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﯿﺒﻌﺷ ﻢﺳا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا وأ ﺎﮭﺘﻌﻠﺳ ﺎﮭﻠﯿﻀﻔﺗو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎھﺮﯿﻏ ﻚﻟذو ةﺪﻋﺎﺴﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ءﺎﻨﺑ ﺔﻌﻤﺳ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا
ﻲﺘﻟا ﻒﻘﺗ ءارو ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻟا وأ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺞﯾوﺮﺗو ﻊﯿﺑ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ وأ ،ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻞﻤﻌﺗو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﺤﺗ رﻮﮭﻤﺠﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻦﺋﺎﺑز
ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻠﻟ وأ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا. ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﻰﻌﺴﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺛ تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ ةرادإ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺲﯿﺳﺄﺗ ﺔﯾﻮھ ةرﻮﺻو ﺔﯾدﺎﯿﻗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ وأ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻲﮭﻓ فﺪﮭﺗ نأ نﻮﻜﺗ ةﺪﺋار
ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﻟﺎﺠﻣ ةﺰﯿﻤﺘﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺎھﺮﯿﻏ. ﺎﻤﻛ ﻰﻌﺴﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺛ تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ ةرادإ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟاو
ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﻌﯿﺳﻮﺗو ﻚﻟذو ﺮﺸﻨﺑ رﺎﻜﻓأ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺎﮭﻠﺒﻘﺘﯾ ،سﺎﻨﻟا ﺢﺴﻔﺘﻟ لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟ
ﺎﮭﻌﻠﺳ وأ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻲﻓ تﻻﺎﺠﻣ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ قاﻮﺳأو ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ.
(Al-Hariri, 2016 b, pp. 26–27 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﻢﺳا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﯿﺒﻌﺷ company/firm name increase popularity
ءﺎﻨﺑ ﺔﻌﻤﺳ ﻞﯿﻀﻔﺗ build reputation favor/give preference to
ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ ﻒﻘﺗ ءارو promotion produces
تﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻞﯾﻮﺤﺗ رﻮﮭﻤﺠﻟا strategic relationships turn audience into
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺔﯿﻟود تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻋ international institutions global corporations
ةرﻮﺻ ﺔﯾدﺎﯿﻗ ﺲﯿﺳﺄﺗ ﺔﯾﻮھ leading image create identity
ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﻟﺎﺠﻣ ةﺪﺋار in its field leading
ﻊﯿﺳﻮﺗ ةﺰﯿﻤﺘﻣ expanding outstanding
ﺢﺴﻔﺗ لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺮﺸﻨﺑ رﺎﻜﻓأ allow/give way to disseminating ideas
ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence until
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English .
ﺖﻠﺧد ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا ﻊﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ مﺎﻋ 2020 نﺎﻤﻀﻟ عﺎﺒﺗإ ﻞﻀﻓأ
تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ ةدﻮﺟ ﺎﻨﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺎﻨﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧو ﻼﻣﺎﻋً ﺎﯾﺮھﻮﺟً ﻲﻓ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ةرﺪﻗ ﺎﻨﺘﻛﺮﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا
ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا مﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﺤﯾﺮﺸﻟ ﺔﻌﺳاو ﻦﻣ ﻦﺋﺎﺑﺰﻟا.
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﯾ نوﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا نﻮﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ وأ ﺎﮭﺘﻌﻤﺳ ﻞﯿﻟﺪﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﻮﺟ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ.
ﺪﻗ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﯾ ﺮﺸﻧ رﺎﻜﻓأ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺳ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺘﻟا ﺎﺒﻠﺳً ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻌﻤﺳ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﻤﻣ ﻲﻨﻌﯾ نأ تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا
ﺾﻔﺨﻨﺘﺳ ﺪﯿﻛﺄﺘﻟﺎﺑ.
ﺪﻗﺎﻌﺘﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ ءاﺮﺒﺧ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ ضﺮﻐﺑ ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ تﺎﻣﺪﺧو هﺬھ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا
ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹاو.
ﻞﺜﻤﺘﯾ ﺮﺛأ ﻞﯿﻀﻔﺗ ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻊﻠﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻨطﻮﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺢﻨﻣ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟاو ةرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز رﺎﻌﺳﻷا
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺪﯾﺰﻣ ﻦﻣ حﺎﺑرﻷا.
ﺖﻓﺪھ ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻰﻟإ ﺲﯿﺳﺄﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﯾﻮھ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻛ ةﺪﺋار مﺪﻘﺗ ﻞﻀﻓأ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ ﺎﮭﻠﻤﻋ.
ﻊﺿو ﺲﻠﺠﻣ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ فﺪﮭﺗ ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز حﺎﺑرﻷا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺴﻟا ةدﺎﯾزو
رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا.
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ فاﺪھأ ةدﺎﯾز ﺢﺑر ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟاو ﺾﻔﺧ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﺎﮭﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو ﺎﮭﺗدﻮﺟ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ.
ﻞﻤﻌﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲﻓ لود ﺞﯿﻠﺨﻟا ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

59. 46 Translating management texts
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ةدﺎﯾز صﺮﻓ ﺎﮭﺘﻤھﺎﺴﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻟاو يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا. •
• International institutions can limit their contribution to the economic development.
ﻰﻌﺴﺗ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻊﯿﺳﻮﺗ قﺎﻄﻧ ﺎﮭﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺾﻌﺑ لود دﺎﺤﺗﻻا ﻲﺑوروﻷا. •
• The company previous management sought to discuss expanding activities in all EU
countries.
يدﺆﺗ ةدﺎﯾز جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﯾﺪﯿﻌﺼﻟا ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﻟوﺪﻟاو. •
• Increasing productivity leads to increasing integration of services regionally.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ ﻲﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ةرﻮﺛ ﺔﯿﺗﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ information……………………………
ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ/ ةرادإ دراﻮﻤﻟا
ﺮﯿﺨﺴﺗ / لﻼﻐﺘﺳا دراﻮﻣ
فوﺮظ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ………management …………………...
تﺎطﺎﺸﻧ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺴﻧإ harness…………… human…………...
ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ تاءاﺮﺟإ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻒﯿﻜﺗ ….……..procedures to adapt
ﮫﯿﺟﻮﺗ ةدﺎﯿﻗو ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻞﺜﻣأ guidance ………… optimal …………..
ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﺣو عﺎﺒﺷإ / ءﺎﺿرإ تﺎﺟﺎﺣ
مﺪﻘﺗ ﺔﯿھﺎﻓرو satisfy …………....…………governance
ﻖﯿﺴﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟاو …………....oversight ……… prosperity
فاﺪھأ ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﻒﯿظﻮﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا organizational……… utilize …………..
ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا طﺎﺸﻧ يرﺎﺠﺗ business…………assess………………
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
تﺪﻘﻋ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﻣ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟاً ﺚﺤﺒﻟ ﻞﺒﺳ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﺗارﺪﻗ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺘﻟا
،ﻲﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو ةدﻮﺟ ،ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ةرادإو ﺎھدراﻮﻣ.
تﺪﻛأ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةروﺮﺿ ﺔﺌﯿﮭﺗ صﺮﻓ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﮫﺑﺬﺟو ﻲﻛ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ لﻼﻐﺘﺳا دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺎﯿﻠﺤﻣً
ﻊﻨﻣو ﺎﮭﻠﻘﻧ ﻰﻟإ تادﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﻣ.
ﻞﺜﻤﺘﯾ فﺪﮭﻟا ﻲﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا ﺔﻄﺨﻠﻟ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ةرادﻹﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ نﺎﻤﺿ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﻞﺜﻣﻷا دراﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ
لﻼﺧ ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺘﻟا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻸﻟ.
ﺰﻛﺮﯾ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﻖﯿﺴﻨﺘﻟا ،ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟاو ةرادإو ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا نﺎﻤﺿو ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا
ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﺑ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺘﻟا ﻲﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻻا.
فﺪﮭﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﺣ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻖﯾﺮط ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﻗوﻷا رﺎﻌﺳﺄﺑو
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ.
تﺪﻤﺘﻋا ﻚﻠﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةرﻮﺜﻟا ﺔﯿﺗﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﻊﻓﺮﻟ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﺎﮭﻠﻤﻋ ﻰﻟإ تﺎﯾﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﻗﻮﺒﺴﻣ.
ﺰﻛﺮﺗ دﻮﮭﺟ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا نﺎﻤﻀﻟ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﻞﺜﻣﻷا ﺎﮭﻟ ﻲﻓ ﻞظ ﺔﻣزﻷا
ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺐﻌﻠﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ارودً ﺎﻣﺎھً ﻲﻓ تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻣ ةرادإ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﺎﮭﻣﺎﮭﻤﻟ. ةدﺎﯾﺰﻓ ةﺪﺣ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا
يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻧﺮﺼﻋ ﺮﺿﺎﺤﻟا ﻞﻜﺷ ﺎﻄﻐﺿً اﺪﯾاﺰﺘﻣً ﻰﻠﻋ ةﺰﮭﺟﻷا ،ﺔﯾرادﻹا ءاﻮﺳ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﻣ مأ
،ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﻲﻜﻟ ﺢﺒﺼﺗ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ. اﺬھو هروﺪﺑ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺎﻄﻐﺿً اﺪﯾاﺰﺘﻣً ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ةرادإ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا
ﺎﮭﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣو اﻮﻌﺴﯿﻟ ﻰﻟإ دﺎﺠﯾإ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟا ةﺮﻜﺘﺒﻤﻟا جﺎﺘﻧﻺﻟ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ داﺮﻓﻷا.
( Rashid, 2018 , p. 31)

60. Translating management texts 47
Text 2
ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻠﻟو ﺔﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻛ ءادأ ةرادإ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﺎﮭﻔﺋﺎظﻮﻟ. ﺪﻘﻓ يدﺆﺗ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺘﻟا
ﺔﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﯿﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ نﺎﯿﺣﻷا ﻰﻟإ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻲﻓ تارﺎﮭﻤﻟا ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺳ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﻣو ﻢﺛ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻛﺎﯿھ
قاﻮﺳأ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺎﻣو ﻊﺒﺘﯾ ﻚﻟذ ﻦﻣ ﺪﯾاﺰﺗ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ،ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ثاﺪﺤﺘﺳا لﺎﻤﻋأ ،ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ءﺎﻨﻐﺘﺳﻻاو
ﻦﻋ لﺎﻤﻋأ تﺎﻣﺪﺧو ىﺮﺧأ ﺎھﺎﻄﺨﺗ رﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا. ﻻو ﺮﺛﺆﺗ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ نود ﺮﺧآ
ﻦﻣ ﺐﻧاﻮﺟ ةرادإ دراﻮﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﻞﺑ نﻮﻜﯾ ﺎھﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻼﻣﺎﺷً . ﻲﮭﻓ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻲﻓ ضﺮﻌﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﻟاو عاﻮﻧﻷ ةﺮﯿﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ
تارﺎﮭﻤﻟا ،تﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻟاو اﺬھو هروﺪﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﯾ ﻲﻓ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳوو بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳا ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﻮﻧو
ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ﺐﯾرﺪﺘﻟا ﺮﯿﻏو ﻚﻟذ ﻦﻣ ﻒﺋﺎظو دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا. زﺮﺑأو لﺎﺜﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﻟذ ﺎﻣ ﮫﺘﺛﺪﺣأ تارﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﺋﺎﮭﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا
تﺮﺟ ﻲﻓ ناﺪﯿﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻ تﺎﺒﺳﺎﺤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﻵا ﺎﮭﻋاﻮﻧﺄﺑ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا. ﺪﻘﻓ ﻢﮭﺳأ ﻚﻟذ رﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟا ﺮﯿﺒﻜﻟا ﻲﻓ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا
ةﺰﮭﺟأ ﺐﺳﺎﺤﻟا ﻲﻟﻵا ﻲﻓ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻮھو ﺎﻣ يدأ ﻰﻟإ ثاﺪﺤﺘﺳا ﻒﺋﺎظو ،ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧً ﻚﻠﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا
ﺐﻠﻄﺘﺗ تارﺎﮭﻣ ،ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ ءﺎﻨﻐﺘﺳﻻاو ﻦﻋ ﻒﺋﺎظو ىﺮﺧأ.
( Rashid, 2018 , p. 33)
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺔﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ significant impact technological factors
تاﺮﯿﻐﺗ ءادأ ﻒﺋﺎظو changes perform functions
قﻮﺳ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا تارﺎﮭﻣ ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ job market necessary skills
ﺪﯾاﺰﺗ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻞﻛﺎﯿھ demand increase structures
ءﺎﻨﻐﺘﺳا ﻦﻋ ثاﺪﺤﺘﺳا dispense with developing/introducing
ﺐﻧاﻮﺟ ﺎھﺎﻄﺨﺗ aspects surpass
تﺎﺼﺼﺨﺗ ضﺮﻌﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﻟاو specializations supply and demand
تارﻮﻄﺘﻟا بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳا / بﺬﺟ
ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻ تﺎﺒﺳﺎﺣ ﺔﯿﻟآ developments attracting
ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ departments computer industry
ﻲﻓ قﻮﺳ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
زﺰﻌﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ةرﺪﻗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةرادإ ﺎھدراﻮﻣ ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗو ﺎﮭﻓاﺪھأ. •
فﺪﮭﯾ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ تارﺎﮭﻣ ةرادإ ،ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗو تارﺪﻗ ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺎﮭﯿﻓ ةرادإو ﺖﻗﻮﻟا •
دراﻮﻤﻟاو.
ﺔﻤﺛ ﺮﺛأ ﻲﺒﻠﺳ ءﻮﺴﻟ ةرادإ راودأ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﻢﮭﺗﺎﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻣو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﮭﺘﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ. •
ﺖﻤھﺎﺳ دﻮﮭﺠﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﻟﺬﺑ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ نزاﻮﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ضﺮﻌﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﻟاو ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗو رﺎﻌﺳأ ﺔﻟﻮﻘﻌﻣ •
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻠﻟ.
كﺎﻨھ تارﻮﻄﺗ فﺪﮭﺗ ﻰﻟإ لﺎﺧدإ تﺎﻨﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﻲﻓ ءادأ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا. •
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ءﺎﻀﻋﻷ ﺲﻠﺠﻣ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ثاﺪﺤﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻟآ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﻤﻀﺗ عﺎﺒﺗا ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ةرادﺈﺑ •
ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا.
ً تﺪﮭﺷ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا اﺪﯾاﺰﺗﺎظﻮﺤﻠﻣًﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ مﻮﺤﻠﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا •
. رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ
%25
ﺖﺛﺪﺤﺘﺳا ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻨﻟا ﻒﺋﺎظو ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺔﺒﻛاﻮﻤﻟ تارﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﻻﺎﺠﻣ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ﻦﻣ ﺔﯿﺣﺎﻧ
ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗو تﺎﺒﻏر ﻦﺋﺎﺑﺰﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﯿﺣﺎﻧ ىﺮﺧأ.
•
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ دﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳا ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻣ دﺪﺟ. •
ﻢﮭﺳأ اﺬھ رﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟا ﺮﯿﺒﻜﻟا ﻲﻓ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ةﺰﮭﺟأ ﺐﺳﺎﺤﻟا ﻲﻟﻵا. •

61. 48 Translating management texts
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ تﺎﺒﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﮫﺟاﻮﺗ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا مﺪﻋ ﺚﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﻞﻛﺎﯿھ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا. •
• The main obstacle facing the public sector is the introduction of company structures.
فﺪﮭﺗ ﺔﺷرو ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻰﻟإ بﺎﺴﻛإ ﻦﯿﺑرﺪﺘﻤﻟا تارﺎﮭﻣ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﻣ تﺎﯿﻨﻘﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺜﯾﺪﺤﻟا. •
• The program aimed to provide company managers with skills related to communication
techniques.
ﺖﺸﻗﺎﻧ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ ضﺮﻌﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ردﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﻠﯾﺪﺒﻟا. •
• The team discussed the evaluation of demand on new resources.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translation in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ تﺎﻣزﻷا تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ..................................... ...............................
ﻂﻄﺧ ﺔﯿﻜﯿﺘﻜﺗ ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺎﻔﺸﻟاو tactical....................... oversight....................
ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺷ ءادأ لﺎﻌﻓ comprehensive .............. effective.....................
ﻊﻓر ةءﺎﻔﻛ ةرادإ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ increase ........................... ....................................
ﺐﻗاﺮﯾ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳا تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻤﻟ respond ....................oversee.......................
ﺎﺿر ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﺛ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻟا .................. satisfaction investors.....................
ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻣ ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺗ implementing ................ follow-up...................
حﺮط / ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ
ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا
فاﺪھأ ةﺮﯿﺼﻗ ىﺪﻤﻟا introduce......................... short-term.................
ﻊﻓر ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا determine ....................... raise............................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻟوﺪﻠﻟ نوﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا دﺎﺠﯾﻹ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺘﻟ ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ةأﺮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ةرادإ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا
رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻاو ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا.
ﺖﺻوأ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺲﯿﺳﺄﺘﺑ ﺔﺌﯿھ ﺔﺑﺎﻗر ﺔﯿﻓﺎﻔﺷو ﻰﻟﻮﺘﺗ ﺔﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ءادأ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا
ﺎﮭﻣاﺰﺘﻟاو ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﺑ ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗو ﻞﻤﻌﻟا.
ﺰﻛر عﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺲﻠﺠﻣ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻا ﺎﮭﻟ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ
ﻊﺿو تﺎﯿﻟآ سﺎﯿﻘﻟ ىﺪﻣ ﺎﮭﻣاﺰﺘﻟا ﺔﺒﻛاﻮﻤﺑ تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻤﻟا.
فﺪﮭﯾ ﻊﯿﺠﺸﺗ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻊﻓر ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ لﻼﻐﺘﺳا دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا.
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ فاﺪھأ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﺿر ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا نﺎﻤﺿو رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا دراﻮﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﺘﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻣ
ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا.
ثﺪﺤﺗ هﺬھ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ حﺮط ﻣُﺞﺘﻨ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ اﺮﻈﻧً ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻓﺎﻛ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﻟ ءادأ
ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
تﺮﺴﺧ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻦﻣ سأر ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻣ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ مﺪﻋ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﺠﺘﻧ
ﻦﻋ قﻼﻏﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲﺸﻔﺗ سوﺮﯿﻓ ﺎﻧورﻮﻛ.
رﺮﻗ ﻖﯾﺮﻓ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ نﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﮭﻓاﺪھأ.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا: ﻮھ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻧﻮﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ ةﺪﻋ تاﻮﻄﺧ ﺖﻤﻤﺻ ﺪﯾوﺰﺘﻟ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا داﺮﻓﻷﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻒﺋﺎظﻮﻠﻟ
،ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا نإ هﺬھ تاﻮﻄﺨﻟا ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ ،ﻒﺋﺎظﻮﻟا ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ
بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا ﻢﺛ رﺎﯿﺘﺧﻻا ﻢﺛ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺘﻟا.
(Mohammed, 2014 , p. 38 )

62. Translating management texts 49
3.2 Company and organization structure
Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1
Most public administration organizations have a hierarchical, “pyramidal” structure. In a
hierarchical organizational structure, power is centralized, and project teams may be estab-
lished for issues that are cross-cutting. When a network approach is chosen inside such an
organization, typically a process team (with a horizontal orientation) is installed that profits
from and is supported by a (vertically oriented) hierarchical structure. A typical market style
organization has business or profit units that compete with each other to get hold of the
available resources. In several Dutch ministries nowadays, internal services have to be paid
for by policy units. This market concept is an attempt to lower the total costs ( Meuleman,
2008 , p. 338).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ةرادإ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﻲﻣﺮھ public administration hierarchical
ﻞﻜﯿھ ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﺔﻄﻠﺳ / ةﻮﻗ
قﺮﻓ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا organizational structure power
ﺔﯾﺰﻛﺮﻣ centralized project teams
ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺷ / ﺔﯿﺿﺮﻋ )ةﺪﻋ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ(
ﯾﻞﻜﺸُ
ﺞﮭﻧ ﻲﻜﺒﺷ cross-cutting network approach
ﺪﯿﻔﺘﺴﯾ ﻦﻣ installed profits from
ﻂﻤﻧ قﻮﺴﻟا لﺎﻤﻋأ ﺔﯿﺤﺑر market style business for profit
ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﯾ ﻊﻣ ﻞﺼﺤﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ / ﻚﺴﻤﺘﯾ ـﺑ
تارازو ﺔﯾﺪﻨﻟﻮھ compete with get hold of
دراﻮﻣ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻣ available resources Dutch ministries
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻠﺧاد مﻮﮭﻔﻣ قﻮﺴﻟا internal services market concept
Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences above into Arabic .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Public administration is responsible for organizing government policies and the perfor-
mance of state employees.
• The organizational structure of a private-sector company means that private individuals
own and manage the company and its activities.
• Two studies discussed the impact of selecting a certain organizational structure based on
the firm’s ability to compete in domestic markets.
• Some companies offer a number of internal services to their employees working in dif-
ferent departments and units.
• The general manager recommended maximizing the use of available resources in order
to quickly overcome the financial difficulties.
• For-profit organizations primarily aim to generate profits, which means that they spend
less than what they earn.
• The organization management selected three highly skilled employees to join its new
project team.

63. 50 Translating management texts
Exercise 3: Identify correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The newly appointed manager worked for a competing company.
ﻢﻟ كﺮﺘﯾ ﻒظﻮﻤﻟا يﺬﻟا ﻋُﻦﯿ اﺮﺧﺆﻣً ﮫﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا نﺎﻛ ﻞﻤﻌﯾ ﺎﮭﺑ. •
• The government decided to allocate all available resources to boost productivity.
ترﺮﻗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺔﯾﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺗ ءﺰﺟ ﻦﻣ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺘﻟ ةرﺪﻗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا. •
• Women’s participation in public administration was a priority for the newly elected
government.
ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﺗ ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ءﺎﺴﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯾﻮﻟوأ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻠﻟ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺘﻧاﺖﺒﺨُ اﺮﺧﺆﻣ.ً •
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
ﺮﯾﺪﻣ ................. ﻊﺠﺸﯾ ............ marketing manager encourage innovation
ضﻮﻔﯾ ............... ...... رﺪﺼﻣ ﻲﺟرﺎﺧ
........... ﺔﻓﻮﻔﺼﻣ delegate responsibility outsourcing contract
collaborating with matrix management
.......................
.............. ﻞﺜﻣﻷا ﺮطﺎﺨﯾ ب
optimal structure run the risk of
................ ﺮﻣاوﻷا ﻂﺧ.........ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟا chain of command line authority
رﺪﺼﯾ .............. give instructions allows flexibility .....................
مﺎﮭﻣ ............... ...............ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ
internal functions line manager
تﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ....... ..............ﻲﻔﯿظو reporting relationships functional structure
................. ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ / ﺔﯿﺗاذ autonomous divisions permanent conflicts .....................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Companies employ marketing managers to attract customers. Managers promote the
brands, products, and services of the companies they work for.
• In a horizontal company structure, managers can delegate certain tasks to employees at
lower structure levels through the “chain of command.”
• All companies should have good organizational structures which clearly explain the
reporting relationships to promote employees’ performance.
• Successful managers encourage motivation among employees to increase productivity
and achieve profits.
• The higher management asserted the need to define the line authority and chain of com-
mand to avoid any conflicts.
• While the central management controls the organization as a whole, autonomous divi-
sions take most decisions.
• The line manager prepares job descriptions and employee performance evaluation
forms.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Organizational structure is the organization’s formal system of task, power, and report-
ing relationships. Organizational structure coordinates, controls, and motivates employees
( Gully & Phillips, 2013 , p. 127).

64. Translating management texts 51
Text 2
An organizational structure defines how job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and
coordinated. Jobs are grouped into departments, and departments are linked to form the
organizational structure. Organizational structure is the formal pattern of interaction and
coordination designed by management to link the tasks of individuals and groups in achiev-
ing organizational goals. The word “formal” in this context refers to the fact that orga-
nization structures typically are created by management for specific purposes related to
achieving organizational goals and hence are official or formal outcomes of the organizing
function. Organizations also have informal structures, or patterns of interaction, which are
not designed by management but which emerge usually because of common interests or
friendship ( Aquinas, 2008 , p. 94).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ً ﻞﻜﯿھ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻤﺴﻘﻣ ﺎﯿﻤﺳر organization structure formally divided
ﺗﻊﻤﺠُ ﻲﻓ ﻖﯿﺴﻨﺗ grouped into coordination
ﻂﺑﺮﯾ قﺎﯿﺳ link context
ضاﺮﻏأ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ فاﺪھأ ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ specific purposes organizational goals
ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺔﯿﻤﺳر ﺔﻤﮭﻣ ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ formal outcomes organizing function
ﻞﻛﺎﯿھ ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﯿﻤﺳر طﺎﻤﻧأ
ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ informal structures patterns
common interests
ﺮﮭﻈﯾ / ﺄﺸﻨﯾ emerge
Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences from the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The nature of tasks determines the type of organizational structure.
• The committee recommended establishing a new company to achieve the specific
purposes.
• Three members from the board of directors held a meeting to discuss and evaluate the
formal outcomes and organizing functions.
• Achieving common business interests requires resolving any possible conflicts and
coordinating tasks.
• Organizational design refers to the selection and management of organizational struc-
ture aspects in order to achieve the organizational goals.
• Companies should carefully design their organizational structure to support the com-
munication patterns among employees and effectively implement their business
strategies.
• Effective organizational structures can significantly contribute to achieving organiza-
tional goals by promoting positive relationships, improving efficiency, and motivating
employees.
• The performance of many companies depends on their responding to changes by rede-
signing their organizational structures.

65. 52 Translating management texts
Exercise 3: Correct the errors in the following Arabic translations:
• Job applicants should consider the organizational structure if they decide to apply for a
job in a specific company.
• ﻻ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﻲﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟ تﺎﺒﻠﻄﻟا ﺰﯿﻛﺮﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺣ اورﺮﻗ مﺪﻘﺘﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﺑ ﺔﻔﯿظو ﻲﻓ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ
ﺔﺻﺎﺧ.
• The effectiveness of a structure depends on the nature of the organization and the envi-
ronment in which it operates.
• ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﻠﻜﯿھ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﺘﻌﯿﺒط ﺔﺌﯿﺒﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﺑ.
• The activities and performance of a certain level in an organizational structure are
supervised by a higher level.
• فﺮﺸﯾ ﻞﻛ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻣ تﺎﯾﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﮫﺘﻄﺸﻧأ هءادأو.
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
job title
incompatible goals
mission
division of labor
competitive environment
integrate employees
structural changes
ﻰﻤﺴﻤﻟا ..............
........................
........................
ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ .................
.................
ﺞﻣﺪﯾ ....................
................... ﺔﯿﻠﻜﯿھ unified structure
specialized jobs
improve effectiveness
restructuring
temporary groups
organizational rules
specialize or perform ............................
...........................
....................
ةدﺎﻋإ...................
..........................
ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ.................
......................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The workforce analysis refers to all jobs within a department and shows the total num-
ber of employees working in the department and their job titles.
• Division of labor is defined as the process of separating a work process at an organiza-
tion into a number of tasks. Different people are assigned different tasks to perform.
• The competitive environment in which different businesses operate depends on the
opportunities available for them to compete effectively with one another.
• Some internal or external factors may require making changes to the organiza-
tion’s structure. These can include changes to the organization’s strategic goals and
operations.
• The rules of business institutions determine and govern how employees perform their
tasks and meet their responsibilities.
Exercise 6: Translate the italicized words in the following passage:
Organizational structure is associated with group formation, i.e. the setting up of divi-
sions, departments, work sections, etc. The term “group” is commonly defined as a number
of people who: (1) interact with one another; (2) are psychologically aware of one another;
and (3) perceive themselves to be a group ( Noaum, 2001 , p. 79).

66. Translating management texts 53
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
ﻞﻛﺎﯿﮭﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا
ﻦﻤﻀﺘﯾ ﻚﻟذ تاﻮﻨﻗ بﺎﯿﺴﻧا ،ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟا ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧو ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﺎﻤﺑ ﻲﻓ ﻚﻟذ تارادﻹا مﺎﺴﻗﻷاو ،عوﺮﻔﻟاو
ﻒﺻوو ﻒﺋﺎظﻮﻟا نﺎﺠﻠﻟاو. ﺎﻤﻣ ﻻ ﻚﺷ ﮫﯿﻓ نأ ﻞﻛﺎﯿﮭﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﺮﺜﻛﻷا ﺔﻤﺋﻼﻣ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺘﻟ ﻦﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟا ﻲھ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻞﻛﺎﯿﮭﻟا
ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺴﺘﺗ ﺔﻧوﺮﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻒﯿﻜﺘﻟاو ﻊﻣ ﺔﺌﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﻟﻮﮭﺳو تﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺴﻟا تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻤﻠﻟ. ﺪﻤﺘﻌﯾو
ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻔﯿظﻮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻟا ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗو ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺎﻌﺒﺗً ﻒﺋﺎظﻮﻠﻟ. نﻮﻜﯾو ﻞﻜﻟ دﺮﻓ ﻞﻤﻌﯾ ﻲﻓ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻦﯿﻌﻣ ﺲﯿﺋر
،ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ نﻮﻜﺗو ةرادﻹا ﺎﯿﻠﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻢﻜﺤﺗ يﻮﻗ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻠﻟ ،ﻞﻜﻛ ﺲﻜﻌﻨﯾو اﺬھ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻓﺪﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ
ﺰﻛﺮﺘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻦﯾﺮﯾﺪﻤﻟا ﻢﺘﯾو ﺎﮭﻌﯾزﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ ةرادﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ داﺮﻓﻷا. نﺈﻓ ﺔﺌﯿﮭﺗ خﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺘﻟ ﻦﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﺘﺗ
ةروﺮﻀﻟﺎﺑ لﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﻰﻟإ تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرادﻹا ةدﺎﺘﻌﻤﻟا ﺮﺜﻛﻷا ﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗً ﻊﻣ تﺎﯿﻄﻌﻣ ﺮﺼﻋ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟا.
( Abu Hatlah, 2010 , p. 37)
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
تاﻮﻨﻗ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﯾ channels includes
ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ بﺎﯿﺴﻧا ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟا characteristics authority flow
عوﺮﻓ تارادﻹا divisions administrations
ﺔﻧوﺮﻣ ﻒﯿﻜﺗو ﻒﺻو ﻒﺋﺎظو flexibility and adaptation job description
ةرادﻹا ﺎﯿﻠﻌﻟا ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا senior management work/labor division
ﻖﻓﺪﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻢﻜﺤﺗ يﻮﻗ information flow strong control
ﻦﯿﻜﻤﺗ ﺔﺌﯿﮭﺗ خﺎﻨﻤﻟا create atmosphere empowerment
most compatible
ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗً تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻣ ةدﺎﺘﻌﻣ common practices
ﺮﺼﻋ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟا تﺎﯿﻄﻌﻣ knowledge age data/facts
ﻒﺋﺎظﻮﻟا نﺎﺠﻠﻟاو Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ضﺮﻋ ﺲﻠﺠﻣ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا يﺬﻟاو ﻞﻤﺸﯾ ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﻒﺻوو
ﻒﺋﺎظﻮﻟا.
مﺪﻗ ﺮﯾﺪﻤﻟا ﺎﻔﺻوً ﺎﻘﯿﻗدً تﺎﯿﻟﻵ ﻞﻤﻋ تارادﻹا ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ،ﺎﮭﻣﺎﮭﻣو قﺮطو ﻞﺻاﻮﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﯿﺑ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ
عﻼطإ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا دﺪﺠﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻤﻟا ةدﺎﺘﻌﻤﻟا.
ﺲﻜﻌﺗ ﺔﻧوﺮﻣ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا يرادﻹا ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﺎﮭﻤﻈﻧ ﺔﯾرادﻹا ﻢﯿﻈﻌﺘﻟ ةءﺎﻔﻛ ﺎﮭﻠﻤﻋ ﮫﺘﯿﻠﻋﺎﻓو
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فﺪﮭﯾ ﻊﺿو ﻞﻜﯿھ ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﺪﯿﺟ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﻰﻟإ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻒﺋﺎظﻮﻟا تارادﻹاو ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا
،ﺔﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻤﻟاو بﺎﯿﺴﻧاو ،ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﻌﯿﺒطو ﻞﻤﻌﻟا.
ﻦﻤﻜﺗ ﺔﯿﻤھأ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﻞﻜﯿھ ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ لﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻖﻓﺪﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو تﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﻦﯿﺑ مﺎﺴﻗأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا
ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا.
تﺮﻛذ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا نأ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا دﺪﺤﯾ ﺲﺳأ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﺐﺴﺣ ﻢﮭﺗﺎﺻﺎﺼﺘﺧا فﺪﮭﺑ زﺎﺠﻧإ
ﻢﮭﻣﺎﮭﻣ ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻔﺑ نﺎﻤﺿو ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ فاﺪھأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
دﺪﺤﯾ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ مﺎﺴﻗأ ﻚﻠﺗ ،تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا تﺎﻗﻼﻋو داﺮﻓﻷا ،ﺎﮭﻠﺧاد مﺎﮭﻤﻟاو ﺔطﻮﻨﻤﻟا ﻞﻜﺑ
فﺪﮭﺑ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺎﯿﻠﺤﻣً ﺎﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗإو
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ﻒظﻮﻣ ﻖﯿﺴﻨﺘﻟاو ﺎﮭﻨﯿﺑ

67. 54 Translating management texts
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:
ﺖﻘﻘﺣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﮭﻓاﺪھأ ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻊﺿو ﻞﻜﯿھ ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ دﺪﺤﯾ تﺎﯿﻟآ ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺗ مﺎﮭﻤﻟا ﻖﯿﺴﻨﺘﻟاو فاﺮﺷﻹاو. •
• The company achieved its goals after developing an organizational structure that defines
its tasks.
ضﺮﻌﺗ ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ﻞﺒﺳ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﻖﻓﺪﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻞﺧاد ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا. •
• The previously adopted plan provides different ways of dealing with corporate confi-
dential information.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ يرادإ ةدﺎﻋإ ءﺎﻨﺑ managerial ………….. …………………….
تاﻮﻨﻗ لﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﻖﯿﺴﻨﺗو ………………………. ……………………
يرادإ ﻲﻔﯿظوو تاﺪﺣو تﺎﻤﮭﻣو ………….. & functional …………………….
ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺗ مﺎﮭﻣ تﺎﻤﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﺔﯾرادإ allocation of ………… …………………….
ﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا تﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﯿﻔﯿظو functional ………….…………………….
ﺾﯾﻮﻔﺗ ﺔﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ رﺪﺼﯾ ﺮﻣاوأ delegate …………… …………………….
ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﻊﯿﺠﺸﺗ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا organizational ……… …………………….
ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣو ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ……………………. …………………….
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﯾ ﻊﻣ ﻦﯿﺳوؤﺮﻣ ﻦﯿﻠﻋﺎﻓ ……… subordinates…………………….
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
تدأ ةدﺎﻋإ ءﺎﻨﺑ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ فاﺪھأ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﯾؤرو ﻲﺘﻟا فﺪﮭﺗ
ﻰﻟإ ﺔﯾﻮﻘﺗ تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﮭﺟ ﺔﻗﻼﻋو ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﮭﺟ ىﺮﺧأ.
ﻦﯿﺒﯾ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا نأ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺘﻟا يرادﻹا فﺪﮭﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ تﺎﯾﻮﺘﺴﻣ ءادﻷا ةءﺎﻔﻜﻟاو ﺎﮭﻤﻈﻨﻟ
ﺔﯾرادﻹا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ لﺎﺧدإ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺔﯾﺮھﻮﺟ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻈﻧأ ةرادﻹا.
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ مﺎﮭﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا ﺮﯾﺪﻤﻟ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ فاﺪھأ ﺔﯾؤرو ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإو ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ
صﺮﻓ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟاو تﺎﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﻗ ﻖﯿﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا.
ﺖﺸﻗﺎﻧ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا مﺎﮭﻤﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ،مﺎﺴﻗﻷا ءارﺪﻤﻟاو ﻦﯿﺳوؤﺮﻤﻟاو ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﻞﺒﺳ ﺪﺸﺣ
دراﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺗﻦﻜﻤُ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ مﺎﯿﻘﻟا ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺎﺑ مﺎﮭﻤﻟاو ﺔطﻮﻨﻤﻟا ﻢﮭﺑ.
دﺪﺤﯾ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ مﺎﺴﻗأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻟﻮﺘﺗ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ مﺎﮭﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺺﺨﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا لﺎﻤﻋﻷاو
ﺔﻣزﻼﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﻓاﺪھأ ﺎﻤﻛ ﮫﻧأ ﺢﺿﻮﯾ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻚﻠﺗ مﺎﺴﻗﻷا.
ﺐﻌﻠﯾ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﺔﺌﯿﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗو فاﺪھﻷا ارودً ﺎﯿﺳﺎﺳأً ﻲﻓ ﻊﯿﺠﺸﺗ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو ﻢھءادأ
ﻢﮭﻟﺎﻤﻋﻷ.
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Exercise 6: Translate the underlined words into English:
بﻮﻠﺳأ ةرادﻹا ﺎﮭﻤﯿﻗو
ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﺐﯿﻟﺎﺳﻷا ﺔﯾرادﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎھﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ةرادﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺐﻧاﻮﺠﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ دﺪﻌﺘﻟﺎﺑ ،فﻼﺘﺧﻻاو نأو يأ ﺮﯿﻐﺗ
ثﺪﺤﯾ ﻲﻓ بﻮﻠﺳﻷا يرادﻹا ﺎﻘﻓوً تﺎﯿﻄﻌﻤﻟ ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ﻢھﺎﺴﯾ ﻲﻓ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ،ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا لﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺎﻓ ﻦﻣ بﻮﻠﺳﻷا
يﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ بﻮﻠﺳﻷا ﻲطاﺮﻘﻤﯾﺪﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﺘﯾ ثاﺪﺤﺘﺳا تاﺪﺣو ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ثاﺪﺣإ ﺮﯿﻐﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا.
( Qadi, 2015 , p. 133)

68. Translating management texts 55
Text 2
فاﺪھأ داﺪﻋإ ﻞﻛﺎﯿﮭﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا:
ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺘﻟا يرادﻹا: ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ نﺎﯿﺑ مﺎﺴﻗﻷا تارادﻹاو تاﺪﺣﻮﻟاو ﺔﯾرادﻹا ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا •
ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ﻲﻄﻌﯾ ةﺮﻜﻓ ﺔﺤﺿاو ﻦﻋ ﺔﻌﯿﺒط ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ةﺮﻜﻓو ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﻋ ﺎﮭﻔﺋﺎظو ﺔﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا.
طﻮﻄﺧ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟا: ﻲﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛﺎﯿﮭﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﺢﻀﺘﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﻜﯿھ تاراﺮﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا وأ ﻲﻓ ةرادإ •
،عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا يأو تاﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﻞﻜﻟ ةرادإ.
تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ لﺎﺼﺗﻻا: ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تارادﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ نﺎﯿﺑ طﻮﻄﺧ لﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﻦﯿﺑ ،تاﺪﺣﻮﻟا يأو ﻦﻣ هﺬھ تاﺪﺣﻮﻟا •
ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﺗ ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻊﻣ ﺎﮭﻀﻌﺑ ﺾﻌﺒﻟا.
داﺪﻋإ تﺎﻔﯿﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯿظﻮﻟا: ﻊﻣو زوﺮﺑ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺘﻟا ،يرادﻹا ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺘﺳ ةرادﻹا ﻦﻣ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟإ تﺎﻤﮭﻣ •
ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ مﺎﺴﻗﻷا ،تاﺪﺣﻮﻟاو ذإ عزﻮﺗ تﺎﻤﮭﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تارادﻹا ﺔﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا مﻮﻘﺗ ﺎھروﺪﺑ ﻲﻓ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ
تﺎﻤﮭﻤﻟا ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻠﻛﻮﻤﻟا ،ﺎﮭﯿﻟإ ﺎﮭﻋزﻮﺗو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﺗاﺪﺣو.
ﻖﻓﺪﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا: ﻦﻣ فوﺮﻌﻤﻟا نأ ﺐﺗاﺮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯿظﻮﻟا ،ﺎﯿﻧﺪﻟا ﻊﻓﺮﺗ ﺎھﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺗ )تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا( ﺐﺗاﺮﻤﻠﻟ ﺮﺜﻛﻷا
ًاﻮﻠﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ،ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗو تارادﻹا ﺎﯿﻠﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ هﺬھ ،تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﺎﮭﻟﻮﺤﺗو ﺮﻣاوﻷ ﺔﯾرادإ
•
،ﺔﯿﮭﯿﺟﻮﺗ ﺎھﺪﯿﻌﺗ ﺐﺗاﺮﻤﻠﻟ ﺎﯿﻧﺪﻟا ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳﻻاو ﻦﻣ تاﺮﺒﺧ تارادﻹا ﺎﯿﻠﻌﻟا ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗو ﻰﻠﻋ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ردﺎﺼﻤﻟا.
(Bash, 2018 , p. 132 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ يرادإ داﺪﻋإ ﻞﻛﺎﯿھ administrative division preparing structures
تاﺪﺣو ﺔﯾرادإ نﺎﯿﺑ administrative units showing
طﻮﻄﺧ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟا ﻒﺋﺎظو ﺔﺴﯿﺋر authority lines main jobs
تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ لﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﺔﯿﻠﻜﯿھ تاراﺮﻘﻟا communication variables decision structures
ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﺗ ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ طﻮﻄﺧ لﺎﺼﺗﻻا deals directly communication lines
ﺔﻠﻛﻮﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﯿﻟإ تﺎﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﺔﯿﻔﯿظو assigned to them job descriptions
ﻊﻓﺮﺗ ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺗ ﺐﺗاﺮﻣ ﺔﯿﻔﯿظو job levels report to
directive
ﺔﯿﮭﯿﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺑ data analysis
رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ردﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺐﺗاﺮﻣ ﺎﯿﻧد invest resources lower levels
ﺎﮭﻔﺋﺎظو ﺔﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا Exercise 1: Translate the first three lines up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ نأ ﻞﻤﺸﯾ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﺪﯿﺠﻟا تﺎﯿﻟآ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ راودأ ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ •
ﻢﮭﺗﺎﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻣ ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻛو ﻖﯿﺴﻨﺗ راودﻷا تﺎﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟاو ﻖﻓﺪﺗو تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا.
ﺖﻨﻜﻤﺗ تاﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﺔﯾرادﻹا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا دراﻮﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻔﺑ ﺮﻣﻷا يﺬﻟا زﺰﻋ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ •
ﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﺮﺒﻛأ لﻼﺧ ةﺮﺘﻓ ةﺮﯿﺼﻗ.
ﺢﺿﻮﯾ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا تﺎﯿﻟآ طﻮﻄﺧو لﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﻦﯿﺑ ﺐﺗاﺮﻤﻟا ﺎﯿﻧﺪﻟا ﺐﺗاﺮﻤﻟاو ﺎﯿﻠﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا •
ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ تﺎﯿﻟآ داﺪﻋإ ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺘﻟا.
ﺶﻗﺎﻧ عﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﻲﻋﻮﺒﺳﻷا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻒﺋﺎظﻮﻟا ،ﺔﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻜﯿھو تاراﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ •
ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻣ دﺪﺟ مﺎﮭﻤﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻛﻮﺘﺳ ﻢﮭﯿﻟإ.
لوﺎﻨﺗ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺘﻟا يﻮﻨﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ذﺎﺨﺗا تاراﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﮭﯿﺟﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞظ تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟا ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﯿﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا. •
ﺪﻛأ ﺲﯿﺋر ﺲﻠﺠﻣ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ةروﺮﺿ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﻋإ ﺔﻏﺎﯿﺻ تﺎﻔﯿﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯿظﻮﻟا ﺎﻤﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﯾ ﻊﻣ •
تارﻮﻄﺗ قﻮﺳ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا مﺎﮭﻤﻟاو راودﻷاو ﺔطﻮﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟﺎﺑ.
. ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تارادﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ طﻮﻄﺧ لﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﻦﯿﺑ تاﺪﺣﻮﻟا •

69. 56 Translating management texts
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations
ﯾﺮﮭﻈ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺘﻟا يرادﻹا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ تاﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﺔﯾرادﻹا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا طﻮﻄﺧو ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟا ﺐﺗاﺮﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻔﯿظﻮﻟا. ُ•
• The organizational structure clearly shows the job descriptions.
ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﯾدﺄﺗ مﺎﮭﻤﻟا ﺔﻠﻛﻮﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﯿﻟإ اﺮﻈﻧً مﺪﻌﻟ حﻮﺿو طﻮﻄﺧ لﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﻦﯿﺑ ﺎﮭﺗاﺪﺣو ﺔﯾرادﻹا
ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا.
•
• The different departments at the company performed some of the tasks assigned to
them.
دﺪﺤﺗ تﺎﻔﯿﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯿظﻮﻟا تﺎﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻣ تﺎﺒﺟاوو ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا. •
• The job data analysis shows the responsibilities and duties of higher management
employees.
Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﺔﻤﮭﻣ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإو ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ةءﺎﻔﻜﺑ ........................... ...........................
تاﺪﺣو ذﺎﺨﺗا تاراﺮﻘﻟا ﻞﺤﯾ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ........................... ...........................
مﺎﻈﻧ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟا ﻞﻜﯿھ ﻲﻔﯿظو ........................... ...........................
تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﻊﯿﻨﺼﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ مﺎﮭﻣو ........................... ...........................
تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا جﺎﺘﻧﻹاو ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟاو ........................... ...........................
ﻢﺴﻗ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا دراﻮﻣ ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺑ ........................... ...........................
ﻖﻘﺤﯾ حﺎﺑرأ ﻢﺴﻗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ........................... ...........................
تاﺮﯿﻐﺗ ﺔﺌﯿﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ فاﺪھﻷا ........................... ...........................
فاﺮﺷإ ﻖﯿﺴﻨﺗو ﻢﺴﻗ تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا ........................... ...........................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
مﺪﻗ ﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا اﺮﯾﺮﻘﺗً ﻼﺼﻔﻣً ﻰﻟإ ﺲﻠﺠﻣ ةرادﻹا ﺮﯿﺸﯾ حﻮﺿﻮﺑ ﻰﻟإ نأ مﺎﺴﻗأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ةءﺎﻔﻜﺑ ﺬﻔﻨﺗو
ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا مﺎﮭﻤﻟاو ﺔﻠﻛﻮﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﯿﻟإ.
ﻦﻤﻀﯾ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ذﺎﺨﺗا ﺮﯿﺑاﺪﺘﻟا ﺔﻣزﻼﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻤﮭﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗو ﺎﮭﺘﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﻲﺘﻟا
فﺪﮭﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا.
ﻊﻀﺨﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﯾﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺎﯿﻧﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﻜﯿﮭﻟا ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﻰﻟإ فاﺮﺷإ ﻖﯿﺴﻨﺗو تﺎﯾﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺎﯿﻠﻌﻟا نﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﺮﯿﺳ
ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻔﺑ.
مﺪﻗ ﻢﺴﻗ تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﻣً ةرادﻹ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا لﻮﺣ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻟاو ﻦﻋ
قاﻮﺳأ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ.
ﻲﻓ ﻞظ تاﺮﯿﻐﺗ ﺔﺌﯿﺑ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺖﻣﺎﻗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺘﺑ ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأ ﺎﮭﻣﺎﮭﻣو ﻖﯿﺴﻨﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻊﻣ تﺎﮭﺟ ذﺎﺨﺗا
راﺮﻘﻟا.
ﺖﺤﺿوأ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﮫﻧأ كﺎﻨھ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ﺞﻣﺪﻟ مﺎﮭﻤﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ دﺎﺠﯾإ ﻞﻜﯿھ ﻲﻔﯿظو ﮫﻨﻜﻤﯾ ﺪﯿﺣﻮﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ مﺎﺴﻗﻷا
ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺄﺠﻠﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ لﺎﺧدإ دﺪﻋ ﻦﻣ تﺎﺒﯿﺗﺮﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﻠﻛﺎﯿھ ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا وأ ﺪﻨﻋ ةدﺎﻋإ
ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ هﺬھ ﻞﻛﺎﯿﮭﻟا ﺚﯿﺤﺑ ﺐﻋﻮﺘﺴﺗ تارﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﻗ ثﺪﺤﺗ ﻼﺜﻤﻓً ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺞﻣﺪﻨﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ىﺮﺧأ وأ مﻮﻘﺗ
ءاﺮﺸﺑ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ وأ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ يﺮﺘﺸﺗ اءﺰﺟً ﻦﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ سﺎﺳأ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا كﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﺪﺠﻧ ﺎﮭﻧأ ةﺮﻄﻀﻣ
ﻰﻟإ ءاﺮﺟإ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﻠﻛﺎﯿھ ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا.
(Amer, 2013 , p. 159 )

70. 4 Translating production texts
4.1 Economy sectors
Section 1: English into Arabic
Text 1
The economy is an organized system of activities in communities which generate wealth.
Primary sector activities generate wealth through the collection or exploitation of natural
resources. Industries in this sector include agriculture, mining, forestry and fishing.
Secondary sector activities generate wealth through the processing of natural resources
and the manufacturing of goods from raw materials. Industries in this sector include steel
making, ship building, textiles, food processing and many others.
Tertiary sector activities generate wealth through the provision of services. Activities in
this sector include personal services such as retail, tourism, education and health care and
professional services such as accountancy and banking ( Hattersley, 2002 , p. 46).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
مﺎﻈﻧ ﻖﺴﻨﻣ ﺪﻟﻮﯾ ةوﺮﺛ organized system generate wealth
ﻊﻤﺟ / ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ لﻼﻐﺘﺳا collection exploitation
دراﻮﻣ ﺔﯿﻌﯿﺒط تﺎﻋﺎﻨﺻ natural resources industries
ﻦﯾﺪﻌﺗ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ mining processing
داﻮﻣ مﺎﺧ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻ ذﻻﻮﻔﻟا raw materials steel making
ﺔﺠﺴﻧأ ﻊﯿﻨﺼﺗ/ﺰﯿﮭﺠﺗ ﺔﯾﺬﻏﻷا textiles food processing
عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﺋﺰﺠﺘﻟا tertiary-sector retail
ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺮﻟا ﺔﯿﺤﺼﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻨﮭﻣ health care professional services
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ )تﺎﻣﺪﺧ/لﺎﻤﻋأ( ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻣ bankingaccountancy
Exercise 1: Translate from the beginning up to “forestry and fishing.”
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The recently published reports indicate that major global market forces can play an
effective role in generating wealth and spreading prosperity.
• This category reflects the high demand for natural resources and raw materials in order
to satisfy human needs.
• Accountancy and banking are two types of professional services which are part of com-
mercial services and world trade.
• Marketing food-processing industries internationally relies on food safety and quality.
• India is considered the world’s second largest textile manufacturer. Its textile industry is
cotton-based.
DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-5

71. 58 Translating production texts
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Distinguishing between livelihood industries and growth industries was a priority for
the new administration.
• ﻢﻟ ﺮﺸﯾ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺘﻟا حﻮﺿﻮﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﺟﺎﺤﻟا ﺔﺳﺎﻤﻟا ﺰﯿﯿﻤﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﺔﻠﯿﻘﺜﻟا تﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟاو ﺔﻔﯿﻔﺨﻟا.
• The company explained that it has plans to create the necessary environment that
encourages generating wealth.
• ﺿوأﺤﺖاﺮﺸﻟﺔﻛ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻘﺗﺮﯾﺎھ اﻮﻨﺴﻟيأﺎﮭﻧ وﺖﻌﺿ ﺎﻄﻄﺧً ﻖﻠﺨﻟ ﺔﺌﯿﺑ ﺎﻨﺗﺔﯿﺴﻓ ﻊﺠﺸﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ اﺎﻔﺤﻟظ ﻰﻠﻋ اﺮﺜﻟوة.
• Local financial institutions can provide banking services to local and international
organizations.
• ﺮﻓﻮﺗ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﻰﻟإ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟاو.
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
advertising products
........................... commercial services ......................
manufacturing companies .................... assemble ......................
provide service ........................ automobile production ..................
finished products ........................ financial activities ......................
heavy industries ....................... social work .....................
manufacturing industry عﺎﻄﻗ ............... financial operations .....................
packaging and processing ..…………… pumping oil ................. ﻂﻔﻧ
final consumer ...................... health care .....................
fishing ..................... transportation ....................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Commercial services and activities require more advanced mechanisms for advertising
products.
• The declining exports of the manufacturing industry contributed to the financial prob-
lems the country is seeking to address.
• Strategic plans to promote automobile production were submitted to the Ministry of
Trade and Industry.
• Inadequate packaging and processing facilities caused major economic losses coupled
with the loss food producers incurred due to farmers’ poor access to markets.
• Saudi Arabia has recently announced that it will increase pumping oil to about 13 mil-
lion barrels a day.
Exercise 6: Translate the following into Arabic:
How do the economic sectors differ? The primary sector of an economy depends on the
natural environment to produce economic goods. The types of jobs in this sector vary
widely – farmer, miner, fishery worker, timber worker, cattle rancher. In the secondary sec-
tor, manufactured products are made from raw materials ( Shepard, 2009 , p. 394).

72. Translating production texts 59
Text 2
The tertiary sector originally included all the rest of the economy – services. Tertiary-sector
jobs include a vast array of jobs, from low-paying jobs such as retail sales, auto mechanics,
and barbers, to high-skill, high-wage careers such as computer programmers, lawyers, and
doctors. The large scope of the tertiary sector and the growth of new economic activities
such as information technology and government services has given rise to the quaternary
category. Quaternary activities are information industries such as education, research, infor-
mation technology, and consulting. Tertiary and quaternary activities together comprise the
services-producing sector of the economy; the final product is a (mostly) non-tangible ser-
vice ( Bennett, Leonard & Patton, 2018 , p. 141).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
vast array
retail sales
barbers
lawyers
government services
quaternary
consulting
final product
ﺔﻋﻮﺠﻣ ﺔﻌﺳاو
تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻣ ﺔﺋﺰﺠﺘﻟا
نﻮﻗﻼﺣ
نﻮﻣﺎﺤﻣ
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ
ﺔﯿﻋﺎﺑر
تارﺎﺸﺘﺳا
ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﮭﻧ low-paying
auto mechanic
high-wage careers
large scope
given rise to
information industries
comprise
non-tangible service ﻲﻧﺪﺘﻣ / ﺾﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﺮﺟﻷا
ﻲﻜﯿﻧﺎﻜﯿﻣ تارﺎﯿﺳ
ﻦﮭﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ ﺮﺟﻷا
قﺎﻄﻧ ﻊﺳاو
تدأ ﻰﻟإ
تﺎﻋﺎﻨﺻ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا
نﻮﻜﺘﯾ ﻦﻣ
ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﯾدﺎﻣ / ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﺳﻮﻤﻠﻣ
Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences up to “and doctors.”
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The new measures provide a vast array of self-employment opportunities for many
entrepreneurs.
• Education, health care, electricity, and public transportation are basic government
services.
• Indian information industries continue to play a significant global role.
• The different types of non-tangible services and products include, but are not limited to,
education, consulting, investment banking, and computer software. The considerable
challenge related to these services is that they cannot be tested in advance.
• Different local food companies introduced stricter measures to reduce chemical compo-
nents in their final products.
• Implementing its new strategic plan, the company seeks to promote its retail sales in
order to maximize profits.
• Many women work in less productive and low-paying jobs in different areas across the
world.
• Tertiary and quaternary activities together comprise the services-producing sector of the
economy.

73. 60 Translating production texts
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The new report shows that information industries promote the productivity of other
industries.
• ﺮﮭﻈﯾ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺘﻟا نأ تﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﺪﯾﺰﺗ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا.
• Despite the large scope of the services which the government provides, some challenges
impede the provision of certain services.
• ﺖﺒﻠﻐﺗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻖﯿﻌﺗ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا.
• The company manager identified seven retail sales targets.
• تدﺪﺣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا فاﺪھأ تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟ ﺔﺋﺰﺠﺘﻟا.
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
exported goods
........................... final consumers ...........................
ﻲﺑوﺪﻨﻣ ..................salespeople عﺎﻄﻗ .................... service sector
..........................production of goods ﻲﺒﻠﯾ ..................... serve needs
human consumption
جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ..............extraction of oil
shift focus
.......................... mechanization of farming
marketing products
.......................... retail outlet
IT specialists
.......................... accountants ..........................
production costs .......................... reduce costs ..........................
advertisers .......................... imported materials ..........................
................... يﺮﺸﺑ
ﺔﻨﻜﯿﻣ ...........
ﺬﻔﻨﻣ ...................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Many underdeveloped countries export a limited range of goods to support their national
economies.
• Seeking to enhance the quality of energy services to final consumers, UNDP has recently
implemented different cost-effective and renewable energy projects.
• Scientific research can play a significant role in the production of goods and enhancing
their competitiveness.
• The multinational company prepared a new map for its retail outlets in Saudi Arabia.
• E-commerce is an effective tool for enhancing the marketing of products and services
that can be distributed electronically.
• The government intends to gradually adopt the mechanization of farming to improve
agricultural practices.
• They discussed the poor infrastructure, which caused production costs to increase.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
SERVICE SECTOR NOT DOMINATED BY WOMEN
The expansion of service-sector employment is taking place not only at the same time as the
increase in women’s employment but also to a large extent in the form of increasing female
employment ( Wagner, 2004 , p. 98).

74. Translating production texts 61
Section 2: Arabic into English Text 1
ﻲﻓ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا: نﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻧوﺮﻣ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻄﻗ طﺎﺸﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا
تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو )ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﺟرﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﺟرﺪﻟاو ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟا( ﻰﻠﻋأ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻧوﺮﻣ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ طﺎﺸﻨﻟا
ﻲﻟوﻷا )ﺔﻋارﺰﻟا( ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ﺐﺣﺎﺼﯾ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ عﺎﻔﺗرا لﻮﺧﺪﻟا لﻮﺤﺗ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ دراﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﻓ طﺎﺸﻨﻟا
ﻲﻟوﻷا ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻟ ﻦﯿطﺎﺸﻨﻟا ﻦﯾﺮﺧﻵا.
ﻲﻓ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ضﺮﻌﻟا: ثﺪﺤﯾ ةروﺮﻀﻟﺎﺑ لﻮﺤﺗ وأ لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ”سأر لﺎﻤﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﻟاو“ ﻦﻣ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا
ﻲﻟوﻷا ﻰﻟإ ﻲﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻨﻛ فﻼﺘﺧﻻ لﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻧ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻓ هﺬھ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ثﻼﺜﻟا
ﻲﻋﺎﻄﻘﻓ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو نﺎﻌﺘﻤﺘﯾ ةﺰﯿﻤﺑ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻮﻤﻨﻟ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﺗو ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﻊﯾﺮﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا
ﻊﺟﺮﯾو ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻟإ بﺎﺒﺳأ ﺎﮭﻨﻣ تﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻢﺠﺤﻟا نﻷو ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﯾﺬﮭﻟ ﻦﯿﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻄﻌﺗ ﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﺮﺒﻛأ
ﻞﻜﻟ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا سأرو لﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو يدﺆﺗ هﺬھ ﺪﺋاﻮﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻟإ لﺎﻘﺘﻧا دراﻮﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻟوﻷا ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻟ
ﻦﯿﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻦﯾﺮﺧﻵا.
(Abdul Maqsoud, 2018 , 159 )
1
2
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﺔﻧوﺮﻣ ﺔﯿﻠﺧاد ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا internal flexibility demand aspect
طﺎﺸﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ economic activity produced by
ﺔﺟرﺪﻟا ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﺟرﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺜﻟا tertiary sector secondary sector
ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ عﺎﻔﺗرا لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﺐﺣﺎﺼﯾ income increase associated with
ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ضﺮﻌﻟا لﻮﺤﺗ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ supply aspect relative shift
عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻟوﻷا لﻮﺤﺗ وأ لﺎﻘﺘﻧا primary sector shift or transfer
تﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻢﺠﺤﻟا ﻮﻤﻧ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا economies of scale productivity growth
ﺪﺋاﻮﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﺮﺒﻛأ high returns greater return
Exercise 1: Translate the first half of the text above (point 1) .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺖﺣﺮط ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺧ ﺔﯿﻘﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﺸﺗ تﻼﻤﺣ ﺔﯿﻧﻼﻋإ ﺔﻔﺜﻜﻣ ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻌﻠﺴﻟا •
ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳﻷا.
تﺪﻛأ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺮﯿﺧﻷا نأ ﻢھأ ﻞﺒﺳ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ طﺎﺸﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻاو ﻦﻤﻜﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ •
ﺔﯿﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺤﺘﻟا.
ﺖﮭﺟو ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا ﺎﮭﺗارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻟوﻷا ﺔﺻﺎﺧو •
ﻦﯾﺪﻌﺘﻟا.
ﻰﻌﺴﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﻣ تﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻢﺠﺤﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗو ﺎﮭﺘﻨﻤﯿھ ﻰﻠﻋ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ •
عﺎﺒﺗا تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ تارﺎﻜﺘﺑﻻا ﺔﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﺪﺣأ ﻢھأ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻮﻤﻧ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ ﺪﯿﻔﺘﺴﺗ •
تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻣ هﺬھ تارﺎﻜﺘﺑﻻا.
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟا ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﻮﻤﻨﻟاو يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺪﺋاﻮﻋ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﻲﻓ تﻻﺎﺠﻣ ةﺪﻋ ﺎﮭﻨﻣ •
رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﻓ سأر لﺎﻤﻟا يﺮﺸﺒﻟا.
تدأ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻊﺟاﺮﺗو طﺎﺸﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺺﯿﻠﻘﺗ ﻢﺠﺣ تاردﺎﺼﻟا ﻰﻟإ راﺮﺿأ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﻠﯾﻮط •
ﺪﻣﻷا.
كﺎﻨھ ةدﺎﯾز ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻄﻗ طﺎﺸﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا. •

75. 62 Translating production texts
Text 2
ﻞﺜﻤﺘﯾ ﺪﺣأ ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا كﺮﺤﺗ طﺎﻤﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا ،ﻮﻤﻨﻠﻟ ﻲﻓ ”ةوﺮﺜﻟا ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ﻢﻣﻸﻟ“، ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻧﻮﻜﺗ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا
ﺔﻜﺑﺎﺸﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺞﺘﻨﺗ ﻊﻠﺳ تﺎﻣﺪﺧو تاذ ﺪﻌﺑ يﺰﻣر. ﺪﻘﻓ ﺢﺒﺻأ رﺎﺴﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻧﻹا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﯾ ﺎﻓﻼﺘﺧاً ﺎﯾرﺬﺟً ﻦﻋ
"جذﻮﻤﻧ" ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺎﮭﻔﺻﻮﺑ ﻻﺎﻘﺘﻧاً ﻦﻣ ﻮﻤﻧ هدﻮﻘﯾ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ،ﻲﻟوﻷا ﻢﺛ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ،يﻮﻧﺎﺜﻟا هﺪﻌﺑو عﺎﻄﻗ
،تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻚﻟذو اءﺪﺑً ﻦﻣ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ "ﺔﻤﯿﻗ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻣ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ" ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻄﻗ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﻋارﺰﻟاو ءﺎﻘﺗرﻻاو ﻦﻣ
ﻢﺛ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﻦﯾﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟا. نﺈﻓ ةﺰﻔﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻا ﻦﻣ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻲﻋارز ﻰﻟإ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻊﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ
تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﯿﺒﻛ دﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻاو ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﻞﻐﺘﺴﺗ ،ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻮﺤﻨﻟا يﺬﻟا ﻆﺣﻼﯾ ﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧً ﻲﻓ
ﻦﯿﺼﻟا ،ﺪﻨﮭﻟاو ﺢﯿﺘﯾ تﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻟ زوﺎﺠﺗ ﻞﺣاﺮﻤﻟا ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا. ﺪﻛﺆﯾو ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺗ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا
ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا مﺎﻌﻟ 2013 ﺎﻀﯾأً نأ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟا ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟا ﻲﻓ ناﺪﻠﺑ بﻮﻨﺠﻟا دادﺰﺗ ﺎﻤﺠﺣً ﻼﺧدوً تﺎﺣﻮﻤطو. ﻦﻣو ﻊﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟا
نأ ﻲﻀﻔﯾ ﺪﯾاﺰﺘﻟا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا دﺪﻌﻟ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟا ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺪﯾاﺰﺗ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا يذ ﺪﻌﺒﻟا
يﺰﻣﺮﻟا ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻤﻟﺎﺑ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا
(UNESCO & UNDP, 2013 , p. 44 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
طﺎﻤﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا drive current patterns
ﺪﻌﺑ يﺰﻣر symbolic dimension related sectors
عﺎﻄﻗ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا services sector development work
عﺎﻄﻗ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳﻻا extractive industries added value
ةﺰﻔﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻا transitional leap value formation
زوﺎﺠﺗ ﻞﺣاﺮﻤﻟا leapfrogging stages exploit technology
ﻲﻀﻔﯾ ﻰﻟإ leads to human development
دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا industrial economies continuous increase
ﺪﻌﺑ يﺰﻣر Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺮﺛﺆﺗ تﺎﻋاﺰﻨﻟا بوﺮﺤﻟاو ﺎﺒﻠﺳً ﻰﻠﻋ ﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺪﻋ تﻻﺎﺠﻣ ﺔﯾﻮﯿﺣ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺔﺤﺼﻟا ﻢﯿﻠﻌﺘﻟاو ﺔﯿﻨﺒﻟاو
ﺔﯿﺘﺤﺘﻟا.
ﺖﻠﻜﺷ ةدﺎﯾز تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻗ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﺎﻛﺮﺤﻣً ﺎﯿﺴﯿﺋرً ﻮﻤﻨﻠﻟ لﻼﺧ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا
ﺔﯿﺿﺎﻤﻟا.
تﺪﻋأ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا اﺮﯾﺮﻘﺗً ﻼﺼﻔﻣً لﻮﺣ تﺎﻗﻮﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﻞﺒﺳو ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ.
تﺮﻣ ﺾﻌﺑ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ةﺰﻔﻘﺑ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﺎﮭﺘﻨﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺲﯿﺳﺄﺗ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا يﻮﻗ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ةدﺪﻌﺘﻣ.
تدأ ةدﺎﯾز ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻨﺻﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻐﺘﺴﺗ ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
.ً
تﺮھدزا ةﺪﻋ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺪﻌﺑ نأ ﺖﻠﺼﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ لﻮﺧﺪﻠﻟ ﻲﻓ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ تدأ ﻰﻟإ ﻞﯾﻮﺤﺗ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا
ﻲﻛﺮﯿﻣﻷا ﻰﻟإ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺻ.
رﺪﺻأ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻢﻣﻷا ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻧﻹا ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺗ ﺮﯿﺸﺗ ﻰﻟإ دﻮﺟو ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﯾﻮﻗ ﻦﯿﺑ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟاو
ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ فاﺪھﻷا لﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻲﻋارز ﻰﻟإ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺻ ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟ تاردﺎﺼﻟا ﻢﻋدو دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا
ﻲﻨطﻮﻟا.
زﺰﻋ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ةرﺪﻗ نﺎﺑﺎﯿﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳأ ةﺮﯿﺜﻛ ﻞﺜﻣ قاﻮﺳأ تﻼﻤﻌﻟا.
ترﺎﺷأ ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺗ ةﺪﻋ نأ لوﺪﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﻘﻘﺣ اﻮﻤﻧً اﺮﯿﺒﻛً ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻗ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺖﻘﻘﺣ اﻮﻤﻧً ﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا •
•
•
•
•
كﺮﺤﺗ
تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺔﻜﺑﺎﺸﺘﻤﻟا
ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻧﻹا
ﺔﻤﯿﻗ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻣ
ﻦﯾﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟا
ﻞﻐﺘﺴﺗ ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا
ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا
ﺪﯾاﺰﺘﻟا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا

76. Translating production texts 63
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:
ﺖﻠﺼﺣ مﺎﻨﺘﯿﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ 109 ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺗ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﺑ •
ﻢﻣﻷا ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻧﻹا مﺎﻌﻟ
2003
• Vienna was ranked 190 on development index according to the UN 2003 report. .
كﺎﻨھ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻟ طﺎﻤﻧأ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟ ﺮﺛأ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺌﯿﺒﻟا. •
• The government sector ignored the need to discuss the main patterns of economic devel-
opment to identify costs.
ﺶﻗﺎﻧ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻞﺒﺳ نوﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﻞﺤﻟ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻣ عﺎﻄﻗ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ندﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟا. •
• The central government called for an urgent meeting with local companies working in
mining sector.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
بﺬﺟ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا……….. drive كﺮﺤﻣ ﻲﺴﯿﺋر ………………….
…………. trends
تﺎھﺎﺠﺗا ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻣ ﺐﻧﺎﺟأ ………………….
ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ بﺎﺤﺻأ ﺮﺟﺎﺘﻤﻟا …………………. ………………….
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺮﻟا ﺔﯿﺤﺼﻟا عﺎﻄﻗ مﺎﻋ …………………. ………………….
ةرﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﺋﺰﺠﺘﻟا داﻮﻣ / ﻊﻠﺳ ﺔﯿﻛﻼﮭﺘﺳا
ﻖﻠﺧ ﻒﺋﺎظو …………………. ………………….
ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺗ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا …………………. ………………….
ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ نوﺎﻌﺘﻟا تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ …………………. ………………….
ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻣ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا …………………. ………………….
تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﻂﻔﻨﻟا extractive……….. ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻ ﺔﯿﺟاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ………………….
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ رﺎﻜﺘﺑﻻا ﺎﻛﺮﺤﻣًﺎﯿﺴﯿﺋرًﻮﻤﻨﻠﻟ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ةدﺎﯾزو ﻞﺧد تﺎﺌﻓ ﺔﯿﻌﻤﺘﺠﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ. •
ترﺮﻗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ ةﺪﻋ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ فﺪﮭﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ •
تﺎﻛاﺮﺷ ﻊﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻣ ﺐﻧﺎﺟأ.
ﻢھﺎﺳ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ لﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ نأ ترﻮط ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ،ﺔﯿﺤﺼﻟا ﻢﯿﻠﻌﺘﻟاو •
ﻖﻓاﺮﻤﻟاو ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا.
ﺖﺒﻟﺎط ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ةروﺮﻀﺑ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ﻢﻋد ﻲﻟﺎﻣ يوﺬﻟ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا ،دوﺪﺤﻤﻟا ﻢﮭﻨﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟ ﻦﻣ •
لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺮﻟا ﺔﺤﺼﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﻷا.
تﺪﻋأ ﺔﻨﺠﻟ ةرازو ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟاو ﺔﻄﺧ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﻟ تﻻﺎﺠﻣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗو ﺔﻄﺧ ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺮﺜﻛأ •
ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻓ فﺪﮭﺑ بﺬﺟ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا ةدﺎﯾزو ﺎﮭﻘﻓﺪﺗ.
ﻰﻌﺴﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ لود ﺎﯿﻘﯾﺮﻓإ ﻰﻟإ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺗ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗو ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ ﺎھدﺎﺼﺘﻗا. •
تﺪﻛأ ةرازو نوﺆﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺎﮭﻧأ تﺪﻋأ ﺔﻄﺧ ،ﻞﻤﻋ ﺪﯾوﺰﺘﻟ نﺎﻜﺴﻟا ﻦﯿﺟﺎﺘﺤﻤﻟا داﻮﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﺋاﺬﻐﻟا •
ﺲﺑﻼﻤﻟاو ﻊﻠﺴﻟاو ﺔﯿﻛﻼﮭﺘﺳﻻا.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﻞﻜﺸﺗ تﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا تﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻاو ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻا ﻲﻓ ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﺮﺿﺎﺤﻟا ﺎﻀﯾأً ﻒﺼﻧ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﻦﯾﺮﺸﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋﻷا
ﺎﺒﯿﺼﻧً ﻦﻣ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﺒﻨﺟﻷا ،ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﺖﻠﻘﺘﻧاو ﻚﯿﺴﻜﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﺒﺗﺮﻤﻟا ،ةﺮﺷﺎﻌﻟا ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﺖﻠﺠﺳ ﻦﯿﺼﻟا ﻰﻠﻋأ
ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺎﮭﻟ ﻦﻣ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﺒﻨﺟﻷا ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟا.
(Ahmed, 2018 , p. 55 )

77. 64 Translating production texts
4.2 Production
Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1
JIT (Just-in-Time), sometimes known as lean or stockless production, provides the means
to reduce inventory levels, improve product quality, reduce production and delivery lead
times, as well as reduce machine set-up times. In the JIT environment, excess manufactur-
ing capacity is used instead of buffer stocks to hedge against changes in demand patterns
that may arise. JIT primarily applies to repetitive manufacturing processes in which the
same products and components are produced over and over again. The implementation of
JIT requires cooperation between the trading partners using EDI as the means to exchange
business transactions that are then integrated into their respective IT applications. However,
the manufacturer normally initiates the process by issuing an order or the delivery request
(call-off) to the supplier ( Chesher, Kaura & Linton, 2002 , p. 117).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﺐﺴﺣ ﺔﺟﺎﺤﻟا/ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻗﻮﻟا بﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا
ةدﻮﺟ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا
جﺎﺘﻧإ نود ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺗ JIT stockless production
ةﺮﺘﻓ ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺘﻟا / ﺪﯾرﻮﺘﻟا
ﺾﺋﺎﻓ product quality lead times
ﻂﺒﺿ تﺎﻨﯿﻛﺎﻤﻟا machine setup excess
نوﺰﺨﻣ ﻲطﺎﯿﺘﺣا طﻮﺤﺗ buffer stocks hedge
طﺎﻤﻧأ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ demand patterns implementation
ءﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﯿﯾرﺎﺠﺗ لدﺎﺒﺗ ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻠﻟ trading partners EDI
تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ﺞﻣﺪﺗ ﻲﻓ business transactions integrated into
ﻣُﻊﻨﺼ رﺪﺼﯾ ﺮﻣأ/ﺐﻠط
درﻮﻣ manufacturer issuing an order
ﺐﻠط ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺗ / ﻞﯿﺻﻮﺗ delivery request supplier
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the passage above .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• New measures are adopted to ensure the reduction of total costs.
• The Egyptian government called for discussions with trading partners to strengthen
trading practices.
• Advantages of stockless production, which is also called JIT, include low space
requirements.
• The workshop aimed to familiarize producers with the demand patterns and the mar-
kets’ consumer preferences.
• Removing restrictions on business transactions can significantly improve local
economies.
• The committee announced that no hedging transactions will be made for the current
financial year.

78. Translating production texts 65
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The financing of buffer stocks to help stabilize commodity prices was not efficient.
• ﺖﺒﺛأ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﮫﺘﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﻓ ظﺎﻔﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ راﺮﻘﺘﺳا رﺎﻌﺳأ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳﻷا.
• It is advisable to avoid technicians who are not authorized by the manufacturer.
• ﺢﺼﻨﯾ ﻲﻓ ﺾﻌﺑ تﻻﺎﺤﻟا ﺔﻧﺎﻌﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﯿﯿﻨﻔﺑ ﻦﯾﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻊﻨﺼﻤﻟا.
• The manufacturer introduced new procedures to reduce lead times to achieve customer
satisfaction.
• ﺶﻗﺎﻨﯿﺳ بﺎﺤﺻأ ﻊﻧﺎﺼﻤﻟا تاءاﺮﺟإ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗ ةﺮﺘﻓ ﺪﯾرﻮﺘﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺎﺿر ءﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
................ ﻲﻤﻛ production lines ………………. mass demand
...................... competitive manufacturing ................ ﺔﯿﻠﯿﻐﺸﺗ operational technology
food industry
......................... power plants
assembles products
......................... inventory costs
insufficient capacity
......................... large facilities .......................
product demand ......................... delivering goods .......................
.......................
component تاﺮﯿﻐﺗ ﻲﻓ ........... demand changes
....................... product defects تارود............... production runs
specialized production
......................... industrial activities .......................
تﺎﻄﺤﻣ .............
.............ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺘﻟا
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The inspection team checked different machines and production lines to ensure adher-
ence to quality and safety measures.
• Different NGOs claimed that local food industry companies spend millions of dollars on
the marketing of unhealthy foods.
• Manufacturing companies assume that there will always be sufficient product demand.
• The company has recently put forward a plan to facilitate its global commercial transac-
tions through ensuring timely delivery of goods.
• A product defect refers to the defect which prevents the usability of that product to meet
the purposes for which it was produced.
• The study also highlights the need to promote women’s participation in industrial
activities.
• The new strategy reflects the importance of economic restructuring which takes into
consideration the specialized production of selected products.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
MASS PRODUCTION
Mass production is when a production line is only used for the manufacture of one product
in very large quantities. Production continues until there is no longer any demand. A motor
car is a good example of mass production ( Shepard, 2004 , p. 55).

79. 66 Translating production texts
Text 2
Batch production: Where a limited quantity of each type of product is authorized for manu-
facture at a time.
Mass and flow production: Where a production run is conducted either on a single machine
or on a number of machines, arranged according to the sequence of operations, and several
numbers of a product are manufactured at a time and stocked in warehouse awaiting sales.
Process production: Where a production run is conducted of a single product and stocked
in the warehouses awaiting sales.
Continuous production: One-piece flow is a technique used to manufacture components
in a cellular environment.
Cellular manufacturing: It is an approach that helps build a variety of products with as
little waste as possible. Equipment and workstations are arranged in a sequence that supports
a smooth flow of materials and components through the process, with minimal transport or
delay ( Sinha, 2008 , p. 213).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
جﺎﺘﻧإ ﺔﻌﻓﺪﻟﺎﺑ جﺎﺘﻧإ ﻲﻤﻛ batch production mass production
جﺎﺘﻧإ ﻞﺴﻠﺴﺘﻣ / ﻖﻓﺪﺘﻣ
ﺔﻌﻓد/ةرود جﺎﺘﻧإ
..ﺺﺧﺮﻣ ل
ﻊﻨﺼُ flow production authorized for
production run
stocked
are manufactured
ُﺗنﺰﺨ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ جﺎﺘﻧﻻا process production
جﺎﺘﻧإ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﺌﯿﺑ ﺔﯾﻮﻠﺧ continuous production cellular environment
ﻊﯿﻨﺼﺗ يﻮﻠﺧ راﺪھإ ﻞﯿﻠﻗ cellular manufacturing little waste
تاﺪﻌﻣ تﺎﻄﺤﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ equipment workstations
ﻖﻓﺪﺗ ﺲﻠﺳ ﻞﻘﻧ وأ ﺮﯿﺧﺄﺗ smooth flow transport or delay
Exercise 1: Translate the first two short passages from the above.
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Batch production can be beneficial for factories which manufacture seasonal products
for which the demand is difficult to forecast.
• Production runs refer to producing certain quantities of units by production lines to
achieve the desired inventory.
• The committee recommended addressing the considerable challenges in order to ensure
flows in cellular manufacturing in the cellular environment.
• The automobile industry is a good example of mass production.
• Some IT companies decided to replace their computer workstations at a cost of USD
50,000.
• Different major companies implemented new measures to avoid transport delay, which
can adversely affect their profitability.
• The new report highlights that there is little waste when following strategic measures to
cut domestic spending.
ﺗ

80. Translating production texts 67
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translation .
The average annual productivity is around 350 kg of “Sri Lankan Cinnamon” per hectare. In
Madagascar, the average annual yield from a cinnamon plantation is around 180–220 kg/ha
of cinnamon sticks, and 60–65 kg/ha of cinnamon chips. Productivity of true cinnamon in
Sri Lanka was around 4,700 kg/ha only, and 1999–2000 registered only a marginal increase
over the average ( Nirmal-Babu, Ravindran & Shylaja, 2003 , p. 289).
ﻎﻠﺒﯾ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟإ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺔﯾﻮﻨﺴﻟا ﻲﻟاﻮﺣ 35.00 ﻢﺠﻛ ﻦﻣ ”ﺔﻓﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﻜﻧﻼﯾﺮﺴﻟا“ رﺎﺘﻜﮭﻠﻟ. ﻲﻓو ،ﻮﺸﯾﺪﻘﻣ ﻎﻠﺒﯾ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ
ﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟا ﻊﺑﺮﻟا ﺳيﻮﻨ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋارز ﺔﻓﺮﻘﻟا ﻲﻟاﻮﺣ
220–180 ﻢﺠﻛ / رﺎﺘﻜھ ﻦﻣ داﻮﻋأ ﺔﻓﺮﻘﻟا ةﺄﺒﻌﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ سﺎﯿﻛأ
،ﺔﯿﻜﯿﺘﺳﻼﺑ و
65–60 ﻢﺠﻛ / رﺎﺘﻜﮭﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ ﻖﺋﺎﻗر ﺔﻓﺮﻘﻟا. ﻎﻠﺑو ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟإ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﺔﻓﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﻌﻨﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻜﻧﻼﯾﺮﺳ ﻲﻟاﻮﺣ
.
4700 ﻢﺠﻛ / ،رﺎﺘﻜھ ﻞﺠﺳو مﺎﻋ 2000 ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﯿﺸﻣﺎھ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻦﻋ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ مﺎﻌﺑ 2000
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
demand forecasting
………………. product scheduling
obsolescence risk
.......................... lead time
ﺔﻟوﺪﺟ.................
..........زﺎﺠﻧإ/ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺗ
fixed costs .......................... entice customer ........................
production facility .......................... product defect ………………
demand stimulation ………………. company suppliers ………………
utilize resources ………………. unprofitable products ………………
demand variation ………………. production process ……………….
performing activities …………...….. avoid additional cost ……………….
quantity discount ……….....…… flow of materials ……………….
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The consultants’ report highlighted that the lack of a clear demand for suitable produc-
tion facilities led to serious deficiencies.
• Additional costs and risk of obsolescence resulted from the delay which the company
attributed to force majeure.
• Resources must be utilized effectively and efficiently in order to promote productivity.
• Price fluctuations of different materials used in the industrial activities resulted in
demand variations.
• The company management discussed different plans to manage unprofitable products.
• The central government implemented a strategic plan to integrate women into the pro-
duction process and ensure training them to increase productivity.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Continuous production is used to manufacture standardized high-volume products that
meet everyday mass market demand. This type of production is highly automated and uses
machines that can run continuously for processes such as forming or printing. The machines
might only be stopped for routine maintenance ( Cresswell, 2004 , p. 27).

81. 68 Translating production texts
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
• تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﯿﻌﻠﺳ ﺞﺘﻨﺗ ﺎﻌﻠﺳً ﺔﯾدﺎﻣ ﻢﻀﺗو تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﻋارﺰﻟا ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟاو يﺮﻟاو فﺮﺼﻟاو ﺪﯿﯿﺸﺘﻟاو ءﺎﻨﺒﻟاو
ءﺎﺑﺮﮭﻜﻟاو.
• تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺞﺘﻨﺗ ﺎﻌﻠﺳً ﻻ ﺔﯾدﺎﻣ يأ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻢﻀﺗو تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﻞﻘﻨﻟا تﻼﺻاﻮﻤﻟاو ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺘﻟاو نﺎﻜﺳﻹاو
ﻖﻓاﺮﻤﻟاو لﺎﻤﻟاو ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟاو تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ىﺮﺧﻷا.
تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﻌﻠﺴﻟا ﻻ ﺪﺑ نأ ﻮﻤﻨﺗ اﻮﻤﻧً ﺎﻧزاﻮﺘﻣً ﺎﻘﺴﺘﻣً ﻊﻣ ﻮﻤﻧ عﺎﻄﻗ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ يأ ﺐﺠﯾ ﻻأ فﺮﺴﻧ
ﻲﻓ جﺎﺘﻧإ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ بﺎﺴﺣ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻌﻠﺴﻟا ﺎﻤﻛ ﺐﺠﯾ ﻻأ فﺮﺴﻧ ﻲﻓ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻌﻠﺴﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ بﺎﺴﺣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا.
ﻰﻨﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﻧزاﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻮھ ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ تﻻﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻊﯿﻤﺟ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻻو ﻒﻠﺘﺨﯾ عﺎﻄﻗ ﻦﻋ ﺮﺧﻵا نﻷ
تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟا ﮫﺘﻄﺸﻧأو ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﺔﻄﺑاﺮﺘﻣ ،ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣو ﻻو ﻞﯿﺒﺳ ﻰﻟإ نﺎﻤﺿ اﺬھ ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﻟا دﻮﺸﻨﻤﻟا ﻻإ
عﺎﺒﺗﺈﺑ بﻮﻠﺳأ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺘﻟا.
(Al-Hariri, 2016 a, p. 98 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
material goods
drainage & construction
communication
utilities
balanced and consistent
commodity production
balanced development
coherent, integrated
planning method
ﻊﻠﺳ ﺔﯾدﺎﻣ
فﺮﺼﻟا ﺪﯿﯿﺸﺘﻟاو
تﻼﺻاﻮﻤﻟا
ﻖﻓاﺮﻤﻟا
ﺎﻧزاﻮﺘﻣً ﺎﻘﺴﺘﻣً
جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻌﻠﺴﻟا
ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﻧزاﻮﺘﻤﻟا
ﺔﻄﺑاﺮﺘﻣ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ
بﻮﻠﺳأ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺘﻟا commodity sectors
industrial sector
services sectors
warehousing
should
overproduce
at the expense of
national economy
desired consensus تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﯿﻌﻠﺳ
عﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا
تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ
ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺘﻟا
ﻻ ﺪﺑ
فﺮﺴﻧ ﻲﻓ جﺎﺘﻧإ
ﻰﻠﻋ بﺎﺴﺣ
دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟا
ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﻟا دﻮﺸﻨﻤﻟا
تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ىﺮﺧﻷا Exercise 1: Translate bulleted lines up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
• ﻞﻤﻌﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﯾﻮﻨﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأ ﺎﮭﺗارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳاو ﻞﻤﺸﺘﻟ
تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﯿﻌﻠﺳ ىﺮﺧأ فﺪﮭﺑ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟاو.
• ﺐﻌﻠﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ارودً ازرﺎﺑً ﻲﻓ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا مﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﻢﯿﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﻞﻘﻨﻟاو
تﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻاو تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا.
• تﺪﻋأ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا تﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﻣ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ،ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻊﺿو ﺔﻄﺧ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻠﻟ ،ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا
ﺚﯿﺤﺑ ﻦﻤﻀﺗ لﻼﻐﺘﺳﻻا ﻞﺜﻣﻷا دراﻮﻤﻠﻟ.
• ﺪﻤﺘﻌﯾ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻌﻠﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﻦھاﺮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻞﺋﺎﺳو تﺎﯿﻨﻘﺗو جﺎﺘﻧإ ،ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﻣ ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ
ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو ةدﻮﺟ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
• ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﻊﯿﻨﺼﺗ ﺔﯾﺬﻏﻷا ﺔﺒﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻂﯿﻠﺴﺘﺑ ءﻮﻀﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةروﺮﺿ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ تﺎﯿﻟآ ﺔﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﻟ
ﻖﻓاﺮﻣ ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا.
• ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ عﺎﻄﻗ ﻞﻘﻨﻟا تﻼﺻاﻮﻤﻟاو ﺪﺣأ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا زﺰﻌﺗ ﻞﺒﺳ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا اﺮﻈﻧً
ﮫﺘﯿﻤھﻷ.
• ﺖﺸﻗﺎﻧ ةرازو دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا دﺪﻋو ﻦﻣ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﻧزاﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻞﺒﺳو ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻟا
ﻰﻠﻋ بﻮﯿﻋ لﻼﻐﺘﺳا دراﻮﻤﻟا.

82. Translating production texts 69
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:
ﻰﻨﺒﺘﺘﺳ ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا ﺐﯿﻟﺎﺳأ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺳو ﻰﻠﻋ كاﺮﺷإ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا صﺎﺨﻟاو. •
• The central government will adopt new methods and will exclude private-sector
institutions.
ﻊﺟﺮﯾ ﺐﺒﺳ هﺬھ ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻞﯿﻣ ﺔﺌﻓ بﺎﺒﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﻤﻟا. •
• One of the reasons from this increase lies in teenagers’ hesitation to gain immaterial
goods.
ﻦﯿﺑ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺘﻟا نأ ﻖﻓﺪﺗ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻗ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا نﺎﻛ ﻞﻗأ ﮫﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﻋارﺰﻟا. •
• The annual report indicated that local investments in the industrial sector were lesser
than the investments in aquaculture.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ لواﺪﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا integrated ……………. ………… trading
ﺎﯾاﺰﻣ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﻞﺜﻣأ competitive ………….. ..............................
ﻊﻠﺳ ةدرﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ ﻲﻛاﺮﺘﺷا participatory ……..…………………….
ﺪﯿﺷﺮﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا realization ……………… …………………..
ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻊﺳﻮﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا expanding …………...………………………..
ﺔﻔﻋﺎﻀﻣ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا رﺪﻣ ﻞﺧﺪﻠﻟ ………….. generating……………………….
تاﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ……………….. ………………………
ﻊﯿﺳﻮﺗ تاردﺎﺼﻟا كﻼﮭﺘﺳﻻا ﻢﺨﻀﺘﻟاو ………………………. …………………..
جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻋارﺰﻟا تﺎﻋﺎﻨﺻ ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻧ infant ………………………………….
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
هﺬھ تاءاﺮﺟﻹا دﺪﺤﺗ تﺎﯿﻟآ ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣ لواﺪﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺎﻘﻓوً تﺎﺟﺎﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻨطﻮﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟاو ﺎﻌﻨﻣً رﺎﺸﺘﻧﻻ ﻊﻠﺳ
ةرﻮﻈﺤﻣ.
ﻰﻌﺴﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻨﯿﺼﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﺎﮭﺗاردﺎﺻو ﻰﻟإ لود ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ فﺪﮭﺑ ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا
ﻲﻓ ةﺪﻋ تﻻﺎﺠﻣ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا.
ﺖﻌﺿو ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ فﺪﮭﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﺪﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا ﻊﯿﺠﺸﺗو تﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻨﻟا.
ﺖﻣﺪﻗ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺎﻤﻋدً ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻤﻟ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻦﻣ ،ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻟا ﻢﮭﻨﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ
ﻢﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا.
ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺘﺳ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ لود ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ لﻮﺤﺗ ﻲﺠﯾرﺪﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﺎھدراﻮﻣ ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا
ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا.
ﺖﺸﻗﺎﻧ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟا ﺔﺣﺮﺘﻘﻤﻟا ﻞﺒﺳ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ةءﺎﻔﻛ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺪﯿﺷﺮﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا.
تأﺪﺑ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ةﺪﻋ تاﻮﻄﺧ فﺪﮭﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﻢﻋد دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻨطﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺪﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻖﻓﺪﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا
ةدرﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا.
ﻂﻄﺧ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا ﻦﻤﻀﺗ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻞﺜﻣﻷا دراﻮﻤﻠﻟ.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا صﺎﺨﻟاو نوﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ ﺢﺿﻮﯾ تﺎﯿﻟﻵا تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﺎﮭﻋﺎﺒﺗا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺘﻟ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا ةدﺎﯾزو صﺮﻓ ﺮﯾﺪﺼﺘﻟا.
فﺪﮭﯾ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ صﺮﻓ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻦﻜﻤﺗ ﺔﺌﻓ بﺎﺒﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﻣ ،ﻢﮭﺗارﺎﮭﻣ لﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ
صﺮﻓ ﻞﻤﻋ ةرﺪﻣ ﻞﺧﺪﻠﻟ.
ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﻧزاﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻨﻌﺗ ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ تﻻﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻊﯿﻤﺟ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا.
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83. 70 Translating production texts
Text 2
فاﺪھأ ةرادإ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا
ﻻ ﻚﺷ نأ ةرادإ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻞﺜﻤﺗ ﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗً اﺪﺣاوً ﻦﻣ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ةﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟاو ﻲﻓ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا تاﺪﺣﻮﻟاو ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا
،ﻞﻜﻛ ﺚﯿﺣ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ وأ تارادإ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻠﻟ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟاو داﺮﻓﻷاو ﺎھﺮﯿﻏو ﮫﯿﻠﻋو نﺈﻓ فاﺪھأ هﺬھ ةرادﻹا ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ
نأ ﻖﺜﺒﻨﺗ وأ ﻖﺘﺸﺗ ﻦﻣ فاﺪھﻷا ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﻻو ضرﺎﻌﺘﺗ ﺎﮭﻌﻣ. ذإ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻮھ ﻖﻔﺘﻣ ﮫﯿﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺘﻟا
يﺬﻟا ﺺﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ،نأ ةرادإ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ”فﺪﮭﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ ﺔﻌﻠﺳ وأ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ،ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ تاذ ،ﺔﻌﻔﻨﻣ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﺑ وأ تﺎﯿﻤﻛ
ةدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻗو ،ﻦﯿﻌﻣ ﺮﺒﻛﺄﺑ رﺪﻗ ﻦﻣ ةءﺎﻔﻜﻟا“ ﮫﯿﻠﻋو ﮫﻧﺈﻓ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﯾ نأ ﻖﺘﺸﻧ ﮫﻨﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﻣ فاﺪھﻷا ﻲﻓ ةرﻮﺻ
ﺔﯿﻤﻛ ﺔﯿﻋﻮﻧو:
فاﺪھﻷا ﺔﯿﻋﻮﻨﻟا: ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﻟا ةدﻮﺠﻠﻟ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو اذإ دارأ ﻤﻟاُﺞﺘﻨ نأ عﺎﺒﺗ ﮫﺘﻌﻠﺳ ﻼﻓ ﺪﺑ نأ ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﯾ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﻟﺎﺑ
ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻌﻗﻮﺘﯾ ،ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻻإو ﻼﻓ عﺎﺒﺗ هﺬھ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا وأ ءﺰﺠﻟا ﻦﻣ ،جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا تاداﺮﯾﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻘﻘﺤﺗ
ﻼﻀﻓً ﻦﻋ عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟا ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻤﻟا.
(Abdulrahman, 2018 , pp. 23–33 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﻻ ﻚﺷ نأ undoubtedly production management
تاﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا industrial units institutions
ﻖﺜﺒﻨﺗ emerge from departments
ةءﺎﻔﻜﻟا efficiency contradict
فاﺪھﻷا ﺔﯿﻋﻮﻨﻟا qualitative goals quantitative
ةدﻮﺟ quality implementation
تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣ specifications producer
ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا تاداﺮﯾﻹا lower revenues consumer expects
unit cost
ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟا ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻤﻟا average output
.ﻻو ضرﺎﻌﺘﺗ ﺎﮭﻌﻣ Exercise 1: Translate up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
تدﺪﺣ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا تﺎﯿﻟآ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ةرادﻹ ،جﺎﺘﻧﻹا فﺪﮭﺑ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ نﺎﻤﻀﻟ ةدﺎﯾز •
تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا حﺎﺑرﻷاو ﺔﯿﻌﺒﺘﻟﺎﺑ.
ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ءادأ تاﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﺐﺴﻛأ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗو ﺔﻤﯿﻗ •
ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻣ ﺎﮭﺗاردﺎﺼﻟ.
ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ ،ﻚﻟذ ﺶﻗﺎﻧ ﻮﻠﺜﻤﻣ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا صﺎﺨﻟاو ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ فاﺪھﻷا ﺔﯿﻋﻮﻨﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ •
ءادأ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا.
فﺪﮭﯾ ﻢﻋﺪﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا مﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ قوﺪﻨﺻ ﺪﻘﻨﻟا ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ةﺮﯿﻘﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا •
تاداﺮﯾﻹا ،تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻاو ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا تﺮﺛأ ﻰﻠﻋ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا.
تﺪﻋأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺳارد ﻢﮭﻔﻟ ﺎﻣ ﮫﻌﻗﻮﺘﯾ نﻮﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﯾ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﺑ ةدﻮﺟ ﺎﻨﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا •
ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ.
ﺐﻠﻄﺘﯾ زﺎﺠﻧإ هﺬھ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻋد ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗو ﻦﻣ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﯿﻟود. •
رﺎﺷأ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺘﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةروﺮﺿ ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ ﺐﯾرﺪﺗ ﻲﻨﻓ مﺪﻘﺘﻣ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ تارادﻹا ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻢﮭﻨﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟ ﻦﻣ •
ﺔﺒﻛاﻮﻣ مﺪﻘﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ ﻢﮭﻠﻤﻋ.
ﺐﺠﯾ ﻻأ ضرﺎﻌﺘﺗ ﺔﺟﺎﺤﻟا دراﻮﻤﻠﻟ ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻊﻣ ةروﺮﺿ ظﺎﻔﺤﻟا ﺎﮭٮﻠﻋ. •
ﻰﻜﺘﺷا ﺾﻌﺑ ﻦﺋﺎﺑﺰﻟا ﻦﻣ مﺪﻋ ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﮭﻨﻟا ﮫﺗدﻮﺟو ﻊﻣ ﻢﮭﺗﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ﻢﮭﺗﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣاو. •
ﺢﺿوأ ﺮﯾﺪﻤﻟا نأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺖﻘﻘﺣ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ،ﺔﻣﺎھ ﺖﻠﻤﺷ ﻊﯿﺠﺸﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو ةدﻮﺟ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا. •
ةرادإ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا
تارادإ
ضرﺎﻌﺘﺗ
ﺔﯿﻤﻛ
ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ
ﻤﻟاُﺞﺘﻨ
ﺎﮭﻌﻗﻮﺘﯾ ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا
ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا

84. Translating production texts 71
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﻢﻟ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﮭﺣﺎﺑرأ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ءﻮﺳ ةرادإ ،جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﻗﺎﻋأ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا. •
• The industrial company did not achieve its expected products because it did not develop
its products.
ﺖﻣﺪﻗ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﯿﻟود ﻢﻋﺪﻟا ﻲﻓﺎﻜﻟا ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺘﻟ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﯿﻨﺑ ﺔﯿﺘﺤﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻖطﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻔﯾر ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ. •
• A number of international institutions provided insufficient financial support to imple-
ment development projects in different countries.
كﺎﻨھ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟ جﺎﺘﻧإ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺘﻟ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ةﺪﯾاﺰﺘﻤﻟا. •
• There is an urgent need to manage the increase in the production of basic goods.
Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺳا ﺞﻣاﺮﺒﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻟا ................................. ..........................
رﺎﻐﺻ ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻟا ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ................................. ..........................
ﺪﯿﻌﯾ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺔﯿﻄﻐﺗ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ................................. ..........................
ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻣ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ................................. ..........................
تﻼﯿﻀﻔﺗ / تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا
يﺪﺼﺗ ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻠﻟ
ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻋ لﺎﻤﻋأ ﺔﻋارﺰﻟا ................................. ..........................
ﺐﻠط ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ................................. ..........................
ﻒﯿﯿﻜﺗ / ﺔﻤﺋﻼﻣ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا
ﺔﻗﺎط ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ
ةدﺎﻋإ ﺮﯾﺪﺼﺘﻟا ................................. ..........................
ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﺔﺘﺑﺎﺛ ................................. ..........................
ﻊﻓر ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻊﯾﻮﻨﺗ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ................................. ..........................
Exercise 5: Translate the following Arabic sentences into English:
ﺖﻌﺟار ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻧﻷا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻤﺑ ةدﻮﺟ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ نﺎﻤﻀﻟ ظﺎﻔﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﺘﻌﻤﺳ ﺎﮭﺘﻣﻼﻋو ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا •
ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟاو.
ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺣ لود ﺞﯿﻠﺨﻟا ﻊﺠﺸﺗ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا ﻲﻓ تﻻﺎﺠﻣ ،ةدﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺰﻓاﻮﺣ •
ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﺐﻧﺎﺟﻷا.
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ فﺮﻌﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺛﻷا ﻲﺋﺎﮭﻨﻟا ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻌﻠﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋارﺰﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﯿﻜﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تاﺪﺠﺘﺴﻤﻟا •
ﺔﺠﺗﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ ،ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻌﻟا ةدﺎﯾزو تاردﺎﺼﻟا ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا ﻰﻟإ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا.
يدﺆﺘﺳ ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻣ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻊﯾﻮﻨﺗ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺎﮭﺘﻣاﺪﺘﺳاو. •
تﺮﺟأ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا تﺎﺿوﺎﻔﻣ ﻊﻣ ﻲﻠﺜﻤﻣ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا لﻮﺣ تاءاﺮﺟﻹا ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ةدﺎﻋﺈﺑ ﺮﯾﺪﺼﺗ •
ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺟﺎﺘﺤﯾ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا.
ﺖﻠﻤﺷ تاءاﺮﺟﻹا ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﻊﻓرو ﺎﮭﺘﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﻊﯾﻮﻨﺗو •
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
ﮫﺟاﻮﺘﺳ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا تﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ﻲﻓ بﺬﺟ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ،ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺣ مﺪﻋ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز ﺎﮭﺣﺎﺑرأ •
ﺔﯾﻮﻨﺴﻟا.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﻛﻮﻠﻤﻤﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺒﻨﺟﻷا ﺢﯿﺘﺗ ﮫﻟ لﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻا تاراﺮﻘﺑ ةرادﻹا ﻦﻋ يأ فﺮط ﻲﻓ ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا
،ﺔﻔﯿﻀﻤﻟا ﺪﺴﺠﺘﯾو هﺬھ عﻮﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺸﻧإ عوﺮﻓ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ةدﺪﻌﺘﻣ
تﺎﯿﺴﻨﺠﻟا وأ ءاﺮﺸﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ.
(Shalghoum, 2012 , p. 25 )

85. 72 Translating production texts
4.3 Logistics
Section 1: English into Arabic
Text 1
THE ROLE OF LOGISTICS IN THE DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL
The distribution channel helps in creating time and place utilities of the product, which are
for customer satisfaction. The channel will help the firm to make the product available at a
place of the customer’s choice, and the channel’s efficiency and its effectiveness is greatly
dependent on the logistics operation of the firm to fulfill the demand. However, logistics will
help in the movement of the product to make it available in the right quantity whenever the
customer needs it. Hence, the logistics network needs to be integrated with the distribution
channels of the firm. The distribution channel is the place of transaction for the firm’s prod-
ucts and it acts as an interface between the customer and the firm. However, the effectiveness
of this interface is greatly dependent on the efficiency of the logistics operations to move the
products in the required quantity and variety. ( Sople, 2007 , p. 133)
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﻢﻠﻋ ةرادإ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا / تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻟ
ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ
ةﺎﻨﻗ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ logistics distribution channel
ﺎﺿر ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا utilities customer satisfaction
ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺢﯿﺘﯾ firm make available
ةءﺎﻔﻛ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ تاداﺪﻣإ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا efficiency logistics operation
ﻲﺒﻠﯾ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﺔﻜﺒﺷ fulfill demand network
ﺞﻣﺪﯾ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ integrated with transaction
ﻞﻤﻌﯾ ﺔﮭﺟاﻮﻛ ﺔﯿﻤﻛ ﺔﯿﻋﻮﻧو acts as interface quantity and variety
Exercise 1: Find in the passage what matches the following translations:
ﻲﻓ نﺎﻜﻣ هرﺎﺘﺨﯾ ،نﻮﺑﺰﻟا ةءﺎﻔﻛ ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻓو ،ةﺎﻨﻘﻟا ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺘﺳ تاداﺪﻣﻹا ﻲﻓ ﻞﻘﻧ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﮫﺘﺣﺎﺗﻹ
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Most companies are currently working to better fulfill their customers’ demands to
improve their sales and profitability.
• Businesses need to cooperate with their partners in order to effectively implement strat-
egies to improve the efficiency of all distribution channels.
• Two government agencies recommended increasing the quantity and variety of local
products to meet local demand.
• The new strategies include using more advanced modes of transport and developing
existing logistics operations.
• Managing directors review the reports on service delivery and customer satisfaction.
• The report highlights the need to improve logistics efficiency.

86. Translating production texts 73
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The new strategy requires continuous monitoring of customer satisfaction levels.
• لوﺎﻨﺘﺘﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﻵا ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ﺪﺻﺮﻟا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺎﺿﺮﻟ ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
• Many private-sector businesses highlighted the need to develop a network of distribu-
tion channels.
• تزﺮﺑأ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا صﺎﺨﻟاو ﺔﺟﺎﺤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ رود ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا.
• There is continuous growth in the variety and quantity of different services.
• كﺎﻨھ ﻮﻤﻧ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻠﻟ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا.
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
adapt needs
distribution network
…………………….
………………. consumer expectations
combat threats ……………..
……………..
perishability of products
components scarcity
certificate of origin
commercial invoice …………….
………………...
....................ﺄﺸﻨﻣ
……………….. logistic chain
labor requirements
spatial integration
container ……………..
……………..
……………..
……………..
customs clearance
certified supplier
freight charge ﺺﯿﻠﺨﺗ................
....................ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ
.....................ﻦﺤﺸﻟا durable goods
delivery instructions
indirect cost ..............ةﺮﻤﻌﻣ
……………..
……………..
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The manager expressed his concerns about the effects of competition restrictions on the
logistical distribution network.
• The seller may provide the carrier with alternative delivery instructions within a reason-
able time.
• Commercial invoice refers to the legal document between suppliers and customers
describing the goods that suppliers sell to customers and the amount due.
• Some industrial companies began to outline new measures aiming at adapting the
changing needs of local and external consumers.
• The central government is planning to support farmers, improve the infrastructure of
rural areas, and reduce agricultural products’ perishability.
• This training is designed to familiarize different producers with the requirements of the
domestic and international markets.
• Different local producers decided to improve their products to meet consumer
expectations.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
The logistics channel refers to the means by which products flow physically from where
they are available to where they are needed. The marketing channel refers to the means by
which necessary transactional elements are managed ( Bardi, Coyle, Gibson, Langley &
Novack, 2008 , p. 254).

87. 74 Translating production texts
Text 2
HOW LOGISTICS SYSTEMS WORK
Logistics systems are made up of three main activities: order processing, inventory manage-
ment, and freight transportation.
ORDER PROCESSING
Order processing is strictly related to information flows in the logistics system and includes
a number of operations. Customers may have to request the products by filling out an order
form. These orders are transmitted and checked. The availability of the requested items and
customer’s credit status are then verified. Later on, items are retrieved from the stock (or
produced), packed, and delivered along with their shipping documentation. Finally, custom-
ers have to be kept informed about the status of their orders ( Ghiani, Laporte & Musmanno,
2004 , p. 6).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﺔﻤﻈﻧأ نﻮﻜﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ made up ofsystems
ﺰﯿﮭﺠﺗ تﺎﺒﻠﻄﻟا ةرادإ نوﺰﺨﻤﻟا
ً order processing inventory management
ﻞﻘﻧ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ اﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ freight transportation strictly related to
ﻖﻓﺪﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺗ
ﻞﻘﻨُ information flows filling out
جذﻮﻤﻧ / ﺔﻐﯿﺻ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا
ﺗﺺﺤﻔُ
ﺗ order form transmitted
ﻊﺿو ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺘﺋا checked credit status
ﻢﺘﯾ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﻣ ﺊﺒﻌﺗ verified packed
ﻢﻠﺴﺗ ﻦﺤﺷ delivered shipping
ﻖﺋﺎﺛو ﻢﺘﯾ ﻢﮭﻣﻼﻋإ documentation kept informed
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence from the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Experts say that reducing the time between order processing and delivery can reduce
costs.
• Some companies incurred major losses due to the poor inventory management
principles.
• In logistics, information flow can refer to the exchange of information relating to sales
and inventory.
• A number of local companies jointly concluded agreements to improve the efficiency of
freight transportation.
• The goods which the suppler shipped to the customer two weeks ago are listed on the
order form.
• Customs officers generally check all goods to be imported or exported to ensure they are
not subject to duties.
• Customers can request the products and goods by filling out an order form which is
afterwards transmitted and checked.
• Carrier companies keep customers informed on the status of their shipments.

88. Translating production texts 75
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Logistics will assist the movement of the product to make it available in the right
quantity.
• ﻊﻗﻮﺘﯾ ﻻأ ﺖﺒﺜﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﺎﮭﺗءﺎﻔﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻘﻧ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا هﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗو ﺐﺴﺣ ﺔﯿﻤﻜﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎھدﺪﺤﯾ ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
• The distribution channel is the chain by which the firm’s products are distributed to dif-
ferent places.
• ةﺎﻨﻗ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘﻟا ﻲھ نﺎﻜﻣ ﻊﯿﻤﺠﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﮭﻌﯾزﻮﺗو ﻰﻠﻋ تاﻮﻨﻗ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ.
• The effectiveness of this interface is greatly dependent on the efficiency of the logistics
operations.
• ﻻ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻓ هﺬھ ﺔﮭﺟاﻮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةءﺎﻔﻛ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا.
Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
total cost
………………….. demand planning …………………
ﺪﮭﻌﺘﻣ……………
goods description ………………… transport operator
warehouse operator
………………. logistics management ………………..
demand generation ……………….. transportation efficiency …………….
procurement …………………... dangerous goods …………………
reduced stocks …………………... transport document …………………
cargo tracking …………………... preventive maintenance ……………..
logistics systems ………………….. global logistics ………………….
status of order ………………….. integrated transportation …………….
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Dangerous goods should be labeled with descriptive information to indicate their mili-
tary or commercial use.
• Some countries restrict the work of transport operators, which can increase the cost of
goods transportation.
• The company recommended adopting advanced cargo tracking to develop logistics
systems.
• Promoting regional and international trade requires improving regional infrastructure
and integrated transportation systems.
• The major elements of the new strategy include demand planning to ensure that prod-
ucts are delivered and customers are satisfied.
• A proper goods description facilitates transportation-related procedures.
• These steps can be achieved by carrying out proper preventive maintenance and devel-
oping information and communication infrastructure.
• The assistance which the firm can provide includes undertaking demand generation
activities and developing logistics management systems.
• The reports indicate that reducing the requirements reflects good inventory manage-
ment practices which generally result in reduced stocks.
• The company updated its cargo tracking system.

89. 76 Translating production texts
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻟ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا:
ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا لﺎﺟرو لﺎﻤﻋﻷا نﺈﻓ تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻟ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻨﻌﺗ "ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻖﻠﻌﺘﺗ تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟﺎﺑ
،ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻦﻤﻀﺗو نأ ﻞﻛ ﺔﻟآ ﻞﻛو ﺔﻄﺤﻣ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﺎﮭﻟ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺎﻤﻟ ﻮھ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﮭﻨﻣ لﺪﻌﻤﻟﺎﺑ بﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا
ﺎﮭﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻜﻟﺎﺑو ﺔﯿﻤﻜﻟاو ،ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا ﻚﻟذو ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺎھداﺪﻣإ ﺎﻤﺑ ﮫﺟﺎﺘﺤﺗ ﻦﻣ ،دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﻧﺎﯿﺻو ﺎﻤﺑ ﻞﻔﻜﯾ ﺎھءادأ
ﺢﯿﺤﺼﻟا." تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻟو جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻄﻌﺗ ﺔﺻﺮﻔﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﻟ مﺎﻈﻧ ﻞﻘﻨﻟا ،داﺪﻣﻹاو ﺎﮭﻧﻷ ﻢﺘﮭﺗ بﺎﯿﺴﻧﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا
ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟاو ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ ءﺎﻨﺛأ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ ،داﺪﻣﻹا ﻊﻣ ﺔﻓﺎﺿإ ﺎﻣ ﺪﯾﺰﯾ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﺿﺮﯾ ،ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا فﺪﮭﯾو ﻰﻟإ ﻢﻋد
ﺔﯿﺤﺑر ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺎھﺰﯿﻤﺗو. ﻲﻓو ﻚﻟذ ﺎﻀﯾأ ﯾﻰﻋاﺮ فﺬﺣ ﻞﻛ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻠﻘﯾ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻟا جﺎﺘﻧﻺﻟ وأ ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا وأ ُ
ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا.
(Shoaib, 2014 , p. 33 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا business community production logistics
ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا organizing processes businessmen
بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﮭﻨﻣ as required production unit
ﺎھداﺪﻣإ supplying it manner and quantity
ﻞﻔﻜﯾ maintaining it ensures
activities flow
بﺎﯿﺴﻧا ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا logistics
ﻖﻓﺪﺗ تاداﺪﻣﻹا supplies flow overseeing
ﺔﯿﺤﺑر ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا firm profitability productive value
ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا firm takes into account
.ﺔﯿﻤﻜﻟاو ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا Exercise 1: Translate from the beginning up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ نأ ﻢھﺎﺴﺗ ةرادإ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟاو ﻲﻓ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ نوﺎﻌﺗ يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو صﺮﻓ •
ﺎﮭﻘﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﺎﯿﻠﺤﻣً ﺎﯿﻟودو.ً
ٌ
ﺮﻗ نﻮﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا ةروﺮﻀﺑ ﻞﺻاﻮﺘﻟا لﺎﻌﻔﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻦﯿﻠﺜﻤﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ ،لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا
ﻊﻨﻤﺗ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا.
ﺐﺠﯾ نأ ﺗﻒﻨﺼ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تاﺪﻌﻤﻟا تﻻﻵاو ﺔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺎﻘﻓو ﺎﮭﺘﻔﯿظﻮﻟ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻞﻛ ﺔﻄﺤﻣ ًُ
ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ.
ﻊﺟﺮﯾ اﺬھ فﻼﺘﺧﻻا ﻰﻟإ ةﺪﻋ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺎھزﺮﺑأ ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺺﺨﺗ ﻞﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا
ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا.
ﺐﺠﯾ ةرﺎﺷﻹا ﻰﻟإ نأ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻠﯿﻠﻘﺗو يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﯿﺤﺑر ،ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﻣ ﺎﮭﻨﻜﻤﯾ ﻦﻣ ﻊﯿﺳﻮﺗ
قﺎﻄﻧ ﺎﮭﻠﻤﻋ ةدﺎﯾزو ﺎﮭﺟﺎﺘﻧإ.
فﺪﮭﯾ ءﺎﺸﻧإ نزﺎﺨﻣ ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗإ ﻰﻟإ نﺎﻤﺿ ﻖﻓﺪﺗ تاداﺪﻣﻹا ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗو ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯾروﺮﻀﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﺎﮭﻌﯾزﻮﺗ
لﻼﺧ تﺎﻗوأ ئراﻮﻄﻟا.
يدﺆﯾ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا لدﺎﺒﺗو تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻞﯿﮭﺴﺗ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا داﺪﻋإو ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺘﻟا لﻮﺣ مﺪﻘﺘﻟا ﻖﻘﺤﻤﻟا
ﺎﮭﯿﻓ.
تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻟ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻄﻌﺗ ﺔﺻﺮﻔﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﻟ مﺎﻈﻧ ﻞﻘﻨﻟا ،داﺪﻣﻹاو ﺎﮭﻧﻷ ﻢﺘﮭﺗ بﺎﯿﺴﻧﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻟ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا
لﺎﺟر لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
ﺔﻄﺤﻣ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ
ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻜﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻜﻟاو
ﺎﮭﺘﻧﺎﯿﺻ
داﺪﻣﻹا
ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا
ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا
ﻲﻋاﺮﯾ
أ

90. Translating production texts 77
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
يدﺆﯾ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ةرادﻹا ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﺿر ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ةدﺎﯾزو ﺔﯿﺤﺑر ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻢﻋد
ﺎﮭﺗﺰﯿﻣ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا.
•
• Reviewing the logistics management can result in achieving satisfaction and increasing
profitability.
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻸﻟ ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز صﺮﻓ ﻊﺳﻮﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا
ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟاو.
•
• Annual development of services can increase a company’s chances to expand in regional
and international markets.
زﺰﻌﺗ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ حﺎﺠﻧ يأ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺔﯿﺤﺑر. •
• The speedy addition of goods and services can hinder the success of any nonprofitable
institution.
Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ةءﺎﻔﻛ ةرادﻹا تﺎﺒﻏر ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ............................. ...................................
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ ﻞﻘﻧ ﺪﯾرﻮﺗو ............................. ...................................
ﻞﯾﻮﺤﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﮭﻧ ............................. ...................................
ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﻤﻋاد تﺎﯿﻨﻘﺗ / ﺐﯿﻟﺎﺳأ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ
ﻖﻓﺪﺗ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا ............................. ...................................
ﻢﻋد ﻲﺘﺴﯿﺟﻮﻟ ............................. ...................................
ﺮﻓﻮﺗ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ / ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ
ﺔﯾراﺮﻤﺘﺳا جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ............................. ...................................
بﺎﻌﯿﺘﺳا ............................. ...................................
ةءﺎﻔﻛ ءادﻷا ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ............................. ...................................
ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺘﻟا ردﺎﺼﻣ ﺪﯾرﻮﺘﻟا ............................. ...................................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
كﺎﻨھ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯿﻤﻛ ،جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺎﮭﻨﻣ ﺮﯿﻐﺗ تﺎﺒﻏر ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻢﮭﺗرﺪﻗو ﻰﻠﻋ لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻰﻟإ •
قاﻮﺳﻷا.
ﻊﺠﺸﺗ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﯾﺬﻟا نوﺮﮭﻈﯾ ةءﺎﻔﻛ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ةرادإ ،دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺮﻣﻷا يﺬﻟا زﺰﻌﯾ •
ةءﺎﻔﻛ لﻼﻐﺘﺳا ﻚﻠﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا.
ﺐﻠﺠﺗ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟاﺔﯾﻮﻘﻟاﻦﯿﺑتﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟاﺪﺋاﻮﻓﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟﻊﻠﺴﻟاتﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاوﻲﺘﻟاﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﺗ •
تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا.
ﺪﻗ ﻻ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ءﺎﻔﯿﺘﺳا طوﺮﺷ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣو جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ،ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﮫﯿﻠﻋو ﺪﻘﻔﺘﺳ ةرﺪﻘﻟا •
ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯾراﺮﻤﺘﺳا جﺎﺘﻧﻹا.
جﺎﺘﺤﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻊﻧﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ دﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ردﺎﺼﻣ ﺪﯾرﻮﺗ ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺧ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺣ مﺪﻋ ةرﺪﻗ ﻦﯾدرﻮﻤﻟا •
ﻦﯿﻠﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا جﺎﺘﻧإ هﺬھ ﻊﻧﺎﺼﻤﻟا.
ﺖﻠﺼﺣ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ةدﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺔﯿﺴﻨﺠﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻛاﺮﻣ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ﻲﻓ ةﺪﻋ قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗإ ،ﺔﯿﻟودو تزﺰﻋو ﺔﻌﻤﺳ •
هﺬھ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا تدازو ﺎﮭﺣﺎﺑرأ.
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺮﯿﺜﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻊﻧﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﯿﻨﻘﺗ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﺔﺜﯾﺪﺣ ﺔﻘﯾﺪﺻ ﺔﺌﯿﺒﻠﻟ ﻞﻠﻘﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ •
جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ثﻮﻠﺘﻟاو ﻲﺌﯿﺒﻟا.
يدﺆﯾ ﻒﯿﻔﺨﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ دﻮﯿﻗ داﺮﯿﺘﺳا ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ﺎﮭﻘﻓﺪﺗ ﻰﻟإ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا. •
تﺪﻗﺎﻌﺗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻊﻣ ردﺎﺼﻣ ﺪﯾرﻮﺗ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ نﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻا ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳﻷا نﺎﻜﺴﻠﻟ. •

91. 78 Translating production texts
Text 2
ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا مﻮﮭﻔﻤﻛ مﻮﻘﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ ةرادإ ﻖﻓﺪﺗ ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺗو ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟاو
ةءﺎﻔﻜﺑ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓو ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ةدﺎﻤﻟا مﺎﺨﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ كﻼﮭﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﯿﺋﺎﮭﻨﻟا ﺎﻤﺑو ﻖﻘﺤﯾ ءﺎﺿر ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا ةدﺎﯾزو ﺔﯿﺤﺑر
،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺪﻗ يﺮﺴﯾ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻟا ﻲﺳأﺮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻟاو ﻲﻘﻓﻷا ﻲﺳأﺮﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ قﺎﻄﻨﻟا
،ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا يأ ﺎﻤﮭﻧأ ﺎﻤھﺎﺳ ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺳرإ ﻢﺋﺎﻋد ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻋ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟاو ﻞﺑ ﻲﻓو ﺔﻏﺎﯿﺻ ﻂﻤﻨﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا
ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ. ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺎﺑو ﻦﻣ ﺔﺛاﺪﺣ اﺬھ عﺮﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ عوﺮﻓ ةرادإ ،تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﻻإ ﺎﮭﻧأ ﻢﺴﺘﺗ رﻮﻄﺘﻟﺎﺑ ،ﻊﯾﺮﺴﻟا ذإ ترﻮﻄﺗ ﻦﻣ
ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﻨﯿﻌﻟا
physical distribution ﻰﻟإ ةرادإ داﻮﻤﻠﻟ Material management ﻢﺛ ﺖﻟﻮﺤﺗ ﻰﻟإ تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻟ
ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ
integrated logistics ﻢﻀﺗ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻣ ةرادإ داﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺖﺤﺒﺻأ فﺮﻌﺗ ﻢﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﺔﻠﺧاﺪﻟا
inbound logistics ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟاو ﻲﻨﯿﻌﻟا ﺖﺤﺗ ﻰﻤﺴﻣ تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﺔﺟرﺎﺨﻟا .outbound logistics
(Dodeen, 2012 , p. 77 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﻖﻓﺪﺗ ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺗو تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا flow and storage operations
ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ كﻼﮭﺘﺳﻻا ةدﺎﻤﻟا مﺎﺨﻟا consumption stage raw material
ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻟا ﻲﺳأﺮﻟا industry level vertical integration
ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻋ ءﺎﺳرإ ﻢﺋﺎﻋد globalizing lay the foundations
ﻢﺴﺘﺗ ب ﺔﻏﺎﯿﺻ ﻂﻤﻨﻟا characterized by establish pattern
ةرادإ داﻮﻣ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﻲﻨﯿﻋ material management physical distribution
تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻟ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ ﺖﻟﻮﺤﺗ ﻰﻟإ integrated logistics turned into
تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﺔﺟرﺎﺨﻟا تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﺔﻠﺧاﺪﻟا outbound logistics inbound logistics
ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ كﻼﮭﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﯿﺋﺎﮭﻨﻟا Exercise 1: Translate up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ُ
ﺎﮭﺑ اءﺪﺑً ﻦﻣ ﺎھﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﻻﻮﺻوً ﻰﻟإ ﻦﻛﺎﻣأ ﺎﮭﻛﻼﮭﺘﺳا.
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻏﺮﻟا ﻦﻣ نأ ءاﺬﻐﻟا ﯾﺞﺘﻨ تﺎﯿﻤﻜﺑ ﺪﯾﺰﺗ ﻦﻋ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻا ﺔﯿﺋاﺬﻐﻟا ﻊﯿﻤﺠﻠﻟ لﻮﺣ ،ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻻإ نأ
ﺗفﺮﻌ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻌﺑ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ ةرادإو ﻖﻓﺪﺗ ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺗو تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻊﻠﺴﻟاو ﺔﻓﺎﻛو تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟا
ُ
تﺎﯿﻤﻛ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻦﻣ داﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺋاﺬﻐﻟا ﺗرﺪﮭ ﺎﻣإ لﻼﺧ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا وأ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ كﻼﮭﺘﺳﻻا. ُ
فﺪﮭﺗ ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻢﻋد تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﺘﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﺗرادإو ﺔﻓﺎﻛو تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﻤﻟا
ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﺑ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
ﺖﻠﻛوأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻤﮭﻣ ةرادإ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻖﯾﺮﻓ ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﯿﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻢﻋﺪﻟا ﻲﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا
نﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻا ﺔﻠﺟﺎﻌﻟا.
ﺚﺤﺑ نﻮﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا تﺎﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﮭﺟاﻮﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻋ تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﺎھرﺎﺛآو
ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
ﻞﻤﺸﯾ ﺢﻠﻄﺼﻣ تﺎﯿﺘﺴﯿﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﺔﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻤﻟا ﺪﯾرﻮﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺗو داﻮﻤﻟا مﺎﺨﻟا ﺎﮭﻤﯿﻠﺴﺗو داﺪﻋإو
ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﻚﻟﺬﺑ.
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ اﺬھ ﺞﮭﻨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺌﯿﺒﻟا لﻼﺧ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ،كﻼﮭﺘﺳﻻا ﺚﯿﺣ ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ذﺎﺨﺗا
ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﯿﺑاﺪﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ اﺬھ ﺞﮭﻨﻟا.
ترﺮﻗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا دﺎﻤﺘﻋا مﺎﻈﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻟا ،ﻲﺳأﺮﻟا نﻮﻜﺘﺳو ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﺪﯾرﻮﺘﻟا ﺔﻛﻮﻠﻤﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ.
ﺪﻘﻟ ﻢھﺎﺳ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺳرإ ﻢﺋﺎﻋد ﮫﺟﻮﺘﻟا ﻮﺤﻧ ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻋ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ،ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟاو ﻲﻓو
ﺔﻏﺎﯿﺻ ﻂﻤﻧ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﻣ طﺎﻤﻧأ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا.
ﻞﻤﺸﯾ مﻮﮭﻔﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ةﺪﻋ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

92. Translating production texts 79
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﺖﺒﻌﻟ تاﺪﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﺔﺜﯾﺪﺤﻟا ارودً ﻻﺎﻌﻓً ﻲﻓ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﻞﻘﻨﻟا ﻦﺤﺸﻟاو. •
• Modern technology has played a significant role in supporting all private-sectors.
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﯾ حﺎﺠﻧ تﺎﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻟ ﻞﻘﻨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﺠﻣاﺮﺒﻟ ﺚﯿﺣ زﺮﺑ ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻛ ﻲﺴﯿﺋر ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﺣﺎﺠﻧ. •
• The success of transportation slightly depends on the annual development of its
program.
ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﻊﻗﻮﻣ نﺰﺨﻤﻟا ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﻦﻛﺎﻣأ ﺬﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا. •
• The factors affecting the identification of shipping ports include the place of retail
outlets.
Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﻖﻓﺮﻣ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا نوﺰﺨﻣ ﺪﺋاز ………………… …………………...
ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ داﻮﻤﻟا ﺖﻗو ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺘﻟا ………………… …………………...
كﻼﮭﺘﺳا ﻲﻠﻌﻓ ﺆﺒﻨﺘﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﻟﺎﺑ ………………… …………………...
ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﻊﻓﺪﻟا بﺬﺠﻟاو ﺐﻠط ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ………………… …………………...
ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﺐﻠط ﻲﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ………………… …………………...
ةدﻮﺟ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯿﻣﺪﺧ ………………… …………………...
ﻲﻣﺪﻘﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ……………….. procurement …….. ةرادإ ءاﺮﺸﻟا
تاءاﺮﺟإ ﺔﯿﻛﺮﻤﺟ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺔﯿﺤﺑﺮﻟا
………………… …………………...
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ةﺰﯿﻣ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ﻊﺿو تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ………………… …………………...
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ لاﺪﺒﺘﺳا ﻖﻓاﺮﻣ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺔﯾﺪﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﻖﻓاﺮﻤﺑ جﺎﺘﻧإ ﺔﺜﯾﺪﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ثﻮﻠﺘﻟاو ﻲﺌﯿﺒﻟا ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﻦﻣ
ﺔﮭﺟ ةدﺎﯾزو ﺔﯿﺤﺑﺮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﮭﺟ ىﺮﺧأ.
ﺗمﺪﺨﺘﺴ ﻲﺘﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻊﻓﺪﻟا بﺬﺠﻟاو لﺎﺼﯾﻹ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ قﻮﺴﻟا ؛فﺪﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﻨﯿﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﻊﻓﺪﻟا ُ
ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﺼﯾإ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻰﻟإ ،ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا فﺪﮭﺗ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ بﺬﺠﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯿﻔﺤﺗ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻦﻋ
ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
تﺪﻤﺘﻋا ﺮﯿﺜﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﯿﻘﯾﺮﻓإ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻋد ﻲﻣﺪﻘﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا لﺎﺼﯾﻹ
تاﺪﻋﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻦﯿﺟﺎﺘﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻖطﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ لﻼﺧ ةﺮﺘﻓ ﺔﯿﻨﻣز ةﺮﯿﺼﻗ.
ضوﺎﻔﺘﺗ ﻢﻣﻷا ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ ﺾﻌﺑ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻘﯾﺮﻓﻹا لﻮﺣ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ تاءاﺮﺟإ ﺔﯿﻛﺮﻤﺟ ﺔﻄﺴﺒﻣ ﻞﯿﮭﺴﺘﻟ ﻞﻘﻧ
داﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺛﺎﻏﻹا وأ ﺔﺋرﺎﻄﻟا.
ترﺮﻗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ةدﺎﯾز ﺎﮭﺗارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ادﺎﻤﺘﻋاً ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎھدراﻮﻣ ﺎﮭﺗﺮﺒﺧو نﺎﻤﻀﻟ
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ةﺰﯿﻣ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻤﻋأ.
كﺎﻨھ نوﺎﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﺑ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟاو صﺎﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﻣﺪﺨﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﻊﻓﺪﻟا بﺬﺠﻟاو: مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ هﺬھ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا تاذ ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﺘﻟاو
ﺐﻠﻄﺘﺗ ﺎﺤﯿﺿﻮﺗً ﺎﺻﺎﺧً ﻲﻜﻟ ﻖﻔﺘﺗ ﻊﻣ تﺎﺟﺎﺣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا. ﻲﻓو هﺬھ ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟا نﻮﻜﺗ دﻮﮭﺟ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻟا ﻲھ ﺐﺴﻧﻷا
ﺐﺠﯾو ﻰﻠﻋ ءﺎﻄﺳﻮﻟا ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟا ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻢﮭﻌﺠﺸﯾو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﻟذ ﺶﻣﺎھ ﺢﺑﺮﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟا.
( Assamaidi’i, 2010 , p. 271)

93. 80 Translating production texts
4.4 Quality
Section 1: English into Arabic
Text 1
Successful organizations realize that a major factor in Total Quality improvement is moni-
toring performance in meeting or exceeding customer requirements. In this context, they
understand that “customers” are not only the people to whom you sell products or offer
services but also are your internal staff. All your personnel interact with their own “suppli-
ers” in the processes they operate, not just the people who sell products or services to your
organization. These internal suppliers “down the line” in a process provide an input to the
next job and thus satisfy their customers – the people “up the line” who need the information
or material. The quality of any organization’s products or services is determined by the basic
business or manufacturing processes that create them. If the chain of processes is made effi-
cient and effective, then the resulting products or services will also be efficient and effective
and will satisfy the external customer ( Peratec, 1994 ).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
كرﺪﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻲﺴﯿﺋر realize major factor
ةدﻮﺟ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺷ ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ءادأ Total Quality monitoring performance
ءﺎﻔﯿﺘﺳا طوﺮﺷ / تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ
ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺧاد
مﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ meeting requirements offer services
نوﺆﺷ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا
ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ةﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ ﻦﻣ internal staff personnel
“down the line”
ﺬﻔﻨﯾ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ processes…...operate
تﻼﺧﺪﻣ ﯾﻲﺿﺮُ input satisfy
ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺎھدﺪﺤﺗ “up the line” is determined by
تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﯿﻨﺼﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ manufacturing processes chain of processes
ﻛُﻔﺆُ لﺎﻌﻓو نﻮﺑز ﻲﺟرﺎﺧ efficient and effective external customer
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• This department provides technical and logistical support to different international orga-
nizations and external customers.
• These measures were aimed at introducing new organizational systems to achieve total
quality.
• Many environmental and health problems resulted from manufacturing processes which
led to air and water pollution.
• The organization explained that monitoring performance against objectives is one of the
key success conditions.
• If the chain of processes is made efficient and effective, then the resulting products or
services will also be efficient and effective.
• The center reviewed the way it offers services to ensure quality standards.

94. ً ﻦﻣ اﻼﻤﻌﻟء واﺪﯿﻔﺘﺴﻤﻟﻦﯾ اﺬﻟﻦﯾ ﺎﺘﺤﯾﺟﻮن
Translating production texts 81
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Internal suppliers provide an input to the next job and thus satisfy their customers who
need information or material.
• ﻮﯾﺮﻓ ﺎﺠﺗراﺰﺠﺘﻟﺔﺋ ﻣﺧﺪتﻼ إﻰﻟ اﺔﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟ اﺎﺘﻟﺔﯿﻟ وﺬﺑﻚﻟ ﻮﻘﻘﺤﯾنأرﺎﺑﺎﺣ
تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا.
• Quality management refers to an organization’s designing and provision of quality
products and services.
• ﺪﺼﻘﯾ ةرادﺈﺑ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا مﺎﯿﻗ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺎﻣ ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧو.
• The union supports different companies to develop their capabilities based on the prin-
ciples of total quality management.
• مﺪﻘﺗ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﻢﻋﺪﻟا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺎﻘﻓو دﻮﻨﺒﻟ ةرادإ ةدﻮﺠﻟا.
Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
maximize output
………………… work environment …………………
product return ………………… product reliability …………………
eliminate waste ………………… product durability …………………
quality planning ………………… quality assurance …………………
quality control ………………… continuous improvements …………...
quality improvement …………….. management techniques ……………..
eliminate defects ………………… customer complaints ………………..
incorporate changes ………………. higher productivity …………………
increased revenue ………………… design products …………………
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The management began to devote its efforts to improve production efficiency through
rationalizing the use of available resources.
• Although product return is expensive to companies, it guarantees the satisfaction of
customers who can return defected products for the purpose of repair, refund, or
replacement.
• It is necessary to familiarize all local manufacturers with the latest internationally
adopted product reliability standards.
• Successful organizations realize that a major factor in total quality improvement is mon-
itoring performance in meeting or exceeding customer requirements.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Whether it is called total quality management (TQM), continuous quality improvement
(CQI), or some other term, TQM/CQI is a structured organizational process for involving
personnel in planning and executing a continuous flow of improvements to provide quality
health care that meets or exceeds expectations ( Kaluzny & Mclaughlin, 2004 , p. 3).

95. 82 Translating production texts
Text 2
CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
The buzzword in today’s marketing management or total quality management is the cus-
tomer’s satisfaction. A customer is satisfied when his stated and implied needs are fulfilled.
Here the need could go much beyond the product and service to enter into the areas like
aesthetics, time of delivery, place of delivery, life, the way the sales transaction is handled,
etc. The true definition of quality emerges only and mainly from customer satisfaction. Cus-
tomer satisfaction can be achieved through the fulfillment of the stated and implied needs
of the customer by the use of the products and/or services offered by the organization. The
effect of customer satisfaction is the continued brand loyalty, repurchase of the products and
service as well as the customer acting as an opinion leader in the market for the organization.
To satisfy a customer, the extremely important task for an organization is to understand what
the customer actually needs ( Mukherjee, 2006 , p. 34).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﺎﺿر ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا ﺮﯿﺒﻌﺗ نﺎﻨط / ﺔﻤﻠﻛ ﺔﻌﺋﺎﺷ
ﺮﻌﺸﯾ ﺎﺿﺮﻟﺎﺑ customer satisfaction buzzword
ةرادإ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا marketing management is satisfied
ﻦﻠﻌﻣ / ﺢﯾﺮﺻ ﻲﻨﻤﺿو
تﺎﯿﻟﺎﻤﺟ
زوﺎﺠﺘﯾ / ﻰﻄﺨﺘﯾ
ﻢﺘﯾ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﮫﻌﻣ stated and implied go beyond
aesthetics is handled
fulfillment of
ﺄﺸﻨﺗ ﻦﻣ / ﻖﺜﺒﻨﯾ ﮫﻨﻣ
ءﻻو ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ emerges
ةدﺎﻋإ ءاﺮﺸﻟا brand loyalty repurchase
يدﺆﯾ رود ﺪﺋﺎﻗ / ﺐﺣﺎﺻ يأر /ﺺﺨﺷ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
جﺎﺘﺤﯾ ﺎﯿﻠﻌﻓً acting as opinion leader
ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻤھﻷا extremely important actually needs
Exercise 1: Find in the passage what matches the following translations:
ُﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺗﻰﺒﻠ ﮫﺗﺎﺟﺎﺣ ﺔﻨﻠﻌﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻨﻤﻀﻟاو ﺪﻗ ىﺪﻌﺘﺗ ﺔﺟﺎﺤﻟا دوﺪﺣ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ،ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺄﺸﻨﯾ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺎﺿر ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Two teams reviewed the work of distribution channels to ensure reducing costs and
properly adopt strategic marketing management.
• The proposed approach requires continuous control of the quality of services to achieve
the highest level of customer satisfaction.
• The effect of customer satisfaction is the continued brand loyalty, repurchase of the
products and services, and the customer acting as an opinion leader in the market for the
organization.
• Companies can achieve continued brand loyalty when improving the levels of customer
satisfaction.
• The improved quality of products can stimulate different customers to repurchase such
products.
• The fulfillment of customers’ changing needs guarantees continuous suitable working
conditions and profitability.

96. Translating production texts 83
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• When businesses are capable of continuing to adapt to changing customer needs, they
can achieve competitive advantages in the market.
• ﺪﻘﻔﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﮭﺗاﺰﯿﻣ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ ﺎﮭﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ مﺪﻋ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻛاﻮﻣ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا
ةﺮﯿﻐﺘﻤﻟا.
• The private sector has significantly promoted its role as a service provider in different
countries.
• ﻢھﺎﺳ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺪﻋ تارﺎﻗ.
• A number of governments implemented strict measures to improve the quality of the
services provided to customers and to protect them against monopoly.
• ﺖﻘﺒط تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹا ةﺪﻋ تاءاﺮﺟإ نﺎﻤﻀﻟ ةدﻮﺟ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﻷا ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻢﮭﺘﯾﺎﻤﺣو
Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
ﻦﻣ عﺎﻔﺗرا رﺎﻌﺳﻷا.
S T T T S T T T
service policy
……………….. service optimization ………………..
service expectations …………… company performance ……………….
customer base ……………….. economically competitive ………………
instant feedback ……………….. economic competitiveness …………….
competitive pricing …………….. compete effectively …………………
marketing abilities ……………... competitive markets …………………
quality indicators ………………. productivity growth …………………
export success ………………... product improvement …………………
import policies ……………….. boost export …………………
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Some companies adopted new customer service policies in order to familiarize their
employees with how to deal with customers who are not satisfied with products.
• Governments should emphasize the need to promote different modern distribution net-
works which will improve service expectations.
• Competitive pricing can limit the ability of producers in developing countries to com-
pete in international markets.
• The new program aims at developing women’s productive capacity and marketing abili-
ties to ensure that they can compete successfully in domestic markets.
• Producers generally substitute different materials to ensure cost reduction and product
improvement.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
The state has also good export potential of nontraditional items such as fruits, vegetables,
spices, and sericulture. In fact, the horticultural products need exploitation to boost export of
agricultural products from the state ( Prasad, 2002 , p. 235).

97. 84 Translating production texts
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
ةرادإ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا:
ﻲھ هﺎﺠﺗا ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﻮﺤﻧ ةرادإ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ةدﻮﺠﻠﻟ. ﺎﻧﺎﯿﺣأو ﻖﻠﻄﯾ ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﻮﺠﻟا
ﻰھو مﻮﮭﻔﻤﻟا ﺚﯾﺪﺤﻟا ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﻮھو ﺮﯿﺸﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ةدﻮﺟ ءاﺬﻐﻟا ءاﺪﺘﺑا ﻦﻣ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺘﻟا ةدﻮﺠﻠﻟ – ةدﻮـﺟ
ﻢﯿﻤﺼـﺘﻟا –ةدﻮﺟ داﻮﻤﻟا مﺎﺨﻟا تﺎﻣﺎﺨﻟاو – لﺎﻤﻌﻟا – تﺎﻨﯿﻛﺎﻤﻟا – ةرادﻹا – ﻞﻘﻨﻟا – ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺘﻟا – ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا – ﺔﻣﺪﺧ
ﺎﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا . . . ﮫـﻓﻼﺧو. يأ نأ ةرادإ ةدﻮـﺠﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸـﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﺘﺗ ﺮﻓﺎﻀﺗ ﻞﻛ دﻮﮭﺠﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟاو ءﺎﺿرﻹ تﺎﺒﻏر
ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ ﺪـﺤﻟا ﻦـﻣ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا رﺪﻘﺑ نﺎﻜﻣﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻأ ﻞﺨﯾ ﻚﻟذ ةرﺪﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻟ. فﺮﻌﺗو ـﻟا
TQM ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ ”ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﻢﯿھﺎﻔﻣ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﻛ تﻻﺎﺠﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﻰـﻠﻋو ﻞﻛ تﺎﯾﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا“ ﻰﻠﻋو ﻚﻟذ ﻊﻘﺗ
ﺔﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ةرادﻹا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا ةدﻮﺠﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﺗﺎﻋ ﻞـﻛ ﺲﯿﺋر لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻰﻠﻋأ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻟإ هﺎﻧدأ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻓ
لﺎﺠﻣ ﮫﺼﺼﺨﺗ. ﺚﯿﺣ نأ ةرادإ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﺔﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ تﺎﺒﻏر ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ةرادإو ﻢﯿﻤﺼـﺘﻟا ﺔﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻋ
ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا ةرادإو تﺎﯾﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻋ ءاﺮـﺷ تﺎﻣﺎﺨﻟا تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﺑ ةﺪﯿﺟ ةرادإو جﺎﺘﻧﻹا
ﺔﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻋ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻌﯿﻨﺼﺘﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣو ﺺﺤﻔﻟا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺘﻟاو ﺔﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻋ ءاﺮﺟإ تارﺎـﺒﺘﺧﻻا ﺺـﺤﻔﻟاو ةرادإو
تﺎـﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا ﺔﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻞﯿﺻﻮﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا فﺮﻌﺘﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا.
(Ali & Hamzawi, 2007 , p. 9 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
هﺎﺠﺗا ﻮﺤﻧ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا trend towards Total Quality
ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﻟا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا overall control continuous improvement
ﺔﺑﺎﻗر ةدﻮﺠﻟا مﻮﮭﻔﻤﻟا ﺚﯾﺪﺤﻟا quality control modern concept
تﺎﻣﺎﺧ/داﻮﻣ
ﺮﻓﺎﻀﺗ دﻮﮭﺠﻟا
ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺘﻟا ةدﻮﺠﻠﻟ materials quality planning
ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﺎﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا concerted effort after-sales service
ﺪﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ءﺎﺿرإ تﺎﺒﻏر reduce costs satisfy desires
ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﻞﺨﯾ ةرﺪﻘﻟﺎﺑ competitiveness impair ability
ﺔﯿﻌﯿﻨﺼﺗ ﻊﻘﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﺗﺎﻋ manufacturing rests with
تﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا تارﺎﺒﺘﺧا ﺺﺤﻓو customers’ remarks tests and inspection
Exercise 1: Find in the passage what matches the following translations:
quality management through continuous improvement, which indicates controlling food qual-
ity, disrupt product competitiveness, responsible for determining the required specifications
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻖﺒﻄﺗ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ئدﺎﺒﻣ ةرادإ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ ﻢﻋد ﺎﮭﺗﺎﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ﺎﮭﺗارﺪﻗو ﺎھﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗو ﺔﻘﯾﺮﻄﺑ ﺔﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻰﺘﺣ •
ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا.
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﯾ حﺎﺠﻧ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﻟا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ةدﻮﺠﻟ ،ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗو ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﺎﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ،ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ •
ﻰﻟإ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻞﻀﻓأ تﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا.
ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ةدﺎﻋﺈﺑ ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﻦﻣ دودر لﺎﻌﻓﻷا ﺔﯿﺴﻜﻌﻟا تﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣو ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻا •
تﺎﺟﺎﺤﻟ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ةﺮﯿﻐﺘﻤﻟا.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺮﯾﺪﺼﺘﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﺔﺜﯾﺪﺤﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ ﻞﯿﮭﺴﺗ ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا. •

98. Translating production texts 85
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
درﻮﺘﺴﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻘﯾﺮﻓﻹا داﻮﻣ ﺔﯿﺋاﺬﻏ ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳأ نوﺪﺑ ﺪﯿﻘﺘﻟا ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﺑ ةدﺪﺤﻣ ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
•
• Central African countries import secondary food items without identifying general stan-
dards of product quality assessment.
ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا مﻮﻘﺗ ﻒﯿظﻮﺘﺑ ءاﺮﺒﺧ ءاﺮﺟﻹ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ ةدﻮﺟ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ. •
• Government and private-sector institutions temporarily hire exports to perform quality
control for their products.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﺑﺎﻗر ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﻢھأ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ نﺎﻤﺿ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟاو. •
• Quality planning is a key factor in ensuring a company’s productivity in regional and
international markets.
Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ءﻮﺳ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘﻟا ةءﺎﻔﻛ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ poor …………… …………………..
ﺐﻨﺠﺗ رﻮﺼﻘﻟا standard ………… تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣ ﺔﯿﺳﺎﯿﻗ …………………
رﺎﯿﺘﺧا تﺎﯿﻨﻘﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ ………………… …………………..
ﺺﺤﻔﻟا ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺘﻟاو ﻢﻋﺪﯾ فاﺪھأ ………………… …………………..
ءادأ ﻲﻠﻌﻓ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا ةدﻮﺠﻟاو ………………… …………………..
ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﻟا ﻖﻘﺤﯾ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ………………… ………………….
ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ………………… ………………….
ﺔﯿﻤﻛ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺗ ………………… ………………….
تﻻآ لﺎﻤﻋو ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ………………… …………………..
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻞﻘﻨ ﺎﻘﺣﻻ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ هﺬھ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ تاﺪﻌﻣ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻰﺘﺣ ﺗًُﻰﻟإ ﻦﯿﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟ ﻢﮭﺗءﺎﻔﻛ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا •
ﺎھﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗو.
ﱢﻦﯾد ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺤﻣ نﻮﻌﺘﻤﺘﯾ ةرﺪﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا ةدﻮﺠﻟاو ﺪﻌﯾ ﺪﺣأ زﺮﺑأ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ نا ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ رﻮﻣ •
ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺧاﺪﻟا.
ﺳءﻮ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺗ اﻮﻤﻟاد اﺬﻐﻟاﺔﯿﺋ أﻖﺤﻟ ﺎﺴﺧﺮﺋ ﻓﺣدﺎﺔ ﺎﺑﺮﺸﻟﺔﻛ ﺚﯿﺣ أﺎﮭﻧ ﻢﻟ ﺰﺘﻠﺗم ﺎﻌﻤﺑﺮﯿﯾ ﺟةدﻮ اﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟت وأ ﻣﺮاﺎﮭﺘﺒﻗ •
ةﺪﻤﻟ ﺔﻠﯾﻮط.
ىدأ ﻞﯿﮭﺴﺗ تاءاﺮﺟﻹا ﺔﯿﻛﺮﻤﺠﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو تﺎﯾﻮﺘﺴﻣ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﯿﻤﻛ جﺎﺘﻧإ ﺮﯾﺪﺼﺗو تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ •
ةﺪﻋ لود لﻮﺣ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا.
ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ لوﺪﻟا ةءﺎﻔﻜﺑ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ ﻮھو ﺎﻣ ﺲﻜﻌﯾ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﻞﺜﻣﻷا دراﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا •
ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣو ةدﻮﺠﻟا اﺬﮭﻟ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا.
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﻟا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ةدﻮﺠﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ةرادإ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا. •
Exercise 6: Translate following passage into English:
ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺘﻟا ﻢﺋﺎﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﯿﻨﺼﺘﻟا: ﻲﻨﻌﺗ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﺎﻨھ ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﻟا ﺔﻘﺑﺎﻄﻤﻟاو ﻊﻣ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﻟا تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣو ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا ﻲھو ﻚﻟﺬﻛ
ﺔﺟرد ﺔﻤﺋﻼﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ تﺎﻔﺻو ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣو ،ﮫﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ نﻮﻜﺗو تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﻟا ﺎﻨھ تاذ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ
ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺔﯿﺳﺪﻨﮭﻟاو ﻢﺘﯾو ﺎﮭﻌﺿو ﻲﻓ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا اءﺎﻨﺑً ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻌﻗﻮﺗ تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣو ،ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا سﺎﻘﺗو ةدﻮﺟ
ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧﻻا ﻲﻓ ﮫﺼﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﻦﻋ هﺬھ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﻟا.
(Ashyouni, 2014 , p. 12 )

99. 86 Translating production texts
Text 2
ةدﻮﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا فاﺪھأ ﺔﺤﺿاو ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻲﻠﯾ:
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺔﯿﺤﺑﺮﻟا ةرﺪﻘﻟاو ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا: ذإ ﺪﻌﯾ ﻦﺴﺤﺘﻟا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ةدﻮﺠﻟا اﺮﺷﺆﻣ ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟ تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا
ﻦﻣ ﺄﺷﺎﮭﻧ ﯾزةدﺎ اﺮﻟﺔﯿﺤﺑ وﻖﻠﺧ اﺺﺼﺤﻟ اﻮﺴﻟﺔﯿﻗ اﺮﯿﺒﻜﻟة ﻟاوﻘةرﺪ اﺎﻨﺘﻟﺔﯿﺴﻓ اﺎﻌﻟﺔﯿﻟ. وﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ ﺎﻌﺷر ةرادإ اﻮﺠﻟدة
اﺎﺸﻟﺔﻠﻣ )إﻞﻤﻋ اﻲﺸﻟءاﺢﯿﺤﺼﻟ ﻦﻣ لوأ وﺔﻠھ (Do the Right Things The First Time ﺎﯿﻌﻣراً ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ نأ
ﻢﺘﯾ ﮫﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ أﺔﻄﺸﻧ وﺎﺠﻣﻻتاﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟ ﻲﻜﻟ ﻢﺘﯾﻲﻓ ﺿءﻮ ﻒﯿﻔﺨﺗاﺎﻜﺘﻟﻒﯿﻟاﺮﺘﻘﻤﻟﺔﻧ ﺎﺑﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟتاﺔﯿﻠﯿﻐﺸﺘﻟ
ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗو ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻞﺜﻣﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻔﻠﻟ ةءﺎﻔﻜﻟاو ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا.
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﺿﺮﻟا ىﺪﻟ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا: مﻮﻘﺗ ﺔﻤﮭﻣ ةرادﻹا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا ةدﻮﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﻓدﺎﮭﻟا فﺮﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا
ﻦﯿﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﻦﯿﺒﻘﺗﺮﻤﻟاو ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗو ﺎﻣ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﮫﻤﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﻢﮭﻟ يﺮﺠﯾو ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ةادﺆﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ داﺮﻓﻷا ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا
اءاﺪﺘﺑإً ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ثﻮﺤﺑ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻐﺑ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﻟا داﺮﻤﻟا ﺎھدﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻠﻟ وأ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻊﻣﺰﻤﻟا ﮫﻤﯾﺪﻘﺗ.
1
2
(Hammoud, 2002 , p. 83 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺔﯿﺤﺑﺮﻟا achieve profitability clear objectives
ةدﺎﯾز تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا increase sales an indicator
ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﯿﺤﺑﺮﻟا increase profitability which would
ارﺎﯿﻌﻣً a standard market shares
تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﯿﻐﺸﺘﻟا operational processes reduce costs
ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا optimal level consumers
ةادﺆﻤﻟا done by potential customers
ثﻮﺤﺑ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا market research personnel
ﻊﻣﺰﻤﻟا ﮫﻤﯾﺪﻘﺗ to be introduced identify specifications
.ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻟا Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺖﻨﻜﻤﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ تﺎﯾﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺔﯿﺤﺑﺮﻟا ﺖﻠﺧدو ﺎﻗاﻮﺳأً،ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺪﻌﺑ نأ ﺖﺒﻠﻐﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ •
بﻮﯿﻌﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا.
تدأ ﺔﻠﻤﺤﻟا ﺔﯿﺠﯾوﺮﺘﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗو حﺎﺑرأ •
ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ لﻼﺧ ةﺮﺘﻓ ﺔﯿﻨﻣز ةﺮﯿﺼﻗ.
ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﺘﺗ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺔﻗﻮﺛﻮﻣ لﻮﺣ دراﻮﻤﻟا جﺎﺘﻧﻹاو تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟاو ﺔﯿﻠﯿﻐﺸﺘﻟا •
ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟاو.
مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ثﻮﺤﺑ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا فﺮﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻤﻜﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﻮﻨﻟاو •
ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺨﺑ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣو.
ﻰﻌﺴﯾ نﻮﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ﻢﮭﺘﺼﺣ ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺴﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا •
نﺎﻤﺿو ةﺰﯿﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا.
ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺋﺎﮭﻨﻟا ﺎﮭﺻاﻮﺧو ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ تﺎﺌﻓ ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗو •
ﻢﮭﺗﺎﺒﻏر ةدﺪﺤﻤﻟا.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ نأ ﺰﻛﺮﺗ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﻂﻄﺧو ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﯿﻔﺨﺗ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻰﻟإ ﺪﺤﻟا ﻰﻧدﻷا •
فﺪﮭﺑ ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗ ﺰﺠﻌﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﻢﺴﻘﻟ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا داﺪﻋإ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﺔﯿﺋﺎﮭﻧ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻟا. •
فاﺪھأ ﺔﺤﺿاو
ًاﺮﺷﺆﻣ
ﻦﻣ ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺷ
ﺺﺼﺤﻟا ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺴﻟا
ﻒﯿﻔﺨﺗ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا
ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻞﺜﻣﻷا
ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﯿﺒﻘﺗﺮﻤﻟا
داﺮﻓﻷا ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا
ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﻟا

100. Translating production texts 87
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﺔﻤﮭﻣ ةرادﻹا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا ةدﻮﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﻲﺘﻟا فﺪﮭﺗ ﻰﻟإ فﺮﻌﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﯿﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﻦﯿﺒﻘﺗﺮﻤﻟاو. •
• TQM plans may include targeting previous and current customers.
مﻮﻘﯾ ﻖﯾﺮﻔﻟا ﺺﺤﻔﺑ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣ ﻊﻣ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا. •
• The commission inspects imported goods to ensure the conformity of their use with the
specifications of the ordered goods.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺪﯿﻘﺘﻟا فاﺪھﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﺤﺿاﻮﻟا ةرادﻹ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﻰﺼﻗأ رﺪﻗ ﻦﻣ ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا
ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ةدﻮﺠﺑ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
•
• It is necessary to avoid abiding by the clear objectives of TQM in order to achieve
acceptable commitment to products quality local standards.
Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﯾﺪﺤﺗ قﻮﺴﻟا ………………… ………………….
ﺔﺒﻛاﻮﻣ تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟا ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ………………… …………………...
دراﻮﻣ ﺔﻠﻤﻜﻣ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ لﺎﻤﻋأ ةﺮﯿﻐﺻ ………………… ………………..
ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ةدﻮﺟ ﻞﻘﻨﻟا ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ………………… …………………...
تاودأ ةدﻮﺠﻟا نﺎﺠﻟ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ………………… …………………...
تاﺮﺷﺆﻣ ءادﻷا ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ………………… …………………...
نﺎﻤﺿ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ةءﺎﻔﻛ ………………… …………………...
ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﻊﯿﻨﺼﺗو ﻲﺒﻠﯾ / ﻖﻘﺤﯾ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﻟا
ءﺎﻨﺑ تارﺪﻘﻟا meets …………….…………………
ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا ………………… …………………...
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻞﻜﺸﯾ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﻸﻣﺎﻋ ﺎﯿﺳﺎﺳأًﻦﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﯾﺪﺤﺗ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻣ ﺔﮭﺟ •
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗو حﺎﺑرﻷا ﻦﻣ ﺔﮭﺟ ىﺮﺧأ.
ضﺮﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﺒﻟﺎﻏ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ تاذ ةدﻮﺟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ فﺪﮭﺑ ﺔﯾﻮﻘﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺴﻟا ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣو •
تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ضﺮﻌﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﮭﺑﺎﺸﻣ.
تﺪﻛأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا ةروﺮﺿ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ تاﺮﺷﺆﻣ ءادﻷا ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا فﺮﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ىﺪﻣ •
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﮭﻓاﺪھأ زﺎﺠﻧإو ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻤﻋأ.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا قﻮﺴﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﯿﻟود ﺔﺒﻛاﻮﻣ تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا تﺎﺒﻏرو •
ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻰﺘﺣ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯾراﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻤﻋأ.
ﺖﺼﺼﺧ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ﺔﯿﺒﯾرﺪﺗ ءﺎﻨﺒﻟ تارﺪﻗ ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺎﮭﯾﺪﻟ ﻢﮭﻔﯾﺮﻌﺗو ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﺑ ةدﻮﺠﻟا تﺎﯿﻟآو ﺎﮭﺘﺒﻗاﺮﻣ •
لﻼﺧ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا.
ﺖﺒﻗار ﺔﻨﺠﻟ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ىﺪﻣ ماﺰﺘﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﺑ ةدﻮﺟ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﺿوﺮﻌﻤﻟا •
ﺎﯿﻠﺤﻣ.ً
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
نإ حﺎﺠﻧ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ىﺪﻤﻟا ﻞﯾﻮﻄﻟا ﺪﻤﺘﻌﯾ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺳأ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ تﺎﺟﺎﺣو ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا يﺬﻟا ﻞﺜﻤﯾ فﺪﮭﻟا
ﻲﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻻا رﻮﺤﻤﻟ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا يﺬﻟاو ﻢﺘﯾ ﮫﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ تاذ ةدﻮﺟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ ﺮﻌﺳو ﺲﻓﺎﻨﻣ
.
(Dodeen, 2010 , p. 48 )

101. 5 Translating finance texts
5.1 Accounting and financial statements
Section 1: English into Arabic
Text 1
FRS 18 sets out the principles to be followed in selecting accounting policies and the disclo-
sures for the readers to understand the accounting policies adopted and how they have been
applied. It requires specific disclosures about the adopted accounting policies and changes to
those policies and, in some circumstances, disclosures about the estimation techniques used
in applying those policies. Accounting policies are the principles, bases, conventions, rules,
and practices adopted by an organization in preparing and presenting financial statements. In
essence, accounting policies specify how the effects of transactions and other events are to be
reflected in financial statements through recognizing, measuring and presenting assets, liabil-
ities, gains, losses, and changes to capital (or shareholders’ funds) ( Kwok, 2005 , pp. 25–26).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺑ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ غﻼﺑإ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ /
ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا financial statements FRS
دﺪﺤﯾ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ accounting policies sets out
disclosures
تراﺮﻗإ ﺔﻌﺒﺘﻣ / ةﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ
ﺐﯿﻟﺎﺳأ ﺮﯾﺪﻘﺘﻟا adopted
فوﺮظ )تﻻﺎﺣ/ ( عﺎﺿوأ
فاﺮﻋأ / تﺎﯿﻗﺎﻔﺗا circumstances estimation techniques
تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻣ conventions practices
دﺪﺤﯾ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ specify transactions
ﻞﯿﺠﺴﺗ / ﺰﯿﻤﻤﺗ
لﻮﺻأ
سﺎﯿﻗ recognizing measuring
تﺎﻣاﺰﺘﻟا/نﻮﯾد
سأر لﺎﻣ liabilitiesassets
ﺐﺳﺎﻜﻣ gains capital
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The company hired an experienced auditor to review its financial statements and pre-
pare a report on any breach.
• The standard accounting policies are primarily designed to ensure that financial state-
ments provide accurate financial information.
• New banking systems in different financial institutions were updated to facilitate faster
and more reliable financial transactions.
• Many local traders try to achieve financial gains by illegally selling imported goods
across the country.
• The government committee ordered the company to submit its financial disclosures and
accounting policies.
• The project team informed the donors about the required technical support.
• Accounting policies are the principles and rules adopted by an organization.
DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-6

102. tions, and auditing.
Translating finance texts 89
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• More financial resources are needed to implement several projects.
• كﺎﻨھ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ دراﻮﻤﻟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﻠﯿﻠﻗ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺘﻟ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا.
• The police department was investigating some suspicious financial transactions.
• ىﺮﺟأ ﻢﺴﻗ ﺔطﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯾﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗً لﻮﺣ ﺾﻌﺑ ردﺎﺼﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺔﻟﻮﮭﺠﻤﻟا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋو ﻞﯿﺴﻏ لاﻮﻣﻷا.
• The new manager is responsible for managing financial accounting, financial transac-
• ﻰﻟﻮﺘﯾ ﺮﯾﺪﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﻌﻤﻟا ﺎﺘﻗﺆﻣً ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻣ ﺔﻌﺟاﺮﻣ دراﻮﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا تﻻاﻮﺤﻟاو ﻖﯿﻗﺪﺘﻟاو ﻲﺟرﺎﺨﻟا.
Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
business accounting ………………….. auditors’ report …………………
ﻒﺸﻛ ................. financial accounting ………………….. bank statement
balance sheet ………………….. bankruptcy …………………
cash flow ………………….. budget …………………
insolvency ………………….. consumer goods …………………
accounting cycle ………………….. debtor …………………
…………………discount
ذاﻮﺤﺘﺳا acquisition
annual report ………………….. face value …………………
audit risk ………………….. financial institution …………………
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Efficient production management, business accounting and marketing strategies can
significantly improve the operations of small companies.
• The principles which govern the functioning of financial accounts are different from the
principles governing other types of accounting.
• COVID-19 lockdowns caused the insolvency of many companies locally and
internationally.
• The company management has begun taking serious steps toward implementing the
auditor’s recommendations and suggestions.
• Major imports in the last decade were consumer goods, electrical appliances, and elec-
tronic devices.
• The recent financial annual report clearly outlines the company’s financial and operat-
ing activities.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
The primary purpose of accounting is to provide financial information about an economic
entity. Many people both within and outside a business organization need information about
the entity. For example, managers of the business need information to aid in making deci-
sions about the operation of the business. Investors need information that will aid them in
deciding how to invest their money ( Gallun & Wright, 2005 , p. 21).

103. 90 Translating finance texts
Text 2
The term “Financial Statements” is used to denote only two basic statements:
a) Balance Sheet (or Position Statement), which shows the financial position of an enter-
prise at a particular point of time.
b) Profit and Loss Account (or Income Statement), which shows the financial performance
of business operations during an accounting period.
USEFULNESS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The information contained in these statements is used by the management, present and
potential investors, lenders, short-term creditors, employees, customers, and governments
and their agencies to satisfy some of their different needs for information. Users can get truer
insight about the financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm if they properly analyze the
information from their own points of view ( Tulsian, B. & Tulsian, P., 2017 ).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﺢﻠﻄﺼﻣ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺑ term statements
ﺮﯿﺸﯾ ﻰﻟإ / لﺪﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ
نﺎﯿﺑ ﻊﺿو ﻲﻟﺎﻣ
نﺎﯿﺑ/ﻒﺸﻛ ﺔﯿﻧاﺰﯿﻣ
بﺎﺴﺣ ﺢﺑر ةرﺎﺴﺧو denotes balance sheet
position statement profit/loss account
نﺎﯿﺑ ﻞﺧد ءادأ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ income statement financial performance
ةﺮﺘﻓ ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ةﺪﺋﺎﻓ / ﺔﻌﻔﻨﻣ
ﻦﯿﺿﺮﻘﻣ accounting period usefulness
ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﯿﻠﻤﺘﺤﻣ potential investors lenders
ﻦﯿﻨﺋاد ﻞﺟﻷ ﺮﯿﺼﻗ نﻮﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻣ short-term creditors users
ﺔﯾؤر قدأ طﺎﻘﻧ ةﻮﻗ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ truer insight financial strengths
Exercise 1: Translate a. and b. above .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The statement of financial position submitted to the committee did not clearly indicate
the value of the company’s business.
• The income statements and cash flow statements were reviewed by an external
accountant.
• Potential investors can now explore suitable investment opportunities in this competi-
tive business environment.
• New assessments are expected to explore the company’s financial strengths and weak-
ness, production capacity, and quality management.
• The poor financial performance of the company indicates the absence of proper finan-
cial management.
• The end of the accounting period should clearly indicate net income and financial
performance.
• Borrowers were not able to pay off their loans to the lenders due to the crisis.

104. Translating finance texts 91
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Users can get truer insight about the financial strengths of the firm if they analyze the
financial information.
• ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﻦﯿﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ دﺪﺠﻟا لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ قدأ لﻮﺣ طﺎﻘﻧ ةﻮﻘﻟا ﻒﻌﻀﻟاو ،ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻚﻟذو اذإ اﻮﻣﺎﻗ
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺘﺑ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا.
• Two reports on the accounting period will be submitted to the external auditor.
• مﻮﻘﯿﺳ ﻢﺴﻗ تﺎﺑﺎﺴﺤﻟا ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺘﺑ ﻦﯾﺮﯾﺮﻘﺗ ﻦﯿﯿﺋﺎﮭﻧ ﻰﻟإ ﻊﺟاﺮﻣ تﺎﺑﺎﺴﺤﻟا لﻮﺣ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا.
• The board of directors discussed the poor financial performance.
• ﺶﻗﺎﻧ ﻖﯾﺮﻔﻟا ءادأ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺘﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا ةﺮﺘﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﺿﺎﻤﻟا.
Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
operating expenses
audit manager
asset depreciation
expense
gross income
hedging
internal audit
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
fraud
accounting standards
gross profit
general partnership
fixed assets
indirect cost
inflation rate
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
letter of credit ……………… investment activities ………………
limited company ……………… investment income ………………
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Accounting standards are regularly reviewed to ensure keeping pace with the develop-
ing business environment.
• The gains and losses from the investment activities were properly reviewed and
recorded.
• New legislations were enacted to allow two types of partnerships: general partnership
and limited partnership.
• The partners decided to refrain from setting up their limited company because the pro-
cedures are complex.
• The miscalculation of indirect costs was not taken into consideration during the finan-
cial review process.
• High inflation rates indicate an increase in the prices of consumer goods.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Cost accounting is that branch of accounting information system which records, measures
and reports information about costs. A cost is a sacrifice of resource. Costs are reflected in
the accounting system by outlays of cash, promises to pay cash at a future date, and the
expiration of the value of an asset. The primary purpose of cost accounting is the ascertain-
ment and its use in decision-making and performance evaluation. ( Jain & Khan, 2006 , p. 9).

105. 92 Translating finance texts
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻲھ مﺎﻈﻧ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﻞﻤﺘﺸﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ تﻼﺧﺪﻣ ﻞﯿﻐﺸﺗو ،تﺎﺟﺮﺨﻣو ﺚﯿﺣ مﻮﻘﯾ ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺘﺑ ثاﺪﺣﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا
ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺎﮭﺳﺎﯿﻗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺒﺛإو ﻲﻓ ،مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻢﺛ ﺎﮭﯿﻟﻮﺤﺗ ﻰﻟإ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ةﺪﯿﻔﻣ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ اداﺮﻓأً ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ذﺎﺨﺗا تاراﺮﻘﻟا
ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا. ﻦﻜﻤﯾو ﺎﮭﻔﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﻀﯾأً ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا يﺬﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﯾ ﻲﻓ ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻟا ئدﺎﺒﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﻜﺤﺗ ﻞﯿﺠﺴﺗ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو
تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟا ةﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟﺎﺑ لﻼﺧ ةﺪﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ﺎﮭﻟﺎﺼﯾإو ﺔﺼﺨﻠﻣ يﺬﺨﺘﻤﻟ تاراﺮﻘﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ ذﺎﺨﺗا
تاراﺮﻗ ةﺪﯿﺷر.
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻠﻟو ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋر ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ثاﺪﺣﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ةﺄﺸﻨﻤﺑ ،ﺎﻣ ﻢﺛ ،ﺎﮭﻠﯿﺠﺴﺗ ﻢﺛ ﻞﯿﺻﻮﺗ
هﺬھ تﺎﺟﺮﺨﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ فاﺮطﻷا ﺔﻤﺘﮭﻤﻟا ﻚﻠﺘﺑ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا.
(Ashabani, 2014 , p. 4 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
مﺎﻈﻧ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا information system accounting
تﻼﺧﺪﻣ ﻞﻤﺘﺸﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ inputs includes
ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺘﺑ ﻞﯿﻐﺸﺗ تﺎﺟﺮﺨﻣو interpret operation & output
ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺒﺛإو ثاﺪﺣﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا enter into economic events
ذﺎﺨﺗا تاراﺮﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﯿﻟﻮﺤﺗ ﻰﻟإ decision making turning . . . into
ﻢﻜﺤﺗ ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻟا ئدﺎﺒﻤﻟاو rules and principlesgovern
financial transactions
تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻞﯿﺠﺴﺗ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو recording and analyzing
ةﺪﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ةﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟا financial period firm
ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ثاﺪﺣﻷا تاراﺮﻗ ةﺪﯿﺷر identify events informed decision
Exercise 1: Find in the passage what matches the following translations:
then turning them into useful information, taking economic decisions, the science which
looks into, a specific time period
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻞﻤﺘﺤﻣ نأ ﺮﻀﺗ ثاﺪﺣﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺘﻓ قﻼﻏﻹا ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﺤﺋﺎﺟ ﺎﻧورﻮﻛ لﺎﻤﻋﺄﺑ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﮭﺣﺎﺑرأو •
ﺎﮭﻌﺿوو ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﺔﯿﻟآ داﺪﻋإ ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺘﻟا لﻮﺣ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ةدﺎﻋإ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳاو ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ •
ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ةرﻮﻄﺘﻣو.
ﻢﺘﺗ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺮﺛﺄﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻦﻣ ةﺪﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﻲﻓ تﺎﻓﻮﺸﻜﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻢﺘﯾو ﺪﻌﺑ ﻚﻟذ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ •
تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺎﺑ.
مﻮﻘﺘﺳ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا لﻼﺧ ةﺪﻣ ﺎھﺎﺼﻗأ ﺮﮭﺷ ﻦﻣ ﮫﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﻞﯿﺠﺴﺘﺑ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ فﺪﮭﺑ ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ •
ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ دﻮﺟو ﻞﻠﺧ ﻲﻓ ﺔﯿﻟآ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻚﻠﺗ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا.
ﻢﺘﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﺤﺗ تﻼﺧﺪﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ثاﺪﺣﺄﺑ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ﻰﻟإ ،تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺘﻟ بﺎﺤﺻأ تاراﺮﻘﻟا •
ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ذﺎﺨﺗا تاراﺮﻗ ةﺪﯿﺷر.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺒﻏاﺮﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳأ ،ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎھدﺪﺤﺗ نﺎﺠﻠﻟا •
ﺔﻓﺮﺸﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ هﺬھ قاﻮﺳﻷا.
تدأ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ىﺮﺠﻣ ثاﺪﺣﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓ ﺮﺼﻣ لﻼﺧ ةﺮﺘﻓ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟا دﻮﻘﻋ •
ﺔﯿﺿﺎﻤﻟا.

106. Translating finance texts 93
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
يدﺆﯾ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺞﻣاﺮﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻢﻈﻧو تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ةرﻮﻄﺘﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻌﺟاﺮﻣ تﺎﺑﺎﺴﺣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا
لﻮﺼﺤﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺔﺤﯿﺤﺻ.
•
• Use of accounting systems improves reviewing the company accounts.
تﺮﺛﺄﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﺾﻌﺒﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا تاءاﺮﺟﻹﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا
ﺔﻓدﺎﮭﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
•
• Different economic aspects were affected by government procedures aiming at promot-
ing external trade.
مﻮﻘﺗ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺘﺑ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺎﺑ داﺪﻋإو ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺗ ﻢﺘﯾ ﮫﻌﻓر ﻰﻟإ بﺎﺤﺻأ راﺮﻘﻟا. •
• The commission studies the financial information of the company and prepares a report
which is later submitted to external auditors.
Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺔﯿﻟود ﺔﻨﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ………………… …………………
ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ………………… …………………
ﻞﺑﺎﻗ دادﺮﺘﺳﻼﻟ جذﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ………………… …………………
ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺔﯿﻟود ﺔﻤﯿﻗ ﺔﯿﻤﺳا ………………… …………………
ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺔﯿﻋاﺪﺑإ ………………… …………………
ﻦﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ دﻮﻛر يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ………………… …………………
ﺔﻤﯿﻗ ﺔﯾﺮﺘﻓد تاءاﺮﺟإ ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ………………… …………………
تﺎﻓوﺮﺼﻣ ﺔﻠﺟﺆﻣ ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺧ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﺳأر ………………… …………………
…………auditing
ﺺﺤﻓ / ﻖﯿﻗﺪﺗ ﻲﻠﺧاد ﺔﺒﯾﺮﺿ ﻞﺧد …………………
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
تﺪﻋأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎھﺮﯾﺮﻘﺗ لﻮﺣ ﺔﻨﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﮫﺘﻠﺳرأو ﻰﻟإ ﻲﻌﺟاﺮﻣ تﺎﺑﺎﺴﺣ ﻦﯿﯿﺟرﺎﺧ ﻖﯿﻗﺪﺘﻠﻟ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﻟاو ﻦﻣ
ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا دﻮﺟو ﻞﻠﺧ.
ﻦﻤﻀﯾ عﺎﺒﺗا ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗو جذﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ،ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ماﺰﺘﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻜﺑ ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﻜﺤﺗ
ﺎﮭﻠﻤﻋ.
ﺮﺛأ دﻮﻛﺮﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ ﺖﺿﺮﻌﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ةﺮﯿﺜﻛ ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺨﻟ ﺔﺣدﺎﻓ ﺖﻐﻟأو دﻮﻘﻋ
ﻞﻤﻋ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻣ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ مﺪﻋ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻓد ﺐﺗاوﺮﻟا.
ﻊﻀﺨﺗ ﺐﺗاور ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا صﺎﺨﻟاو ﺔﺒﯾﺮﻀﻟ ،ﻞﺧﺪﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺗﻖﺒﻄ ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻏأ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ُ
لﻮﺣ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا.
فﺎﺿأ ﺮﯾزﻮﻟا نأ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺪﻗ ﻰﻓﺎﻌﺗ ﺔﻋﺮﺴﺑ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﺎﯿﺒﺴﻧً ﻦﻣ دﻮﻛﺮﻟا نوﺪﺑو ضﺮﻌﺘﻟا ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺨﻟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﺳأر
ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻞﻀﻔﺑ تاءاﺮﺟإ يﺪﺼﺘﻟا ﺔﻣزﻸﻟ.
•
•
•
•
•
ُ ًً
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻲھ مﺎﻈﻧ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﻞﻤﺘﺸﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ تﻼﺧﺪﻣ ﻞﯿﻐﺸﺗو تﺎﺟﺮﺨﻣو.
ﺗجرﺪ تاﺪﻌﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا اذإ تزوﺎﺠﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﻤﯿﻗ ﺔﯿﻤﺳﻻا ﺎﻐﻠﺒﻣ ﺎﻨﯿﻌﻣ. •
•
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏً ﺎﻣ ﻢﺘﯾ داﺪﻋإ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺎﻘﺒطً جذﻮﻤﻨﻟ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺨﯾرﺎﺘﻟا ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻤﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟا
ﺔﯿﻤﺳﻻا سأﺮﻟ لﺎﻤﻟا. ﺪﻗو نﻮﻜﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ جذﺎﻤﻨﻟا ﻢﯿھﺎﻔﻤﻟاو ىﺮﺧﻷا ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺔﻤﺋﻼﻣ ضاﺮﻏﻷ داﺪﻣإ ﻲﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻣ
تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﺑ ةﺪﯿﻔﻣ ﻲﻓ ذﺎﺨﺗا تاراﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا
(Assakni, 2016 , p. 110 ) .

107. 94 Translating finance texts
Text 2
عوﺮﻓ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا:
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا: ﻲھو عﺮﻔﻟا يﺬﻟا ﻢﺘﮭﯾ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺘﺑ ﻞﯿﺠﺴﺗو تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﺼﯿﺨﻠﺗو فﺪﮭﺑ سﺎﯿﻗ ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ طﺎﺸﻧ
ةﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟا لﻼﺧ ةﺮﺘﻓ ﺔﯿﻨﻣز ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ. ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻓ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗو ﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲھ جﺎﺘﻧ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ةﺄﺸﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺰﻜﺗﺮﯾو
ﺎﮭﻣﺎﻤﺘھا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا فاﺮطﻸﻟ ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا.)ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا.(
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟاو ﺔﯾرادﻹا: أﺪﺑ اﺬھ عﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﺑ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا وأ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ
ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﻢﺛ رﻮﻄﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرادﻹا ﺎﮭطﺎﺒﺗرﻻ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﺑ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ نأ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا يرادﻹا تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻠﻟ
ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا أﺪﺑ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ذﺎﺨﺗا تاراﺮﻘﻟا ،ﺔﯾرادﻹا رﻮﻄﺗو ﻞﻤﺸﯿﻟ ﻊﯿﻤﺟ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا
ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا مﺪﺨﺗ ةرادﻹا ﻞﺜﻣ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺘﻟا ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟاو سﺎﯿﻗو ،ءادﻷا اﺬھو ﻰﻤﺴﯾ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯾرادﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲھ
داﺪﺘﻣا ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا.
(Assayed, 2014 , p. 32 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻞﯿﺠﺴﺗو عوﺮﻓ analyzing and recording branches
سﺎﯿﻗ ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺺﯿﺨﻠﺗ measuring outcome summarizing
فاﺮطأ ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺧ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻞﺧد external parties income statement
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺧ cost accounting external accounting
ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺔﯾرادإ production cost management accounting
ﺎﮭطﺎﺒﺗرا ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا its relevance to unit cost
سﺎﯿﻗ ءادأ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ performance measurement accounting information
Exercise 1: Find in the text what matches the following translations:
and focuses on providing financial information – this branch began as cost accounting –
administrative use of accounting information – this is called
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻊﺟﺮﯾ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧﻻا ﺮﯿﺒﻜﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﺿوﺮﻌﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻧوﻵا ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا ﻰﻟإ عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺮﻌﺳ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ
ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا دﻮﺟوو ﻞﺋاﺪﺑ ىﺮﺧأ ﻞﻗأ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ.
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ لﻮﺼﺣ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯾودﻷا رﺎﻌﺳﺄﺑ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻣ ﺔﺒﯾﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻓ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ حﺎﺑرأ ﺔﻠﯿﻠﻗ
تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ،ﺔﮭﺟ نﺎﻤﺿو مﺪﻋ ﺎﮭﺳﻼﻓإ ﻦﻣ ﺔﮭﺟ ىﺮﺧأ.
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﺔﺌﯿﮭﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺔﺳارد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻاو ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺔﻌﺟاﺮﻣ
تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا.
يدﺆﯾ مﺪﻋ دﻮﺟو تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺔﻘﯿﻗد لﻮﺣ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ةﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟا ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣو ﻢﺠﺤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺻ ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ هﺬھ
ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا.
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرادﻹا ادﺎﻤﺘﻋاً ﺎﯿﺴﯿﺋرً ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ وأ سﺎﯿﻗ ءادأ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺚﯿﺤﺑ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﯾ اﺬھ ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺘﻟا سﺎﯿﻗ
ءادﻷا ﻲﻓ ءﻮﺿ تاﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳأ.
ﺪﻗ ﺗﻰﻨﺜﺘﺴُ ﺔﺒﯾﺮﺿ ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻟا مﺪﻌﻟ ﺎھرﻮﮭظ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ تﺎﮭﺠﻟا ﺔﺒﻏاﺮﻟا ﻲﻓ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻋﺪﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﮭﺠﻟا ،ﺔﺤﻧﺎﻤﻟا ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ
ﺔﻠﺼﻔﻣ لﻮﺣ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا.
كﺎﻨھ ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﮭﻠﯿﺠﺴﺗ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ عﺎﺒﺗا تاﻮﻄﺨﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا
ﻚﻟﺬﺑ اﺬھو نﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﻞﯿﺠﺴﺘﻟا ﺢﯿﺤﺼﻟا هﺬﮭﻟ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

108. Translating finance texts 95
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﻰﻌﺴﯾ نﻮﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺾﻔﺧ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا فﺪﮭﺑ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ةرﺪﻗ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ءاﺮﺸﻟا نﺎﻤﺿو ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ حﺎﺑرأ
ﻢﮭﺗﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟ.
•
• Businessmen try to reduce production cost to enable consumers to select different prod-
ucts and achieve profits for their partners.
مﺪﻘﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹا تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧو سﺎﯿﻗ حﺎﺠﻧ ﺎﮭﻌﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﻰﻟإ تﺎﮭﺠﻟا ،ﺔﺤﻧﺎﻤﻟا
فﺪﮭﺑ نﺎﻤﺿ ﺔﯾراﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﺎﮭﻟﻮﺼﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺘﻟ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ىﺮﺧأ.
•
• Humanitarian organizations provide information on the impact of their projects to
ensure receiving funds to complete the implementation of other projects.
عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺮﻌﺳ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﺪﻗ ﺪﺒﻜﯾ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺧ ﺔﺣدﺎﻓ. •
• Reducing production unit cost will certainly cause minor losses to the company.
Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
تﺎﻓوﺮﺼﻣ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ تارادإ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ ………………… …………………..
ﺔﻗد تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ………………… …………………..
ﺔﻘﺛ ﺔﯿﻗاﺪﺼﻣو ﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا ………………… …………………..
ﻞﯿﺠﺴﺗ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﺋاد ﻦﯾﺪﻣو ………………… …………………..
صﺮﻓ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﯿﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﺟرﺎﺧ ………………… …………………..
ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ رﺪﺼﻣ ﻲﺴﯿﺋر ………………… …………………..
تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ ………………… …………………..
ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺔﯿﺋﺎﮭﻧ ﻚﺴﻣ ﺮﺗﺎﻓﺪﻟا ………………… …………………..
ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺗ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻣ ………………… …………………..
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺶﻗﺎﻨﺘﺳ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﺔﻤﻈﻧأ ﺔﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻞﯿﺼﺤﺘﻟ ﺐﺋاﺮﻀﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ ةدﺎﯾز ﺎھدراﻮﻣ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺪﯿﺷﺮﺗو ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻓوﺮﺼﻣ
ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا.
ﻞﻤﺸﯾ ﻢﻋﺪﻟا يﺬﻟا ﮫﻣﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ضوﺮﻘﻟا ةﺮﯿﺼﻗ ﻞﺟﻷا ﺐﯾرﺪﺗو ﻦﯿﺼﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةرادإ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا
ﻞﯿﺠﺴﺗو تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺘﻟا ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻨﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﺟأ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﺎﮭﻋﺎﺿوأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا
ﺎﮭﺣﺎﺑرأو ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻟا.
ﺪﻛأ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺘﻟا يﻮﻨﺴﻟا ةروﺮﺿ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻣ ﻒﯿﻨﺼﺗ ﻞﯿﺠﺴﺗو تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟاو ﺎﻘﻓوً
ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا مﺎﻨﺘﻏا صﺮﻓ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹا ﻲﻓو قاﻮﺳأ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا
ﻰﻠﻋ ﮫﺟو صﻮﺼﺨﻟا.
ﺖﻔظو ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺐﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺺﺘﺨﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟاو ﺔﯾرادﻹا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺖﺤﺒﺻأ ﺔﻤﮭﻣ ﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ةﺪﻘﻌﻣ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﻲﻨﺒﺗ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻻو
ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ةﺪﺣاو ﻊﻤﺠﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺔﻟﻮﺒﻘﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟاو ﻦﻜﻤﯾ نأ ﻊﺟﺮﯾ ﺎﮭﯿﻟإ ﻮﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻣ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا اﺬھ
ﻦﻜﻤﯾو نأ ﻲﻄﻌﺗ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا -ﻲﺘﻟاو ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﺎﮭﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺎﯿﻟﺎﺣً -تﺎﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺔﻨﯾﺎﺒﺘﻣ ﺎﯾﺮھﻮﺟً ﻦﻣ
تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺲﻔﻨﻟ تﻻﺎﺤﻟا ثاﺪﺣﻷاو.
(Assoufi, 2011 , p. 64 )

109. 96 Translating finance texts
5.2 Banking
Section 1: English into Arabic
Text 1
FOUR TYPES OF BANKS
Investment banks are a subset of the banking industry and have a special legal structure to
execute their roles in the capital markets. There are four main types of banks: retail banks,
commercial banks, investment banks, and universal banks. Retail banks are focused primar-
ily on collecting deposits from individuals and organizations and making loans. Commercial
banks are focused on serving the banking needs of corporations. For example, a commercial
bank may offer a working capital loan to fund the operation of a business. After World War
Il, 60% of lending in the United States was done by retail and commercial banks. By 2008,
that was down to 20%. In large part, this shift was a result of the growth of money-market
funds, bond funds, and securitization – all financial vehicles related to the investment bank-
ing industry. Universal banks engage in retail, commercial, and investment banking prac-
tices ( Howard & Snider, 2010 , p. 21).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
subset
ضﺮﻗ سأر لﺎﻣ capital loan
legal structure
عﺎﻄﻗ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻣ banking industry
capital markets
يدﺆﯾ راودأ execute roles
commercial banks
فرﺎﺼﻣ ﺔﺋﺰﺠﺘﻟا retail banks
فرﺎﺼﻣ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺷ universal banks
ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺔﯿﻋﺮﻓ
ﻞﻜﯿھ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ
قاﻮﺳأ سأر لﺎﻤﻟا
فرﺎﺼﻣ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ
ﻞﯿﺼﺤﺗ تﺎﻋاﺪﯾإ
collecting deposits
making loans
ﺢﻨﻣ / ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ضوﺮﻗ
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ / تﺎﻛﺮﺷ banking needs تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻣ
corporations money-market funds ﻖﯾدﺎﻨﺻ قﻮﺳ لﺎﻤﻟا
bond funds ﻖﯾدﺎﻨﺻ تاﺪﻨﺳ securitization ﺪﯿﻨﺴﺗ لﻮﺻأ/راﺪﺻإ قاروأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
لﺎﻤﻋأ ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا
financial vehicles تﺎﯿﻟآ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ investment banking
Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences in the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The central bank decided to review the role of financial institutions and investment
banks.
• Commitment to the standards of and transparency in the international banking industry
promotes reliable banking transactions.
• The proposal relating to allowing some banks to make loans and accept deposits was
rejected because some banks cannot engage in these two activities.
• After World War Il, 60% of lending in the United States was done by retail and com-
mercial banks.
• Commercial banks are focused on serving the banking needs of corporations.
• Universal banks engage in retail, commercial, and investment banking practices.

110. Translating finance texts 97
Exercise 3: Correct the errors in the following Arabic translations:
• The main source of financing investment is borrowing through international capital
markets.
• ﻻ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ ضاﺮﺘﻗﻻا ﻦﻣ قاﻮﺳأ سأر لﺎﻤﻟا ﺪﺣأ ردﺎﺼﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا.
• Retails banks do not provide good wealth management and tax planning services, unlike
private banks.
• مﺪﻘﺗ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ةرادإ ةوﺮﺜﻟا فﻼﺨﺑ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا.
• The latest report submitted to the committee discussed the financial accounting and
activities of two local commercial banks.
• ﺶﻗﺎﻨﯾ ﺮﯾﺮﻘﺘﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا يﻮﻨﺴﻟا ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرادﻹا ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷاو ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﻦﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﺑ ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺤﻣ.
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. .
S T T T S T T T
brokers
raise money
home mortgages
attract clients
financial models
electronic banking
fees
…...……………….
ﻊﻤﺠﯾ .......................
…...……………….
…...……………….
…...……………….
…...……………….
…...……………….
banking day
student loans
hedge funds
certificate of deposit
direct deposit
interest rate
commission fees
مﻮﯾ ﻞﻤﻋ .................
…....……………..
…....……………..
…....……………..
…....……………..
…....……………..
…....……………..
financial advisor …...………………. sell assets …....……………..
national bank …...………………. payment due date …....……………..
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Different banks generally raise money by providing different types of loans such as
personal loans.
• A major portion of personal savings in the United States is used to pay for home
mortgages.
• This research discusses the suitability of the security procedures followed in electronic
banking.
• The agreement signed by the parties does not specify the beginning of each month as the
payment due date for the goods and materials.
• Many NGOs around the world provide assistance to poor students through student
loans.
• The company appointed a financial advisor to provide financial planning and help it
achieve its financial goals.
• The investment banking industry is growing in the Middle East.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Services offered by microfinance institutions (MFIs) now range from loans, savings, and
insurance to money banking, healthcare, and well beyond. Yet microcredit, the offering of
small, uncollateralized loans, is where microfinance has its roots and is the topic of Chap-
ter 5 ( Watkins, 2018 ).

111. 98 Translating finance texts
Text 2
E-banking (Electronic Banking): Some commercial banks provide the facility of e-banking
through which a customer can operate his account via internet. He can transfer money and
can also make payments of various bills. Through e-banking transactions can be carried out
safely and with total confidentiality.
Remittance of Funds/Transfer of Mone y: Commercial banks remit money from one place
to another or even from one country to another. Remittance of fund is done by telegraphic
transfer, mail transfer, demand draft, etc.
Dealings in Foreign exchange: By keeping separate foreign exchange department, com-
mercial banks offer services for converting one currency into another. Banks make profit in
foreign exchange transactions. ( Oswaal Editorial Board, 2019 , p. 200).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
provide facility
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ e-banking
transfer money
ﺮﯾﺪﯾ بﺎﺴﺣ operate account
bills
دﺪﺴﯾ تﺎﻌﻓد make payment
ﺔﯾﺮﺳ ﺔﻣﺎﺗ total confidentiality
مﺪﻘﯾ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ )تﻼﯿﮭﺴﺗ(
لﻮﺤﯾ ﻻﺎﻣً
ﺮﯿﺗاﻮﻓ
ﻞﯾﻮﺤﺗ لاﻮﻣﻷا
remittance of funds
لﻮﺤﯾ ﺎﻐﻠﺒﻣً ﺎﯿﻟﺎﻣً ﻞﯾﻮﺤﺗ ﻲﻓاﺮﻐﻠﺗ remit money telegraphic transfer
ﻞﯾﻮﺤﺗ ﺮﺒﻋ ﺪﯾﺮﺒﻟا رﺎﻌﺷإ ﻊﻓد ﺪﻨﻋ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا mail transfer demand draft
تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻞﯾﻮﺤﺗ تﻼﻤﻋ dealings converting currency
ﻖﻘﺤﯾ ﺢﺑر تﻼﻤﻋ ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟأ make profit foreign exchange
Exercise 1: Translate the first passage above .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Many developed countries depend on e-banking to carry out different electronic
transactions.
• Bank customers can now manage their accounts electronically to complete money trans-
fers and payments.
• In many Gulf countries, different financial institutions and banks allow expatriates to
remit money to a bank account in their home country.
• A large number of workers in the Middle East completely rely on such financial services
for a rapid remittance of funds to their families’ bank accounts.
• The insufficient foreign exchange reserves do not allow large remittances to be made
this month.
• The contractual obligations show that the employer must make payments to the
employee without delay.
• Different currency converters are freely available online to convert one currency into
another.
• The company provides facilities for small businesses in the area.

112. Translating finance texts 99
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Commercial banks remit money from one place to another or even from one country to
another.
• مﻮﻘﺗ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا لﻮﺒﻘﺑ ﻊﺋادﻮﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻠﺳﺮﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ نﺎﻜﻣ ﻰﻟإ نﺎﻜﻣ ﺮﺧآ.
• Banks make profit in foreign exchange transactions.
• تﺪﺒﻜﺗ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺧ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺎﮭﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ تﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا.
• Many commercial banks operating in the region paused their investments to avoid pos-
sible losses during the financial crisis.
• ﺖﻀﻔﺧ ةﺪﻋ كﻮﻨﺑ ﺎﮭﺗارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا يدﺎﻔﺘﻟ ضﺮﻌﺘﻟا ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺨﻟ ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻣ.
Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table. .
S T T T S T T T
market reforms …………………… monetary policy ……………………
central bank …………………… savings account ……………………
internet banking …………………… profit and loss sharing ……………………
investment banking …………………… transfers of funds ……………………
bill payments …………………… make transactions ……………………
debit from …………………… currency fluctuations ……………………
lending activities …………………… home mortgages ……………………
returns …………………… interest on deposit ……………………
financial lease …………………… tax advantages ……………………
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Market reforms depend on different factors such as the removal of trade barriers which
can promote economic integration.
• Most banks use internet banking systems which allow customers to manage their
accounts through the internet.
• The parties which signed the agreement agreed on profit and loss sharing in any type of
transaction carried out by either party.
• The company reviewed the effects of currency fluctuations on its operations and
transactions.
• The latest report shows that donor financial institutions did not provide any extra fund-
ing to continue carrying out some financial activities.
• Investors should take their investment decisions based on the projected economic
returns.
• The bank cannot achieve profits this year.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
A commercial bank is licensed to take deposits – the funds that are paid into current
(checking) and deposit (savings) accounts by its customers. Banks are highly regulated
across Europe, though laws and regulatory arrangements vary from country to country. One
reason is to protect the funds of depositors. Another is to safeguard the stability of the finan-
cial system. ( Loosvelt, Lott, Phillips-Sandy & Roberts, 2013 , p. 7).

113. 100 Translating finance texts
Section 2: Arabic into English Text 1
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا مﻮﻘﺗ ﺎﮭﺑ ﻰﻟإ عاﻮﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺘﻟا: ( Abdulbaqi, 2016 )
كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا: مﻮﻘﺗ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺘﺑ ﻒﻠﺴﻟا ضوﺮﻘﻟاو ةﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣو عﺎﻨﺼﻟا مﺎﯿﻘﻠﻟ ﻢﮭﻟﺎﻤﻋﺄﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﺗأ ﮫﺟو ﻊﻓرو 1
ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﺔﻤھﺎﺴﻤﻟاو ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺸﻧإ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺻ.
كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا: مﻮﻘﺗ هﺬھ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺢﻨﻤﺑ ﻒﻠﺳ ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻠﻟ ةﺪﻤﻟ ةﺮﯿﺼﻗ نﺎﻤﻀﺑ ﻞﯿﺻﺎﺤﻤﻟا مﺎﯿﻘﻠﻟ لﺎﻤﻋﺄﺑ 2
،ﺔﻋارﺰﻟا ﺪﻗو ﺖﻣﺎﻗ هﺬھ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺤﻟ رﺎﻐﺻ ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﻐﺘﺳا ﻦﯿﺑاﺮﻤﻟا.
كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﻘﻌﻟا: ﻒظﻮﺗ ﺎﮭﻟاﻮﻣأ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻨﻣ ضوﺮﻗ تاذ لﺎﺟآ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻦھر يرﺎﻘﻋ نﺎﻤﻀﺑ ضارأ ﺔﯿﻋارز 3
ﻚﻟذو حﻼﺼﺘﺳﻻ ﻲﺿارﻷا وأ ءﺎﻨﺑ ،تارﺎﻘﻋ ﻲﻓو ﺐﻠﻏأ لاﻮﺣﻷا ﻊﺿﻮﺗ هﺬھ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺖﺤﺗ فاﺮﺷإ ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا.
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﻦﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ in terms of specialized banks
ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺘﺑ ﻒﻠﺴﻟا offer advances industrial banks
ءﺎﺸﻧإ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ establish companies industrializers
ةﺪﻤﻟ ةﺮﯿﺼﻗ for a short term agricultural banks
كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﻘﻌﻟا land banks crops as collateral
تاذ لﺎﺟآ long-term invest their monies
حﻼﺼﺘﺳﻻ ﻲﺿارﻷا land reclamation mortgage
ﺖﺤﺗ فاﺮﺷإ ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا understate supervision construct buildings
Exercise 1: Translate no. 1 from the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ةدﺎﯾز ﻢﺠﺣ ﻢﮭﺗارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا كﻮﻨﺒﻟاو
ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا.
تﺬﻔﻧ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺔﺛﺎﻏﻹا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ةﺪﻋ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﯿﻘﯾﺮﻓإ فﺪﮭﺑ حﻼﺼﺘﺳا ﻲﺿارﻷا ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا ﻦﯿﻜﻤﺗو
ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻞﺧد ﻲﻔﻜﯾ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺘﻟ ﻢﮭﺗﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳﻷا.
ﺖﺤﻤﺳ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ءﺎﺸﻧﺈﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻋارﺰﻟا ،ﻲﻧاﻮﯿﺤﻟاو ﻢﻋﺪﻟ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا
ﺔﯿﻨطﻮﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻاو.
ﺖﻣﺪﻗ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا ﺾﻌﺑو تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ىﺮﺧﻷا ﺎﺿوﺮﻗً ةﺮﯿﺼﻗ ﻞﺟﻷا ،ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻠﻟ ﻢﮭﻨﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟ
ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋارز ﻞﯿﺻﺎﺤﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ.
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ داﺮﻓﻸﻟ ءﺎﺸﻧإ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ وأ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻛاﺮﺷ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺘﻟ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ﺖﺤﺗ فاﺮﺷإ ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا ﺎﻘﻓووً
ﺎﮭﻨﯿﻧاﻮﻘﻟ.
ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻣ ﺮﻛذ ﺎﻘﺑﺎﺳ،ً تﺬﻔﻧ ﺔﺌﯿﮭﻟا ﺎﺠﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑً مﺪﻘﯾ ﺰﻓاﻮﺣ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﺳإ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﻢﻋد ﻲﻟﺎﻣ صﺎﺨﺷﻸﻟ
ﺮﯿﻏ ﻦﯾردﺎﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺐﻠط لﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﻦھر يرﺎﻘﻋ.
ﺖﻔﻗوأ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا كﻮﻨﺒﻟاو ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺳُﻠ،ﻒَ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻊﻓﺪﯾ نﻮﺿﺮﺘﻘﻤﻟا ﻎﻟﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﺤﺘﺴﻤﻟا
ﻢﮭﯿﻠﻋ.
ﺖﻤھﺎﺳ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻦھﺮﻟا يرﺎﻘﻌﻟا ءﺎﻨﺑو تارﺎﻘﻌﻟا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗو نﺎﻜﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ
داﺪﻋإ هﺬھ ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا
كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا
عﺎﻨﺼﻟا
كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا
نﺎﻤﻀﺑ ﻞﯿﺻﺎﺤﻤﻟا
ﻒظﻮﺗ ﺎﮭﻟاﻮﻣأ
ﻦھر يرﺎﻘﻋ
ءﺎﻨﺑ تارﺎﻘﻋ

114. Translating finance texts 101
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﻒظﻮﺗ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﻘﻌﻟا ﺎﮭﻟاﻮﻣأ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻨﻣ ضوﺮﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻦھر يرﺎﻘﻋ. •
• Private banks invest their monies in offering loans after the payment of all loan amounts.
ﺖﻣﺪﻗ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا ﺎﺿوﺮﻗً نوﺪﺑ ﺪﺋاﻮﻓ ﻰﻟإ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻟا. •
• Private industrial banks offered loans to a number of local farmers.
مﻮﻘﺗ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺢﻨﻤﺑ ضوﺮﻘﻟا ادﺎﻤﺘﻋاً ﻰﻠﻋ عاﺪﯾإ لاﻮﻣأ ﻦﻣ صﺎﺨﺷأ ﻦﯾﺮﺧآ ﺎﮭﯾﺪﻟ. •
• Industrial banks offer loans depending on the cash withdrawal by other customers.
Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻋ قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ............................... ...............................
ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻤﺘﺋا ﺔﺌﯿﺑ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ............................... ...............................
لﻮﺒﻗ ﻊﺋادو تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻤﺘﺋا ............................... ...............................
ﺐﺤﺳ ﻊﺋادﻮﻟا ﺔﻟﻮﯿﺳ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ ............................... ...............................
ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا ﻊﯾﻮﻨﺗ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ............................... ...............................
ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا تاداﺮﯾﻹا ﺔﯿﺤﺑﺮﻟا ............................... ...............................
ﻞﯾﻮﺤﺗ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﻟا جرﺎﺨﻠﻟ قاروأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ............................... ...............................
تﺎﻘﻔﻧ ﺔﺘﺑﺎﺛ ضوﺮﻗ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﯾﻮﻤﻨﺗ ............................... ...............................
ﻊﺋادو ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻣ صﺮﻓ ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ............................... ...............................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ُ
ﺚﯿﺣ ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﯾ ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ يأ نﺎﻜﻣ نود ﺔﺟﺎﺤﻟا بﺎھﺬﻠﻟ فﺮﺼﻤﻠﻟ.
ﺖﻨﻜﻤﺗ ءﺎﺴﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ضوﺮﻗ ﺔﻠﯾﻮط ﻞﺟﻷا ﻲﻓ ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯾﺮﻟا ﻞﻀﻔﺑ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻤﺘﺋﻻا
ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا.
ﻻ ﺢﻤﺴﺗ ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ﺐﻠﻏأ لوﺪﻟا يﻷ نﺎﯿﻛ ﺮﯿﻏ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا لﻮﺒﻘﺑ ﻊﺋادو.
رﺎﺷأ ﺮﯾﺪﻣ فﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﻊﯾﻮﻨﺗ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا فﺪﮭﺑ ﺪﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو حﺎﺑرﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ ىﺪﻤﻟا
ﺪﯿﻌﺒﻟا.
ىدأ ﺆطﺎﺒﺗ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ةدﺎﯾزو تﺎﻘﻔﻨﻟا ﺔﺠﺗﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ دﻮﮭﺠﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺔﻓدﺎﮭﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺪﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ رﺎﺛﻵا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا
ﺔﻣزﻸﻟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ضﺎﻔﺨﻧاو تاداﺮﯾﻹا.
ﺖﻣﺪﻗ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﺤﻧﺎﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﻋدً ﺎﯿﻟﺎﻣً ﺎﺿﺮﻗوً ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺘﻟ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ ﻲﻓ ةﺪﻋ ناﺪﻠﺑ فﺪﮭﺑ ﻦﯿﻜﻤﺗ نﺎﻜﺴﻟا ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا
ﻦﻣ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ صﺮﻓ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو ﻢﮭﻠﺧد.
كﺎﻨھ صﺮﻓ ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﻲﻓ ةﺪﻋ ناﺪﻠﺑ ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻧ ﻦﻜﻤﯾ داﺮﻓﻸﻟ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟاو ﺎﮭﻟﻼﻐﺘﺳا ﻊﯿﺳﻮﺘﻟ قﺎﻄﻧ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗو
حﺎﺑرأ.
ﺐﺒﺳ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا تاداﺮﯾﻹا ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺧ ﺔﺣدﺎﻓ لﻼﺧ ﻒﺼﻨﻟا لوﻷا ﻦﻣ هﺬھ ﺔﻨﺴﻟا.
ﺗفﺮﻌ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ ءاﺮﺟإ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا قﺮﻄﺑ ،ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا )ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا(Assairafi, 2013 , p. 29 ) :(
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ هﺬھ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎھردﺎﺼﻣ ﺔﯿﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ مﺎﯿﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﻔﺋﺎظﻮﺑ ﺚﯿﺣ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎھدراﻮﻣ
،ﺔﯿﺗاﺬﻟا ﻻو ﻞﺜﻤﺗ ﻊﺋادﻮﻟا ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﮭﻟ ارودً ﺎظﻮﺤﻠﻣ،ً ﺎﻤﻛ نأ ﻊﯿﻤﺠﺗ ﻊﺋادﻮﻟا ﻻ ﻞﺜﻤﯾ اﺪﺣاوً ﻦﻣ ﺎﮭﺿاﺮﻏأ.
ﻞﺜﻤﺘﯾ طﺎﺸﻨﻟا ﻲﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا كﻮﻨﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ مﺎﯿﻘﻟا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﺑ نﺎﻤﺘﺋﻻا ﻞﯾﻮط ﻞﺟﻷا ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟ عﻮﻧ دﺪﺤﻣ ﻦﻣ طﺎﺸﻨﻟا
يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.

115. 102 Translating finance texts
Text 2
رﺎﺛﻵا ﺔﺒﺗﺮﺘﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﯾﺮﺤﺗ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا قاﻮﺳﻷاو ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا:
ﺔﺣﺎﺗإ صﺮﻔﻟا مﺎﻣأ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ءاﻮﺳ ﺮﺒﻋ دوﺪﺤﻟا وأ
ءﺎﺸﻧإ عوﺮﻓ ﺎﮭﻟ ﻲﻓ لوﺪﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﻮھو ﺎﻣ ﺞﺘﻨﯿﺳ ﮫﻨﻋ ارﺎﺛآً ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ زﺎﮭﺠﻟا ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا تﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗاو
لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﮭﻤھأ:
ﺮﺛﺆﺘﺳ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﯿﻠﻜﻟا لوﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻣو ﻢﺛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا
ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
ةرﺪﻗ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻜﺒﺷ ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ بﺮﮭﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺐﺋاﺮﻀﻟا ﻲﻓ لوﺪﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﻞﯿﮭﺴﺗ
تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ بوﺮھ ﻞﯿﺴﻏو سوؤر لاﻮﻣﻷا ﻦﻣ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﻰﻟإ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺎﻤﻣ ﺮﻀﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟﺎﺑ
ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا.
ﺐﺠﺣ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻤﺘﺋﻻا ﻦﻋ تﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا لوﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﺎﻤﻣ ﺮﺛﺆﯿﺳ ﺐﻟﺎﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﺠﺣ سوؤر
لاﻮﻣﻷا ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا.
(Musaitafi & Zayan, 2015 , p. 181 )
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Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﺮﯾﺮﺤﺗ liberalization implications of
ﺔﺣﺎﺗإ صﺮﻔﻟا offer opportunities banking sector
قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا banking markets provide services
ءﺎﺸﻧإ عوﺮﻓ establish branches across borders
ارﺎﺛآً ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺳ negative effects developing countries
كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا foreign banks banking system
ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا development policy macroeconomic
ﻞﯿﺴﻏ سوؤر لاﻮﻣأ money laundering tax evasion
تﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا regulatory authorities withholding
تادﺎﺼﺘﻗا لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا Exercise 1: Translate the first part up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺐﻌﺼﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا دادﺮﺘﺳا ﺔﻘﺛ ﺎﮭﺋﻼﻤﻋ ﻰﻟإ ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا يﺬﻟا ﻖﺒﺳ ﺔﻣزﻷا ،ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺾﻐﺑ ﺮﻈﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ
ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا.
ﻻ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ ةدﺪﺤﻣ ﻢﻜﺤﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ضاﺮﺘﻗا عوﺮﻓ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا وأ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻦﻣ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا
ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا.
ﺖﺒﻟﺎط ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻦﺴﺑ ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻣ ،ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ عﺎﺒﺗا ﺞﮭﻧ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﺤﻓﺎﻜﻤﻟ بﺮﮭﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺐﺋاﺮﻀﻟا
ﻞﯿﺴﻏو لاﻮﻣﻷا.
ﺖﻨﻠﻋأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺎﮭﺘﯿﻧ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ضاﺮﻗﻹﺎﺑ تارﺎﺸﺘﺳﻻاو ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ
لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻘﯾﺮﻓﻷا.
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةﺪﻋ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ تاءاﺮﺟإو ،ﺔﯿﻟود ﺗوزﺮﺒ ﺔﯿﻤھﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻠﻟ ىﺪﻣو ﺎھﺮﺛأ ُ
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ىﺪﻤﻟا ﺐﯾﺮﻘﻟا ﺪﯿﻌﺒﻟاو.
ﺖﻛردأ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ضﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﻟ زﺎﮭﺠﻟا ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻞﺒﻗ ةﺪﻋ ،تاﻮﻨﺳ ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺖﻤﻗﺎﻔﺗ
تدأو ﻲﻓ ﺔﯾﺎﮭﻧ فﺎﻄﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
ضﺮﻔﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ لوﺪﻟا ادﻮﯿﻗً ﺔﻣرﺎﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ءﺎﺸﻧإ عوﺮﻓ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟ ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟأ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﯿﺿارأ فﺪﮭﺑ ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻛﺮﺷ
ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻄﺧ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا.
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رﺎﺛﻵا ﺔﺒﺗﺮﺘﻤﻟا
عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا
ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ
ﺮﺒﻋ دوﺪﺤﻟا
لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا
زﺎﮭﺠﻟا ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا
ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﯿﻠﻛ
بﺮﮭﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺐﺋاﺮﻀﻟا
ﺐﺠﺣ

116. Translating finance texts 103
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻜﺒﺷ ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ بﺮﮭﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺐﺋاﺮﻀﻟا ﻲﻓ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا. •
• Some private banks can use different methods to evade taxes.
ﺖﻔﻗوأ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ةدﺪﻌﺘﻣ تﺎﯿﺴﻨﺠﻟا ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا. •
• A number of regional companies reduced the provision of their financial in Africa due to the financial crisis.
تﺮﺛأ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﺛ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺪﻌﺑ ضﺮﻌﺗ ﺮﯿﺜﻜﻟا ﻢﮭﻨﻣ ﻰﻟإ ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺧ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ.
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• The financial crisis impacted partners’ confidence given the minor losses some incurred.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
بﺬﺟ سوؤر لاﻮﻣﻷا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا .......................... ..............................
ةﺮﻓو ﺔﻟﻮﯿﺴﻟا ﻮﻤﻧ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا abundant ……… .............................
لﺪﻌﻣ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺮﯿﺼﻗ ﻞﺟﻷا interest ………… .............................
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا تﻼﯿﮭﺴﺗ ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻣ …………...facilities...........................
رﻮﻄﺗ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻣ بﺎﺤﺻأ ﻊﺋادو ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺤﻣ ……. depositors..........................
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ باﺬﺘﺟا ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻣ .......................... ..............................
تاﺪﺣو ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻ ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻣ …………. industry.........................
تﺎﻄﻠﺳ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ ﺢﻨﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ monetary ……… .............................
ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻣ .......................... .............................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ ءﺎﻨﺑ تارﺪﻘﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا داﺪﻋﺈﺑ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗو ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﺪﺣأ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳأ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ بﺬﺟو •
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا يرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا.
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ عﺎﻄﻗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻓﻮﺗ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ،ﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﮫﯿﻠﻋو ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا لﺬﺑ دﻮﮭﺟ بﺬﺠﻟ •
سوؤر لاﻮﻣﻷا ﻢﻋﺪﻟ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳﻷا.
ىدأ مﺪﻋ دﻮﺟو تﻼﯿﮭﺴﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯾﺮﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻢﻗﺎﻔﺗ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﻲﻓ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟا. •
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ فاﺮطﻷا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟا عﺎﺒﺗاو تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻤﻟا ةﺪﺣﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﻜﺤﺗ ءادأ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا •
ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا.
ﺖﻣﺪﻗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ،ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣو ﺎﻤﻨﯿﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ىﺮﺧﻷا ﻊﺿﻮﺑ •
ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ فﺪﮭﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺰﻓاﻮﺣ ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻣ.
ﺖﺤﻨﻣ ةﺪﻋ لود تﻼﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺔﻤھﺎﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻋد ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا ضاﺮﻗإو ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻟا. •
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﯾ ءﺰﺟ ﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻦﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ •
ﺔﯿﺘﺴﺟﻮﻟ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺎﻛ ﻞﻘﻨﻟاو.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺺﺤﻔﺘﯾ ﻚﻨﺒﻟا يﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا تﺎﺒﻠط ضوﺮﻘﻟا ﻖﻘﺤﺘﻠﻟ ﺎﻤﯿﻓ اذإ نﺎﻛ كﺎﻨھ فاﺪھأ ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﯿﻋﺮﺷ ﻦﻣ ءارو ﺐﻠط ضﺮﻘﻟا.
ﺪﻌﯾو فﺪﮭﻟا ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﻦﻣ ءارو ءﺎﻄﻋإ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﺻﺮﻓ ضاﺮﺘﻗﻻا ﻮھ ءﺎﻄﻋإ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﺻﺮﻓ ﺲﻔﻨﺘﻠﻟ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﮫﺟاﻮﺗ
ةرﺎﺴﺧ ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻣ ﻲﻓ تﺎطﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻا وأ ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﺋرﺎط وأ ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ضوﺮﻘﻟا.
( Hamid, 2017 , p. 40)

117. 104 Translating finance texts
5.3 Islamic banking and finance
Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1
Islamic financial institutions are those that are based, in their objectives and operations, on
Qur’anic principles. They are thus set apart from ‘conventional’ institutions, which have no
such religious preoccupations. Islamic banks provide commercial services that comply with
the religious injunctions of Islam. Crucially, these banks provide services to their customers
free from interest (the Arabic term for which is riba), and the giving and taking of interest is
prohibited in all transactions. This prohibition makes an Islamic banking system differ fun-
damentally from a conventional banking system.
Technically, riba refers to the addition in the amount of the principal of a loan according
to the time for which it is loaned and the amount of the loan. In earlier historical times there
was a fierce debate as to whether the term riba relates to interest or usury, although there
now appears to be consensus of opinion among Islamic scholars that the term extends to all
forms of interest ( Kettell, 2011 , pp. 31–32).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
principlesQur’anic
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ financial institutions
preoccupations
يﺪﯿﻠﻘﺗ conventional
comply with
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ commercial services
free from interest
ﻢﯿﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻨﯾد religious injunctions
ءﺎﻄﻋ ﺬﺧأو giving and taking
ئدﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﯿﻧآﺮﻗ
تارﺎﺒﺘﻋا
ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﺗ ﻊﻣ
نوﺪﺑ ﺪﺋاﻮﻓ
ﺔﻣﺮﺤﻣ/ةرﻮﻈﺤﻣ
مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻲﻜﻨﺒﻟا
prohibited
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ﺎﯾﺮھﻮﺟً differ fundamentally banking system
ﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻاً ﻞﺻأ ضﺮﻘﻟا technically principal of a loan
ﻻﺪﺟً ادﺎﺣً ةﺪﺋﺎﻓ وأ ﺎﺑر fierce debate interest or usury
ﺗﻓاﻮَ ﻖُ ﻞﻤﺸﯾ extends to consensus
Exercise 1: Find in the passage what matches the following translations:
،ﮫﯿﻠﻋو كﺎﻨھ فﻼﺘﺧا ﻦﯿﺑ هﺬھ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟاو ،ﺔﯾﺪﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟا مﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻰﻟإ ﺎﮭﺋﻼﻤﻋ نوﺪﺑ ،ﺪﺋاﻮﻓ مﺮﺤﻣ
ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ،تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻞﻌﺠﯾ مﺎﻈﻧ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺎﻣﺎﻤﺗً ،ﻦﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻎﻠﺒﻣ ﻦﯾﺪﻟا
ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentence into Arabic:
• Developing agriculture and industrial sectors mainly depend on efficient commercial
services which promote the role these sectors play in the economy.
• The committee highlighted the need to establish an efficient banking system in light of
relevant financial policies.
• The financial institution explained that the amount is due after three years. Therefore,
borrowers do not need to repay the loan principal immediately.
• Different individuals or entities misuse financial systems to carry out money-laundering
activities.
• In the Islamic financial system, borrowers do not pay interest on loans.

118. Translating finance texts 105
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Islamic financial institutions are those that are based, in their objectives and operations,
on Qur’anic principles.
• ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ تﺎﺟﺮﺨﻣ تﻼﺧﺪﻣو تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﯿﻟﺎﻌﺗ نآﺮﻘﻟا.
• Islamic banks provide financial services and loans to their customers free of interest.
• مﺪﻘﺗ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺎﺿوﺮﻗً نوﺪﺑ ﺪﺋاﻮﻓ.
• The Islamic financial system developed new financial products.
ً ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﻣ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا. • ترﻮط فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺎﻋاﻮﻧأ
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translation in the following table.
....................... ﺔﻘﻓاﻮﺘﻣ ﻊﻣ .........................
S T T T S T T T
loan repayments
predetermined ratio
actual amount
..……………..
………………
................
ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻟا
charge interest
risk-sharing
additional amount ضﺮﻔﯾ.................
………………….
………………….
guaranteed profit
finance projects
………………. borrowed principal
moral obligation
………………….
price fixing
……………….
………………. productive venture
………………….
ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ..................
shariah-compliant financing
activities
equity participation
equitable distribution
.............
سأر لﺎﻤﻟا
..............لدﺎﻋ
fundamental sources ………………
property rights …………………
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• In Islamic banking transactions, loan repayments are subject to sharia-compliant
standards.
• There was a need for further explanation of the terms and conditions which control
equity participation.
• The international financial institution will finance projects in different Asian and Afri-
can countries.
• All financial services provided by Islamic banks are fundamentally different from those
provided by traditional banks.
• Islamic banking system considers the sharing of profits and losses as a main pillar of its
financial transactions.
• The taking and giving of riba is completely prohibited in Islam.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Islamic finance has grown rapidly over the last several years, in terms both of the volume
of lending and of the range of financial products that are available at institutional and retail
levels. The main characteristic of these financial instruments is that they are compliant with
the sharia – the Islamic legal system. Since the Islamic financial system differs in important
ways from the conventional interest-based lending system, there is a need to devote more
attention to the particular issues raised by Islamic finance ( Mirakhor & Zaidi, 2007 , p. 49).

119. 106 Translating finance texts
Text 2
This reduces the Islamic financial system from overexposure to risks associated with exces-
sive leveraging and imprudent risk taking. In Islamic financial transactions, money is not a
commodity but a medium of exchange, a store of value and a unit of measurement. Money
represents purchasing power and cannot be utilized to increase the purchasing power with-
out any productive activity. Secondly, it needs to be highlighted that Islamic finance encour-
ages business transactions on a mutual risk-sharing basis. The practice of risk sharing
provides the impetus for the Islamic financial institutions to conduct the appropriate due dili-
gence and maintain the explicit requirements for disclosure and transparency. These require-
ments thus serve to promote the adoption of sound risk-management practices by the Islamic
financial institutions ( Venardos, 2010 , p. 11).
Vocabulary
ST TT ST T T
ﻞﻠﻘﯾ ﻦﻣ مﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ
ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﻣ ب reduces financial system
associated with
ةدﺎﯾز ضﺮﻌﺘﻟا ل / ضﺮﻌﺘﻟا طﺮﻔﻤﻟا
ﺔﻧاﺪﺘﺳا ﺔطﺮﻔﻣ overexposure
ﺔﻓزﺎﺠﻣ / ةﺮطﺎﺨﻣ
ةﻮﻗ ﺔﯿﺋاﺮﺷ excessive leveraging risk taking
ﺔﻠﯿﺳو لدﺎﺒﺗ medium of exchange purchasing power
مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ طﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ utilized productive activity
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﻲﻣﻼﺳإ ﻢﺳﺎﻘﺗ ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا Islamic finance risk sharing
ﻊﻓاد لﺬﺑ ﺔﯾﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﺒﺟاو impetus due diligence
تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ﺔﺤﺿاو ﻒﺸﻛ/حﺎﺼﻓإ
ةرادإ ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا explicit requirements disclosure
دﺎﻤﺘﻋا/راﺮﻗإ adoption of risk management
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The fundamental reforms undertaken by the government aim at promoting the perfor-
mance of the financial system.
• Excluding young people from productive activity will certainly lead to negative
consequences.
• In order to overcome the current crisis, institutions must prioritize risk- management
strategies.
• Islamic finance and banking services are used in different Arab countries to provide dif-
ferent services to customers.
• Famine may not in certain cases be attributed to the lack or shortage of food but rather
the lack of purchasing power.
• In Islamic financial transactions, money is not a commodity but a medium of exchange,
a store of value, and a unit of measurement.
• These requirements thus serve to promote the adoption of sound risk-management prac-
tices by the Islamic financial institutions.

120. Translating finance texts 107
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Money represents purchasing power and cannot be utilized to increase the purchasing
power without any productive activity.
• ﻻ ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا لاﻮﻣﻷا ﻢﯿﻈﻌﺘﻟ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﺋاﺮﺸﻟا دﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻂﻘﻓ.
• Islamic finance encourages business transactions on a mutual risk-sharing basis.
• ﻻ ﻢﻋﺪﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا سﺎﺳﺄﻛ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا.
• Islamic financial institutions maintain the explicit requirements for disclosure and
transparency.
• ﻻ مﺰﺘﻠﺗ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻤﻟ حﺎﺼﻓﻹا ﺔﯿﺻﻮﺼﺨﻟاو.
Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
potential risks ……………….. crisis environment ………………..
economic environment ……………….. slower growth ………………..
method of financing ……………….. Islamic economics ………………..
financing instruments ……………….. Islamic capital market ………………..
financing division ……………….. fixed repayments ………………..
investment accounts ……………….. investment products ………………..
Islamic mortgage ……………….. transfer of risk ………………..
higher return ……………….. leasing facilities ………………..
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The government needs to adopt an efficient system of governance that can promote
economic growth in a stable economic environment.
• The committee from the Islamic Bank stressed the need to review all financing methods
to ensure their compliance to sharia.
• Customers can deposit cash amounts in different bank accounts such as investment
accounts.
• Another possible solution is the Islamic mortgage, which enables you to purchase a car
through a sharia-compliant method without paying any interest (riba).
• The Islamic capital market allows transactions of sharia-compliant assets in a more reli-
able environment.
• Mudarabah, a main pillar of Islamic banking, is defined as a profit-and-loss-sharing
contract.
• Investors can choose different investment products in order to diversify their
investments.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Most Islamic financial institutions engage in a variety of financial operations. Besides
their range of equity, trade financing, and lending operations, Islamic banks worldwide also
offer a wide array of wholesale and retail products, including loans, partnership investments,
and foreign exchange transactions ( Warde, 2000 , p. 132).

121. 108 Translating finance texts
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
نإ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﯾ فﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻖﻠﻄﻨﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ نأ ﺪﺠﯾ اذﻼﻣً ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻠﻟ
ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا يرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻاو اﺪﯿﻌﺑً ﻦﻋ ﺔﮭﺒﺷ ﺎﺑﺮﻟا يأ مﺪﻋ ﻲطﺎﻌﺘﻟا ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟﺎﺑ اﺬﺧأً اءﺎﻄﻋوً ﺎﻤﻧإو ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺔﻣﺰﺣ ﻦﻣ
تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻖﯾﺮط بﺬﺟ ﻊﺋادﻮﻟا تاﺮﺧﺪﻤﻟاو ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗو تﺎﯿﻟآ ﺔﯿﻋوأو ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ةءﻮﻔﻛ
بﺬﺠﻟ هﺬھ تاﺮﺧﺪﻤﻟا ﻲﻓو ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﮫﺴﻔﻧ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﺗ ﺲﺳﻷاو ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻟاو ﺔﯿﻋﺮﺸﻟا نأو ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﺗ ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا
ﺎﮭﻧﺎﻜﻣﺈﺑو لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا. فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا تءﺎﺟ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ ﺔﺒﻏﺮﻟ تﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﺸﻨﺗ رﻮﻄﺘﻟا
ﻮﻤﻨﻟاو ضﺮﻐﺑ دﺎﺠﯾإ تاﻮﻨﻗ ﺔﯿﻋوأو ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗو ﺐﯿﻟﺎﺳأ ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺢﺑﺮﻟا ةرﺎﺴﺨﻟاو ﻲﻓ
تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا ماﺰﺘﻟﻻاو ﺲﺳﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻاو ﺔﯾﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟاو ةﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻟإ ﺲﺳأ ﺔطﺎﺳﻮﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗو ﻢﯿﻘﻟا
ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا.
(Almusari, 2018, p. 28)
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
فﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا Islamic bank puts across
emerge from
اذﻼﻣً resort
riba
ﺔﮭﺒﺷ ﺎﺑﺮﻟا banking transactions
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا banking products package
تاﺮﺧﺪﻤﻟا savings attract deposits
ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺮﺸﻟا sharia rules comply with
تاﻮﻨﻗ ﺔﯿﻋوأو channels & mechanisms seeks
ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا ب commitment to profit and loss
ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ adoption of financial intermediary
ﺔﮭﺒﺷ ﺎﺑﺮﻟا Exercise 1: Translate from the beginning of the above passage up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ فﺮﺼﻤﻠﻟ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﮫﺗﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﮫﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣو فﺪﮭﺑ بﺬﺟ سوؤر لاﻮﻣﻷا تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳاو ﺔﺤﺑﺮﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا.
مﺪﻘﯾ فﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﻦﻣ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ بﺬﺟ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا
ﻊﺋادﻮﻟاو تاﺮﺧﺪﻤﻟاو ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗو تﺎﯿﻟآ ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺗ ةءﺎﻔﻜﻟﺎﺑ بﺬﺠﻟ ،تاﺮﺧﺪﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﯾ ﻊﻣ ﺲﺳﻷا
ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺮﺸﻟا.
ﻢﺘﯾ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ أﺪﺒﻣ ﺐﯿﻟﺎﺳأو ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺢﺑﺮﻟا ةرﺎﺴﺨﻟاو ﻲﻓ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻊﻣ ةﺎﻋاﺮﻣ
ﺲﺳﻷا ﺔﯾﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻاو.
مﺪﻘﺗ هﺬھ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﻣ بﺬﺟ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﻊﺋادﻮﻟاو تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟاو ةﺪﻌﻟ
تﺎﺌﻓ ﻦﻣ داﺮﻓﻷا تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟاو.
ترﻮط ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺎﺠﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑً اﺪﯾﺪﺟً ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺘﻟ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗو ةءﺎﻔﻛ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا ،صﺎﺨﻟاو ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو
ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻓ رودو تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔطﺎﺳﻮﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
تﺪﻛأ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ةروﺮﺿ ذﺎﺨﺗا ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺮﯿﺑاﺪﺘﻟا تاءاﺮﺟﻹاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﺚﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗو تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا
ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا.
ﺢﻨﻤﺗ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺎﺿوﺮﻗً ﻼﺑ ﺪﺋاﻮﻓ ﺎﻣاﺰﺘﻟاً ئدﺎﺒﻤﺑ ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا مﺮﺤﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﺎﺑﺮﻟﺎﺑ
ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا.
مﻮﻘﯾ فﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﺑ اﺬھ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا ﮫﻌﯿﺑو ﺪﻌﺑ ﻚﻟذ ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻠﻟ.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﯾ
ﻖﻠﻄﻨﺗ
ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا
ﺔﻣﺰﺣ
بﺬﺟ ﻊﺋادﻮﻟا
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﺗ
ﺪﺸﻨﺗ
ﺢﺑﺮﻟا ةرﺎﺴﺨﻟاو
ﺔطﺎﺳﻮﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا

122. Translating finance texts 109
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا ئدﺎﺒﻤﺑ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣو ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا نﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﺔﯿﻓﺎﻔﺷ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا. •
• All local companies should review their accounting principles to ensure maximum transparency in the capital market.
ﻊﻨﻤﺗ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﺔﯾﻮﺑﺮﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺎﮭﺗﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا. •
• Arab Islamic banks minimize riba transactions in their banking transactions.
مﻮﻘﺗ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﺑ ةﺪﻋ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﯾﻮﻤﻨﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻖطﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ. •
• Conventional and Islamic banks support projects in different areas.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا قﻮﺳ كﻮﻜﺼﻟا sukuk ……………...........................
ﺪﺋاﻮﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ضوﺮﻘﻟا ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﺪﺋاﻮﻌﻟا interests ……….. ..............................
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﻋوﺮﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ........................... .............................
لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺪﻘﻋ ﺔﺑرﺎﻀﻤﻟا access to……….. .............................
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺰﯿﻤﺘﺗ ﺔﻧوﺮﻤﻟﺎﺑ تاودأ ﺔﯿﻠﯾﻮﻤﺗ ……….instruments...........................
عزﻮﯾ حﺎﺑرأ ﻞﯾﺪﺑ ﻲﻣﻼﺳإ ............................ ..............................
ﻊﺋادو ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳاو ...………………. .........................
بﺬﺟ دراﻮﻣ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ لﺪﻌﻣ ﻮﻤﻧ ............................ ............................
ضوﺮﻗ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ بﺬﺟ تاﺮﺧﺪﻤﻟا ………… savings..........................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺖﺤﺠﻧ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺔﯾدﻮﻌﺴﻟا لﻼﺧ تاﻮﻨﺳ ةﺮﯿﺼﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ قﻮﺳ كﻮﻜﺻ ﻞﺠﺳ هﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺎﻋﺎﻔﺗراً اﺮﯿﺒﻛً ﺪﻌﺑ •
.ً
ﺪﻋأ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﺔﻄﺧ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟ ،ﮫﺗﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ دراﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﯾ نأ مﺪﻘﺗ تاﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ
ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ.
ﺖﺤﺿوأ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﮭﻧأ مﻮﻘﺘﺳ ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﺑ ﺪﺋاﻮﻌﻟا لﻼﺧ ،عﻮﺒﺳأ ﺪﻌﺑ نأ ﺖﻘﻘﺣ ﺎﺣﺎﺑرأً ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ ةدﺎﯾز
ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ.
مﻮﮭﻔﻣ ﺪﺋاﻮﻔﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ضوﺮﻘﻟا ﻻ ﻖﺒﻄﻨﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻋ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺎﮭﻧﻷ ﻻ مﺪﻘﺗ ﺎﺿوﺮﻗً ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ ﺎﻤﻧإو
ﻒظﻮﺗ لاﻮﻣﻷا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا.
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻاو ،ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻌﺘﻟاو ﺚﯿﺣ ﻊﻀﺨﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ
ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا مﺎﻜﺣﻷ ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺸﻟا.
مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا فرﺎﺼﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا تاودأ ﺔﯿﻠﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺔﺤﺑاﺮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺘﻟ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا
تﺎﺒﻏرو ﺎﮭﺋﻼﻤﻋ.
فﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ةرﺎﺒﻋ ﻦﻋ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ بﺬﺟ تاﺮﺧﺪﻤﻟا دراﻮﻤﻟاو ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻨﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ ﺎھرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا
ﺎﻘﻓوً مﺎﻜﺣﻷ ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺸﻟا.
مﺪﻘﺗ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﻢﺴﺘﺗ ﺔﻧوﺮﻤﻟﺎﺑ.
ةدﺎﯾز راﺪﺻإ كﻮﻜﺼﻟا ﺎﯿﻠﺤﻣ
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•
•
•
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ كﻮﻜﺻ ﺔﺑرﺎﻀﻤﻟا ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا: اﺬھ عﻮﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ كﻮﻜﺼﻟا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﯾ
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ةرﺪﻤﻟا ،ﻞﺧﺪﻠﻟ ﺎﻘﻓوً ﺔﻐﯿﺼﻟ ﺔﺑرﺎﻀﻤﻟا وأ ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ نأ كرﺎﺸﯾ نﻮﺒﺘﺘﻜﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺢﺑﺮﻟا وأ
ةرﺎﺴﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ لﺎﻤﻋأ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا.
(Ismail, 2020 , p. 87 )

123. 110 Translating finance texts
Text 2
ﺰﯿﻤﺘﺗ دﻮﻘﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺲﻤﺨﺑ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ كﺮﺘﺸﺗ ﺎﮭﯿﻓ ﻊﯿﻤﺟ هﺬھ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﻲھو:(1 طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا قﻮﺴﻟﺎﺑ
؛ﺔﯿﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا
(2 ﻚﻠﻤﺘﻟا ﻮھ سﺎﺳأ ﺢﺑﺮﻟا ﻲﻓ ؛ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا (3 دﺎﻤﺘﻋا قﻮﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻟآ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟ ؛ﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟا (4 ﺔﻟاﺪﻌﻟا ؛ﺔﯾﺪﻗﺎﻌﺘﻟا (5
ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا ﻲﻗﻼﺧﻷا.
ﺔﯿﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﻰﻟوﻷا: طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا قﻮﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا: نإ ﻢھأ ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺮﺼﺤﻟ لﺎﻤﻋأ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ هﺬھ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﻲھ نأ
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﯾ – ﻲﻓ مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا-قﻮﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا. ﻲﻨﻌﻧو قﻮﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا قاﻮﺳﻷا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺘﯾ ﺎﮭﯿﻓ جﺎﺘﻧإ
ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺎﮭﻟدﺎﺒﺗو. نﻮﻜﯿﻓ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا تﺎﻛرﺎﺸﻤﻟﺎﺑ يأ ﻦﯾﻮﻜﺘﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ مﻮﻘﺗ لﺎﻤﻋﺄﺑ جﺎﺘﻧإ
ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ،تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺎﻤﻛ لﻮﻤﺗ ﺎﻀﯾأً ةرﺎﺟﺈﺑ تﻻﻵا ضرﻷاو ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻤﻟاو ﺎھرﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو جﺎﺘﻧإ. ﻦﻜﻤﯾو ﻚﻟﺬﻛ نأ
ﻢﺘﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ دﻮﻘﻋ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ﻞﺟﻵا ﻢﻠﺴﻟاو عﺎﻨﺼﺘﺳﻻاو ءاﺮﺸﻟ تﻻﻵا داﻮﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا
ىﺮﺧﻷا.
(Qahf, 2013 , pp. 105–106 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
financing contracts
common for
ownership
identify returns
moral obligation
trading them
ijarah
salam
production materials
دﻮﻘﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا
كﺮﺘﺸﺗ ﺎﮭﯿﻓ
ﻚﻠﻤﺘﻟا
ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟا
ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا ﻲﻗﻼﺧﻷا
ﺎﮭﻟدﺎﺒﺗ
ةرﺎﺟﺈﺑ
ﻢﻠﺴﻟا
داﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا are characterized by
features
actual market
adopting a mechanism
contractual justice
listing
through musharakah
futures contracts
istisna ﺰﯿﻤﺘﺗ
ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ
قﻮﺳ ﺔﯿﻘﯿﻘﺣ
دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺔﯿﻟآ
ﺔﻟاﺪﻌﻟا ﺔﯾﺪﻗﺎﻌﺘﻟا
ﺮﺼﺤﻟ
تﺎﻛرﺎﺸﻤﻟﺎﺑ
دﻮﻘﻋ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ﻞﺟﻵا
عﺎﻨﺼﺘﺳﻻا
Exercise 1: Translate the first passage above .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
كﺎﻨھ ﺲﻤﺧ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﺰﯿﻤﺘﺗ ﺎﮭﺑ دﻮﻘﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺎھﺪﺣأ ﻚﻠﻤﺘﻟا يﺬﻟا ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ ﺎﺳﺎﺳأًﺢﺑﺮﻠﻟ ﻲﻓ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا •
ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا.
ﻂﺒﺗﺮﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺎطﺎﺒﺗراًﺎﻘﯿﺛوًقﻮﺴﻟﺎﺑ ،ﺔﯿﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺘﯾ ﺎﮭﯿﻓ جﺎﺘﻧإ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺎﻤﻣ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ •
ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﺔﯿﻋﻮﻧ لﺎﻤﻋأ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻟاو ﻦﻣ ﺎﮭﺘﻘﻓاﻮﻣ ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺸﻠﻟ.
ﻊﻗو نﺎﻓﺮﻄﻟا ﺪﻘﻋ ﻊﯿﺑ ،ﻞﺟآ ﻮھو ﺪﻘﻋ مﺰﻠﯾ ىﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا ءاﺮﺸﺑ ﻞﺻأ ﻦﯿﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﻲﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﻌﺴﺑو هدﺪﺤﯾ •
ﻊﺋﺎﺒﻟا ﺎﻘﺒﺴﻣًﻖﻓاﻮﯾو ﮫﯿﻠﻋ يﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا.
ﺐﻌﻠﯾ عﺎﻨﺼﺘﺳﻻا ارودًًﻼﻋﺎﻓﻲﻓ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺚﯿﺣ مﻮﻘﺗ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﮫﻟﻼﺧ •
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﺑ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ةدﺪﻌﺘﻣ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛو.
ﺔﯿﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﻌﺑاﺮﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا زﺎﺘﻤﺗ ﺎﮭﺑ دﻮﻘﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲھ ﺔﻟاﺪﻌﻟا ﺔﯾﺪﻗﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗ ﺔﯾﺮﺤﺑ ضوﺎﻔﺘﻟا •
ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﺜﻤﺗ ﺪﺣأ ﺲﺳأ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا.
ﺢﻤﺴ ﺎﮭﺟﺎﺘﻧﺈﺑ ﺎﮭﻟواﺪﺗو ﺎﻘﻓو ﺮﺼﺘﻘﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ جﺎﺘﻧإ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗو ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﯾًُمﺎﻜﺣﻷ •
ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺸﻟا.
ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﯾ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻌﻠﺴﻟا يﺬﻟا ﮫﻣﺪﻘﯾ فﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻦﻜﻤﯾو ﻦﻣ ﮫﻟﻼﺧ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ءاﺮﺷ •
ﻊﻠﺳ ﻞﺜﻣ ثﺎﺛأ ةﺰﮭﺟأو ﺔﯿﺋﺎﺑﺮﮭﻛ داﻮﻣو ءﺎﻨﺑ.
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ دﻮﻘﻋ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ﻞﺟﻵا عﺎﻨﺼﺘﺳﻻاو ءاﺮﺸﻟ داﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا. •

124. Translating finance texts 111
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﺪﻨﻋ ﻊﯿﻗﻮﺗ ﺪﻘﻋ ﻊﯿﺑ ،ﻞﺟآ ﺪﮭﻌﺘﯾ يﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا ءاﺮﺸﺑ ﻊﻠﺳ ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﻲﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ. •
• When signing an outsourcing contract, the buyer undertakes to buy certain goods immediately.
قﻮﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا ﻲھ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺘﯾ ﺎﮭﯿﻓ جﺎﺘﻧإ لدﺎﺒﺗو ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو. •
• The capital market is the market where actual products are traded.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﺤﺑاﺮﻤﻟا ﺮﺜﻛأ تاودﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺎﻋﻮﯿﺷ،ً ﺚﯿﺣ ﺮﻓﻮﺗ ﻻﻮﻠﺣً ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﻜﻤﺗ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ءاﺮﺷ ﻊﻠﺳ
ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ.
•
• Musharakah is a common financial plan which enables customers to buy and sell differ-
ent materials.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺢﺑر دﻮﻘﻋ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ............................ .............................
قﺎﻘﺤﺘﺳا ﺪﺋاﻮﻋ ﻚﻠﻤﺗ ﻲﻘﯿﻘﺣ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻠﻟ entitlement to………. actual …………..
ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺔﻐﯿﺻ ﺔﻠﯾﺪﺑ ........................... ..............................
تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳإ ةرﺪﻧ ءاﺮﺒﺨﻟا ........................ .............................
ﻮﻤﻧ ﻊﯾﺮﺳ ءاﺮﺟإ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا conducting……….........................
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ نوﺪﺑ ةﺪﺋﺎﻓ ﺖﺨﺳر أﺪﺒﻣ interest-free…… established ………
ﻒﯿﻔﺨﺗ ةﺪﺣ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﻞﺜﻣأ ........................... ............................
ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﻣ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻟاﺪﻋ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ........................... ............................
قﻮﺳ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﻐﯿﺻ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ co-financing……...........................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
مﺪﻘﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﻐﯿﺻ ﺔﻠﯾﺪﺑ ﺔطﺎﺳﻮﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
ﻚﻠﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا مﺎﺘﻟاو ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻠﻟ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ ﺎﺳﺎﺳأً قﺎﻘﺤﺘﺳﻻ ﺔﯾأ حﺎﺑرأ وأ ﺪﺋاﻮﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا رﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻨﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗو دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺸﺒﻟا ءﺎﻨﺑو تارﺪﻘﻟا ﻮھ ﺪﺣأ ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﺔﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا
ﻲﻓ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا هﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗو.
ﺖﻠﺜﻤﺗ ﺪﺣأ تﺎﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﮭﺟاو ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ ﮫﺘﯾاﺪﺑ ﻲﻓ ةرﺪﻧ ءاﺮﺒﺨﻟا ﻦﯿﺼﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ئدﺎﺒﻣ
ﺲﺳأو ﺔﯿﻋﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟاو ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ ﻦﯿﻛرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ تاﺰﯿﻣ عﺎﻄﻗ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا يﺬﻟا
ﻞﻤﺸﯾ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا.
ﻦﻤﻜﯾ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﻊﯾﺮﺴﻟا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺢﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﯾﻼﻣ ﻦﯿﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا لﻮﺣ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ءاﺮﺟإ
ﻢﮭﺗﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺎﻘﻓوً ﻢﯿﻟﺎﻌﺘﻟ ﺔﯿﻋﺮﺸﻟا.
ﺢﯿﺘﯾ فﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﺗ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺸﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
مﺪﻘﯾ ﻚﻨﺒﻟا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ضوﺮﻗ نود ةﺪﺋﺎﻓ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟ داﺪﺳ ﻞﺼﺗ ةﺪﻤﻟ
12 اﺮﮭﺷ.ً •
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ادﺎﻨﺘﺳاوً اﺬﮭﻟ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺘﻟا ﻻ ﺪﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺰﯿﯿﻤﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ردﺎﺼﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﻎﯿﺻ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﻢﺘﯿﻟ ﮫﯿﺟﻮﺗ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺔﻐﯿﺻ
ﻰﻟإ رﺪﺼﻤﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﺎﮭﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺘﯿﻟ ﺎھﺮطﺎﺨﻣ. ﻚﻟﺬﻟو نﺈﻓ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ نﺎﻤﺘﺋﻻا ﺮطﺎﺨﻣو قﻮﺴﻟا ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻜﺑ ﻎﯿﺻ
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﻟﻮﻤﻤﻟاو ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ بﺎﺤﺻأ تﺎﺑﺎﺴﺣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﺐﺠﯾ نأ ﺎﮭﻠﻤﺤﺘﯾ بﺎﺤﺻأ ﻚﻠﺗ تﺎﺑﺎﺴﺤﻟا.
(Almughrabi, 2020 , p. 52 )

125. 112 Translating finance texts
5.4 Corporate financing and bonds
Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1
Corporations are financed by the issuance and sale of corporate securities, which include
stocks and bonds. Stocks, or equity securities , represent the purchase of ownership in the
business firm. Bonds (debentures), or debt securities, represent the borrowing of funds by
firms (and governments). Of course, not all debt is in the form of debt securities. For exam-
ple, some debt is in the form of accounts payable and notes payable, which typically are
short-term debts. Bonds are simply a way for corporations to split up their long-term debt so
that it can be more easily marketed.
Bonds are issued by business firms and by governments at all levels as evidence of the
funds they are borrowing from investors. Bonds normally have a designated maturity date –
the date when the principal, or face amount, of the bond (or loan) is returned to the investor
( Clarkson, Cross & Miller, 2010 , p. 769).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ُ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ لﻮﻤ ﻦﻣ
قاروأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ
ﺗ corporations financed by
راﺪﺻإ issuance of corporate securities
ﻢﮭﺳأ تاﺪﻨﺳ stocks bonds
تاﺪﻨﺳ/قاروأ ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻣ
ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ
ءاﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻣ equity securities purchase of ownership
تاﺪﻨﺳ ﻦﯾد business firm debentures
تاﺪﻨﺳ نﻮﯾد ضاﺮﺘﻗا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا debt securities borrowing of funds
تﺎﺑﺎﺴﺣ/ﻢﻣذ ﺔﻨﺋاد
ﻢﺴﻘﯾ
قاروأ/تاﺪﻨﺳ ﻊﻓﺪﻟا
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ قﺎﻘﺤﺘﺳﻻا accounts payable notes payable
split up maturity date
ﻞﺻأ ﻦﯾﺪﻟا ﺔﻤﯿﻗ/ﻎﻠﺒﻣ ﻲﻤﺳا principal face amount
Exercise 1: Find in the text what matches the following translation:
ُ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﻢﮭﺳﻷا تاﺪﻨﺴﻟاو – ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺌﯿھ تاﺪﻨﺳ نﻮﯾد – ﺗلﻮﻤ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ راﺪﺻإ ﻊﯿﺑو
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Government-sector and private-sector representatives stressed the need for cooperation
between local governments and corporations in the promotion and protection of the
local economy.
• Strengthening and developing a competitive market for corporate securities and equity
securities can significantly stimulate economic growth.
• Private-sector institutions can explore different methods of promoting their cooperation
with small business firms.
• The management agreed to borrow funds from external institutions in order to over-
come the company’s financial crisis.
• Unlike other types of funds, investment funds represent debt securities with specific
maturity dates.

126. Translating finance texts 113
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Bonds are simply a way for corporations to split up their long-term debt so that it can be
more easily marketed.
• ﻞﺜﻤﺗ قاروأ ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻤﻟا ﺪﺣأ تﺎﯿﻟﻵا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻌﺒﺘﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﻧﻮﯾد ،ةﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟا ﻰﺘﺣ ﻞﮭﺴﯾ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﻚﻠﺗ
قاروﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
• Bonds are issued by business firms and by governments at all levels as evidence of the
funds they are borrowing from investors.
رﺪﺼ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا قاروﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻞﯿﻟﺪﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﯾﺪﺴﺗ نﻮﯾد ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا.
• The company management stressed the need to settle all its accounts payable.
• دﺪﺷ ﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻢﺴﻗ تﺎﺑﺎﺴﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةروﺮﺿ ﺔﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تاﺪﻨﺳ ﻊﻓد نﻮﯾﺪﻟا.
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
obtain financing ……………… purchase stock ………………..
تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻧ start-ups...............يرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا venture capital
………………… debtor’s business ............
ﻢﮭﺳأ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ private equity firm
…………………portion of capital
ﻞﻜﯿھ.................... capital structure
• ﺗ
tradable ……………….. sources of finance …………………
shareholder ……………….. return principal …………………
…………………. ownership structure ...................
ﺔﯾدﺎﻋ common stock
receive returns ………………. remaining earnings …………………
interest payments ………………. dividends …………………
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• In capital markets, most companies obtain financing through the issuance and selling of
securities.
• While banks refrain from extending the offering of loans to high-risk companies, inves-
tors do not purchase stocks in any business firm that does not show a successful history
of business transactions.
• Start-up companies often obtain their venture capital from external investors or
businessmen.
• Private equity firms, which can sell their shares to the public, normally obtain their
funding from rich businessmen and investors.
• The team identified new and suitable sources of financing for the company’s new
investments.
• Many companies began to search for different sources of financing.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
The term corporate bond is a general term for a negotiable long-term debt security issued
by a company to raise capital that is purchased by an investor. For example, a company wish-
ing to raise $100 million of debt capital can do so by issuing bonds and selling them to inves-
tors ( Coyle, 2002 , p. 2).
ُ

127. 114 Translating finance texts
Text 2
The primary role of the financial manager is to ensure that his or her company has a suffi-
cient supply of capital.
There are two ways of looking at the financial manager’s role:
• a buyer of capital who seeks to minimize its cost, that is, the traditional view;
• a seller of financial securities who tries to maximize their value.
The financial manager or chief financial officer (CFO) is responsible for financing the firm
and acts as an intermediary between the financial system’s institutions and markets, on the
one hand, and the enterprise, on the other;
The financial investor invests in financial securities. More generally, the financial inves-
tor provides the firm with financial resources, and may be either an equity investor or a
lender ( Dallocchio, Le Fur, Quiry & Salvi, 2009 , p. 1).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
رود ﻲﺳﺎﺳأ ﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ primary role financial manager
ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ سأر لﺎﻤﻟا يﺮﺘﺸﻣ سأر لﺎﻣ supply of capital buyer of capital
ﻰﻌﺴﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟ/ﺪﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ
قاروأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ seeks to minimize
يأر يﺪﯿﻠﻘﺗ traditional view financial securities
ﻢﯿﻈﻌﺗ لوﺆﺴﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻲﺴﯿﺋر maximize chief financial officer
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﯾ ك / ﻞﺜﻤﯾ
ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ financing the firm acts as
ﻂﯿﺳو intermediary the enterprise
ﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ دراﻮﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ financial investor financial resources
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above text .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Financial managers are considered buyers of capital whose goal is to buy such capital at
a minimal cost.
• One of the main responsibilities of the chief financial officer lies in financing the firm.
• Financial investors provide different business firms with necessary financial resources.
• The financial expert advised the management on the need for technical support and
financial resources to achieve the firm’s objectives.
• The chief financial officer prepared a complete report on cash flows as well as the
strengths and weaknesses of the business.
• E-commerce helped many individuals and corporations to promote their business and
financial activities electronically. Some of such activities include banking services and
trading of financial securities.

128. Translating finance texts 115
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Different companies obtain their financing through issuing and selling securities,
including equity securities.
• ﺚﺤﺒﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻊﯿﺑ تاﺪﻨﺳ نﻮﯾﺪﻟا ﺾﻌﺑو ﺎﮭﻟﻮﺻأ.
• Local and external investors can provide venture capital to start-ups.
• ﻢھﺎﺴﯾ نوﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻟا نﻮﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ سأر لﺎﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻨﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا فﺪﮭﺘﺴﺗ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا.
• Wealthy investors often aim to own shares in private equity firms when they provide
such firms with necessary funding.
ﻻ ﻰﻌﺴﯾ نوﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ كﻼﺘﻣا ﺺﺼﺣ ﻲﻓ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ةدوﺪﺤﻤﻟا ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ نﻮﻣﺪﻘﯾ ﻼﯾﻮﻤﺗً ﺎﮭﻟ. •
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
funding sources ………………….. capital structuring …………………
investment decisions ………………….. financial planning …………………
ﺔﻤﻛﻮﺣ ................. increase value ………………….. corporate governance
financing decisions ………………….. financing requirements …………….
transaction risks …………………... issue new debt …………………
sale of bonds …………………... distribute profits …………………
pay for bonds ………………….. payment period …………………
………………… resale value ..................
ﺔﻘﺤﺘﺴﻣ accrued interests
………………… market risk
ﺾﻔﺨﻨﺗ ...................fall in value
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Managers working at different corporations primarily aim to increase the value of such
corporations to investors and partners.
• Financial experts have sufficient knowledge and information and can assist managers to
make informed investment decisions.
• The company called for a meeting to discuss its objectives for the following year and at
the same time explore possible investment opportunities.
• Capital structuring refers to the process through which companies finance their assets.
• Regardless of the types of stock, business firms need to have a sound financial planning
mechanism.
• The company paid off its debts on the specific payment periods and carried out new
business activities.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Corporate bonds are exposed to a variety of risks, including interest rate risk, credit risk,
liquidity risk, industry risk, cyclical risk, and company-specific event risk. As compensation
for these and other risks, investors demand that corporate bond portfolios have higher
expected returns than bond portfolios with lower risks ( Crabbe & Fabozzi, 2003 , p. 1).

129. 116 Translating finance texts
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
اﺮﻈﻧً نﻷ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا IFRS ﻚﻟﺬﻛو تاءاﺮﺟإ ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻤﻟاو ﺔﻨﺴﺤﻟا
تاءاﺮﺟإو ﺔﻤﻛﻮﺤﻟا ﺪﻗ ﺖﻠﺸﻓ ﺎﮭﻌﯿﻤﺟ ﻰﻟإ ﺪﺣ مﺎھ ﻲﻓ سﺎﯿﻗ ﻊﻨﻣو ثوﺪﺣ ﺶﻐﻟا ﺄﻄﺨﻟاو ﻲﻓ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﮫﻧﺈﻓ
ﻦﻣ يروﺮﻀﻟا ﻊﺿو ئدﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻠﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا نﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻣﺰﻠﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ.
ﺚﯿﺣ نأ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺎﮭﺘﻌﯿﺒﻄﺑ ةدﺪﺤﻣو ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻦﻣ تاءاﺮﺟإ ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻤﻟاو ﺔﻨﺴﺤﻟا
تاءاﺮﺟإو ﺔﻤﻛﻮﺣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﮭﺴﯾ ﺎھزوﺎﺠﺗ وأ ﺎﮭﻌﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ ةرادإ ،تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺐﺟﻮﺘﯾ نأ قﺮﻄﺘﺗ
ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻲﺴﯿﺋر ﻰﻟإ رﻮﻣﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺘﻟا:
1
2
3
ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻛ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﻚﻟﺬﻛو ﻊﺿو دوﺪﺣ سأر لﺎﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
سﺎﯿﻗ ةدﻮﺟ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
سﺎﯿﻗ ةدﻮﺟ حﺎﺑرﻷا وأ ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺨﻟا ﺔﻘﻘﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻨﺴﻠﻟ.
(Alhyali, 2015 , p. 207 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
اﺮﻈﻧً نﻷ given that ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا international standards
ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا تاءاﺮﺟإ ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا control measures
تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻤﻟا ﺔﻨﺴﺤﻟا
financial reporting
تاءاﺮﺟإ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﺤﻟا
ﺖﻠﺸﻓ good practices
سﺎﯿﻗ ﻊﻨﻣو
governance procedures
failed
ﺶﻐﻟا ﺄﻄﺨﻟاو fraud and error تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا
measuring and preventing
financial statements
ﻊﺿو ئدﺎﺒﻣ develop guidelines ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا corporate financing
ﺔﻣﺰﻠﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ binding to companies ﺔﯿﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺎﮭﺘﻌﯿﺒﻄﺑ
ةدﺪﺤﻣ ﺮﺜﻛأ زوﺎﺠﺗ وأ ﻊﯾﻮﻄﺗ objective in nature
more specific bypass or adapt
قﺮﻄﺘﺗ address سﺎﯿﻗ ةدﻮﺟ quality measurement
ﺔﻘﻘﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻨﺴﻟ Exercise 1: Translate the last three lines of the above text up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
تﺮﻗأ ةرادﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺮﯿﺧﻷا ءاﺮﺟإ ﺔﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﺔﯾرود ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ تﺎﺑﺎﺴﺣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗو تاءاﺮﺟإ ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا
ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
يدﺆﯿﺳ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا هﺬﮭﻟ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺪﯿﺣﻮﺗ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا
ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻟاو ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳو ءاﺮﺟإ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣو ﺔﻗدو ضﺮﻋ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
كﺎﻨھ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻘﯿﺛو ﻦﯿﺑ طوﺮﺷ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ةﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﺗ هﺬھ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا
ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻌﻤﺳ هﺬھ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺪﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا رﺪﻗ ،نﺎﻜﻣﻻا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ نوﺎﻌﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟاو صﺎﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ
ﻊﺿو ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗو ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ ئدﺎﺒﻣو ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﻣُﺔﻣﺰﻠ.
ﻂﻠﺳ ﺲﻠﺠﻣ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ءﻮﻀﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺨﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﺿﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﻟ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺶﻐﻟا ﺄﻄﺨﻟاو يﺬﻟا ﮫﺒﻜﺗرا
ﺾﻌﺑ ؛ءﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﮫﯿﻠﻋو رﺮﻗ ﺲﻠﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ءﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ةﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻜﯿھ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأو ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا
ىﺮﺧﻷا ﺎﮭﺣﺎﺑرأو ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟا.
مﺪﻘﺗ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺎﻋاﻮﻧأً ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻣ ضوﺮﻘﻟا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ةﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟا ،ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻨﻟاو طﺮﺸﺑ دﻮﺟو لﻮﺻأ ﺔﯿﻓﺎﻛ نﺎﻤﻀﻟ
داﺪﺳ ضوﺮﻘﻟا.
تﺮﺟأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺷ ﺔﻘﯿﻗدو ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻧﺎﯿﺑ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺎﮭﺘﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا.

130. Translating finance texts 117
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﻂﺒﺗﺮﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ةﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟا ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻨﻟاو ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ضوﺮﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻘﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ داﺪﺳ ﻚﻠﺗ ضوﺮﻘﻟا. •
• Offering loans to small companies depends on the availability of short-term loans.
ﺖﻔﻗوأ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺢﻨﻣ ضوﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ،ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻨﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ مﺪﻋ ةرﺪﻗ ﺎﮭﻀﻌﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﯾﺪﺴﺗ
نﻮﯾﺪﻟا ﺔﻘﺤﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
•
• Local and international banks temporarily stopped offering loans to all companies due to their inability to pay off the loans.
زﺎﺘﻤﺗ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ تاءاﺮﺟﺈﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا. •
• Microfinancing is known to be objective compared to other procedures.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
تاﺪﻨﺳ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ راﺪﺻإ تاﺪﻨﺴﻟا bonds ………………………………
ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ حﺎﺑرأ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ ﺰﺠﻋ ﻦﻋ داﺪﺳ ﻦﯾد ………………… …………………..
ﺔﻤﺴﻗ ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺳ ﻢﮭﺴﻠﻟ تاﺮﺘﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﺴﺗ نﻮﯾد ............................ …………………...
ﻞﻜﯿھ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ضاﺮﺘﻗﻻﺎﺑ ............................ ...............................
ﻒﯿﻨﺼﺗ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺘﺋا تاﺪﻨﺳ ﺔﯾﺪﻠﺑ ………….. rating municipal ………...
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ةدﺎﻋإ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ نﻮﯾد ………..refinancing…………………
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ةﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ........................... ………………….
ﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ قﻮﻘﺣ ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻣ ﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣو …………..equity .............................
ﻢﯿﻈﻌﺗ ﺢﺑﺮﻟا ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﯿﺤﺑﺮﻟا ............................. ..............................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
تﺪﺻأ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺔﯾﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﺎﻌﯾﺮﺸﺗً مﺰﻠﯾ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺧاد دﻼﺒﻟا ظﺎﻔﺘﺣﻻﺎﺑ ءﺰﺠﺑ ﻦﻣ
ﺎﮭﺗﺎطﺎﯿﺘﺣا تاﺪﻨﺴﻛ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ةرادﻺﻟ نأ ﺶﻗﺎﻨﺗ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟا تاءاﺮﺟﻹاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﻈﻨﺗ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ حﺎﺑرﻷا ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻨﻟا ﻢﮭﺳﻸﻟ وأ ةدﺎﻋإ ءاﺮﺷ ﻚﻠﺗ
ﻢﮭﺳﻷا.
ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﯾ كﺎﻨھ ﺮﺛأ ﺢﺿاو تﺎﺣﻼﺻﻹ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﻟ ﻢﮭﺴﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا.
ﻞﻤﻋ فﺮﺼﻤﻟا لﻼﺧ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﺿﺎﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ نوﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺘﻟ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﻞﯾﻮط ﻞﺟﻷا
ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ فﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﮫﺗﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋو بﺬﺠﻟ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا تاذ تاﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا.
ﺖﻌﺿو ةﺪﻋ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻣ ﺎﻄﻄﺧً ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ فﺪﮭﺗ ﻰﻟإ لﻼﻐﺘﺳا ةﺮﺘﻓ شﺎﻌﺘﻧﻻا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟ ﺎﮭﺣﺎﺑرأ
ﺪﻌﺑ ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺨﻟا ﺔﺣدﺎﻔﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺪﺒﻜﺗ لﻼﺧ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا.
ﻢﻟ مﺰﺘﻠﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا تاﺮﺘﻔﺑ داﺪﺳ نﻮﯾﺪﻟا.
ﺪﻗ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﻘﻓوً عﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﮫﺑ.
ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺎﮭﺗارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ عﺎﺿوﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا.
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Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺪﺟﻮﯾ مﺎﻣأ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺘﻗو ﻦھاﺮﻟا ردﺎﺼﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ،ةدﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻦﯾﺎﺒﺘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﺼﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗو ﻲﻓ
ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ طوﺮﺷو لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ. ،ﮫﯿﻠﻋو ﺢﺒﺻأ ﻦﻣ يروﺮﻀﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةرادﻹا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا هﺬﮭﻟ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا نأ دﺪﺤﺗ
ﮫﻗﺪﺑ ﻞﺋاﺪﺑ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ ﺔﻠﺿﺎﻔﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﯿﺑ رﺎﯿﺘﺧاو ﺞﯾﺰﻤﻟا ﻲﻠﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻞﺜﻣﻷا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﺑ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟا
ﺔﯿﻤﻜﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻜﻟاو.
(Shaheen, 2017 , p. 101 )

131. 118 Translating finance texts
Text 2
ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا بﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا: ﺪﻗ ﺄﺠﻠﺗ ةﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻟإ دﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ،ضوﺮﻘﻟا وأ ﻰﻟإ راﺪﺻإ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻢﮭﺳﻷا وأ
،تاﺪﻨﺴﻟا ةدﺎﻋو ﺎﻣ ﻢﺘﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﻤﺳﻮﻤﻟا ضوﺮﻘﺑ ﺔﯿﻤﺳﻮﻣ تاذ تﺎﻌﻓد ،ﺔﯿﻤﺳﻮﻣ رﺪﺠﺗو ةرﺎﺷﻹا ﻰﻟإ
ةروﺮﺿ مﺪﻋ فاﺮﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ راﺪﺻإ تاﺪﻨﺴﻟا وأ ،ﻢﮭﺳﻷا نﻷ ﻚﻟذ ﺐﺗﺮﺘﯾ ﮫﯿﻠﻋ تﺎﻣاﺰﺘﻟا ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ةﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟا اﺬھو
لﺎﺣ ضوﺮﻘﻟا ،ﺎﻀﯾأ اﺬﮭﻟو ﻲﺗﺄﺗ ةروﺮﺿ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ةﺪﻣ بﻮﻠﺳأو ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا.
ﻊﺿو ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗو ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا: ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻼﻛً ﻦﻣ تﺎطﺎﺸﻨﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻖﻔﻨﺘﺳ ﺎﮭﺑ ،لاﻮﻣﻷا تاﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟاو
ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟا ،ﺎﮭﻨﻣ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ تﺎﻧﺎﻤﻀﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﻲﻓ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ لاﻮﻣﻷا ،ﺔﻣزﻼﻟا ﺐﻨﺠﺗو ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻤﻟا
ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟا داﺪﺴﻟﺎﺑ نأو هﺬھ ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ﻦﯿﺒﺗ راﺪﻘﻣ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﺔﺟرﺎﺨﻟاو.
ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟاو ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﻤﯿﯿﻘﺗو: نإ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﺘﯾ نأ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ،ﺪﯿﺟ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ
،ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺘﻠﻟ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺐﻠﻄﺘﯾ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻤﻟا ،ةﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺢﯿﺤﺼﺗو تﺎﻓاﺮﺤﻧﻻا ﺔﻤﺟﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺘﻟا ﺄﻄﺨﻟا وأ يأ بﺎﺒﺳأ ىﺮﺧأ.
( Almograbi, 2016 , pp. 134–135)
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ةﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا بﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا Institution necessary funding
ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯿﻤﺳﻮﻣ ﻢﮭﺳأ وأ تاﺪﻨﺳ seasonal activities stocks or bonds
راﺪﺻإ ﻲﻓ فاﺮﺳﻹا تﺎﻌﻓد ﺔﯿﻤﺳﻮﻣ overissuing seasonal payments
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻟا تﺎﻣاﺰﺘﻟا proportionality liabilities
ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ةﺪﻣ بﻮﻠﺳأو
ﻖﻔﻨُ funding plan duration and method
تاﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﺘﺳ expected returns will be spent
داﺪﺴﻟا تﺎﻧﺎﻤﻀﻟا repayment guarantees
ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺘﻠﻟ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ ﺔﻠﺧاد ﺔﺟرﺎﺧو applicable inflows & outflows
تﺎﻓاﺮﺤﻧﻻا ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻤﻟا ةﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا deviations continuous follow-up
تﺎﻌﻓد ﺔﯿﻤﺳﻮﻣ Exercise 1: Translate from the beginning of the above text up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا تﺎطﺎﺸﻨﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻖﻔﻨﺘﺳ ﺎﮭﺑ ،لاﻮﻣﻷا تاﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟاو ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟا ،ﺎﮭﻨﻣ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ •
تﺎﻧﺎﻤﻀﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﻲﻓ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ لاﻮﻣﻷا ﺔﻣزﻼﻟا.
ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا بﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا وأ بﺬﺟ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ةﺪﯿﺟ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻋوﺮﺸﻣ ىﺰﻌﯾو •
ﺐﺒﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻟإ مﺪﻋ حﻮﺿو ﺎﮭﺘﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﻠﻜﯿھو ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
مﻮﻘﺘﺳ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺘﺑ ﺎﮭﺗارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ةدﺎﻋإو ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧﻷ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﻟ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ تاﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟا •
ﻦﻣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا.
ﺖﺒﻠط تﺎﮭﺠﻟا ﺔﺤﻧﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗو ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺪﻋأ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺘﻟ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﮭﻌﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﻓ •
ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا.
مﻮﻘﺘﺳ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺘﺑ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧاﺪﯿﻤﻟا لﻮﺣ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ،ﺔﺟرﺎﺨﻟاو ﻖﻘﺤﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ دﻮﺟو •
قﺮﺧ ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا ﺔﻓﺎﻜﺑ ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻠﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ ةروﺮﺿ ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﻠﺗ ﺔﻄﺨﻟا •
ﺎﮭﻤﯿﯿﻘﺗو ﺪﻨﻋ موﺰﻠﻟا.
طﺮﺘﺸﯾ ﺪﯾﺪﺴﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﻌﻓﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﺳﻮﻤﻟا ﻞﺒﻗ مﺪﻘﺘﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﺑ لﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ضﺮﻗ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﻣ فﺮﺼﻤﻟا. •

132. Translating finance texts 119
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
تﺮﺟأ ةﺪﻋ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﻤﯿﯿﻘﺗً ﻼﻣﺎﺷً ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ ،ﺎﮭﺗارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧﻷ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﻟ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ
حﺎﺑرﻷا ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا.
•
• Some local companies conducted a review of their external investments and planning
for their activities which did not attract good investments.
لﻮﻤﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯿﻤﺳﻮﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ضوﺮﻗ ﺔﯿﻤﺳﻮﻣ ﺎھدﺪﺴﺗ ﻰﻟإ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻌﻓد
ﺔﯿﻤﺳﻮﻣ.
•
• Local companies finance their investments through seasonal loans.
مﻮﻘﺘﺳ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺘﺑ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺮﯾرﺎﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧاﺪﯿﻤﻟا لﻮﺣ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ،ﺔﺟرﺎﺨﻟاو ﻖﻘﺤﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ دﻮﺟو
قﺮﺧ ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
•
• The committee will collect and examine all reports on cash flows to verify the possibil-
ity of a breach.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ………………… ………………….
fiscal……….
تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ………………….
بﺎﺴﺘﺣا تﺎﻘﻔﻨﻟا تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟأ ……………….. ………………….
ﺔﻤﺋﻼﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻاو ﺾﻔﺧ ﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟا ……………… ………………….
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا قﺮط ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ………………… ………………….
ﺾﻔﺧ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ضاﺮﻗﻹا راﺪﻘﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ………………… ………………….
ﺮﺷﺆﻣ تاﺪﻨﺴﻟا نﺎﻤﺿ ﻖﻓﺪﺘﻟا يﺪﻘﻨﻟا ……………….. ………………….
فرﺎﺼﻣ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻﺎﺑ لﻮﺻأ ﺔﺘﺑﺎﺛ ……………. ………………….
bear ………….
ﺪﺒﻜﺘﯾ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا بﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا …………………
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺣ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ةﺮﯿﺒﻜﻟا ﺎﮭﻧاﺪﻠﺒﻟ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا
ﻲﺘﻟا تﺮﺛأ ﺎﺒﻠﺳً ﻰﻠﻋ لود ةﺮﯿﺜﻛ لﻮﺣ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا.
ﺖﺸﻗﺎﻧ ﺔﻨﺠﻟ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ تﺎﮭﺠﻟا ﺔﺤﻧﺎﻤﻟا ةﺪﻋ طﺎﻘﻧ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﺗ قﺮﻄﺑ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا فاﺪھﻷاو ،ﺔﯾﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟا
ﺎھﺮﺛأو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﯾﺪﯿﻔﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا -ﺔﺒﻏاﺮﻟا ﻲﻓ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ضوﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ فﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﻌﯾرﺎﺸﻣ -ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ
ﺔﻤﺋﻼﻣ ضﺮﻘﻟا بﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا.
تﺪﮭﺷ دﻼﺒﻟا ةدﺎﯾز ﻲﻓ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا لﻼﺧ ثﻼﺜﻟا تاﻮﻨﺳ ،ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا ﺎﻤﻣ ىدأ ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ﻮﻤﻧ
دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
كﺎﻨھ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﯾﻮﻗ ﻦﯿﺑ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺢﻨﻤﺗ ﺎﺿوﺮﻗً داﺮﻓﻸﻟ ،تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟاو ﺚﯿﺣ تﺪﻤﻋ ﺎﮭﻀﻌﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﺾﻔﺧ
ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ضاﺮﻗﻹا.
ﺖﺸﻗﺎﻧ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا قﺮط نﺎﻤﺿ راﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﻖﻓﺪﺘﻟا يﺪﻘﻨﻟا ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأ.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﻲھو تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا - ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ ردﺎﺼﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﻧﺮﺷأ ﺎﮭﯿﻟإ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ اﺬھ ﻞﺼﻔﻟا
ضوﺮﻘﻟاو ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا كﻮﻨﺒﻟاو ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹا ،ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟاو تاﺪﻋﺎﺴﻤﻟاو ﺢﻨﻤﻟاو ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﺾﻌﺒﻟ
لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا -ﺢﺒﺻأ نﺎﻜﻣﺈﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا نأ رﺪﺼﺗ تاﺪﻨﺳ ﺔﻣﻮﻘﻣ تﻼﻤﻌﺑ ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟأ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻢﺘﯾ ﺎﮭﻟواﺪﺗ ﻲﻓ
قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا.
(Alkhader, 2010 , p. 228 )

133. 120 Translating finance texts
5.5 Futures and derivatives
Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1
A derivative security is a financial contract whose value is derived from the value of some-
thing else, such as a stock price, a commodity price, an exchange rate, an interest rate, or
even an index of prices. Derivatives are financial contracts whose value/price is dependent
on the behaviour of the price of one or more basic underlying assets (often simply known as
the underlying). These contracts are legally binding agreements, made on the trading screen
of stock exchanges, to buy or sell an asset in future. The asset can be a share, index, interest
rate, bond, rupee dollar exchange rate, sugar, crude oil, soyabean, cotton, coffee and what
you have. Thus, a ‘derivative’ is a financial instrument, or contract, between two parties that
derived its value from some other underlying asset or underlying reference price, interest
rate, or index. A derivative by itself does not constitute ownership, instead it is a promise to
convey ownership ( Debasish & Mishra, 2009 , p. 2).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
derivative security
stock price
exchange rate
index of prices
assets
stock exchanges
index
crude
constitute ownership
ﺪﻨﺳ تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
ﺮﻌﺳ ﻢﮭﺴﻟا
ﺮﻌﺳ فﺮﺼﻟا
ﺮﺷﺆﻣ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا
لﻮﺻأ
قاﻮﺳأ قاروأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
ﺮﺷﺆﻣ
مﺎﺧ
ﻞﻜﺸﺗ ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻣ financial contract
commodity price
interest rate
derivatives
binding agreements
share
bond
financial instrument
convey ownership ﺪﻘﻋ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ
ﺮﻌﺳ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻟا
لﺪﻌﻣ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا
تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻣ
تﺎﯿﻗﺎﻔﺗا ﺔﻣﺰﻠﻣ
ﺔﺼﺣ
ﺪﻨﺳ
ةادأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
ﻞﻘﻨﯾ ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻣ
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence in the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The rapid growth of derivative securities can pose significant reporting, accounting, and
financial problems.
• Different government agencies stressed the need to promote risk-management rules and
to introduce tools to control the price index of real estate.
• The increase in the exchange rate significantly affected the competitiveness of different
exports.
• Two committees proposed a number of measures and standards to protect local consum-
ers from sudden commodity price changes.
• Some industrial companies withdrew their loan applications due to the high interest rate
the bank charges.
• The second party did not abide by the conditions of the financial contract.

134. Translating finance texts 121
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The asset can be a share, index, interest rate, bond, rupee to dollar exchange rate, sugar,
crude oil, coffee, and so on.
• نﻮﻜﺗ قاروﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺌﯿھ ،ﻢﮭﺳأ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ رﺎﻌﺳأ ،ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺮﻌﺳ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ضوﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﻠﯾﻮط ،ﻞﺟﻷا ﺮﻌﺳ
فﺮﺻ ﺔﯿﺑوﺮﻟا ،رﻻوﺪﻟﺎﺑ ،ﺮﻜﺳ ﻂﻔﻨﻟاو ﺞﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟا ةﻮﮭﻘﻟاو.
• Derivatives by themselves do not constitute ownership; they are instead promises to
convey ownership.
• ﻦﻤﻜﺗ ﺔﯿﻤھأ تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﻧأ ﻞﻜﺸﺗ ،ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻣ ﺖﺴﯿﻟو ادﻮﻋوً ﻞﻘﻨﺑ ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻤﻟا.
• Some banks increased the issuance of securities instead of loans as a practical financial
instrument.
• ترﺪﺻأ ﺾﻌﺑ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﮭﺳأً ﻻﺪﺑً ﻦﻣ ضوﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﻠﯾﻮط ،ﻞﺟﻷا رﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ هﺬھ ﻢﮭﺳﻷا ﺎﻗاروأً ﺮﻓﻮﺗ
تﺎﻧﺎﻤﺿ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ.
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
.............
ﻞﺤﻣ ﺪﻗﺎﻌﺗ derives its price ………………. underlying assets
initial investments ………………. financial assets ………………..
underlying commodities ………………. currencies ………………..
demand for product ………………. commodities contracts ………………..
rate of return ………………. impact revenue ………………..
enhance value ………………. risk exposure ………………..
derivatives market ………………. derivative instruments ………………..
price volatility ………………. growth of derivatives ………………..
enhance competition ………………. hedging tool ………………..
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Compared to other types of financial contracts and instruments, derivatives require ini-
tial investment.
• One of the main features of financial derivatives lies in deriving their value from under-
lying assets.
• One of the main differences between shares and derivatives lies in the fact that shares
are primarily assets while derivatives are normally contracts.
• The establishment of the derivatives market was mainly dependent on the need of natu-
ral resources producers and users to hedge against price fluctuations in underlying
commodities.
• There are different methods to enhance competition.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
The value of a futures contract on a commodity is based primarily on expected future spot
prices and the storage costs of holding the particular commodity. Thus, commodity prices
and their derivatives are determined by supply and demand behavior in a particular market.
Understanding the pricing of a commodity can require detailed knowledge of supply and
demand factors in the cash market ( Junkus, 2010 , p. 77).

135. 122 Translating finance texts
Text 2
Commodity Futures Contracts: A futures contract is an agreement for buying or selling a
commodity for a predetermined delivery price at a specific future time. Futures are standard-
ized contracts that are traded on organized futures exchanges. They ensure performance of
the contracts and thus remove the default risk. The major function of futures markets is to
transfer price risk from hedgers to speculators. For example, suppose a farmer in Punjab is
expecting his crop of wheat to be ready in two months but is worried that the price of wheat
may decline in this period. In order to minimize his risk, he can enter into a futures contract
to sell his crop in two months at a price determined now. This way, he is able to hedge his
risk of a possible adverse change in the price of his product ( Prakashan, 2008 , p. 7).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ً دﻮﻘﻋ ﺔﻠﺟآ / ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ
ﺮﻌﺳ ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺘﻟا
ةدﺪﺤﻣ ﺎﻘﺒﺴﻣ futures contracts predetermined
ﺖﻗو ﻲﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ دﺪﺤﻣ delivery price specific future time
دﻮﻘﻋ ةﺪﺣﻮﻣ تﺎﺻرﻮﺑ دﻮﻘﻋ ﺔﻠﺟآ standardized contracts futures exchanges
ءادأ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﺰﺠﻋ ﻦﻋ داﺪﺳ نﻮﯾد performance of default risk
ﺔﻔﯿظو ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋر قاﻮﺳأ دﻮﻘﻋ ﺔﻠﺟآ major function futures markets
ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﺮﻌﺳ ﻞﯾﻮﺤﺘﻟا طﻮﺤﺘﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ transfer price risk hedger
ﻦﯿﺑرﺎﻀﻣ ﻞﻠﻘﯾ ﻦﻣ هﺮطﺎﺨﻣ speculators minimize his risk
ﺪﻗﺎﻌﺘﯾ ﺮﯿﻐﺗ ﻲﺒﻠﺳ enter into contract adverse change
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence in the above text .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Futures contracts, which indicate a contract to take or deliver a commodity at a future
date, are hedges against the risks resulting from market movements.
• Some foreign investors complained about a number of local suppliers who continued to
increase the delivery prices of their goods and services.
• Major financial institutions in developed countries had transactions with companies
which operated as land speculators than exporters of domestic products and goods.
• The company entered into a futures contract in order to hedge against any possible risks
and losses due to unfavorable changes in the market in which it carries out most of its
activities.
• Hedgers can be wholesalers, manufacturers, and retailers and are key participants in the
futures market.
• The major function of futures markets is to transfer price risk from hedgers to
speculators.
• The industrial company managed to hedge its risks of adverse changes in the price of its
products.
• Futures contracts are legally binding.

136. Translating finance texts 123
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The parties entering into a futures contract can sell or buy commodities at a predeter-
mined price.
• ﻊﻗﻮﯾ ﺎﻓﺮط ﺪﻘﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﯿﺛو ﺔﯿﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻊﯿﺒﻟ وأ ءاﺮﺷ ﻊﻠﺳ ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻣ ﺮﻌﺴﺑ دﺪﺤﻣ نﺎﻘﻔﺘﯾ ﮫﯿﻠﻋ.
• Some companies prefer futures contracts to other types of contracts because they
increase the opportunities to hedge against risks.
ً مﺪﻌﻟ ةرﺪﻘﻟا • ﻻ ﻞﯿﻤﺗ ﺔﯿﺒﻟﺎﻏ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ دﻮﻘﻋ ﺔﻠﺟآ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ عاﻮﻧﺄﺑ ىﺮﺧأ ﻦﻣ ،دﻮﻘﻌﻟا اﺮﻈﻧ
ﻰﻠﻋ طﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﺪﺿ يأ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ.
• The sudden changes in delivery prices reduced the profits of local suppliers.
• ﺖﻘﺤﻟأ تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟا ةﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ رﺎﻌﺳأ ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺗ لﻮﺻﻷا ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺧ ﺔﺣدﺎﻓ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا.
Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
anticipate shortage ........................... commodity derivatives .........................................
eliminate risks ........................... currency futures .........................................
foreign currencies ........................... manage risks .........................................
تﻻدﺎﺒﻣ/تﺎﻀﯾﺎﻘﻣ................ derivatives pricing ........................... currency swaps
.........................................quality of assets
لﻮﺤﯾ ................ transfer risk
futures delivery ........................... volatility .........................................
take on obligation ........................... to speculate .........................................
prevent losses ........................... physical commodities .........................................
......................................... market participants
ﺮﯿﻐﺗ....................... price movement
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• When buyers anticipate shortages of certain crops in the following season, the futures
prices of such crops will increase at the current time.
• Different types of derivatives are used to eliminate the risks of unexpected price changes.
• Currency futures refer to a type of contract which enables the selling and buying of
certain currencies at a specific price and a specific time in the future.
• Commodity derivatives’ market is that market in which the buyers and sellers enter into
contracts to buy or sell commodities at predetermined prices to be delivered at specific
future times.
• The buyer in futures contracts takes on the obligation to buy the commodities at a spe-
cific price.
• The committee discussed different strategies to eliminate risks.
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
The futures market is a global marketplace, initially created as a place for farmers and
merchants to buy and sell commodities for either spot or future delivery. This was done to
lessen the risk of both waste and scarcity. Rather than trade in physical commodities, futures
markets buy and sell futures contracts, which state the price per unit ( Debasish & Mishra,
2009 , p. 65).

137. 124 Translating finance texts
Section 2: Arabic into English Text 1
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢھأ ﻚﻠﺗ تاودﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﻤﺤﺘﻗا قاﻮﺳأ لﺎﻤﻟا ةﻮﻘﺑو ﻲﮭﻓ ﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻢھأ تارﻮﻄﺘﻟا
ةﺮﯿﺜﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا. تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ةرﺎﺒﻋ ﻦﻋ دﻮﻘﻋ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﺗ دﻮﻨﺒﺑ جرﺎﺧ
ﺔﯿﻧاﺰﯿﻤﻟا دﺪﺤﺘﺗو ﺎﮭﺘﻤﯿﻗ ﻲﻓ قاروﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺻﻷا ﻞﺤﻣ ﺪﻗﺎﻌﺘﻟا. ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗو تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢھأ تاودﻷا
ﺔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ لﻮﻠﺤﻟا تﻼﻜﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ضﺮﻌﺘﺗ ﺎﮭﻟ قاﻮﺳأ لﺎﻤﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ،مﺎﻋ قﻮﺳو قاروﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ
ﮫﺟو ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟا ﻲھو ﺪﺣأ تاودﻷا ةﺪﯿﻟﻮﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﺳﺪﻨﮭﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا تﺪﻋﺎﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ دﺎﺠﯾإ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﻣ
ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺷ ﻞﻌﺟ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻼﻣﺎﻜﺗ،ً ،ةءﺎﻔﻛو ﺔﻟﻮﯿﺳو ﺎﻤﻣ يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﺎھراﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﻚﻟﺬﻟو ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺔﻤﻈﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا
ﻲﻓ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﺗ ﺎﮭﺑ ﺚﯿﺣ ﺖﺛﺪﺣأ تارﻮﻄﺗ ﺔﻠھﺬﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟاو ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻨﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا.
( Abdulqader, 2017 , p. 9)
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
تاودﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا financial instruments financial derivatives
قاﻮﺳأ لﺎﻤﻟا ﺖﻤﺤﺘﻗا money markets strongly entered
دﻮﻘﻋ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ تارﻮﻄﺗ ةﺮﯿﺜﻣ futures contracts interesting developments
قاروﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا دﻮﻨﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﺔﯿﻧاﺰﯿﻣ securities off-balance-sheet items
ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ لﻮﻠﺤﻟا ﻞﺤﻣ ﺪﻗﺎﻌﺘﻟا provide solutions underlying
قﻮﺳ قاروأ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ securities market financial problems
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ تاودأ ةﺪﯿﻟو
ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻼﻣﺎﻜﺗً financial products new instruments
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا international finance more integrated
Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage .
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺪﻗ ﺄﺠﻠﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﺸﺗ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﻠﺟﻵا فﺪﮭﺑ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ
تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﺎﻤﻛ ﻞﻤﺘﺤﯾو نأ طﺮﺘﺸﺗ هﺬھ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا نأ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻠﻤﻋ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﻠﺟﻵا
ﻲھ ىﺪﺣإ تﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا ﺔﻟواﺪﺘﻤﻟا.
مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ تاودﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﻲﻛ طﻮﺤﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﻗ ﺄﺸﻨﺗ ﻦﻋ
تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ فﺮﺼﻟا.
ﺖﺛﺪﺤﺘﺳا ﺾﻌﺑ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﻢﺴﺘﺗ ،ﺔﻧوﺮﻤﻟﺎﺑ فﺪﮭﺑ ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﺗ ﻊﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﺎﺌﻓ ﺎﮭﺋﻼﻤﻋ ﻦﻤﻣ ﻢﮭﻟ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ فرﺎﺼﻣو تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣو ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ
ﺔﯿﺑوروأ ﺔﯿﻜﯾﺮﻣأو.
ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹا -ﻲﺘﻟا ﺬﻔﻨﺗ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ ﻲﻓ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا -ﻦﻣ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ
ﻲﻟود ﺎﮭﻌﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟ اﺮﻈﻧً دﻮﯿﻘﻠﻟ ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﺿﺮﻓ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا كﻮﻨﺒﻟاو.
ﺖﻠﻜﺷ تﺎﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﺠﺗﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺎﻘﺋﺎﻋً مﺎﻣأ ﻮﻤﻧ لﺎﻤﻋأ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا.
ﺐﻌﺼﯾ ءﺎﺸﻧإ قﻮﺳ قاروأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺮﻓﻮﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺮﯿﻌﺴﺗ ،ﺔﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﻣﻷا يﺬﻟا ﺪﻘﻓأ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا
ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟاو ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ بﺬﺟ سوؤر لاﻮﻣﻷا ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا.
ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺣ دﺪﻋ ﻦﻣ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ ﺔﻟﻮﯿﺳ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ تﻼﻤﻌﺑ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ اﺮﻈﻧً باﺮﻄﺿﻻ
قاﻮﺳأ لﺎﻤﻟا لﻼﺧ ﺔﻨﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺿﺎﻤﻟا.
تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ةرﺎﺒﻋ ﻦﻋ دﻮﻘﻋ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﺗ دﻮﻨﺒﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﺔﯿﻧاﺰﯿﻤﻟا دﺪﺤﺘﺗو ﺎﮭﺘﻤﯿﻗ ﻲﻓ قاروﻷا
ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺻﻷا ﻞﺤﻣ ﺪﻗﺎﻌﺘﻟا.
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138. Translating finance texts 125
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ طﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﺪﺿ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﺐﻠﻘﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا. •
• Financial instruments help companies to invest their savings against price fluctuations.
ً يدﺆﺗ تﺎﺑاﺮﻄﺿا قاﻮﺳأ لﺎﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻗﺎﻋإ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻲﻗﺎﺑو لود ،ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺎﻤﻣ ﻖﺤﻠﯾ ارﺮﺿ
ﺎﻐﻟﺎﺑً تﺎﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﺎﺑ هﺬھ لوﺪﻟا.
•
• Financial markets competitiveness can hinder international trade between Arab coun- tries which can slightly affect their economies.
مﺪﻘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ قاروﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻻﻮﻠﺣً ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ تﺎﺌﻔﻟ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻣ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا. •
• All institutions working on financial instruments provide practical solutions to their local clients.
Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﺔﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺗ يدﺎﻣ physical …………............................
ﻞﺻﻷا ﻞﺤﻣ ﺪﻗﺎﻌﺘﻟا لواﺪﺗ ﺪﻘﻌﻟا ﻞﺟﻵا underlying ……… trading ………….
ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ نﺎﻤﺘﺋﻻا ﺔﯾﺎﻗو ﻦﻣ ............................ ............................
ﺮﻌﺳ ﻞﺻﻷا ﺮﯿﻌﺴﺗ ﺪﻘﻌﻟا ﻞﺟﻵا .......................... ............................
ةرادإ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﺔﯾﺮﻌﺳ ﺖﻤﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﯾﻮﺴﺗ ......................... ...........................
ﻖﺘﺸﺗ / ﺪﻤﺘﺴﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﻤﯿﻗ
ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا
ءﺎﻓﻮﻟا تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻤﺑ derives ………. ...........................
تﺎﯿﻗﺎﻔﺗا ﺔﻣﺰﻠﻣ binding …………........................
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ قﺎﻘﺤﺘﺳﻻا / ﺔﯿﺣﻼﺼﻟا
قﻮﺳ تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا
ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺗ ﻲﻠﻌﻓ ﻞﺻﻸﻟ expiration ……. .............................
ﺮﻌﺳ ﻲﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ future…………….........................
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺐﻠﻄﺘﺗ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﻠﺟﻵا ﺔﻌﻗﻮﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻊﺋﺎﺒﻟا يﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟاو ﺎﻤﯿﻠﺴﺗًﺎﯾدﺎﻣًلﻮﺻﻸﻟ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﻗﺎﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ نﺎﻓﺮﻄﻟا. •
ﺄﺠﻠﯾ ﻊﺋﺎﺒﻟا يﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟاو ﻰﻟإ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﻠﺟﻵا ﺔﯾﺎﻗﻮﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻟﺎﺑ وأ •
ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﻞﺤﻣ ﺪﻗﺎﻌﺘﻟا.
ﻦﻤﻜﺗ ﺪﺣأ تﺎﻤﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا دﻮﻘﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﺟﻵا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺟرد ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ نﺎﻤﺘﺋﻻا ،ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺪﻗ ﺄﺸﻨﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ مﺪﻋ ءﺎﻓو •
ﺪﺣأ ﻲﻓﺮط ﺪﻘﻌﻟا ﮫﺗﺎﻣاﺰﺘﻟﺎﺑ.
كﺎﻨھ نﺎﺘﯾﺎﻏ ﻦﻣ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﻠﺟﻵا ﺎﻤھو ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ ،لﻮﺻﻷا ﺔﺑرﺎﻀﻤﻟاو ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺐﺳﺎﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ •
تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ هﺬھ لﻮﺻﻷا.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻢھأ تاودﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﻤﺤﺘﻗا قاﻮﺳأ لﺎﻤﻟا. •
ﻢﻟ ﻖﻔﺘﯾ نﺎﻓﺮﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﯿﻌﺴﺗ ﺪﻘﻌﻟا ﻞﺟﻵا. •
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا اﺮﯿﺜﻛً ﻰﻠﻋ تاودأ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ىﺮﺧأ ﺪﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳأ ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻨﻟا تاﺪﻨﺴﻟﺎﻛ bonds وأ ﻢﮭﺳﻷا
shares ، ﺪﻗو نﻮﻜﯾ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﺑﻮﺤﺼﻣً ةرﺎﺴﺨﺑ ،ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ نإو فﺪﮭﻟا ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟ تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﻮھ
ضﺮﻐﻟ دﺎﺠﯾإ قﺮط ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺔﮭﺟاﻮﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا. ﻦﻜﻤﯾو لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳا تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا
فﺪﮭﺑ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةﺰﯿﻣ ،ﻞﻀﻓأ بﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻ صﺮﻓ ﺔﺤﺑﺮﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ وأ ﻂﯾﻮﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻈﻔﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ﺪﺿ
ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا.
(Alfatlawi & Alrabi’i, 2012 , p. 5 )

139. 126 Translating finance texts
Text 2
تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا طﻮﺤﺘﻟا
ﺪﻘﻟ نﺎﻛ طﻮﺤﺘﻟا ضﺮﻐﻟا ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﻦﻣ ءﺎﺸﻧإ قاﻮﺳأ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺣ رﺎﺠﺘﻟا عﺎﻨﺼﻟاو ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻟاو
ﻦﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﺮﯿﻐﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﻲﻓ ﺮﯿﻏ ﻢﮭﺤﻟﺎﺻ ﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣً . ﺪﺼﻘﯾو طﻮﺤﺘﻟﺎﺑ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ،تﺎﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا ماﺮﺑإ دﻮﻘﻋ ﻊﯿﺑ وأ
ءاﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ رﺎﻌﺳﺄﺑ ةدﺪﺤﻣ ﺔﯾﺎﻗﻮﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ رﺎﺛﻵا ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﺑﻮﻏﺮﻤﻟا يﻷ ﺮﯿﻐﺗ ﺪﻗ ثﺪﺤﯾ ﻲﻓ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﻲﻓ ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
ﺪﺟﻮﯾو نﺎﻋﻮﻧ نﺎﯿﺴﯿﺋر ﻦﻣ عاﻮﻧأ طﻮﺤﺘﻟا: طﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺑ ﻞﯾﻮط )ﺔﯿﻄﻐﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ءاﺮﺷ( طﻮﺤﺘﻟاو ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺑ ﺮﯿﺼﻗ.
ﻦﻜﻤﯾو ﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ طﻮﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا هﺬھ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ضاﺮﻏﻷ طﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﺪﺿ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ عاﻮﻧأ
،ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا لﺎﺜﻣو ﻚﻟذ:
طﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﺐﻠﻘﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ضاﺮﺘﻗﻻا •
طﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﺐﻠﻘﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ فﺮﺻ تﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا •
طﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا رﺎﻌﺳأ تاﺪﻨﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻆﻓﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا •
( Qandour, 2017 , p. 304)
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ضﺮﻐﻟا ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا main purpose hedging
ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺣ رﺎﺠﺘﻟا protecting traders creating markets
ﺮﯿﻏ ﻢﮭﺤﻟﺎﺻ their disadvantage price change
ماﺮﺑإ دﻮﻘﻋ concluding contracts using futures
رﺎﺛﻵا ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﺑﻮﻏﺮﻤﻟا undesirable effects to prevent
طﻮﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺑ ﺮﯿﺼﻗ short position hedging long position
ﺐﻠﻘﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا interest rate volatility hedging investor
فﺮﺻ تﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا foreign exchange borrowing
ﻆﻓﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا international portfolios bonds prices
ﻢﮭﺤﻟﺎﺻ ﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣً Exercise 1: Translate the above text up to
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻊﻀﺨﺗ تﻻدﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻟود ﻣُ،ﺔﻣﺰﻠ ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺣ رﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻛو ﻢﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
ﻦﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ةﺮﯿﺜﻛ.
ﺄﺠﻠﯾ ﺾﻌﺒﻟا ﻰﻟإ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا تاودﻷا ،ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﻣو تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ ﺐﻨﺠﺗ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺗ ،رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﮫﯿﻠﻋو
مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ هﺬھ تاودﻷا تﺎﯾﺎﻐﻟ طﻮﺤﺘﻟا.
ﺖﺸﻗﺎﻧ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺾﻌﺑ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ءﺎﺸﻧإ قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ نﺎﻤﺿ ﻞﯿﮭﺴﺗ
تاءاﺮﺟﻹا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﯿﺑ.
ﺖﻧﺎﻋ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻮھو ﺮﻣﻷا يﺬﻟا ﺮﺛأ
ﺎﺒﻠﺳً ﻰﻠﻋ راﺮﻘﺘﺳﻻا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻚﻠﺘﻟ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا.
ﻢﻟ ﻊﺒﺘﺗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا تاءاﺮﺟإ ﺔﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﻊﺿو ﻂﻄﺧ ﺾﯾﻮﻌﺘﻟ رﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﺘﺤﻤﻟا ﻢھرﺮﻀﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺮﯿﻐﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ
فﺮﺻ تﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟﻷا.
ﺪﺼﻘﯾ طﻮﺤﺘﻟﺎﺑ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ،تﺎﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا ماﺮﺑإو دﻮﻘﻋ ﻊﯿﺑ وأ ءاﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ رﺎﻌﺳﺄﺑ ةدﺪﺤﻣ ﺔﯾﺎﻗﻮﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ رﺎﺛﻵا
ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﺑﻮﻏﺮﻤﻟا يﻷ ﺮﯿﻐﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ ﻲﻓ ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ طﻮﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا هﺬھ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ضاﺮﻏﻷ طﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﺪﺿ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ عاﻮﻧأ
ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
طﻮﺤﺘﻟا
ءﺎﺸﻧإ قاﻮﺳأ
ﺮﯿﻐﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا
ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا
ﺔﯾﺎﻗﻮﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ
ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻞﯾﻮط
ﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻣ طﻮﺤﺘﻣ
ضاﺮﺘﻗﻻا
رﺎﻌﺳأ تاﺪﻨﺴﻟا

140. Translating finance texts 127
Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﺖﺒﻠط ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢﺴﻗ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻌﺟاﺮﻣ لﺪﻌﻣ حﺎﺑرﻷا ﻲﻓ ﻞظ ﺮﯿﻐﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا عﺎﻔﺗراو ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا
ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا.
•
• The company manager reviewed its profits and losses in the light of production
fluctuations.
ﺖﺿرﺎﻋ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ةﺮﻜﻓ ءﺎﺸﻧإ قاﻮﺳأ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ عﺎﺿوﻷا
ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ،ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺒﺒﺳ قﻼﻏﻹا ﺊﺷﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﺤﺋﺎﺟ ﺎﻧورﻮﻛ.
•
• The government and private-sector committees approved creating markets in the area
due to the difficult conditions resulting from the pandemic.
ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻘﯾﺮﻓﻹا ﻦﻣ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ ﻂﻄﺧ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻣ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ عﺎﻔﺗرا ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ضاﺮﺘﻗﻻا ﻦﻣ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا
ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا.
•
• A number of countries in Africa and the Middle East did not fully implement their
development plans given the high cost of loans from regional banks.
Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺧ ﺔﻤﺟﺎﻧ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺪﺋﺎﻋ ………………… ………………….
ﺪﻘﻧ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟ تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻣ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﻟا ………………… ………………….
ضﺮﻌﺗ ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻤﺘﺋا ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا ………………… ………………….
ةرادإ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺐﻠﻘﺗ ﺮﯿﻏ ﻊﻗﻮﺘﻣ ………………… ………………….
ﺔﻤﯿﻗ لﻮﺻﻷا تاﺮﯿﻐﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ………………… ………………….
تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻣ فﺮﺻ ﻲﺒﻨﺟأ ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺧ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺣ ………………… ………………….
ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻧ ﻦﻋ ﻦﯾﺎﺒﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ………………… ………………….
تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺪﺋاﻮﻌﺑ ﺔﻌﻔﺗﺮﻣ حﺎﺑرأ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻣ ………………… ………………….
ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﺤﺑﺮﻣ ………………… ………………….
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺖﻨﻠﻋأ ثﻼﺛ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻣ ﺎﮭﺳﻼﻓإ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ مﺪﻋ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺾﯾﻮﻌﺗ ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺨﻟا ﺔﻤﺟﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ •
تﻼﻤﻌﻟا لﻼﺧ ﺔﻨﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﺿﺎﻤﻟا.
ﺄﺠﻠﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ طﻮﺤﺘﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻣ ،ﺔﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺎھرﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ةادأ ةرادإ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻣ تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺘﺑ •
رﺎﻌﺳﻷا.
نﺎﻛ ضﺮﻐﻟا ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﻦﻣ ءﺎﺸﻧإ قاﻮﺳأ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻮھ ،طﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﻚﻟذو فﺪﮭﺑ ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺣ رﺎﺠﺘﻟا عﺎﻨﺼﻟاو •
. ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻟاو ﻦﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ ﺮﯿﻐﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣً
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺔﯿﻄﻐﺘﻟا ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺑ ﻞﯾﻮط:
ﺄﺠﻠﯾ ﻰﻟإ هﺬھ ﺔﯿﻨﻘﺘﻟا )طﻮﺤﺘﻟا ءاﺮﺸﻟﺎﺑ( ﺺﺨﺸﻟا يﺬﻟا ﺐﻏﺮﯾ ﻲﻓ )وأ جﺎﺘﺤﯾ( ءاﺮﺷ ﻞﺻأ ﻦﯿﻌﻣ )ﺔﻌﻠﺳ وأ ﺔﻗرو
ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ وأ ﺔﻠﻤﻋ( ﻲﻓ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﻖﺣﻻ ﻰﺸﺨﯾو عﺎﻔﺗرا هﺮﻌﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻚﻟذ ﺦﯾرﺎﺘﻟا . . . فﺪﮭﺑ ﺔﯾﺎﻗﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ عﺎﻔﺗرا
،رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﻰﺘﺣو ﻢﺘﯾ ﺔﮭﺟاﻮﻣ ﻚﻠﺗ ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا ﺄﺠﻠﯾ ﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ءاﺮﺷ دﻮﻘﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻞﺻﻷا رﺎﻌﺳﺄﺑ ةدﺪﺤﻣ
ﺦﯾراﻮﺘﺑو ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺗ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ ﺖﯿﻗﻮﺗ ﺔﺟﺎﺤﻟا ﮫﯿﻟإ ﻰﻠﻋو ﺎﮭﺳﺎﺳأ مﻮﻘﯾ ماﺮﺑﺈﺑ دﻮﻘﻋ ﻊﯿﺑ ﻞﺻﻷا رﺎﻌﺳﺄﺑ ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﮫﻟ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
رﺪﻗ ﻦﻣ ،ﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟا ﮫﯿﻠﻋو ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺨﻟﺎﻓ ﺔﻤﺟﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺮﻌﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ةﺮﺿﺎﺤﻟا ﺎﮭﺿﻮﻌﺗ حﺎﺑرﻷا ﺔﻤﺟﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ
عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺮﻌﺳ ﺪﻘﻌﻟا ﻲﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا
.(Qandour, 2017 , p. 304 )

141. 128 Translating finance texts
5.6 Market competition
Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1
Competition and Monopoly Power: All markets, in any industry, commence their existence
with the introduction by a firm of a product, good, or service to meet previously unfulfilled
demand. The introduction of new products involves expenditures (by the firms who make
the products) that produce common benefits for each market where the products are sold. For
example, the costs that a pharmaceutical manufacturer faces to develop a new drug are one
and the same, irrespective of whether the drug is sold in one country or another. Costs that
cannot be allocated to any single or particular market are referred to as common costs. Com-
mon costs are fixed costs, and the amount of such costs depends on the technical complexi-
ties and risks involved in introducing a new product to the market ( Djolov, 2006 , p. 9).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
monopoly
ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ competition
introduction of
أﺪﺒﯾ commence
رﺎﻜﺘﺣا
حﺮط/ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ
تﺎﻘﻔﻧ
unfulfilled demand ﺐﻠط ﺮﯿﻏ ﻰﺒﻠﻣ / ﻢﻟ ﻢﺘﯾ ءﺎﻓﻮﻟا ﮫﺑ
ﺪﺋاﻮﻓ ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣexpenditures
common benefits pharmaceutical
ﻲﺋاود
new drug ءاود ﺪﯾﺪﺟ irrespective of فﺮﺼﺑ ﺮﻈﻨﻟا / ﺾﻐﺑ ﺮﻈﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ
تاﺪﯿﻘﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻨﻘﺗ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ
technical complexities common costs
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• All markets, in any industry, commence their existence with the introduction by a firm
of a product, good, or service to meet previously unfulfilled demand.
• The introduction of new products involves expenditures that produce common benefits
for each market where the products are sold.
• The costs that a pharmaceutical manufacturer faces to develop a new drug are one and
the same, irrespective of whether the drug is sold in one country or another.
• Costs that cannot be allocated to any single or particular market are referred to as com-
mon costs.
• Common costs are fixed costs, and the amount of such costs depends on the technical
complexities and risks involved in introducing new products.
• The proposed policies primarily aim to raise profits above the expected average which
market competition can achieve.
• Some of the companies which provide services mainly in the Arab world were not able
to compete in African countries due to the different customer needs.
• Local and international companies can achieve common benefits when participating in
different business activities.

142. Translating finance texts 129
Exercise 2: Correct the errors in the following Arabic translations:
• If business firms decide to operate in a highly competitive market, they need to view
customers’ changing needs as a priority.
• ﻲﻓ لﺎﺣ ترﺮﻗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﺳأﺮﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗإ ﺰﯿﻤﺘﺗ ،ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﻚﻠﺘﻟ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا
ﺔﺳارد تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ةﺮﯿﻐﺘﻤﻟا.
• Many Saudi companies are planning to introduce new products to the domestic market
to meet local demand.
• تأﺪﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯾدﻮﻌﺴﻟا ﺾﻌﺑو تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹا حﺮﻄﺑ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺘﻟ
تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا.
• Market competition among companies can lead to the invention of new products which
can better meet consumers’ needs.
• تدأ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺰﯿﻤﺘﺗ ةدﻮﺠﻟﺎﺑ ،ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺘﻟ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا ﺔﻓﺎﻛ
Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
S T T T S T T T
speedy marketing
single market
compete with
market power
product market
market structure
…………………..
…………………..
…………………..
…………………..
…………………..
…………………..
drive efficiency
compete successfully
enter foreign market
affect competition
enhance competitiveness
rival firms
…………………
…………………
…………………
…………………
…………………
…………………
sharp changes
market leader
new products
…………………..
…………………..
…………………..
lose market share
monopolistic competition
barriers to entry
…………………
…………………
…………………
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Companies competing in international markets can focus their efforts to achieve speedy
marketing.
• The company was able to compete successfully in the international market thanks to its
effective strategic management.
• Companies normally do not develop a specific strategy for single markets but rather
adopt strategies they developed earlier to compete in different markets.
• Some companies use their brand and image to compete with other companies in inter-
national markets.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Direct competitors are businesses that sell the same or similar products, provide the
same services, target the same demographic market, and operate in the same geographic
area as your business. Direct competitors are your biggest competition because they want
to sell to, and build customer loyalty with, the exact same people you want ( Stephenson,
2007 , p. 46).

143. 130 Translating finance texts
Text 2
Measures of competition decrease for three industries and increase for the fourth. Competi-
tion decreases in those industries where rival firms also have high financial leverage and
entry is relatively difficult. While competition decreases, leveraged firms either lose sub-
stantial market share or fail to gain share when smaller rivals exit the industry. Competition
increases when the firms with high financial leverage maintain market share and rivals have
low debt. In the industry where competition decreased, the leading firm actually gained
market share, but only at the expense of its own and industry participants’ profits. Competi-
tion, on all measures, has increased in this industry. Decreases in competition documented
are consistent with models where debt commits the leveraged firm to behave less aggres-
sively ( Phillips, 1993 , p. 2).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﺮﯿﺑاﺪﺗ ثﻼﺛ تﺎﻋﺎﻨﺻ three industries measures
rival firms
تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﻌﻓار ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ financial leverage
ﺐﻌﺻ ﺎﯿﺒﺴﻧً ﻲﻘﯿﻘﺣ/يﺮھﻮﺟ
ﺐﺴﻜﯾ ﺔﺼﺣ relatively difficult substantial
ﺔﺼﺣ ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺳ market share gain share
ﻦﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﻐﺻأ ﻆﻓﺎﺤﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ smaller rivals maintain
ﻦﯾد ﺾﻔﺨﻨﻣ/ﻞﯿﻠﻗ
ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﻣ ﻊﻣ
ﻰﻠﻋ بﺎﺴﺣ low debt at the expense of
ﯾمﺰﻠُ consistent with commits
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Measures of competition decrease for three industries and increase for the fourth.
• Competition decreases in those industries where rival firms also have high financial
leverage, and entry is relatively difficult.
• While competition decreases, some firms either lose substantial market share or fail to
gain share when smaller rivals exit the industry.
• Competition increases when the firms with high financial leverage maintain market
share and rivals have low debt.
• In the industry where competition decreased, the leading firm actually gained market
share, but only at the expense of its own and industry participants’ profits.
• Competition, on all measures, has increased in this industry.
• Decreases in competition documented are consistent with models where debt commits
the leveraged firm to behave less aggressively.
• The government suggested encouraging competition and decreasing customs fees and
taxes on imports.
• In market competition, competing companies sell their services and products at lower
prices in order to achieve some profits and grow their market share.
• Although different companies can adopt different competition strategies, non-price
competition is most common in monopolistic competition due to the strong competition
among firms.

144. Translating finance texts 131
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The export company decided to meet the challenges and difficulties by building and
strengthening its market leader position and promoting its brand in regional and interna-
tional markets.
• ترﺮﻗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ تاردﺎﺼﻟا تادراﻮﻟاو ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ءﺎﻨﺑ ﺎﮭﺘﻧﺎﻜﻣ
ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻛ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ،قﻮﺴﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗو ﺎﮭﺘﻣﻼﻋ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟاو.
• Many local companies were not able to meet the international standards relating to
products and export competitiveness and therefore they will lose their market shares.
• ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ةﺪﻋ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ عﺎﻄﻘﻟﺎﺑ صﺎﺨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﺑ ،تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﮫﯿﻠﻋو ﻊﻗﻮﺘﯾ نأ ﺪﻘﻔﺗ
هﺬھ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﮭﺣﺎﺑرأ ﺎﮭﺘﺼﺣو ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺴﻟا.
• The local companies which signed the agreement are expected to create barriers to the
entry of new firms in order to avoid competition.
• ﻊﻗﻮﺘﯾ نأ مﻮﻘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﻌﻗو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯿﻗﺎﻔﺗﻻا ﻖﻠﺨﺑ ﻖﺋاﻮﻋ لﻮﺧﺪﻟ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ
Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
ﺮﺼﺣ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﻌﻗو ﺔﯿﻗﺎﻔﺗﻻا ﻂﻘﻓ.
S T T T S T T T
total sales revenue
economic factors
…………………
…………………
public utilities
market concentration
…………………
…………………
increase efficiency
natural monopoly
existing suppliers
smaller competitors
exited market
…………………
…………………
…………………
…………………
…………………
capital financing
barrier to competition
preferred price
prices and quantities
influence on market
…………………
…………………
…………………
…………………
…………………
successful firms
pricing policy
…………………
…………………
product differentiation
corporate strategies
…………………
…………………
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The company managed, during a short period of time, to sell a huge quantity of its prod-
ucts and therefore achieved high total sales revenue.
• It is inefficient to have companies compete to provide public utilities such as electricity
and water because they cannot lay different networks of cables and pipes.
• Some economic, financial, and technical factors make it impossible for new firms to
enter the market.
• The management discussed removing all barriers to competition.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
In a competitive commercial environment, the only certain way to monitor performance
is by comparison of results against those of competitors. The standards established in the
appraisal of competitor profiles provide the foundation for a full analysis of market shares
( Stapleton & Thomas, 1998 , p. 47).

145. 132 Translating finance texts
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﻦﯾﺎﺒﺘﺗ ﻞﻛﺎﯿھ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ جﺎﺘﻧإ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺪﺣأ تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﺔﯿﺳﺎﯿﻗ.
ةدﺎﻋ ﺎﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ لﻮﺧد تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻰﻟإ ﺪﺣأ تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا وأ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻦﻣ قﻮﺳ ﻰﻟإ ،ﺮﺧآ ذإ
نﻮﻜﺗ هﺬھ ﺰﺟاﻮﺤﻟا وأ تﺎﻗﻮﻌﻣ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﺔﻠﯿﺌﺿ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا تاذ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ،ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﻟا ﺮﻣﻷﺎﻓ ﻻ ﺐﻠﻄﺘﯾ ﻻإ مﺎﯿﻗ
تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﺎﺑ ةﺮﯿﻐﺻ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ،قاﻮﺳﻷا ﻞﺜﻤﻟﺎﺑو نﻮﻜﺗ ﺰﺟاﻮﺤﻟا ﺔﻠﯿﺌﺿ
مﺎﻣأ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺐﻏﺮﺗ ﻲﻓ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺴﺘﺗ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯾرﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻا. ﺎﻣأ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺴﺘﺗ
رﺎﻜﺘﺣﺎﺑ ﺔﻠﻘﻟا قاﻮﺳﺄﻛ تارﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺮﯾﺮﻜﺗو ،لوﺮﺘﺒﻟا كﺎﻨﮭﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺰﺟاﻮﺤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا قﻮﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻚﻠﺗ
قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺚﯿﺣ ﺪﻗ يﻮﻄﻨﯾ ءﺎﻨﺑ ﻊﻨﺼﻣ تارﺎﯿﺴﻠﻟ وأ ﻞﻤﻌﻣ ﺮﯾﺮﻜﺘﻟ لوﺮﺘﺒﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﺔﻈھﺎﺑ. ﺎﻣأ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا
ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺴﺘﺗ ،رﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻﺎﺑ ﺲﯿﻠﻓ كﺎﻨھ ﻲﻧدأ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ لﻮﺧﺪﻟ ﻚﻠﺗ ،قاﻮﺳﻷا ﮫﻧﻷ دﺮﺠﻤﺑ لﻮﺧد يأ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا
ﻰﻟإ ،قﻮﺴﻟا ﻲﻔﺘﻨﺗ ﺔﻔﺻ ﺔﯾرﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻا.
(Riziq, 1998 , pp. 293–294 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﻞﻛﺎﯿھ قﻮﺴﻟا market structures vary/differ
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﺳﺎﯿﻗ standard products industrial areas
تﺎﻗﻮﻌﻣ constraints barriers
ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﻟا perfect competition minimum
ﺔﯾرﺎﻜﺘﺣا monopolistic small investments
ﺮﯾﺮﻜﺗ لوﺮﺘﺒﻟا petroleum refining oligopoly
ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﺔﻈھﺎﺑ high costs involve
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺪﻗ ثﺪﺤﯾ ﻦﯾﺎﺒﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻛﺎﯿھ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ جﺎﺘﻧإ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺪﺣأ تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ
ﺔﯿﺳﺎﯿﻗ.
ةدﺎﻋ ﺎﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ لﻮﺧد تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻰﻟإ ﺪﺣأ تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا وأ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻦﻣ قﻮﺳ ﻰﻟإ ،ﺮﺧآ
ذإ نﻮﻜﺗ هﺬھ ﺰﺟاﻮﺤﻟا وأ تﺎﻗﻮﻌﻣ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﺔﻠﯿﺌﺿ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا تاذ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﻟا.
ﻻ ﺐﻠﻄﺘﯾ ﺮﻣﻷا ﻻإ مﺎﯿﻗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﺎﺑ ةﺮﯿﻐﺻ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ،قاﻮﺳﻷا
ﻞﺜﻤﻟﺎﺑو نﻮﻜﺗ ﺰﺟاﻮﺤﻟا ﺔﻠﯿﺌﺿ مﺎﻣأ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺐﻏﺮﺗ ﻲﻓ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺴﺘﺗ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟﺎﺑ
ﺔﯾرﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻا.
ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺴﺘﺗ رﺎﻜﺘﺣﺎﺑ ﺔﻠﻘﻟا قاﻮﺳﺄﻛ تارﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺮﯾﺮﻜﺗو ،لوﺮﺘﺒﻟا ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺰﺟاﻮﺤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا
قﻮﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻚﻠﺗ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺚﯿﺣ ﺪﻗ يﻮﻄﻨﯾ ءﺎﻨﺑ ﻊﻨﺼﻣ تارﺎﯿﺴﻠﻟ وأ ﻞﻤﻌﻣ ﺮﯾﺮﻜﺘﻟ لوﺮﺘﺒﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ
ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﺔﻈھﺎﺑ.
ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺴﺘﺗ ،رﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻﺎﺑ ﺲﯿﻠﻓ كﺎﻨھ ﻲﻧدأ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ لﻮﺧﺪﻟ ﻚﻠﺗ ،قاﻮﺳﻷا ﮫﻧﻷ دﺮﺠﻤﺑ لﻮﺧد يأ
ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ ،قﻮﺴﻟا ﻲﻔﺘﻨﺗ ﺔﻔﺻ ﺔﯾرﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻا.
ﻞﻤﺘﺤﯾ نأ مﻮﻘﺗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺘﺑ ضارأ ﺔﻋارﺰﻟ عاﻮﻧأ ةدﺪﺤﻣ ﻦﻣ تاوﺮﻀﺨﻟا ﮫﻛاﻮﻔﻟاو ﻖطﺎﻨﻣو ىﺮﺧأ
ٍ
ﺺﺼﺨﺗ نﺎﻜﺳﻺﻟ ﻖطﺎﻨﻣو ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺻ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﻖطﺎﻨﻣ قاﻮﺳأ.
عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا لﻮﻤﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ةﺪﻋ تﻻﺎﻛو ﺔﯿﻟود مﺪﻘﯾ سأر لﺎﻣ ﯾﻤُ َﻦﻜ ﻦﯾﺪﯿﻔﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﮫﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ مﺎﯿﻘﻟا تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﺎﺑ
،ةﺮﯿﻐﺻ فﺪﮭﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺳأ ﻰﻟإ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا.
ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗإ ﺔﯿﻟودو ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺔﻈھﺎﺒﻟا رﺎﺛآو
ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ﻦﯾﺎﺒﺘﺗ
تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا
ﺰﺟاﻮﺤﻟا
ﺔﻠﯿﺌﺿ
تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ةﺮﯿﻐﺻ
رﺎﻜﺘﺣا ﺔﻠﻘﻟا
يﻮﻄﻨﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ

146. Translating finance texts 133
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:
كﺎﻨھ فﻼﺘﺧا ﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻛﺎﯿھ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﺺﺨﯾ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ تاﺰﯿﻤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻧﻼﻋﻹا تﺎﻔﺻو ﻊﻠﺴﻟا. •
• There is no major difference in market structures in relation to competitive advertise- ment and goods prices.
ﻲﻔﺘﺨﺗ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﻌﺳﻼﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا تاذ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﻟا. •
• Pricing competition disappears in non-competitive markets.
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺴﺘﺗ رﺎﻜﺘﺣﺎﺑ ﺔﻠﻘﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻲﺴﯿﺋر ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﻌﺳﻼﻟا. •
• All markets characterized by monopoly depend on price competition.
Exercise 3: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
outperform …….
قﻮﻔﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ءادأ ﻦﯾﺮﺧآ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﻟدﺎﻋ …………………..
cost leadership ……
ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ةدﺎﯿﻗ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ …………………..
ﺔﮭﺟاﻮﻣ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﺑﺎﻗر ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ............................ …………………..
ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﺔﻤﺋﻼﻣ ............................. …………………..
ﺔﻠﻗ ﻦﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺳ ............................ …………………..
ﻢﻋد ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯿﺠﯾوﺮﺗ ............................ …………………..
ﺚﺤﺑ ﻦﻋ قاﻮﺳأ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ ﺔﯿﺑﺎﺠﯾإ ............................ …………………..
ةرﺪﻗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﺔﺼﺣ قﻮﺴﻟا ............................ …………………..
ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﻼﯿﮭﺴﺗ ............................ …………………..
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:
ً ﺖﻣﺪﻗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ارﺎطإﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋًﻦﻤﻀﯾ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻟدﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺎﻔﺸﻟاو ﻦﯿﺑ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻲﻣﺪﻘﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻚﻟذو •
ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺘﻟ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ تاذ ةدﻮﺟ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ.
ﻦﻤﻜﯾ ﺮھﻮﺟ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻟوﺎﺤﻣ ،ﻦﯿﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا وأ ،ﻦﯿﻌﻨﺼﻤﻟا وأ ﻲﻣﺪﻘﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا وأ ﻦﯾرﺪﺼﻤﻟا وأ ﻢھﺮﯿﻏ •
ﻦﻣ بﺎﺤﺻأ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا قﻮﻔﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ءادأ ﻦﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﯾﺮﺧﻵا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا.
ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ةدﺎﯿﻘﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻲھ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ﺎﮭﻌﺒﺘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ ﻞﻌﺠﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ •
ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣو ﻞﻗأ ﻦﻣ رﺎﻌﺳأ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣو ﻦﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ تاﺰﯿﻣ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟ حﺎﺑرﻷا.
تﺪﻋأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻄﺧ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﺔﮭﺟاﻮﻤﻟ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ىﺮﺧﻷا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺖﻠﻤﺷو ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺧ •
ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﺠﯾوﺮﺘﻟا ﺾﻔﺧو رﺎﻌﺳأ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
ﺖﻘﻘﺣ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا تﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ ﺔﯾﺪﻘﻧ ،ﺔﯿﺑﺎﺠﯾإ ﺎﻤﻣ ﺲﻜﻌﯾ ةرﺪﻗ هﺬھ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺴﻟا. •
ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻲﺳﺎﺳأ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ةرﺪﻗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﺼﺣ ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺴﻟا ﺎﮭﺜﺤﺑو •
ﻦﻋ قاﻮﺳأ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺔﯾﻮﻘﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﺗﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺴﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗو ﺪﯾﺰﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ حﺎﺑرﻷا.
ﺖﻤﻋد تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺖﻣﺪﻗو ﺾﻌﺑ تﻼﯿﮭﺴﺘﻟا ﻦﺋﺎﺑﺰﻠﻟ. •
ترﺮﻗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﻼﯿﮭﺴﺗ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟاو ﻢﻋﺪﻟ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا. •
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:
ﻦﻣ ﺔﯿﻤھﻷا ﺪﯿﻛﺄﺘﻟا نأ ﺔﯾﺮﻈﻧ ”نزاﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا“(General Competitive Equilibrium) ﻻ دﻮﻌﺗ
تاذ ىوﺪﺟ ﺎﻤﻟﺎﺣ رﺬﻌﺘﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ”ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟا“ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺎﻤﻟﺎﺣو دﻮﺴﺗ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺎﮭﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ”ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا
صﻮﻘﻨﻤﻟا“
.(Imperfect Competition) ﺮﺜﻛأو تﻻﺎﺣ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا صﻮﻘﻨﻤﻟا ﺎﻓﺮﻄﺗً ﻲھ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ رﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻا ﻲﻌﯿﺒﻄﻟا.
( Kanaan, 2016 )

147. 134 Translating finance texts
Text 2
يدﺆﯾ اﺬھ عﻮﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ جﺎﻣﺪﻧﻻا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ﺰﻛﺮﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺎﮭﻧﻷ ﻞﻠﻘﺗ دﺪﻋ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ،قﻮﺴﻟا ﺮﺜﻜﯾو اﺬھ عﻮﻨﻟا
ﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ كﺎﻨھ ﻖﺋاﻮﻋ ﻊﻨﻤﺗ لﻮﺧد ﻦﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا )عﺎﻄﻘﻛ تﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻا(، ﻦﻣو ﺔﯿﺣﺎﻧ ىﺮﺧأ ﻲﻌﺴﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ىﺮﺒﻜﻟا ﻰﻟإ
لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺒﻛأ ﺔﺼﺣ ﻦﻣ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺄﺠﻠﺘﻓ ﻰﻟإ جﺎﻣﺪﻧﻻا ﻲﻜﻟ ذﻮﺤﺘﺴﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺒﻛأ ﺔﺼﺣ ﻲﻓ ،قﻮﺴﻟا اﺬھو عﻮﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ جﺎﻣﺪﻧﻻا
ﺪﻗ يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﻊﻓر رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﮫﻧﺄﺷ نﺄﺷ ،تﻼﺗﺮﻜﻟا ﻚﻟذو ﮫﻧﻷ ﺢﻤﺴﯾ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ نأ ﻦﻤﯿﮭﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻓاﺮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا
ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﺎﮭﻨﯿﺑ ﺎﮭﯿﻌﺴﻟ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟ ةﺪﺣ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺘﺑ دﺪﻋ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ،قﻮﺴﻟا ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺎﺑو ﺎﻤﻣ ﺄﺸﻨﯾ ﻦﻣ اﺬھ عﻮﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﺟﺎﻣﺪﻧﻻا ﻦﻣ
ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا وأ ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﺎﻧﺎﯿﺣأ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ رﺎﻌﺳﻷﺎﺑ ،ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻦﻜﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺔﯾﺎﮭﻨﻟا يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﺪﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟاو
ﻲﻓ ﺰﻛﺮﺘﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا رﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻاو ﻲﻓ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا(Azzandi, 2018 , p. 220 ) .
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ةدﺎﯾز ﺰﻛﺮﺘﻟا increasing concentration merger
ﻖﺋاﻮﻋ constraints competing firms
ﻦﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا competitors prevents
ﺔﺼﺣ share pursuit
ﻊﻓر رﺎﻌﺳﻷا increase prices acquires
ﺢﻤﺴﯾ ل allows cartels
ﻖﻓاﺮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا production facilities dominates
ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا cost reduction competition severity
ﺰﻛﺮﺘﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا economic concentration lowering prices
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:
يدﺆﯾ اﺬھ عﻮﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ جﺎﻣﺪﻧﻻا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ﺰﻛﺮﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺎﮭﻧﻷ ﻞﻠﻘﺗ دﺪﻋ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ،قﻮﺴﻟا
ﺮﺜﻜﯾو اﺬھ عﻮﻨﻟا ﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ كﺎﻨھ ﻖﺋاﻮﻋ ﻊﻨﻤﺗ لﻮﺧد ﻦﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا )عﺎﻄﻘﻛ تﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻا.(
ﻲﻌﺴﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ىﺮﺒﻜﻟا ﻰﻟإ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺒﻛأ ﺔﺼﺣ ﻦﻣ ،قﻮﺴﻟا ﺄﺠﻠﺘﻓ ﻰﻟإ جﺎﻣﺪﻧﻻا ﻲﻜﻟ ذﻮﺤﺘﺴﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ
ﺮﺒﻛأ ﺔﺼﺣ ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا.
اﺬھ عﻮﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ جﺎﻣﺪﻧﻻا ﺪﻗ يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﻊﻓر رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﮫﻧﺄﺷ نﺄﺷ ،تﻼﺗﺮﻜﻟا ﻚﻟذو ﮫﻧﻷ ﺢﻤﺴﯾ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻣ
ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ نأ ﻦﻤﯿﮭﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻓاﺮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﺎﮭﻨﯿﺑ ﺎﮭﯿﻌﺴﻟ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟ ةﺪﺣ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺘﺑ دﺪﻋ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ
قﻮﺴﻟا.
ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻤﻣ ﺄﺸﻨﯾ ﻦﻣ اﺬھ عﻮﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﺟﺎﻣﺪﻧﻻا ﻦﻣ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا وأ ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﺎﻧﺎﯿﺣأ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ
رﺎﻌﺳﻷﺎﺑ ،ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻦﻜﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺔﯾﺎﮭﻨﻟا يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﺪﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟاو ﻲﻓ ﺰﻛﺮﺘﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا رﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻاو
ﻲﻓ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا.
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا زﺰﻌﺗ ةرﺪﻗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻼﻛً ﻦﻣ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﻖﻓاﺮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗو
ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺲﻜﻌﻨﺘﺳ ﺎھروﺪﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ رﺎﻌﺳأ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺰﻛﺮﺘﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻌﺋﺎﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﯿﺑ ،قﻮﺴﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ ﻢﮭﺴﯾ ﺰﻛﺮﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ نﺎﻤﺿ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻟدﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ
تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
ﻰﻌﺴﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗ رﺎﻌﺳأ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧو فﺪﮭﺑ لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻰﻟإ داﺪﻋأ ﺮﺒﻛأ ﻦﻣ
ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
ﻰﻌﺴﯾ نﻮﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﻢھدﻮﺟو ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ عﺎﺒﺗا تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ
ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ةدﻮﺟ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗو ﺎھرﺎﻌﺳأ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗو تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
جﺎﻣﺪﻧﻻا
تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا
ﻊﻨﻤﺗ
ﻲﻌﺳ
ذﻮﺤﺘﺴﺗ
تﻼﺗﺮﻜﻟا
ﻦﻤﯿﮭﺗ
ةﺪﺣ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا
ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا

148. Translating finance texts 135
Exercise 2: Correct the errors in the following English translations:
ﻰﻌﺴﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﺼﺣ ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺴﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﮭﺟاﻮﻣو ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا
ىﺮﺧﻷا.
•
• Local and regional companies seek to reduce their market share by expanding their
activities and avoiding other competing companies
ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﺑ قاﻮﺳﻷا ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا زﺰﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ىﺮﺧﻷا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ هﺬھ
قاﻮﺳﻷا.
•
• Being familiar with market competition enhances the company ability to compete with
regional companies working in different markets.
كﺎﻨھ تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﺔﮭﺟاﻮﻣ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ،ىﺮﺧﻷا ﻞﺜﻣ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ةدﻮﺟ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗو
رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟاو لﺎﻌﻔﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻠﻟ.
•
• There are non-pricing competition strategies which ensure facing the competition of
local companies. These strategies include introducing new products, reducing prices
and promoting products.
Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
sharpen………..
ةدﺎﯾز ةﺪﺣ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ...............................
ةرﺪﻗ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ........................... ...............................
ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ........................... ...............................
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻞﻗأ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ........................... ...............................
تاﺮﯿﻐﺗ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ قاﻮﺳأ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ........................... ...............................
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﯾ نﻮﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﯿﻟآ جﺎﺘﻧإ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ........................... ...............................
ﺮﺴﺨﯾ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا تاﻮﻨﻗ ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا ........................... ...............................
ةدﻮﺟ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ........................... ...............................
بﺬﺟ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻣ دﺪﺟ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ........................... ...............................
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹاو رﺎﺒﺘﻋا ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﻮﺟ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﻮﻟوأ •
نﺎﻤﺿو مﺪﻋ ﺮﺛﺄﺗ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺘﺑ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻠﻟ ﻢﻋد تﺎﻛﺮﺷ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟاو صﺎﺨﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا يﺬﻟا •
ﻦﻤﻀﯾ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا دﻼﺒﻟا.
تﺮﺴﺧ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻨﻟا ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺎﮭﻤﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟ ﻞﻗأ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ﻲﻓ قﻮﺳ ﻰﻌﺴﺗ ﮫﯿﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ •
تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﻞﻀﻓأ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣو.
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﻮﺟ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺚﺤﺒﻟاو ﻦﻋ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ قاﻮﺳأ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ. •
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﻗ ثﺪﺤﺗ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا. •
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺐﻠﻄﺘﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا لﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻا ﻰﻟإ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ،ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا اﺬھو ﺐﻠﻄﺘﯾ قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺧ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﮭﻓاﺪھأ ﻦﻣو ﺎﻨھ أﺪﺒﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﻄﯿﺴﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟاو ﺪﻗو
توﺎﻔﺘﺗ لوﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ اﺬھ لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﻄﯿﺴﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟا ﺔﯿﺋﺎﻋﺪﻟا بﺮﻘﻟاو ﻦﻣ
قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﻓﺪﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
(Azzuboun, 2016 , p. 6 )

149. 136 Translating finance texts
5.7 Microfinance
Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1
Microfinance has emerged as an important tool for poverty alleviation. The term “microfi-
nance” refers to methodologies used to make extremely small financial transactions at rea-
sonable levels of cost and affordability. Experience has demonstrated the potential of
microfinance for expanding and deepening the access of the poor and low-income house-
holds and of their microenterprises to financial services. In most developing countries,
licensed banks typically serve no more than 5 to 20% of the population. The emergence of
sustainable microfinance institutions (MFIs) has enhanced the development of the financial
sector in many countries that have undertaken macroeconomic and financial reforms by
extending the reach of the financial system to new market niches and contributing to finan-
cial deepening. However, MFIs need to change and develop as the scope of their operations
grows beyond the provision of credit – to include savings, insurance, and other financial
services – and as the scale of their operations expands to reach larger numbers of clients
( Gallardo, Ouattara, Randhawa & Steel, 2005 , p. 1).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺮﻐﺻأ ﻒﯿﻔﺨﺗ ةﺪﺣ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا microfinance poverty alleviation
ﺮﯿﺸﯾ ﻰﻟإ قﺮط/تﺎﯿﻟآ
تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ refers to methodologies
ءاﺮﺟإ / ﻞﻤﻋ
تﺎﯾﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻟﻮﻘﻌﻣ to make financial transactions
ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا reasonable levels affordability
ةرﺪﻗ/ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ
ﺮﺳأ ﺎﮭﻠﺧد ﻲﻧﺪﺘﻣ
لﻮﺼﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ potential of the access of
ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ةﺮﯿﻐﺻ low-income households microenterprises
كﻮﻨﺑ ﺔﺼﺧﺮﻣ ماﺪﺘﺴﻣ licensed banks sustainable
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ تﺎﺣﻼﺻإ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ institutions financial reforms
ﺬﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻗﻮﺳ ﻖﯿﻤﻌﺗ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ market niches financial deepening
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Microfinance has emerged as an important tool for poverty alleviation. The term “micro-
finance” refers to methodologies used to make extremely small financial transactions at
reasonable levels of cost and affordability.
• Experience has demonstrated the potential of microfinance for expanding and deepen-
ing the access of the poor and low-income households and of their microenterprises to
financial services.
• In most developing countries, licensed banks typically serve no more than 5 to 20% of
the population.
• The development of the financial sector promotes economic growth.

150. Translating finance texts 137
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Some countries, including Arab countries, began to support microfinance institutions to
enable them to provide financial aid to different borrowers.
• تأﺪﺑ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻢﻋﺪﺑ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻚﻟذو ﺎﮭﻨﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟ ﻦﻣ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺰﻓاﻮﺣ ﻦﯿﺿﺮﺘﻘﻤﻠﻟ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻟاو
فﺪﮭﺑ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ.
• Promoting the work of microfinance institutions requires facilitating their financial
transactions.
• ﺐﻠﻄﺘﯾ ﻞﻤﻋ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا مﺎﯿﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﺑ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺐﺴﺣ ﺢﺋاﻮﻠﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﻈﻨﺗ ﺎﮭﻠﻤﻋ.
• Microfinance institutions and transactions are governed by specific laws.
• كﺎﻨھ ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ةدﺪﺤﻣ ﻢﻈﻨﺗ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﺸﺗ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا.
Exercise 3: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
provide microfinance ……………… invest in microfinance …………….
small loans ………………. sell insurance …………………
………………… reduce poverty ﻲﻟﻼﻐﺘﺳا / ﻊﺸﺟ ............. predatory lending
strengthen communities ………….. low-income economies ……………..
microfinance programs …………… new opportunities …………………
low-risk activity ………………. investments surged
microfinance providers …………… access microfinance
low-income individuals …………… small business loans ………………...
......تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻣ lending practices ………………. traditional banking
................... تداز
.............لﻮﺼﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The financial institution provides different financial services, including microfinance,
to low-income and unemployed individuals in order to alleviate poverty.
• Investments in microfinance can be directed toward specific microfinance programs
which aim to strengthen local communities.
• All lending practices must comply with the laws and regulations which regulate the
work of microfinance institutions. These laws clearly indicate that predatory lending is
prohibited.
• Investments in microfinance have significantly surged in the last decade.
• Low-income individuals can explore new opportunities to improve their living condi-
tions by applying for small business loans through microfinance.
• Traditional banking services are not suitable for low-income or unemployed individuals
who often request financing from microfinance institutions.
• Microfinance can reduce poverty and help low-income individuals.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Most microfinance programs are small and vulnerable to resource constraints. Most oper-
ate in a few locations and serve specific clusters of clients, so they are exposed to the sys-
temic risks of undiversified loan portfolios ( Meyer & Zeller, 2002 , p. 2).

151. 138 Translating finance texts
Text 2
Private-sector MFIs are often indigenous groups or NGOs operated by local leaders in their
communities. They are frequently supported by international donors and international NGOs
that provide technical assistance or funding, particularly in the start-up phase. Some private
MFIs still subsidize interest rates or deliver subsidized services; others create self-sufficient
operations and rely less and less on external donor funds. A few are beginning to access
funding through commercial banks and international money markets. In addition to NGOs,
both banks and nonbank financial intermediaries may provide financial services to the micro
sector. Private-sector MFIs that have operated in or are currently operating in the country or
region influence the success of new providers by establishing client (or beneficiary) expecta-
tions ( Ledgerwood, 1998 , p. 16).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
عﺎﻄﻗ صﺎﺧ نﺎﻜﺳ ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺻأ private-sector indigenous
تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ ءﺎﻤﻋز ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺤﻣ NGOs local leaders
ﻦﯿﺤﻧﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﻟود ةﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺔﯿﻨﻘﺗ international donors technical assistance
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ءﺪﺒﻟا funding start-up phase
ﻢﻋﺪﯾ رﺎﻌﺳأ / تﻻﺪﻌﻣ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا
ﻲﻔﺘﻜﻣ ﺎﯿﺗاذً subsidize interest rates
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﻣﻮﻋﺪﻣ subsidized services self-sufficient
لاﻮﻣأ ﻦﯿﺤﻧﺎﻤﻟا فرﺎﺼﻣ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ donor funds commercial banks
قاﻮﺳأ لﺎﻤﻟا ﺮﯿﻏ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻣ / ﺮﯿﻏ ﻲﻜﻨﺑ
عﺎﻄﻗ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ةﺮﯿﻐﺻ money markets nonbank
تﺎﮭﺟ ﺔﻄﯿﺳو/ءﺎﻄﺳو intermediaries micro sector
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Private-sector MFIs are often indigenous groups or NGOs operated by local leaders in
their communities.
• MFIs are frequently supported by international donors and international NGOs that pro-
vide technical assistance or funding, particularly in the start-up phase.
• Some private MFIs still subsidize interest rates or deliver subsidized services; others
create self-sufficient operations and rely less and less on external donor funds.
• A few are beginning to access funding through commercial banks and international
money markets.
• In addition to NGOs, both banks and nonbank financial intermediaries may provide
financial services to the micro sector.
• Private-sector MFIs that have operated in or are currently operating in the country or
region influence the success of new providers by establishing client (or beneficiary)
expectations.
• Some MFIs provide subsidized services to a larger number of individuals.

152. Translating finance texts 139
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Microfinance is considered a type of financial services which primarily targets and pro-
vides services to individuals who cannot access the services provided by conventional
banks.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻞﯾﻮط ﻞﺟﻷا ﺎﻋﻮﻧً ﻦﻣ عاﻮﻧأ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا فﺪﮭﺘﺴﺗ داﺮﻓﻷا ﻦﯾردﺎﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا
ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﺗ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا.
•
• Some international donors and NGOs provide technical support and guidance to MFIs.
مﺪﻘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺎﻤﻋدً ﺎﯿﻨﻓً ﻰﻟإ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا. •
• The main role MFIs play lies in bridging the gap between traditional banking and finan-
cial institutions and the individuals who cannot access the services of such institutions.
ﻦﻤﻜﯾ روﺪﻟا ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻓ ﻦﯿﻜﻤﺗ داﺮﻓﻷا ﺮﯿﻏ ﻦﯾردﺎﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﻣ
تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ.
•
Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
microfinance activities …….……… exploit opportunity ................. ﻞﻐﺘﺴﯾ
limited amounts ........................ fund a social project ………………..
nonbanking ……………….. formal institutions .........................
manage debt ………………. limited financial resources …………..
conventional lenders …………….. repayment plans …………………
micro lending .......................... higher costs …………………
economic shocks ……………….. small financial loans …………………
microloan program ………………. lending requirements ……………….
offer loans ………………. donor associations …………………
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Some of the MFIs working in India are trying to exploit market opportunities by provid-
ing loans to potential clients.
• There is a surge in microfinance activities which indicates that MFIs are expanding the
scope of their work.
• The financial activities which some MFIs carry out can include funding social projects
to help the poor.
• This bank does not offer loans to low-income individuals.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Microfinance initiatives can therefore provide access to financial services (such as low-
level credit, deposit and insurance mechanisms), which in turn can stimulate a larger per-
centage of any population’s involvement in a development process by targeting those who
otherwise find it difficult to access financial mechanisms ( Royle, 2016 , p. 30).

153. 140 Translating finance texts
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
ءﺎﻔﺿﻹ ﺪﯾﺰﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻟاﺪﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ،ﺔﯾﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ يروﺮﻀﻟا ﺎﻀﯾأً ﻢﻋد لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ىﺮﻐﺼﻟا ﻊﯿﺳﻮﺘﻟ صﺮﻓ
ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟا صﺮﻓو ﻒﯿظﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﺗاﺬﻟا ءاﺮﻘﻔﻠﻟ. ﺪﻗو ﻻ ﻰﻨﺴﺘﯾ ﻚﻟذ نود ﻢﻋد ﺐﯾرﺪﺘﻟا ﻲﻨﮭﻤﻟا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟاو ،ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗو
تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻا ﺔﻠﺟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ ﻖﻓاﺮﻣ ﺔﯿﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺤﺘﻟا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟاو ﻲﻓ ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯾﺮﻟا ءﺎﯿﺣﻷاو ةﺮﯿﻘﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ نﺪﻤﻟا.
لﺪﺗو برﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ نأ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻨﺒﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻢﻟ دﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﻦﺴﺤﺗ ﻲﻓ ةﺎﯿﺣ تﺎﻘﺒﻄﻟا ﺪﺷﻷا
اﺮﻘﻓً ﺎﻤﻛ ﻮھ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ. ﻚﻟذ نﻷ لﺪﻌﻣ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻌﻔﻟا ﻞﺼﺗ ﻲﻓ ﮫﻠظ ﻰﻟإ ﻮﺤﻧ 30% وأ .45% ﺪﻗو ﺐﺒﺳ اﺬھ ةﺎﻧﺎﻌﻣ
ﺔﯿﻠﻌﻓ ﻦﯿﺿﺮﺘﻘﻤﻠﻟ. ﺢﺒﺼﯾ ﻦﻣ مزﻼﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺗإ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻦﻤﻟ نﻮﻧﺎﻌﯾ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺸﻟا ﻖﻓو ﺲﺳأ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺴﻧإ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺧ
ﻦﻣ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا. اﺬھو ﺐﻠﻄﺘﯾ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﺘﺴﺳﺆﻣو ةﺎﻛﺰﻟا ﻒﻗﻮﻟاو. ﺎﻣأ ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﺺﺨﯾ
،ﻦﯾردﺎﻘﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﯿﻓ ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ ﻎﯿﺻ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻤﻟﺎﻛ ﻲﻓ حﺎﺑرﻷا.
(Shabra, 2011 , pp. 76–77 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﯾﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟا development process to make
ﻊﯿﺳﻮﺘﻟ to increase microenterprise
ﻒﯿظﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﺗاﺬﻟا self-employment employment opportunities
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺮﻐﺻأ microfinance professional training
ﻖﻓاﺮﻣ ﺔﯿﻨﺑ ﺔﯿﺘﺤﺗ infrastructure facilities urgent needs
ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا bank interest slums
لﺪﻌﻣ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻌﻔﻟا actual interest rate the poorest
ﺐﻠﻄﺘﯾ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻟا requires integration borrowers
ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ promotion zakat and waqf
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:
ءﺎﻔﺿﻹ ﺪﯾﺰﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻟاﺪﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ،ﺔﯾﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ يروﺮﻀﻟا ﺎﻀﯾأً ﻢﻋد لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ىﺮﻐﺼﻟا ﻊﯿﺳﻮﺘﻟ صﺮﻓ
ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟا صﺮﻓو ﻒﯿظﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﺗاﺬﻟا ءاﺮﻘﻔﻠﻟ.
ﺪﻗ ﻻ ﻰﻨﺴﺘﯾ ﻢﻋد لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ىﺮﻐﺼﻟا نود ﻢﻋد ﺐﯾرﺪﺘﻟا ﻲﻨﮭﻤﻟا ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟاو ،ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗو تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻا
ﺔﻠﺟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ ﻖﻓاﺮﻣ ﺔﯿﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺤﺘﻟا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟاو ﻲﻓ ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯾﺮﻟا ءﺎﯿﺣﻷاو ةﺮﯿﻘﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ نﺪﻤﻟا.
لﺪﺗ برﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ نأ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻨﺒﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻢﻟ دﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﻦﺴﺤﺗ ﻲﻓ ةﺎﯿﺣ تﺎﻘﺒﻄﻟا
ﺪﺷﻷا اﺮﻘﻓً ﺎﻤﻛ ﻮھ ،بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻚﻟذ نﻷ لﺪﻌﻣ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻌﻔﻟا ﻞﺼﺗ ﻲﻓ ﮫﻠظ ﻰﻟإ ﻮﺤﻧ 30% وأ .45%
ﺐﺒﺳ ﻚﻟذ ةﺎﻧﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻠﻌﻓ ﻦﯿﺿﺮﺘﻘﻤﻠﻟ. ﺢﺒﺼﯾ ﻦﻣ مزﻼﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺗإ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻦﻤﻟ نﻮﻧﺎﻌﯾ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺸﻟا ﻖﻓو
ﺲﺳأ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺴﻧإ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺧ ﻦﻣ ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا.
ﺐﻠﻄﺘﯾ ﻚﻟذ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﺘﺴﺳﺆﻣو ةﺎﻛﺰﻟا ﻒﻗﻮﻟاو. ﺎﻣأ ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﺺﺨﯾ ،ﻦﯾردﺎﻘﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﯿﻓ
ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ ﻎﯿﺻ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻤﻟﺎﻛ ﻲﻓ حﺎﺑرﻷا.
فﺪﮭﺘﺴﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا يوذ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا دوﺪﺤﻤﻟا ﻦﯾﺬﻟا ﻻ نﻮﻌﯿﻄﺘﺴﯾ مﺪﻘﺘﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﺑ لﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ضوﺮﻗ
ﻦﻣ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯾﺪﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟا.
ترﻮط تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأ لﻼﺧ ﻦﯾﺪﻘﻌﻟا ﻦﯾﺮﯿﺧﻷا ﺖﻨﻜﻤﺗو ﻦﻣ لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻖطﺎﻨﻣ
،ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺚﯿﺣ ﺖﻣﺪﻗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ تﺎﺌﻓ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﻣ صﺎﺨﺷﻷا ﻦﯿﻠھﺆﻤﻟا لﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ.
ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ تارﺪﻗ ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺎﮭﯾﺪﻟ ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﺺﺨﯾ قﺎﻄﻧ تﺎﯿﻟآو
ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ضوﺮﻘﻟا ةﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟا.
زﺮﺒﺗ ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻓ ةﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺣ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا.
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ءﺎﻔﺿإ
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ىﺮﻐﺼﻟا
صﺮﻓ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻋ
ﺐﯾرﺪﺘﻟا ﻲﻨﮭﻤﻟا
تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻا ﺔﻠﺟﺎﻌﻟا
ءﺎﯿﺣﻷا ةﺮﯿﻘﻔﻟا
ًﺪﺷﻷا اﺮﻘﻓ
ﻦﯿﺿﺮﺘﻘﻣ
ةﺎﻛﺰﻟا ﻒﻗﻮﻟاو

154. Translating finance texts 141
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ىدأ رﻮﮭظ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ رود تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ لوﺪﻟا لﻮﺣ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا. •
• The delayed emergence of financial institutions promoted the role of commercial banks in the region.
زﺰﻌﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ةرﺪﻗ يدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﯿظﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﺗاﺬﻟا لﻮﺼﺤﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺧد ﻢﮭﻨﻜﻤﯾ
ﻦﻣ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﻢھاﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﺸﯿﻌﻤﻟا.
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• MFIs develop the poor people’s capacity of self-employment and maintaining a good salary.
ﻰﻟإ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻚﻟذو ً ﺎﯿﻨﻓً ﺎﺒﯾرﺪﺗوً ﺎﯿﻨﮭﻣً مﺪﻘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﮭﺠﻟا ﺔﺤﻧﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟاو ﺎﻤﻋد
ﺎﮭﻨﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟ ﻦﻣ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻔﺑ.
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• A number of local donors provide support for MFIs to enable them to provide their services.
Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ضاﺮﻗﻹاو ضوﺮﻗ ةﺮﯿﻐﺻ ............................ ...............................
ﻢﻋد ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ةﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ راﺮﻘﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا ............................ .........................
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﯿﺤﺑر micro…………. ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﯿھﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺮﻐﺼﻟا ............................
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳأ تﺎﻧﺎﻤﺿ ةﺮﺴﯿﻣ easy……………….............................
ضوﺮﻗ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ةرﺪﻘﻣ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ………………… …………………...
ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ ﺔﻟﻮﯿﺳ ﺔﻣزﻻ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺔﯿﻤﺳر ………………… ..........................
ﺔﻠﯿﺳو ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋر صﺮﻓ ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺴﻣ ........................... ...............................
ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺴﻣ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﯿﻋارز ........................... ...............................
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ضاﺮﻗإ ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻣ ﺰﻔﺤﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺘﻟا ........................... ...............................
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺖﺳرد ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ نوﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا صﺎﺨﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺘﻟ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟا
،ﺔﯿﻔﯾﺮﻟا فﺪﮭﺑ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﻞﺧد نﺎﻜﺳ هﺬھ ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟا.
مﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﺎﺿوﺮﻗً ةﺮﯿﻐﺻ ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻠﻟ ،ءﺎﺴﻨﻟاو ﻢﻋﺪﻟ ﻢﮭﻌﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ةﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا
ﻢھﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ راردإ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا.
مﺪﻘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﺳﺮﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳأ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ضاﺮﻗإ يوذ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا ،دوﺪﺤﻤﻟا ﻢﮭﻨﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟ
ﻦﻣ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺴﻣ.
ﺮﻓﻮﺗ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ضاﺮﻗﻹا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻟﻮﯿﺳ ﺔﻣزﻻ ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻠﻟ ﻢﮭﻨﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟ ﻦﻣ عرز ﻞﯿﺻﺎﺤﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗو
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا.
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Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:
فﺪﮭﯾ اﺬھ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا ﻲﺜﺤﺒﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ جذﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻨﺒﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﻗﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﺟأ لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻰﻟإ
ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﻞﺜﻣﻷا دراﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻒﻗﻮﻟا تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣو ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻓ لود ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ نوﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا
فﺪﮭﺑ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ قوﺪﻨﺻ ﺪﻘﻨﻟا ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا فﺎﻗوﻷاو ﻲﻓ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻاو ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻟ
ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ﺔﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻒﯿﻔﺨﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ ةﺪﺣ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا.
Source: https://www.sesric.org/

155. 142 Translating finance texts
Text 2: Source: https://alghad.com/
ﺢﺘﻓ رﻮﮭظ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ مﺎﻜﺣأ ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا مﺎﻣأ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﻦﯿﯾﻼﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ داور
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ﻦﯿﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ قﺮﺸﻟا ﻂﺳوﻷا ﺎﮭﺟرﺎﺧو. ىﺮﺤﺘﺗ ﺎﯿﺸﯿﻟأ ﺮﻟﻮﺑ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ دﻮﻌﺻ ﻞﯿﺟ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﻣ تﺎﯿﻟآ
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا. مﺮﺑأ فﺮﺼﻣ ،نﺎﯾﺮﻟا ﻮھو ﺮﺒﻛأ فﺮﺼﻣ ﻲﻣﻼﺳإ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟا ،ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻛاﺮﺷ ﻊﻣ
ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺔﺛﺎﻏﻹا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ،ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲھو ىﺪﺣإ ﺮﺒﻛأ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﯿﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا. ﻲﻓو رﺎطإ هﺬھ ﺔﻛاﺮﺸﻟا ، ﻦﻣ
رﺮﻘﻤﻟا نأ ﻢھﺎﺴﯾ فﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ثﺪﺣأ تاردﺎﺒﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺣﺮﻄﺗ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا
ﺎﮭﺘﺣﺎﺗإو ﻰﻟإ ةﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺎﮭﺋﻼﻤﻋ ﻎﻟﺎﺒﻟا ﻢھدﺪﻋ 70 ﻒﻟأ ﻞﯿﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻛّ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟا ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣو قﺮﺸﻟا ﻂﺳوﻷا.
ﻘﻓووﺎً رﻮﺘﻛﺪﻠﻟ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،ﻦﯿﺳوﺮﻛ ﺲﯿﺋر ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺔﺛﺎﻏﻹا ،ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا فﺪﮭﺗ هﺬھ
ّ ةﻮﻄﺨﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻋﻮﻟا نﺄﺸﺑ ﺔﯿﻤھأ تاردﺎﺒﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻻ ﺜﻤﺗﻞ ﯿﻟﺎﺣﺎً ىﻮﺳ
ﺪﺣاو ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟإ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﯿﻌﺼﻟا ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا.
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﻤﻟا compatible with emergence of
مﺎﻣأ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ for financing rules
ﻦﯿﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻟا potential entrepreneurs
ﻞﯿﺟ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ new generation looking into
فﺮﺼﻣ نﺎﯾﺮﻟا al Rayan bank Islamic microfinance
ﺔﻛاﺮﺸﻟا partnership humanitarian organizations
ثﺪﺣأ تاردﺎﺒﻣ latest initiatives promoting
ﺎﮭﺋﻼﻤﻋ their clients they offer
ﺪﯿﻌﺼﻟا ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا internationally increase awareness
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:
رﻮﮭظ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ مﺎﻜﺣأ ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺢﺘﻓ لﺎﺠﻤﻟا مﺎﻣأ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﻦﯿﯾﻼﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ داور
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ﻦﯿﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ قﺮﺸﻟا ﻂﺳوﻷا ﺎﮭﺟرﺎﺧو.
ىﺮﺤﺘﺗ ﺎﯿﺸﯿﻟأ ﺮﻟﻮﺑ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ دﻮﻌﺻ ﻞﯿﺟ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﻣ تﺎﯿﻟآ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا.
مﺮﺑأ فﺮﺼﻣ ،نﺎﯾﺮﻟا ﻮھو ﺮﺒﻛأ فﺮﺼﻣ ﻲﻣﻼﺳإ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟا ،ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻛاﺮﺷ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺔﺛﺎﻏﻹا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا
،ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲھو ىﺪﺣإ ﺮﺒﻛأ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﯿﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا.
ﻲﻓ رﺎطإ هﺬھ ،ﺔﻛاﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ رﺮﻘﻤﻟا نأ ﻢھﺎﺴﯾ فﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ثﺪﺣأ تاردﺎﺒﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا
ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺣﺮﻄﺗ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﺣﺎﺗإو ﻰﻟإ ةﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺎﮭﺋﻼﻤﻋ ﻎﻟﺎﺒﻟا ﻢھدﺪﻋ 70 ﻒﻟأ ﻞﯿﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻛّ ﻦﻣ
ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟا ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣو قﺮﺸﻟا ﻂﺳوﻷا.
ﻘﻓوﺎً رﻮﺘﻛﺪﻠﻟ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،ﻦﯿﺳوﺮﻛ ﺲﯿﺋر ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺔﺛﺎﻏﻹا ،ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا فﺪﮭﺗ هﺬھ
ّ ةﻮﻄﺨﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻋﻮﻟا نﺄﺸﺑ ﺔﯿﻤھأ تاردﺎﺒﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻻ ﺜﻤﺗﻞ ﯿﻟﺎﺣﺎً
ىﻮﺳ ﺪﺣاو ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟإ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﯿﻌﺼﻟا ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا.
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﯿﺨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗو دراﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ،ﺎﮭﯾﺪﻟ
ﺎﻤﻣ زﺰﻌﯾ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻋد يدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا.
ﺗﻦﻜﻤ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا يدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا ﺮﺳﻷاو ةﺮﯿﻘﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ مﺪﻘﺘﻟا تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺑ لﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ُ
ضوﺮﻗ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺘﻟ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ةﺮﯿﻐﺻ.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻖﻓاﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ مﺎﻜﺣأ ﺔﯿﻋﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﺣأ زﺮﺑأ تارﺎﯿﺨﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا مﺎﻣأ ﺔﺌﻓ
يدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا لﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ.
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رﻮﮭظ
مﺎﻜﺣأ
داور لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
ىﺮﺤﺘﺗ
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ ﺮﻐﺻأ ﻲﻣﻼﺳإ
تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﯿﺨﻟا
ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ
ﺎﮭﺣﺮﻄﺗ
ةدﺎﯾز ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻋﻮﻟا

156. Translating finance texts 143
Exercise 2: Correct the errors in the following English translations:
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا اﺪﻓارً اﺪﯾﺪﺟً ﻦﻣ ﺪﻓاور ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺚﯿﺣ مﻮﻘﺗ فرﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا
ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺘﺑ ﻢﻋﺪﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا ءاﺮﻘﻔﻠﻟ.
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• Islamic microfinance is one aspect of traditional financing where banks provide support
to different clients including the poor.
ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ زﺮﺑأ تﺎﻤﺳ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ بﺎﯿﻏ ﺎﺑﺮﻟا ﻊﻓاوﺪﻟاو ﺔﯾﺪﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ ،حﺎﺑرأ فﺮﺼﺑ
ﺮﻈﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ عﺎﺿوﻷا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
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• A major feature of Islamic microfinance lies in promoting and increasing interest-based
financing and traditional banking to achieve profits.
ﻖﻘﺣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا اﻮﻤﻧً ﺎﻌﯾﺮﺳً لﻼﺧ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟا ،ﺔﯿﺿﺎﻤﻟا ﻢھﺎﺳو ﻲﻓ ﻦﯿﻜﻤﺗ ﻦﯿﯾﻼﻣ
ﻦﯿﺸﻤﮭﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹاو ﻦﻣ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻣزﻼﻟا.
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• Microfinance achieved limited growth in the last centuries and enabled millions in the
Arab countries to apply for traditional financial services.
Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯾﺮﻟا ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا حﺎﺑرﻷاو ........................... .......................
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻠﻟ ﻦﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ........................... ...............................
ﺔﯾراﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ةدﺎﯾز رﺎﺸﺘﻧﻻا ........................... ...............................
ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﯿﻐﺸﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﯾﻮﻤﺗو ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا ........................... ..............................
ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ ءادﻷا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ........................... ..............................
ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ نزاﻮﺗ ........................... ..............................
ﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ يﺰﺠﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﺛأ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ........................... ..............................
عﺎﻄﻗ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ........................... ..........................
ةادأ ﺔﺑرﺎﺤﻤﻟ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ........................... ...............................
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﺣأ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﺔﺑرﺎﺤﻣ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯾﺮﻟا.
ﺐﻌﻠﯾ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ارودً ازرﺎﺑً ﻲﻓ ﻦﯿﻜﻤﺘﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺪﺤﻟاو ﻦﻣ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻲﻌﺴﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
ﻦﯿﻓﺪھ ،ﻦﯿﺳﺎﺳأ ﺎﻤھو ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺳﻻا تﺎﺣﻮﻤطو ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا.
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺳا ﻞﻤﻋ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺘﻟ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا
ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا فﺪﮭﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺳأ ﻰﻟإ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﺛأ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا.
تزﺮﺑ ﺔﯿﻤھأ عﺎﻄﻗ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ ةدﺎﯾز رﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﮫﺗﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻲﺘﻟا مﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ،ءاﺮﻘﻔﻠﻟ
ﻢﮭﻨﻜﻤﺗ ﻦﻣ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﮭﻠﺧد ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ.
تﺬﻔﻧ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻊﯾرﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯾﺮﻟا.
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Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻏﺮﻟا ﻦﻣ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ ﻊﯿﻤﺟ ءﺎﺤﻧأ ،ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻻإ ﺎﮭﻧأ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا ﻢﻟ ﻲﺒﻠﺗ ﺪﻌﺑ
ﻢﺠﺣ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟاﻊّ ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻐﺻﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻲﻓ ندرﻷا ﺚﯿﺣ ﻻ لاﺰﺗ كﺎﻨھ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﺔﺳﺎﻣ ﺮﯿﻏ
ةﺎﻓﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻟإ ﺪﺣ ﺮﯿﺒﻛ. كﺎﻨھ ﻲﻟاﻮﺣ 4% ﻦﻣ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﯾﺬﻟا نﻮﻠﻀﻔﯾ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻓاﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺸﻟا
ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﺘﯾ ﺎﮭﺘﯿﺒﻠﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا مﺪﻘﺗ ﺎﺠﯾﺰﻣً ﻦﻣ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺪﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹاو.
Source: https://www.findevgateway.org/

157. 6 Translating marketing texts
6.1 Products and brands
Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1
The corporate brand has become increasingly important in today’s markets and society. Not
only do corporate brands provide companies with competitive advantages, they also repre-
sent the way in which companies behave towards society. Products and brands have been
fulfilling consumers’ needs for quite some time, but now, as markets are full of interchange-
able products and brands, consumers increasingly look for distinguishing companies. Com-
panies use a corporate branding strategy – that is, a strategy in which the corporate brand
plays a central role – to radiate reliability, innovativeness, or social responsibility, for exam-
ple. Consumers use such company associations to evaluate the company. This evaluation is
often referred to as the corporate image. Consumers’ evaluations of the company’s products
and services are generally considered to be moderated by this corporate image and vice
versa; the product evaluations influence the image of the corporate brand ( Cramer, Neijens
& Smith, 2003 , p. 111).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
increasingly important
تﺎﻣﻼﻋ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ corporate brand
represent
ﺎﯾاﺰﻣ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ competitive advantages
interchangeable
ﻲﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا fulfilling needs
ةﺰﯿﻤﻣ distinguish
دادﺰﺗ ﮫﺘﯿﻤھأ
ﻞﺜﻤﺗ
ﻞﺑﺎﻗ لدﺎﺒﺘﻠﻟ
ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
branding strategy
central role
رود يﺰﻛﺮﻣ/يرﻮﺤﻣ
رﺎﻜﺘﺑﻻا radiate reliability ﺲﻜﻌﯾ ءﺎﻓو/ﺔﻧﺎﻣأ
ﺔﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
innovativeness social responsibility
ةرﻮﺻ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا corporate image moderated by ﺖﺤﺗ فاﺮﺷا / ةرادإ
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The corporate brand has become increasingly important in today’s markets and
society.
• Products and brands have been fulfilling consumers’ needs for quite some time, but
now, as markets are full of interchangeable products and brands, consumers increas-
ingly look for ways to distinguish one company from another..
• Companies use a corporate branding strategy – that is, a strategy in which the corporate
brand plays a central role – to radiate reliability, innovativeness, or social
responsibility.
• Consumers use such company associations to evaluate the company. This evaluation is
often referred to as the corporate image.
• The company is working to promote its corporate brand in different areas.
DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-7

158. Translating marketing texts 145
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Consumers’ evaluations of the company’s products and services are generally affected
by this corporate image and vice versa; the product evaluations influence the image of
the corporate brand.
• ﺪﻗ ﻻ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﺗ تﺎﻤﯿﯿﻘﺗ ﻦﯾدرﻮﻤﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ مﺎﻋ ﻰﻟإ ةرادﻹا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ةرﻮﺻ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا
ﺲﻜﻌﻟاو ؛ﺢﯿﺤﺻ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ تﺎﻤﯿﯿﻘﺗ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ةرﻮﺻ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
• Not only do corporate brands provide companies with competitive advantages; they
also represent the way in which companies behave toward society.
• ﺮﻓﻮﺗ تﺎﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﺎﯾاﺰﻣ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹا زﺰﻌﺗو ﺎھرود ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا
ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺎﮭﺗرﻮﺻ.
• While companies make products, consumers build corporate brands through their
expectations and experiences with the products.
• نوﺎﻌﺘﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا نﻮﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟاو ﻲﻓ ءﺎﻨﺑ ةرﻮﺻ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ تﺎﻌﻗﻮﺘﻟا.
Exercise 3: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
offer to a market
…………………. reinforce …………………
satisfy a want …………………... evolving needs …………………
related products ………………….. growing sales …………………
declining profitability ……………... re-evaluate product mix …………….
تاذ......................
sale by retailers ………………….. are branded
competing offerings
………………. customers’ attitudes ………………..
فاﺮﺘﻋﻻا ـﺑ..............
extensive advertising ……………... brand recognition
product’s logo
…………………... to market products …………………
marketing practice ………………… distinguish products ……………….
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Companies offer their products to local or international markets in order to satisfy cus-
tomers’ wants or needs.
• A product logo can help consumers easily identify the name of the manufacturing com-
pany which reflects a product recognition.
• Some poor corporate branding strategies which the company implemented resulted in a
profitability decline.
• Companies can reinforce their brand names by promoting their exclusive packaging and
design.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
All brands signify a relationship between consumers and an environment. However,
brands differ on which environment, which aspect of that environment and which consumers
they relate. In online environments consumers cannot physically inspect and evaluate the
products or services offered ( Guang & Pennington, 2009 , p. 163).

159. 146 Translating marketing texts
Text 2
Pricing of Products – Price of product refers to the amount of money customers have to pay
to obtain a product. The demand for a product or service is related to its price. Generally
lower the price, higher would be the demand for the product and vice versa. The marketers
have to properly analyze the factors determining the price of a product and take several cru-
cial decisions in this respect, including setting the pricing objectives, determining the pricing
strategies, determining the price and changing the prices.
Physical Distribution – Managing physical distribution is another very important function
in the marketing of goods and services. The two major decision areas under this function
include (i) decision regarding channels of distribution or the marketing intermediaries and
(ii) physical movement of the product from place of production to place of consumption
( Tulsian, 2007 , p. 12).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﺮﯿﻌﺴﺘﻟا ﻎﻠﺒﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ pricing amount of money
ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا/ﻦﺋﺎﺑﺰﻟا
ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ
ﻞﺼﺤﯿﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ to obtain customers
ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ب/ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ب
ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ةدﺪﺤﻣ demand for related to
ﻦﯿﻗﻮﺴﻤﻟا marketers factors determining
تاراﺮﻗ ﺔﻤﺳﺎﺣ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ / ﻂﺒﺿ
تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﯿﻌﺴﺘﻟا crucial decisions setting
فاﺪھأ ﺮﯿﻌﺴﺘﻟا pricing objectives pricing strategies
ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﻲﻨﯿﻋ تاﻮﻨﻗ ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا physical distribution channels of distribution
ءﺎﻄﺳو ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ كﻼﮭﺘﺳا marketing intermediaries consumption
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Pricing of Product: Price of product refers to the amount of money customers have to
pay to obtain a product.
• The demand for a product or service is related to its price.
• Generally lower the price, higher would be the demand for the product and vice versa.
• The marketers have to properly analyze the factors determining the price of a product
and take several crucial decisions in this respect.
• The decision relates to setting the pricing objectives, determining the pricing strategies,
determining the price and changing the prices.
• Physical Distribution: Managing physical distribution is another very important func-
tion in the marketing of goods and services.
• The two major decision areas under this function include (i) decision regarding channels
of distribution or the marketing intermediaries and (ii) physical movement of the prod-
uct from place of production to place of consumption.
• The physical distribution is based on the efficiency of the logistics company which
operates in different countries.

160. Translating marketing texts 147
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• Different companies can use varied pricing strategies when marketing and selling their
products.
• مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺲﻔﻧ تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﯿﻌﺴﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا
ﺎﮭﻌﯿﺑو ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ.
• Some NGOs provide assistance to farmers which includes small agricultural loans and
ً
marketing of their products.
،ﻦﯿﻋراﺰﻤﻠﻟ ﻞﻤﺸﯾ ضوﺮﻗ ﺔﻠﯾﻮط ﻞﺟﻷا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗو ﻢﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا • مﺪﻘﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺎﻤﻋد
ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا.
because of the high quality of imported products.
• ﻞﻀﻔﯾ نﻮﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ءاﺮﺷ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﻻﺪﺑً ﻦﻣ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ةدرﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا
ﺮﻘﺘﻔﺗ ﻰﻟإ ةدﻮﺠﻟا.
• In developing countries, consumers prefer imported products to products made locally
Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
production processes
……………... habit of consuming …………………
marketing skills …………………... product innovation …………………
product specifications ……………. brand management …………………
protect products ………………… unscrupulous competitors ………….
category of products ……………… consumer perceptions ………………
utilitarian benefits ………………… prominence in markets ……………..
company reputation ……………… launch new products ………………...
usage experience ………………….. create awareness …………………
strong brands ………………….. brand elements …………………
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Environmentalist have stressed the importance of developing and introducing produc-
tion processes which do not harm the environment.
• Companies generally use their brands to protect their products and services from unscru-
pulous competitors.
• International companies which promote product innovation can achieve prominence in
international markets.
• Different companies adopt different marketing skills and strategies to develop the habit
of consuming among their clients.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
The main function of product policy is to guide the activities of the firm toward common
goals. In that the success of the company is measured not only by its current profits but also
by its long-term growth, the company must strike a delicate balance between optimizing its
current operations and making adequate provision for the future ( Baker & McTavish, 1976 ,
p. 19).

161. 148 Translating marketing texts
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
ﺮﺒﻌﺗ ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﻔﺻ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا وأ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا وأ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ،ﺎھﺰﯿﻤﺗ ءاﻮﺳ ﻦﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ عﻮﻨﻟا وأ ﺔﺒﺗﺮﻤﻟا
وأ نﺎﻤﻀﻟا وأ ﺔﻘﯾﺮط ،ﺮﯿﻀﺤﺘﻟا ﺪﺼﻘﯾو عﻮﻨﻟﺎﺑ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا وأ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا زﺎﺘﻤﺗ ﺎﮭﺑ ﻦﻋ
ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ وأ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺑ ىﺮﺧأ ﺔﻠﺛﺎﻤﻣ وأ ﺔﮭﺑﺎﺸﻣ ،ﺎﮭﻟ ﺎﻣأ ﺔﺒﺗﺮﻤﻟا ﺪﺼﻘﯿﻓ ﺎﮭﺑ ﺔﺟرد ةدﻮﺠﻟا نﺎﻘﺗﻹاو
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻠﻟ وأ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻀﺒﻟا دﻮﺼﻘﻤﻟاو نﺎﻤﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻮھ ﺪﮭﻌﺗ ﻊﻧﺎﺼﻟا وأ ﺮﺟﺎﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺣﻼﺼﺑ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا وأ ﺔﻋﺎﻀﺒﻟا وأ نﺎﯿﺑ
ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟا ﺔﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ،ﺎﮭﺒﯿﻛﺮﺗ يﺬﻟاو ﻦﻣ ﮫﻧﺄﺷ نأ يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻘﺜﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟاو ﺎﮭﻠﯿﻀﻔﺗو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎھﺮﯿﻏ.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ىﺪﺣإ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﺮﺟﺎﺘﻟا وأ ﻊﻧﺎﺼﻟا وأ مﺪﻘﻣ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟا نﻼﻋﻺﻟ ﻦﻋ ﮫﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ وأ ﮫﻌﺋﺎﻀﺑ وأ
ﺪﺨﻟاﻣﺎت اﻲﺘﻟ ﺪﻘﯾﺎﮭﻣ، ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﯾ ﻦﻋ ﺮطﻖﯾ ﻋﻹانﻼ واﺪﻟﺎﻋﺔﯾ ﻼﻌﻟﮫﺘﻣ نأ ﻞﺼﯾ إﻰﻟ ھذأنﺎ اﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟ ﺑﺳاﻮﻄﺔ اﺪﺨﺘﺳام
ﻞﺋﺎﺳو نﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا.
( Alghwairi, 2008 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﺔﻔﺻ trademarkstatus
نﺎﻤﻀﻟا rankguarantee
ﺔﻠﺛﺎﻤﻣ featuresame
ﺔﺟرد ةدﻮﺠﻟا quality level similar
ﺪﮭﻌﺗ ﻊﻧﺎﺼﻟا manufacturer undertaking perfection
نﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺪﻟاو publicity product viability
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺮﺒﻌﺗ ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﻔﺻ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا وأ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا وأ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ،ﺎھﺰﯿﻤﺗ ءاﻮﺳ ﻦﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ عﻮﻨﻟا وأ •
ﺔﺒﺗﺮﻤﻟا وأ نﺎﻤﻀﻟا وأ ﺔﻘﯾﺮط ﺮﯿﻀﺤﺘﻟا.
ﺪﺼﻘﯾ عﻮﻨﻟﺎﺑ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا وأ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا زﺎﺘﻤﺗ ﺎﮭﺑ ﻦﻋ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ وأ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺑ •
ىﺮﺧأ ﺔﻠﺛﺎﻤﻣ وأ ﺔﮭﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﮭﻟ.
ﺔﺒﺗﺮﻤﻟا ﺪﺼﻘﯾ ﺎﮭﺑ ﺔﺟرد ةدﻮﺠﻟا نﺎﻘﺗﻹاو تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻠﻟ وأ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻀﺒﻟا دﻮﺼﻘﻤﻟاو نﺎﻤﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻮھ ﺪﮭﻌﺗ ﻊﻧﺎﺼﻟا وأ •
ﺮﺟﺎﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺣﻼﺼﺑ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا وأ ﺔﻋﺎﻀﺒﻟا وأ نﺎﯿﺑ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟا ﺔﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ،ﺎﮭﺒﯿﻛﺮﺗ يﺬﻟاو ﻦﻣ ﮫﻧﺄﺷ نأ يدﺆﯾ
ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻘﺜﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟاو ﺎﮭﻠﯿﻀﻔﺗو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎھﺮﯿﻏ.
ُﻊﻨﺼ وأ مﺪﻘﻣ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟا نﻼﻋﻺﻟ ﻦﻋ ﮫﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ وأ ﮫﻌﺋﺎﻀﺑ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ىﺪﺣإ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﺮﺟﺎﺘﻟا وأ ﻤﻟا •
وأ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ،ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﯾ ذإ ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﯾ ﻦﻋ ﻖﯾﺮط نﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺪﻟاو ﮫﺘﻣﻼﻌﻟ نأ ﻞﺼﯾ ﻰﻟإ نﺎھذأ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا
ﺔﻄﺳاﻮﺑ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻞﺋﺎﺳو نﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا.
ﺮﻤﺜﺘﺴﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻎﻟﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻣ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﺮﺨﺴﺗو ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ فﺪﮭﺑ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ تﻼﻤﺣ نﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺪﻟاو ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻠﻟ •
ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ.
ﺪﺼﻘﯾ ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺘﻟا ﺰﯿﻤﻤﻟا يﺬﻟا ﺪﻗ ﻞﻤﺸﯾ تارﺎﻌﺷ وأ تﺎﻣﻮﺳر وأ زﻮﻣر وأ تﺎﻤﻠﻛ دﺪﺤﺗ •
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ؛ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ﺢﻨﻤﺗو ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا قﻮﻘﺣ ﺔﯿﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ.
ﻰﻌﺴﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺟرد ةدﻮﺟ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ،ﺎﮭﻨﯿﺴﺤﺗو فﺪﮭﺑ •
ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﺘﻣﻼﻋ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﻌﻤﺳو ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﯿﺣﻼﺻ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺪﺣأ ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﺐﺴﻜﻟ ﺔﻘﺛ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﺑ ،ﺎﻣ ﻮھو •
ﺮﻣﻷا يﺬﻟا يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ةرﻮﺻ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ىﺪﻟ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ةرﻮﺻ ﺎﮭﺘﻣﻼﻋ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا.
مﺰﻠﺘﺴﯾ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ حﺎﺠﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ اﺬھ قﻮﺴﻟا نﺎﻤﺿ ةدﻮﺟ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا مﺎﻈﺘﻧاو ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا. •
ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
ﺔﺒﺗﺮﻤﻟا
زﺎﺘﻤﺗ
ﺔﮭﺑﺎﺸﻣ
نﺎﻘﺗﻹا
ﺔﯿﺣﻼﺻ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا

162. Translating marketing texts 149
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻌﻤﺳ ﺎﮭﺘﻣﻼﻋ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ةﺪﯿﺠﻟا ىﺪﻟ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا لﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ
ﺎﮭﺗارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻ ﻲﻓ ﻖطﺎﻨﻣ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ.
•
• Some local private-sector companies depend on their consumers’ experience reputation
in order to fund their investments locally and internationally.
ﺖﺼﻠﺧ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎھﺮﯾﺮﻘﺗ نأ ﺔﻌﻤﺳ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا تﺮﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﺒﻠﺳً اﺮﻈﻧً ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯾﻮﻘﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ىﺮﺧأ ﺖﻠﺧد
قﻮﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺲﻔﻧ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا. ،ﮫﯿﻠﻋو ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻊﺿو تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا
ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗو ﺔﻌﻤﺳ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ضﺮﻋو رﺎﻌﺳأ ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ.
•
• The external committee said that the company brand was badly affected by other com-
peting companies. Therefore, it must develop strategies to ensure competing in other
markets in order to improve its reputation.
ﺮﯿﺸﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ثﺎﺤﺑﻷاو ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳﺎﺑ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا نأ ﺔﻌﻤﺳ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ ةوﺮﺛ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﺗ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ.
•
• Some new research papers indicate that business strategies can help improve a company
reputation by protecting its strategic wealth.
Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
تارﺎﻌﺷ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﻮﺟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا .......................... ...........................
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ءادأ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻞﻀﻓأ ﺔﻌﻤﺳ ةﺪﯿﺟ ......................... ...........................
تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺳ تﺎﮭﺟ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺎﺑ ......................... ...........................
ﮫﯾﻮﺸﺗ ﺔﻌﻤﺳ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ تاﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ........................ ..........................
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ....................... .........................
نزاﻮﺗ تارﺪﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا زاﺮﺑإ ﺔﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ....................... .........................
ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻣ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻒﯿﻨﺼﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ....................... .........................
مﺎﻤﺘھا ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ءﺎﻨﺑ ﺔﻌﻤﺳ ....................... .........................
ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺗ ﺎﯾاﺰﻤﺑ ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ ءﻻو ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ....................... ........................
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ مﺎﯿﻗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺎھروﺪﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯿﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺪﺣأ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺎﮭﺣﺎﺠﻧ ﻲﻓ لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻰﻟإ
ﺮﺒﻛأ دﺪﻋ ﻦﻣ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ءﺎﻨﺑو ﺔﻌﻤﺳ ةﺪﯿﺟ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ارﻮﻓً ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺟﺎﻌﻣ يدﺮﺗ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ،تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا يدﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ﮫﯾﻮﺸﺗ ﺎﮭﺘﻌﻤﺳ مﺪﻋو ةرﺪﻘﻟا
ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ تاﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ.
ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ ءﻻو ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ نزاﻮﺗ تارﺪﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا.
•
•
•
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:
ةدﺎﻋإ ﻊﺿﻮﻤﺘﻟا:
ةدﺎﻋإ ﻊﺿﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻨﻌﺗ حﺮط تﺎﻣﻼﻋ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻛﺎﻣأ ﺐﻠط ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻲﻓ قﻮﺳأ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﻜﻟو ﺲﻔﻨﺑ فﺎﻨﺻﻷا
ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺨﻟاو تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻨﻌﺗ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ،عﺎﻄﻘﻟاو ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟاو ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ضﺮﺤﺗ راﺮﻗ ءاﺮﺷ ،ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا نإ ةدﺎﻋإ
ﻊﺿﻮﻤﺘﻟا راﺮﻗ ﻲﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻦﻣ ﮫﻧﺄﺷ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ هﺎﺠﺗﻻا مﺎﻌﻟا كﺮﺤﺘﻟ جاورو ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا.
( Meraj, 2013 , p. 70)

163. 150 Translating marketing texts
6.2 Marketing
Section 1: English into Arabic
Text 1
Most people in business have an understanding of what marketing is all about – getting and
keeping the right customers. Although you will find many definitions on marketing when
you search for it, I like this definition best for its simplicity and usability. Marketing can be
direct marketing, viral marketing, branding, customer relationship management, promotion
and advertising, public relations, and so on. Product marketing is marketing that is focused
on the product (or service) the company is bringing to market.
Product managers can be found in all kinds of companies, from pharmaceutical makers to
furniture manufacturers and from fast-food chains to computer vendors. Regardless of the
industry, product managers have one thing in common; they are responsible for the market-
ing of their product ( Butje, 2012 , p. 2).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
what marketing is
بﺎﺤﺻأ لﺎﻤﻋأ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ people in business
usability
بﺬﺟ ظﺎﻔﺤﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ getting and keeping
ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ direct marketing
ﺔﯿھﺎﻣ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا
ﺔﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا
ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﻲﺳوﺮﯿﻓ
viral marketing
ﻢﯿﺳﻮﺗ/ﺰﯿﯿﻤﺗ يرﺎﺠﺗ
نﻼﻋإ
ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ branding promotion
تﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ advertising public relations
ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﺗ ل ءارﺪﻣ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا is bringing to product managers
ﻞﺳﻼﺳ تﺎﺒﺟو ﺔﻌﯾﺮﺳ يدرﻮﻣ ةﺰﮭﺟأ بﻮﺳﺎﺣ fast-food chains computer vendors
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Most people in business have an understanding of what marketing is all about – getting
and keeping the right customers.
• Although you will find many definitions on marketing when you search for it, this defi-
nition is the best because of its simplicity and usability.
• Marketing can be direct marketing, viral marketing, branding, customer relationship
management, promotion and advertising, public relations, and so on.
• Product marketing is marketing that is focused on the product (or service) the company
is bringing to market.
• Product managers can be found in all kinds of companies, from pharmaceutical makers
to furniture manufacturers and from fast-food chains to computer vendors.
• Regardless of the industry, product managers have one thing in common; they are
responsible for the marketing of their product.
• The use of modern technology can develop new direct marketing channels and promote
competitiveness.

164. Translating marketing texts 151
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The new product manager was tasked with preparing a new plan to effectively and effi-
ciently market the company products.
ﺐﻠ ﻦﻣ ﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻢﺴﻗ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا داﺪﻋإ ﺔﻄﺧ ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻔﺑ
ةءﺎﻔﻛو.
ُ• ط
• The start-up company developed a plan to promote itself by disseminating information
about its products and brand.
• تﺪﻋأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ةﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺔﻠﯾﻮط ﺔﻄﺧ ﺔﯿﺠﯾوﺮﺗ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺮﺸﻧ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﻦﻋ ،ﺎﮭﺘﻌﻤﺳ
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗو ،ﺎﮭﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣو.
• In order to improve its services, the company management reviewed its customer rela-
tionship management which it used to analyze its customers’ interactions and feedback
on the services provided to them.
• ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣو ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺔﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ةرادإ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻊﻣ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﺘﻟاو ﻢﺘﯾ ﻦﻣ
ﺎﮭﻟﻼﺧ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺗ ءﻼﻤﻋ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا لﻮﺣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟاو ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﻢﮭﻟ.
Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
product life cycle
………………. product success …………………
decline phase ………………. getting right customers ………………
optimize sales results ……………. strategizing …………………
product definition ……………… technical design …………………
regular improvements …………….. extend product life …………………
design phase ………………. continuous adjustments …………….
product marketer ……………… target market …………………
time and budget ……………… user experience …………………
competitors’ products ……………. profit performance …………………
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The company has limited opportunities to directly influence the final phase of the prod-
uct life cycle and may therefore experience a decline phase.
• The main indicator of the success of the product marketers lies in their ability to opti-
mize sales.
• The committee representing public- and private-sector companies encouraged the
efforts aimed at reducing environmental impacts during the product life cycle.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
When examining external opportunities and threats, marketing managers must analyze
aspects of the marketing environment. This process is called environmental scanning – the
collection and interpretation of information about forces, events, and relationships in the
external environment that may affect the future of the organization or the implementation of
the marketing plan ( Hair, Lamb & McDaniel, 2012 , p. 33).

165. 152 Translating marketing texts
Text 2
Firms interested in targeting the older consumer are faced with a number of decisions regard-
ing the development and marketing of products and services. These range from new product
development to minor modifications in product features to better satisfy the needs of older
consumers. In the area of product management, product decisions do not necessarily involve
new product development and change. Marketers may simply promote the same products
differently or position them in a way that would be of greater appeal to the older person.
Thus, decisions concerning the development and marketing of products and services range
widely in scope. Regardless of the nature of the decision, managers need to understand older
persons’ needs, attitudes, and perceptions of existing products. Understanding such needs
would enable marketers to design products and services to satisfy older consumer needs,
modify existing products or services, or even position them differently to better serve the
needs of the marketer ( Moschis, 1994 , p. 89).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
تﺎﻛﺮﺷ / تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ
فﺪﮭﺘﺴﺗ firms targeting
تﻼﯾﺪﻌﺗ ﺔﻔﯿﻔط range from … to minor modifications
ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﺒﻠﯾ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣا product features satisfy the needs
ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻣ رﺎﺒﻛ ﻦﺴﻟا نﻮﻗﻮﺴﻣ older consumers marketers
جوﺮﯾ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺔﯿﺑذﺎﺟ greater appeal promote
تارﻮﺼﺗ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻤﺼﯾ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ perceptions of design products
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ةﺮﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا ضﺮﻌﯾ existing products position
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Firms interested in targeting the older consumer are faced with a number of decisions
regarding the development and marketing of products and services.
• These range from new product development to minor modifications in product features
to better satisfy the needs of older consumers.
• In the area of product management, product decisions do not necessarily involve new
product development and change.
• Marketers may simply promote the same products differently or position them in a way
that would be of greater appeal to the older person.
• Decisions concerning the development and marketing of products and services range
widely in scope.
• Regardless of the nature of the decision, managers need to understand older persons’
needs, attitudes, and perceptions of existing products.
• Understanding such needs would enable marketers to design products and services to
satisfy older consumer needs, modify existing products or services, or even position
them differently to better serve the needs of the marketer.
• Companies take older consumers into consideration when marketing products.

166. Translating marketing texts 153
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• E-marketing enables different producers to market their products in different places.
• ﺐﺴﻜﯾ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا يﺪﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟا ﻢﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﺑ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻛﺎﻣأ
ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ.
• Direct marketing depends on direct communication with carefully selected customers.
• ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ةﺮﯿﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻا ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻣ ﻢﺘﯾ ﻢھرﺎﯿﺘﺧا
ﺔﯾﺎﻨﻌﺑ.
• The two main types of marketing are domestic marketing and international marketing.
• كﺎﻨھ نﺎﻋﻮﻧ ﻦﻣ عاﻮﻧأ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﺎﻤھو ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ،ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟاو ﻲﻤﯿﻠﻗﻹا.
Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
marketing task
……………… marketing strategy ………………
marketing plan ……………… cost-effective marketing ……………
marketing campaign ……………… trading of goods ……………….
marketing principles ……………… promotion and distribution ………….
satisfy varied needs ……………… target potential customers …………..
marketing objective ……………… marketing activities ……………….
favorable market ……………… marketing management ……………..
market conditions ……………… huge market share ……………….
domestic markets ……………... supply of goods ………………
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The marketing department discussed different topics which include marketing tasks,
cost-effective marketing, and marketing campaigns.
• Effective marketing management enables companies to practically apply market tech-
niques and methods.
• Given the favorable market conditions, many manufacturers and exporters focused on
producing and exporting highly profitable goods.
• The marketing plan clearly outlines the activities which the company should undertake
to achieve the marketing objectives.
• The marketing strategy which the company adopted was effective.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Products contain features. A person buys the product to receive the benefits of its features.
The benefits are the advantages the features bring to the user. No one cares if you can make
your product light in weight. That’s a product feature. ( Dobkin, 1996 , p. 63).

167. 154 Translating marketing texts
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
ﺪﻌﯾ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا اءﺰﺟً ﺎﻣﺎھً ﻦﻣ ءاﺰﺟأ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋو تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا جﺎﺘﻧإ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗو
تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﻣزﻼﻟا ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟاو ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﻞﻤﻌﺗو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﮫﺗﺎﺣﻮﻤط. ﺎﻤﻛ ﻞﺜﻤﯾ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻻﺎﺠﻣً ﻒﯿظﻮﺘﻠﻟ ﻖﻠﺧو
ﻒﺋﺎظﻮﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ ﻞﻤﻌﯾ ﻲﺜﻠﺛ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗً ﻲﻓ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا. ﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏوً ﺎﻣ ﻞﺜﻤﯾ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ،ﺔﻔﻠﻛ ﻻ ﺪﺑ ﻦﻣ ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳﻻا ،ﺎﮭﻨﻣ
ﺪﻘﻓ زوﺎﺠﺘﺗ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا 50% ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ جﺎﺘﻧإ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟا وأ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻟا. ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟاو ﻦﻣ ﮫﻧﺄﺷ نأ ﻢﻋﺪﯾ بﻮﻠﺳأ ةﺎﯿﺤﻟا
يدﺆﯾو ﻰﻟإ ،ﺔﯿھﺎﻓﺮﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ ﺪﺤﺘﺗ ﺔﯿﻤﻛ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ،ﻞﺧﺪﻟﺎﺑ رﻮﻄﯾو ﻂﻤﻧ ةﺎﯿﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ،ﺮﻤﻌﻟا
،ﺲﻨﺠﻟاو ىﻮﺘﺴﻣو ،ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا ﺎﻤﻛ نأ ضﺮﻌﻠﻟ ﺐﻠﻄﻟاو ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ةﺎﯿﺣ ،تﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﻠﻜﻓ نﺎﻛ مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻲﻘﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا
ﺮﺜﻛأ ةرﺪﻗ ،ةءﺎﻔﻛو ﺎﻤﻠﻛ ىدأ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ ﻊﯿﻤﺟ ،تﺎﺟﺎﺤﻟا ﻞﺑ ﮫﻧأ ﻰﻌﺴﯾ ﻰﻟإ رﺎﮭظإ تﺎﺟﺎﺣ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ تﺎﺒﻏرو ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ
ﻢﺘﯾ ﺎﮭﺘﯿﺒﻠﺗ داﺪﻣإو ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﺑ. نوﺪﺑ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻦﻟ ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﺗ ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا تﺎﻋاﺮﺘﺧﻻاو رﺎﺸﺘﻧﻻا لﻮﺻﻮﻟاو ﻰﻟإ
ﻞﻛ سﺎﻨﻟا ﻲﻛ اﻮﻣﻮﻘﯾ ﺎﮭﺋاﺮﺸﺑ ،ﺎﮭﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳاو ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟﺎﻓ يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﺮﺸﻧ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﻲﻠﺤﻣو. ﻞﻀﻔﺑو
ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا لﻮﺤﺘﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻜﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻊﻠﺳ ﺔﯾروﺮﺿ.
(Abbas & Alkamim, 2011 , pp. 28–29 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
organizational
necessary services
employment
exceeds
life pattern
inventions
luxury goods
ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ
تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﻣزﻼﻟا
ﻒﯿظﻮﺗ
زوﺎﺠﺘﺗ
ﻂﻤﻧ ةﺎﯿﺣ
تﺎﻋاﺮﺘﺧا
ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻜﻟا marketing
produce products
achieve aspirations
create jobs
life style
goods and services
globally and locally ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا
جﺎﺘﻧإ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﮫﺗﺎﺣﻮﻤط
ﻖﻠﺧ ﻒﺋﺎظو
بﻮﻠﺳأ ةﺎﯿﺤﻟا
ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو
ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﻲﻠﺤﻣو
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:
• ﺪﻌﯾ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا اءﺰﺟً ﺎﻣﺎھً ﻦﻣ ءاﺰﺟأ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﻤﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋو تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا جﺎﺘﻧإ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا
ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗو تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﻣزﻼﻟا ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟاو ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﻞﻤﻌﺗو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﮫﺗﺎﺣﻮﻤط.
• ﻞﺜﻤﯾ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻻﺎﺠﻣً ﻒﯿظﻮﺘﻠﻟ ﻖﻠﺧو ﻒﺋﺎظﻮﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ ﻞﻤﻌﯾ ﻲﺜﻠﺛ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗً ﻲﻓ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا. ﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏوً ﺎﻣ
ﻞﺜﻤﯾ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ،ﺔﻔﻠﻛ ﻻ ﺪﺑ ﻦﻣ ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳﻻا ،ﺎﮭﻨﻣ ﺪﻘﻓ زوﺎﺠﺘﺗ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا 50% ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ جﺎﺘﻧإ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟا
وأ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻟا.
• ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﮫﻧﺄﺷ نأ ﻢﻋﺪﯾ بﻮﻠﺳأ ةﺎﯿﺤﻟا يدﺆﯾو ﻰﻟإ ،ﺔﯿھﺎﻓﺮﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ ﺪﺤﺘﺗ ﺔﯿﻤﻛ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ،ﻞﺧﺪﻟﺎﺑ
رﻮﻄﯾو ﻂﻤﻧ ةﺎﯿﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ،ﺮﻤﻌﻟا ،ﺲﻨﺠﻟاو ىﻮﺘﺴﻣو ،ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا ﺎﻤﻛ نأ ضﺮﻌﻠﻟ ﺐﻠﻄﻟاو ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ
ﻰﻠﻋ ةﺎﯿﺣ تﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا.
• ﺎﻤﻠﻛ نﺎﻛ مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻲﻘﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﺮﺜﻛأ ةرﺪﻗ ،ةءﺎﻔﻛو ﺎﻤﻠﻛ ىدأ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ ﻊﯿﻤﺟ ،تﺎﺟﺎﺤﻟا ﻞﺑ ﮫﻧأ ﻰﻌﺴﯾ ﻰﻟإ رﺎﮭظإ
تﺎﺟﺎﺣ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ تﺎﺒﻏرو ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻢﺘﯾ ﺎﮭﺘﯿﺒﻠﺗ داﺪﻣإو ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﺑ.
• نوﺪﺑ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻦﻟ ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﺗ ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا تﺎﻋاﺮﺘﺧﻻاو رﺎﺸﺘﻧﻻا لﻮﺻﻮﻟاو ﻰﻟإ ﻞﻛ سﺎﻨﻟا ﻲﻛ اﻮﻣﻮﻘﯾ ﺎﮭﺋاﺮﺸﺑ
،ﺎﮭﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳاو ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟﺎﻓ يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ﺮﺸﻧ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﻲﻠﺤﻣو. ﻞﻀﻔﺑو ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا لﻮﺤﺘﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻜﻟا
وأ ﺔﯿﮭﯿﻓﺮﺘﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻊﻠﺳ ﺔﯾروﺮﺿ.
• ﻼﻤﻋًﻰﻠﻋﯾزةدﺎﯾﻹاتاداﺮاﻮﻜﺤﻟﺔﯿﻣ،ﺮﻓﺖﺿاﻮﻜﺤﻟﺔﻣﺿﺋاﺮﺐﻰﻠﻋاﻊﻠﺴﻟاﺎﻤﻜﻟﺔﯿﻟواﺮﺘﻟﺔﯿﮭﯿﻓوﺾﻌﺑﻟاتادراﻮ
ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﺟﻮﯾ ﺎﮭﻟ ﻞﯾﺪﺑ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ.
• ﺚﺤﺑ ءﺎﻀﻋأ ﺲﻠﺠﻣ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻌﺒﺘﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا فﺮﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ىﺪﻣ ﺎﮭﺘﻤﺋﻼﻣ
تارﻮﻄﺘﻟ لﺎﺠﻣ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو.

168. Translating marketing texts 155
Exercise 2: Correct the errors in the following English translations:
زﺮﺒﺗ ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺪﻋﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ صﺮﻓ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻤﻟ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻦﻣ
بﺎﺒﺸﻟا.
•
• The importance of direct marketing lies in reducing employment by providing job
opportunities to the youth.
ﺪﺼﻘﯾ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﻲﻌﻨﺼﻣ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻣﺪﻘﻣو تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ فﺎﺸﺘﻛا تﺎﺒﻏر
ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﺘﯿﺒﻠﺗو.
•
• Local marketing refers to the processes which help producers identify consumers tastes
and meet them.
أﺪﺒﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻞﺒﻗ حﺮط ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ةﺮﺘﻔﺑ ؛ﺔﻠﯾﻮط ﻞﻤﺸﺗو هﺬھ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ،ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ
نﻼﻋﻹاو ﻦﻋ ،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟاو ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟاو.
•
• Advertisement begins much earlier than selling the products in markets and includes
offering new products, developing products, evaluation and distribution of the
products.
Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ قﻮﺴﻟا تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ………………… …………………..
ﻞﺜﻤﻣ تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا تﺎﺟﺎﺣ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ........................... ……………………
ﻞﺻاﻮﺗ ﻊﻣ ءﻼﻤﻋ ﻦﯿﯿﻟﺎﺣ تادﺎﻋ ءاﺮﺸﻟا ......................... ................................
تاءﺎﻔﻛ ةﺰﯿﻤﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ صﺮﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ........................... ...............................
قاﻮﺳأ ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ضﺮﻌﻟا ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا ........................... ...............................
راﺮﻗ ءاﺮﺸﻟا ﻊﻓاود ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا .......................... ..............................
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺔﯿﺤﺑﺮﻟا ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ طﺎﺸﻨﻟا ﻲﻘﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ......................... ...............................
……… skimming
ﻂﺸﻛ قﻮﺴﻟا تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ...............................
قاﺮﺘﺧا قﻮﺳ ﺔﻧوﺮﻣ ﺮﻌﺴﻟا ............................ ..............................
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺪﺼﻘﯾ صﺮﻔﺑ قﻮﺴﻟا تﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﻟ ﻢﻘﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﮭﺘﯿﺒﻠﺘﺑ ﻲﻓ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﻦﻜﻤﺗ
ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ جﺎﺘﻧإ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗو حﺎﺑرأ.
ﺪﺼﻘﯾ قﻮﺴﺑ ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا قﻮﺴﻟا يﺬﻟا ﻞﻤﺸﯾ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا داﺮﻓﻷاو ﻦﻤﻣ نﻮﻣﻮﻘﯾ ءاﺮﺸﺑ ﻊﻠﺳ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣو
ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻟا.
تدﺪﺣ ةرادإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا صﺮﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺖﻣﺎﻗو ﻊﺿﻮﺑ ﺔﻄﺧ فﺪﮭﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻲﺴﯿﺋر ﻰﻟإ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯿﻘﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﯿﺤﺑﺮﻟا ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ.
ﺐﻌﻠﺗ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ارودً ﺎﯿﺳﺎﺳأً ﻲﻓ ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا.
ﺪﻗ يدﺆﺗ ﺔﻧوﺮﻣ ﺮﻌﺴﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﯾز ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
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Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:
ﻞﺜﻤﯾ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻟا ةادأ تﻻﺎﺼﺗا ﺔﯿﺠﯾوﺮﺗ ﺔﺴﯿﺋر ﺮﺜﻛأو ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﻲﻓ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ﺎﮭﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا
،ﺔﯿﻛﻼﮭﺘﺳﻻا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺔﻌﯿﺒط ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا هﺪﯿﻘﻌﺗو ﺔﯾدوﺪﺤﻣو ﮫﯿﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻣ. ﻲﻔﻓ ﻦﯿﺣ ﺰﻛﺮﯾ قﻮﺴﻟا ﻲﻛﻼﮭﺘﺳﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ
نﻼﻋﻹا ﻂﯿﺸﻨﺗو ،تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا ﺰﻛﺮﯾ قﻮﺳ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻟا.
( Alabbadi & Sweedan, 2011 , p. 343)

169. 156 Translating marketing texts
Text 2
نﻮﻜﯾ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا تﺎﯾﺪﺘﻨﻤﻟا ،ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا ،ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟاو
تﺎﺤﻔﺻ ،ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﻟدأ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا ،ﺎﮭﺳرﺎﮭﻓو ﻊﻗاﻮﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا تﻼﻤﺣ ﺪﯾﺮﺒﻟا ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻦﻣو لﻼﺧ
تﺎھﻮﯾﺪﯿﻔﻟا تﺎﻧوﺪﻤﻟاو ﻒﺤﺼﻟاو ،تﻼﺠﻤﻟاو ﺺﺨﻠﺘﺗو ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ،هﺰﯿﯿﻤﺗو
ﺮﻌﺴﻟاو ،بﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟاو ،فﺪﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻛو ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا ،ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟاو تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋو لﺎﺼﺗﻻا ،ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺘﻟاو ﺎﻣأ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ
ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا جﺎﺘﺤﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تاودﻷا ﻞﻌﺠﺘﻟ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا اذ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ،ﺔﺤﺟﺎﻧ هﺬھو تاودﻷا ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﻲﻓ
تﺎﻛﺮﺤﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ضﺮﻌﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻊﻗاﻮﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟ ،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻊﻗﻮﻣو بﻮﯿﺗﻮﯿﻟا يﺬﻟا حﺮﺸﯾ
ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻞﯿﺼﻔﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻛو ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ءاﺮﺸﻟا ،ﻞﺻاﻮﺘﻟاو ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑو ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا يﺬﻟا ضﺮﻌﯾ تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ،ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ
ﺪﯾﺮﺒﻟاو ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻞﺻاﻮﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻒظﻮﻣ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ،ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟاو ﻞﻤﻋو ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ضﺮﻌﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﯾﺮﻄﺑ
ﮫﺘﻔﻠﻣ ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻠﻟ.
(Azzubi & Annasr, 2019 , p. 8 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T
ST
تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا
free ads e-marketing
ﺔﻟدأ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧإ تﺎﯾﺪﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ web directory specialized forums
ﻊﻗاﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا سرﺎﮭﻓ social media websites indexes
ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ فﺪﮭﺘﺴﻣ تﻼﻤﺣ ﺪﯾﺮﺑ ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ targeted community email campaigns
ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺗ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ/ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ
اذ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ delivery distribution/promotion
تﺎﻛﺮﺤﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا search engines effective
ﻒظﻮﻣ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻞﯿﺼﻔﺘﻟﺎﺑ marketing officer in details
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:
نﻮﻜﯾ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا تﺎﯾﺪﺘﻨﻤﻟا ،ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا •
،ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟاو تﺎﺤﻔﺻ ،ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﻟدأ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا ،ﺎﮭﺳرﺎﮭﻓو ﻊﻗاﻮﻤﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا تﻼﻤﺣ ﺪﯾﺮﺒﻟا ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا
ﻦﻣو لﻼﺧ تﺎھﻮﯾﺪﯿﻔﻟا تﺎﻧوﺪﻤﻟاو ﻒﺤﺼﻟاو تﻼﺠﻤﻟاو.
ﺺﺨﻠﺘﺗ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ،هﺰﯿﯿﻤﺗو ﺮﻌﺴﻟاو ،بﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟاو ،فﺪﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻛو •
ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا ،ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟاو تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋو لﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺘﻟاو.
جﺎﺘﺤﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تاودﻷا ﻞﻌﺠﺘﻟ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا اذ ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻓ ،ﺔﺤﺟﺎﻧ هﺬھو تاودﻷا •
ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﻲﻓ تﺎﻛﺮﺤﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ضﺮﻌﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻊﻗاﻮﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟ ،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻊﻗﻮﻣو
بﻮﯿﺗﻮﯿﻟا يﺬﻟا حﺮﺸﯾ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻞﯿﺼﻔﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻛو ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ءاﺮﺸﻟا ،ﻞﺻاﻮﺘﻟاو ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑو ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا يﺬﻟا ضﺮﻌﯾ
تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ،ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺪﯾﺮﺒﻟاو ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻞﺻاﻮﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻒظﻮﻣ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ،ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟاو ﻞﻤﻋو ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺪﻟا
ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ضﺮﻌﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﯾﺮﻄﺑ ﮫﺘﻔﻠﻣ ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻠﻟ.
جﺎﺘﺤﯾ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا ﻰﻟإ ةرادإ ةﺪﯿﺟ ﻂﻄﺧو ،ﺔﺤﺿاو ﻚﻟذو ﻒﯿﻜﺘﻠﻟ ﻊﻣ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺘﻟا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا •
ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟاو.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ نﺎﻤﺿ ماﺰﺘﻟا ﻒظﻮﻣ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا بادﻵﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻨﮭﻤﻟا تارﺎﮭﻣو ،ﻞﺻاﻮﺘﻟا ﮫﻧﻷ ﻞﺻاﻮﺘﯾ ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ •
ﻊﻣ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا.
مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ةﺪﻋ ﺐﯿﻟﺎﺳأ تﺎﯿﻨﻘﺗو بﺬﺠﻟ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻢﮭﻋﺎﻨﻗإو ءاﺮﺸﺑ ،تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ هﺬھ •
ﺐﯿﻟﺎﺳﻷا ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﯾﺪﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا ﻦﻣو لﻼﺧ تﻼﻤﺣ ﺪﯾﺮﺒﻟا ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا.
ﺐﺴﺘﻛا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺑ ىﺪﻟ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ •
ةﺪﻋ ،ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﺎﮭﻨﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا.

170. Translating marketing texts 157
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﺪﺼﻘﯾ ﺰﯿﯿﻤﺘﺑ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻞﻌﺟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ءﻲﺷ ﺎﻣ ﻦﻋ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﯾ نﻮﻌﺋﺎﺑ نﻮﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ زاﺮﺑإ
،تﺎﻓﻼﺘﺧﻻا وأ نﻼﻋﻹا وأ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻒﯿﻠﻐﺘﻟا.
•
• Product differentiation refers to making a product compete with other products in the
market by promoting advertisement or packaging.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ صﺮﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ مﺎﯿﻘﻟا ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺘﺑ ،قﻮﺴﻟا ﻢﺘﯾة ﻚﻟذ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ دﺎﺠﯾإ قﻮﺴﻟا فﺪﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا
جﺎﺘﻧإو تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا.
•
• Companies should identify marketing by doing market segmentation which includes
finding a competitive market and producing competitive products.
ﺪﻗ جﺎﺘﺤﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﺮﻌﺳ ،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا نﺎﻜﻣو ﮫﻌﯿﺑ تﺎﯿﻟآو ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻟا ﮫﻟ
فﺪﮭﺑ ةدﺎﯾز تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا.
•
• Companies may need to review products price, quality, sales, and advertisement to
improve product sales.
Exercise 3: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﺮﯿﻌﺴﺗ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺗو عﺎﺒﺷإ تﺎﺟﺎﺣ داﺮﻓأ .......................... .............................
ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﯿﻌﯿﺑ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﺮﺒﻋ تاﻮﻨﻗ .......................... ............................
…..…………mix
ﺞﯾﺰﻣ ﻲﻘﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﻊﯿﺑ ﺮﺒﻛأ ﺔﯿﻤﻛ ............................
ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺗ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا تاودأ / ﺐﯿﻟﺎﺳأ ﺔﯿﻘﯾﻮﺴﺗ
ﺮﯾﺪﻘﺗ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ........................... ...........................
ﻢﺠﺣ تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا ........................... ...........................
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ قﻮﺴﻟا فﺪﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا .......................... ...........................
صﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا ءارﺪﻣ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا .......................... ...........................
ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﻲﺟرﺎﺧ inbound ………... ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﻲﻠﺧاد ..........................
ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﻲﻤﻗر .......................... ………………….
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:
فﺮﻌ ﺞﯾﺰﻤﻟا ﻲﻘﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا تاودﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻘﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺎﮭﻓاﺪھأ ﺔﯿﻘﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا ﯾُ•
فﺪﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
ﺐﻠﻄﺘﺗ ةرﺪﻗ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﻲﻋﻮﻟا ﺪﯿﺠﻟا ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺨﺑ قﻮﺴﻟا ،فﺪﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﮫﻤﺠﺣو ﮫﻋﻮﻧو •
ﺐﯿﻟﺎﺳأو ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا.
ﻦﻤﻜﺗ ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ قﻮﺴﻟا فﺪﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ،ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﻗ أﺮﻄﺗ •
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﻠﺗ ،تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻤﻟا ،قﻮﺴﻟاو ةرﺪﻘﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻا ﻚﻠﺘﻟ تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟا.
ﻊﺒﺘﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا تﺎﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﺔﺜﯾﺪﺣ بﺬﺠﻟ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا. •
ﻰﻌﺴﺗ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻊﯿﺑ ﺮﺒﻛأ ﺔﯿﻤﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ. •
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:
نإ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا مﻮﯿﻟا ﺲﯿﻟ دﺮﺠﻣ ﺔﻔﯿظو ﻦﻣ ﻒﺋﺎظو تﺂﺸﻨﻣ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا. ﮫﻧإ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ بﻮﻠﺳأو ،يﺮﯿﻜﻔﺗ ةوﻼﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ نأ
ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻮھ ﺔﻘﯾﺮط ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺘﻟ ﺔﻠﻜﯿھو ةﺄﺸﻨﻣ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا رﺎﻜﻓأو ﻦﯿﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ. ﺎﻤﻛ نأ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﺲﯿﻟ ﺔﻠﻤﺣ ﻲﻧﻼﻋإ
ة ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ. نإ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻮھ ءﺰﺟ ﻻ أﺰﺠﺘﯾ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ مﺎﮭﻣو ﻞﻛ دﺮﻓ ﻦﻣ داﺮﻓأ تﺂﺸﻨﻣ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا business
.institutions
( Attaii, 2008 , p. 241)

171. 158 Translating marketing texts
6.3 Advertising
Section 1: English into Arabic
Text 1
The sellers are also trying to get customers’ attention on the product through nonpersonal
communication by advertising through suitable media. In the last ten years, new media have
emerged and with computer-aided design facilities, advertising has become more forceful
and its usage has spread widely. Advertising provides customers the right to choose a prod-
uct which best fulfills their needs. It is also used to combat severe competition.
Advertising and Brands: Brand names give advertising efforts their full thrust, as it is the
brand that the company wants to promote through advertising. Advertising efforts therefore
revolve around brands. Sellers take full advantage of brand equity by using the same brand
for related products by having brand extensions. However, if the new product does not come
up to the level of the original product, it could dilute the brand equity of the main product;
companies have to keep a vigil on brand equity ( Mathur, 2010 , p. 252).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
نﻼﻋإ بﺬﺠﯾ advertising to get
هﺎﺒﺘﻧا ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا ﺮﯿﻏ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ customers’ attention nonpersonal
ﻞﺋﺎﺳو مﻼﻋإ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو مﻼﻋإ ثﺪﺣأ suitable media new media
ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ىﻮﻗأ/ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻓ
ﺢﻨﻤﯾ ﻖﺣ design facilities more forceful
ﺮﺸﺘﻨﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﯿﺒﻛ spread widely provides the right
برﺎﺤﯾ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﺳﺮﺷ combat severe competition
تﺎﻣﻼﻋ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ةﻮﻗ ﻊﻓﺪﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﻟا brands full thrust
روﺪﺗ لﻮﺣ ﻰﺼﻗأ ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳا revolve around full advantage
ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻣ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ﻊﯿﺳﻮﺗ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ brand equity brand extensions
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• The sellers are also trying to get customers’ attention on the product through nonper-
sonal communication by advertising through suitable media.
• In the last ten years, new media have emerged and with computer-aided design facili-
ties, advertising has become more forceful and its usage has spread widely.
• Advertising provides customers with the right to choose a product which best fulfills
their needs. It is also used to combat severe competition.
• Brand names give advertising efforts their full thrust, as it is the brand that the company
wants to promote through advertising.
• Advertising efforts therefore revolve around brands. Sellers take full advantage of brand
equity by using the same brand for related products.

172. Translating marketing texts 159
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• If the new product does not come up to the level of the original product, it could dilute
the brand equity of the main product.
• ﻲﻓ لﺎﺣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ةدﻮﺟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ﺔﯾوﺎﺴﻣ ةدﻮﺠﻟ ،ﻲﻠﺻﻷا ﻻ ﻒﻌﻀﺗ ﺔﯿﻜﻠﻣ ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻟ
ﻲﻠﺻﻷا.
• Advertisement in commodities and agricultural products markets is more beneficial to
the whole industry than advertisement in other markets.
• ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗاﺪﺨﻟﻣﺎتواﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟت ﻟاﻋارﺰﯿﺔﻧﻷاعاﻮﻛﻷاﺜﺮأﺔﯿﻤھﻲﻓﻮﺴﺗﻖﯾاﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟت،ﻟذوﻚﻦﯿﺣاﺮﺘﻟﺰﯿﻛﻰﻠﻋﻋﻹانﻼ
ﺪﯿﻔﻤﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
• The competitive advertising model divides a company’s advertising spending into one
part which affects the market demand and another part which affects the market share.
• ﻢﺴﻘﯾ جذﻮﻤﻧ ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺪﻟا قﺎﻔﻧإ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةﺪﻋ ،مﺎﺴﻗأ ﺎﮭﻨﻣ ءﺰﺟ ﺮﺛﺆﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻠط قاﻮﺳﻷا ،ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا
Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
ﺮﺧآو ﺮﺛﺆﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ حﺎﺑرأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
S T T T S T T T
merchandising efforts
…………….. total market demand …………….
product displays ………………. gain market share …………….
attractive purchase ………………. offer incentives to buyers ………….
promotional offers ………………. dealers ……………..
audio advertising ………………. brand advertising …………….
marketing goals ………………. advertising expenditures …………..
product launch ……………… advertising campaign ……………..
local advertising ………………. high advertising costs …………….
advertising budget ………………. point of purchase …………….
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Sellers and suppliers generally offer incentives to buyers to persuade them to buy larger
quantities of the product.
• One of the main reasons for the company’s failure to achieve higher profits lies in its
inability to organize huge advertising campaigns at higher advertising expenditures.
• Some consumers continue to buy the products of a specific brand despite the promo-
tional offers from other competitors.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Advertising is bringing a product (or service) to the attention of potential and current
customers. Advertising is focused on one particular product or service. Thus, an advertising
plan for one product might be very different than that for another product. Advertising is
typically done with signs, brochures, commercials, direct mailings or email messages, per-
sonal contact, and so on. ( Gupta, 2009 , p. 261).

173. 160 Translating marketing texts
Text 2
Advertising plays a strong role in the economy. It provides useful information to consumers
that tells them about product and service choices as well as comparing features, benefits, and
prices. With more complete information, consumers and businesses often choose to purchase
additional products and services.
Advertising also plays a significant role in the business cycle. As the broader economy
shifts between periods of growth and recession, advertising shifts its focus. During down-
turns, like the one we’re in now, ads may focus on the price of a product or service. If one
company curtails advertising in order to cut costs during a downturn, another company
might boost ad spending to grab customers and grow its market share. Advertising helps
stimulate economic growth. In a country in which consumer spending determines the future
of the economy, advertising motivates people to spend more. By encouraging more buying,
advertising promotes both job growth and productivity growth both to help meet increased
demand and to enable each consumer to have more to spend ( Solomon, 2009 , p. 49).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
يدﺆﯾ ارودً ﺮﺒﺨﯾ ﻦﻋ plays a role tells about
تارﺎﯿﺧ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ choices comparing features
ﺪﺋاﻮﻓ/ﺎﯾاﺰﻣ
يﺮﺘﺸﯾ
تﺎﻛﺮﺷ / لﺎﻤﻋأ
ةرود ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا benefits businesses
purchase business cycle
دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻊﺳوأ قﺎﻄﻧ ﻮﻤﻧ/دﻮﻛر
تاﺮﺘﻓ دﻮﻛر broader economy growth/recession
لﻮﺤﯾ ﺰﯿﻛﺮﺘﻟا shifts focus downturns
تﺎﻧﻼﻋإ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ﺪﺤﯾ ﻦﻣ / ﺺﻠﻘﯾ
ﺪﯾﺰﯾ قﺎﻔﻧﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻧﻼﻋإ ads curtails
ﺾﻔﺨﯾ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟاboost ad spending cut costs
بﺬﺠﯾ ﻦﺋﺎﺑﺰﻟا ﺔﺼﺣ قﻮﺳ grab customers market share
ﺰﻔﺤﯾ ﻮﻤﻧ ﻮﻤﻧ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا stimulate growth productivity growth
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Advertising plays a strong role in the economy. It provides useful information to con-
sumers that tells them about product and service choices.
• With more complete information, consumers and businesses often choose to purchase
additional products and services.
• Advertising plays a significant role in the business cycle.
• As the broader economy shifts between periods of growth and recession, advertising
shifts its focus.
• If one company curtails advertising in order to cut costs during a downturn, another
company might boost ad spending to grab customers and grow its market share. Adver-
tising helps stimulate economic growth.

174. Translating marketing texts 161
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• In a country in which consumer spending determines the future of the economy, adver-
tising motivates people to spend more.
• ﺪﻗ ﻻ ﻊﺠﺸﺗ ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺪﻟا سﺎﻨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ قﺎﻔﻧﻹا ﻲﻓ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻻ دﺪﺤﯾ ﺎﮭﯿﻓ قﺎﻔﻧإ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا
دﻼﺒﻠﻟ.
• By encouraging more buying, advertising promotes both job growth and productivity
growth both to help meet increased demand and to enable each consumer to have more
to spend.
• ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻻ ﻢﺘﯾ ﻊﯿﺠﺸﺗ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ءاﺮﺷ ،ﺪﯾﺰﻤﻟا ﺮﺛﺆﺗﻻ ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺪﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺔﻤھﺎﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻓ
ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا.
• Underdeveloped countries are far behind developing countries in terms of productivity
growth.
• ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا ناﺪﻠﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﺺﺨﯾ تﺎﯾﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا.
Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
regional advertising
……………. advertising effect ……………..
product sales …………… product publicity ……………..
best-quality product …………… price reasonableness …………….
retain market …………… product substitution …………….
generate employment …………… generate sales …………….
uses and benefits ………….... varieties of products …………….
sales promotion …………… existing products …………….
build brand loyalty …………… additional sales …………….
target customers …………… advertising revenues …………….
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Most companies allocate marketing budgets because they help them increase and pro-
mote the sales of their existing products.
• Competition in the current rapidly changing marketplace requires developing effective
strategies to reach target customers.
• Customers sometimes prefer product substitutions which meet the same needs to high-
cost products which they cannot afford.
• Farmers, manufacturers, and exporters are currently focusing on varieties of products
which have higher profitability.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
International advertising can, therefore, be viewed as a communication process that takes
place in multiple cultures that differ in terms of values, communication styles, and consump-
tion patterns. International advertising is also a business activity involving advertisers and
the advertising agencies that create ads and buy media in different countries ( Poonia, 2010 ,
p. 171).

175. 162 Translating marketing texts
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
ﺮﺛأ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا:
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻼﻣﺎﻋً اﺮﺛﺆﻣً ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﮫﻧﺄﺷ نﺄﺷ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟا ىﺮﺧﻷا ﺞﯾﺰﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻘﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا. ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗو ﺔﺟرد ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ
نﻼﻋﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا فﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا فﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑو تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﺎﮭﺴﻔﻧ ﺲﯿﻟو كﺎﻨھ ﺎﻣ ﺪﻛﺆﯾ نأ ﻢﺠﺣ قﺎﻔﻧإ ﻲﻧﻼﻋإ
ﻦﯿﻌﻣ فﻮﺳ ﺐﺗﺮﺘﯾ ﮫﯿﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﻌﻣ ﻦﻣو ﻢﺛ تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا اﺬﮭﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا. ﻞﻜﺸﺑو
مﺎﻋ ﻦﻜﻤﯾ لﻮﻘﻟا نأ:
أ. ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺮﯿﺜﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻜﻟو ﻰﻟإ يأ ىﺪﻣ ﺢﺠﻨﯾ ﻲﻓ
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻚﻟذ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ فوﺮﻈﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﯿﻓ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا. ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗو فوﺮﻈﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺗاﻮﻣ ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا
ﺔﻄﺳاﻮﺑ نﻼﻋﻹا:
ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ﺰﯿﯿﻤﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﻋ ﻦﻋ ﺎھﺮﯿﻏ ﻦﻣ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻠﯾﺪﺒﻟا. نﻼﻋﻹﺎﻓ ﻦﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﻦﻜﻤﯾ هﺰﯿﯿﻤﺗ
ﺔﺟﻼﺜﻟﺎﻛ نﻮﻜﯾ ﺮﺜﻛأ اﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗً ﻦﻣ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻦﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﺐﻌﺼﯾ هﺰﯿﯿﻤﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺮﻜﺴﻟا.
ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻊﻓاود ءاﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻔطﺎﻌﻟا ىﺪﻟ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻚﻟذو ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ةرﺎﺛإ ﻊﻓاود ﺰﯿﻤﺘﻟا قﻮﻔﺘﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ
ﻦﯾﺮﺧﻵا ﻢﮭﺜﺤﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ءاﺮﺷ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
(Alallaq, 2019 , p. 27 )
•
•
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
نﻼﻋﻹا
ﻼﻣﺎﻋً اﺮﺛﺆﻣً advertising
crucial factor
impact
on demand
ﻢﺠﺣ volume marketing mix
ﺐﺗﺮﺘﯾ ﮫﯿﻠﻋ leads to ads spending
ةدﺎﯾز ﺐﻠﻄﻟا demand increase specific increase
فوﺮﻈﻟا conditions depends on
ﺰﯿﯿﻤﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا differentiate products favorable
ﻊﻓاود ﺔﯿﻔطﺎﻋ emotional drives alternative products
ﺚﺣ generate motivation encourage
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﯾ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻼﻣﺎﻋً اﺮﺛﺆﻣً ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﮫﻧﺄﺷ نﺄﺷ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟا ىﺮﺧﻷا ﺞﯾﺰﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻘﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا.
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ﺔﺟرد ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا فﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا فﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑو تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ،ﺎﮭﺴﻔﻧ ﺲﯿﻟو كﺎﻨھ ﺎﻣ
ﺪﻛﺆﯾ نأ ﻢﺠﺣ قﺎﻔﻧإ ﻲﻧﻼﻋإ ﻦﯿﻌﻣ فﻮﺳ ﺐﺗﺮﺘﯾ ﮫﯿﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ،ﻦﯿﻌﻣ ﻦﻣو ﻢﺛ
تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا اﺬﮭﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺮﯿﺜﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ ،تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻜﻟو ﻰﻟإ يأ ىﺪﻣ ﺢﺠﻨﯾ ﻲﻓ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
،؟ﻚﻟذ ﺮﻣﻷا ﻒﻗﻮﺘﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ فوﺮﻈﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﺎﮭﯿﻓ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا.
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ فوﺮﻈﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺗاﻮﻣ ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﺔﻄﺳاﻮﺑ نﻼﻋﻹا:
ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ﺰﯿﯿﻤﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﻋ ﻦﻋ ﺎھﺮﯿﻏ ﻦﻣ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻠﯾﺪﺒﻟا. نﻼﻋﻹﺎﻓ ﻦﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﻦﻜﻤﯾ
هﺰﯿﯿﻤﺗ ﺔﺟﻼﺜﻟﺎﻛ نﻮﻜﯾ ﺮﺜﻛأ اﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗً ﻦﻣ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻦﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﺐﻌﺼﯾ هﺰﯿﯿﻤﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺮﻜﺴﻟا.
ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻊﻓاود ءاﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻔطﺎﻌﻟا ىﺪﻟ ،ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻚﻟذو ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ةرﺎﺛإ ﻊﻓاود ﺰﯿﻤﺘﻟا قﻮﻔﺘﻟاو
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﯾﺮﺧﻵا ﻢﮭﺜﺤﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ءاﺮﺷ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
ﺮﺛأ
ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا
ﺞﯾﺰﻣ ﻲﻘﯾﻮﺴﺗ
قﺎﻔﻧإ ﻲﻧﻼﻋإ
ةدﺎﯾز ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ
ﻒﻗﻮﺘﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ
ﺔﯿﺗاﻮﻣ
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻠﯾﺪﺒﻟا
ةرﺎﺛإ ﻊﻓاود

176. Translating marketing texts 163
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺮﯿﻓﻮﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﻠﯾﺪﺑ ﺔﻨﻣآ ﻒﯿﻔﺨﺘﻟ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ قﺎﻔﻧﻹا ﻦﻣ ،ﺔﮭﺟ نﺎﻤﺿو ﺔﯿﺒﻠﺗ ﺮﺒﻛأ رﺪﻗ ﻦﻣ تﺎﺟﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻا
ﻦﻣ ﺔﮭﺟ ىﺮﺧأ.
•
• Alternatives must be provided in order to reduce costs of importing goods on the one
hand and ensure meeting basics needs on the other.
تﺮﻛذ ىﺪﺣإ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا نأ ﺔﻟود تارﺎﻣﻹا ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﺗﺄﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ لود قﺮﺸﻟا ﻂﺳوﻷا
ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﺺﺨﯾ ﻢﺠﺣ قﺎﻔﻧﻹا ﻲﻧﻼﻋﻹا.
•
• A regional NGO stated that USSR comes first among Arab countries in terms of the
volume of spending.
ﺮﺒﻌﯾ اﺰﻤﻟﺞﯾ اﻮﺴﺘﻟﻲﻘﯾ ﻦﻋ ﻮﻤﺠﻣﺔﻋ ﻦﻣ تاودأ وأﺔﻄﺸﻧ اﻮﺴﺘﻟﻖﯾ اﻲﺘﻟ ﺪﮭﺗف ﻞﻜﺸﺑ أﺎﺳﻲﺳ إﻰﻟ ﻮﺗﺮﯿﻓ اﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟت
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻗوﻷا ﻦﻛﺎﻣﻷاو ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا رﺎﻌﺳﻷﺎﺑو ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا.
•
• Marketing includes marketing strategies which primarily aim at providing products at
suitable costs.
Exercise 3: Complete the English translations in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
دﻮﺟو ﺪﺋاﻮﻓو تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا نﻼﻋإ ﻲﻋاﺪﺑإ / ﺮﻜﺘﺒﻣ
ﻊﻨﻘﯾ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا .......................... ............................
ﺔﻟﺎﺳر فﺪﮭﺘﺴﺗ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ........................ ............................
قﻼطإ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ةﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺔﻄﺧ ﺔﯿﻣﻼﻋإ ............................ ...........................
تﺎﻨﯿﻋ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺠﻣ تﺎﻀﯿﻔﺨﺗ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ............................ ...........................
word-of-mouth…………
نﻼﻋإ ﻲﮭﻔﺷ تﺎﻘﺼﻠﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻖﯾﺮﻄﻟا ..........................
……...commercials
تﺎﻧﻼﻋإ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﯿﻋاذإ بﻮﯿﻋ نﻼﻋﻹا يﺪﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟا ......................
تﺎﻧﻼﻋإ ﺔﯿﻧﻮﯾﺰﻔﻠﺗ نﻼﻋإ ﻲﻛذ ............................ ............................
ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا رﻮﮭﻤﺠﻟا فﺪﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ............................ ............................
تﺎﻧﻼﻋإ ﺔﻋﻮﺒﻄﻣ طﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﺠﯾوﺮﺗ ............................ ............................
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:
فﺪﮭﺗ تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﻞﻜﺸﺑ مﺎﻋ ﻰﻟإ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا دﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﺪﺋاﻮﻓو تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ؛ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ﺎﻤﻨﯿﺑ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﯾ ﺎﮭﻓﺪھ •
ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﻲﻓ بﺬﺟ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ءاﺮﺸﻟ ﻚﻠﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ةﺪﯾﺪﺠﻟا ةﺮﻜﺘﺒﻤﻟاو ﺔﺑاﺬﺟ هﺬھو ﺔﻘﯿﻘﺣ زﺰﻌﺗ فﺪھ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ عﺎﻨﻗإ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ءاﺮﺸﺑ هﺬھ •
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
ﺄﺠﻠﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺮﯿﺨﺴﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ عاﻮﻧأ نﻼﻋﻹا ﺞﯾوﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ،ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا •
تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹاو ﺔﯿﻧﻮﯾﺰﻔﻠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻋاذﻹاو ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﻋﻮﺒﻄﻤﻟا.
ﻦﻠﻌﺗ ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ةﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣو ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻊﺿو تﺎﻘﺼﻠﻣ ﻲﻓ قﺮﻄﻟا •
ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋﺮﻟا.
ﺖﻌﺟار ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺎﮭﺘﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯿﺠﯾوﺮﺘﻟا ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺘﻟ ىﺪﻣ ﺎﮭﺘﻤﺋﻼﻣ تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻤﻟ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا. •
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:
تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻛﺬﻟا -ﺎﮭﻤﯿﻤﺼﺘﺑ زﺎﺘﻤﻤﻟا-ﺐﻠﺠﺘﺳ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ،ةروﺮﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻢﮭﻧأ نﻮﻌﺘﻤﺘﺴﯿﺳ
ﻢھو نﻮﻘﻠﺘﯾ ،ﺔﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﻣ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ ﻰﻠﻋ ذﺎﺨﺗا تاراﺮﻗ ﺔﯿﺋاﺮﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻞﻀﻓأ. ﻻﺪﺒﻓً ﻦﻣ كﻼﮭﺘﺳا تاﺮﻘﻔﻟا
ﺔﯿﻧﻼﻋﻹا تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹ ﻦﻋ ﻲﺴﺒﯿﺸﻟا وأ ،ﺔﻜﻠﻌﻟا رﺎﺘﺨﯿﺳ سﺎﻨﻟا نأ اوﺪھﺎﺸﯾ تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟا ﺮﯿﺸﺒﻛ
ءاﺮﺸﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ وأ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ.
( Abdulhameed, 2018 , pp. 65–66)

177. 164 Translating marketing texts
Text 2
ﻊﻣ رﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ ﺐﺳﺎﺤﻟا ،ﻲﻟﻵا ﺢﺒﺻأ ﻻ ﻰﻨﻏ ﻦﻋ لﺎﺧدإ ﺐﺳﺎﺤﻟا ﻲﻟﻵا ﻂﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟاو ةدﺪﻌﺘﻤﻟا
ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ لﺎﻜﺷأ مﻼﻋﻹا ،نﻼﻋﻹاو ﺎﻤﻣ ﻞﻌﺟ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻲﻧﻮﯾﺰﻔﻠﺘﻟا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺎﻣﺎﻤﺗً ﻦﻋ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا. ﺪﻘﻠﻓ ﺢﺒﺻأ
نﻼﻋﻹا ﻢﺴﺘﯾ ﺔﻗﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻓ حﺮﺷ ﻞﯿﺻﺎﻔﺗ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﮫﺿﺮﻋو ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﺜﻛأ ارﺎﮭﺑإ،ً ﺎﻤﻛ ﻞﮭﺳ ﻦﯿﻤﺋﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻ
نﻼﻋﻹا ﻞﻤﻋ ﺮﯿﺜﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ عﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺼﺒﻟا جﺰﻤﻟاو ﻦﯿﺑ ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا لﺎﯿﺨﻟاو ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺐﯿﻛﺮﺗ رﻮﺼﻟا ﺔﯿﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا ﻊﻣ
رﻮﺼﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﯿﺨﻟا ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺼﻤﻟا ﺎﻣإ ﺔﻣﻮﺳﺮﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺪﺣأ ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ﻂﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟا ةدﺪﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺋﺎﻨﺜﻟا دﺎﻌﺑﻷا وأ ﺔﯿﻨﺒﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ
ﺪﺣأ ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ﻢﯿﺴﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺛﻼﺜﻟا دﺎﻌﺑﻷا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻄﻌﺗ ادﺎﻌﺑأً ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺔﯿﻗاﺪﺼﻣ ﺔﻣاﺮﺻو.
ﺶﻗﺎﻨﯾ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟا ﺔﯿﻤھأ لﺎﺧدإ ﻂﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟا ةدﺪﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻲﻧﻮﯾﺰﻔﻠﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺿﺮﻌﯾ
نﻼﻋﻹا ﻦﻣ ﻊﻠﺳ ﺔﯾدﺎﻣ وأ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ وأ رﺎﻜﻓأ ﺎھرﻮﻠﺒﯾ ﺎﮭﻠﻌﺠﯾو ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺎﺣﻮﺿوً ،ﺪھﺎﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺎﻤﻛ ضﺮﻌﯾ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟا لﺎﻜﺷﻷا
ﺔﺛﺪﺤﺘﺴﻤﻟا نﻼﻋﻺﻟ يﺬﻟا مﺪﺨﺘﺴﯾ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻂﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟا ةدﺪﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﻞﺜﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا ﻲﺿاﺮﺘﻓﻻا ﻲﻓ نﻼﻋﻹا.
( Sedhom, 2020 , p. 7)
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﺐﺳﺎﺤﻟا ﻲﻟﻵا technology advancement computer
multimedia
ﻂﺋﺎﺳو ةدﺪﻌﺘﻣ indispensable
نﻼﻋإ ﻲﻧﻮﯾﺰﻔﻠﺗ TV advertisement media and advertisement
ﻢﺴﺘﯾ ﺔﻗﺪﻟﺎﺑdecadesaccurate
ﺮﺜﻛأ ارﺎﮭﺑاً more impressive product details
ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻ تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا advertising industry those in charge of
ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا لﺎﯿﺨﻟاو reality and fantasy optical illusion
ﻢﯿﺴﺠﺘﻟا design two-dimensional
ﺔﯿﻗاﺪﺼﻣ ﺔﻣاﺮﺻو
ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺎﺣﻮﺿوً credibility and rigor
clearer
three-dimensional (3D)
material goods
ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا ﻲﺿاﺮﺘﻓﻻا virtual reality new types
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻊﻣ رﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ ﺐﺳﺎﺤﻟا ،ﻲﻟﻵا ﺢﺒﺻأ ﻻ ﻰﻨﻏ ﻦﻋ لﺎﺧدإ ﺐﺳﺎﺤﻟا ﻲﻟﻵا ﻂﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟاو
ةدﺪﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ لﺎﻜﺷأ مﻼﻋﻹا ،نﻼﻋﻹاو ﺎﻤﻣ ﻞﻌﺟ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻲﻧﻮﯾﺰﻔﻠﺘﻟا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺎﻣﺎﻤﺗً ﻦﻋ دﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا.
•
ً
ﻞﮭﺳ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻦﯿﻤﺋﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻ تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﻞﻤﻋ ﺮﯿﺜﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ عﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺼﺒﻟا جﺰﻤﻟاو ﻦﯿﺑ ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا لﺎﯿﺨﻟاو
ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺐﯿﻛﺮﺗ رﻮﺼﻟا ﺔﯿﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا ﻊﻣ رﻮﺼﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﯿﺨﻟا ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺼﻤﻟا.
ﻢﺘﯾ جﺰﻣ رﻮﺼﻟا ﺔﯿﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا ﻊﻣ ةرﻮﺼﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﯿﺨﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺪﺣأ ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ﻂﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟا ةدﺪﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺋﺎﻨﺜﻟا دﺎﻌﺑﻷا وأ
ﺔﯿﻨﺒﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺪﺣأ ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ﻢﯿﺴﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺛﻼﺜﻟا دﺎﻌﺑﻷا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻄﻌﺗ ادﺎﻌﺑأً ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺔﯿﻗاﺪﺼﻣ ﺔﻣاﺮﺻو.
ﺶﻗﺎﻨﯾ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟا ﺔﯿﻤھأ لﺎﺧدإ ﻂﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟا ةدﺪﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ نﻼﻋﻹا ،ﻲﻧﻮﯾﺰﻔﻠﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺿﺮﻌﯾ
نﻼﻋﻹا ﻦﻣ ﻊﻠﺳ ﺔﯾدﺎﻣ وأ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ وأ رﺎﻜﻓأ ﺎھرﻮﻠﺒﯾ ﺎﮭﻠﻌﺠﯾو ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺎﺣﻮﺿوً ﺪھﺎﺸﻤﻠﻟ.
ضﺮﻌﯾ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟا لﺎﻜﺷﻷا ﺔﺛﺪﺤﺘﺴﻤﻟا نﻼﻋﻺﻟ يﺬﻟا مﺪﺨﺘﺴﯾ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻂﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟا ةدﺪﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﻞﺜﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا
ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا ﻲﺿاﺮﺘﻓﻻا ﻲﻓ نﻼﻋﻹا.
ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﺺﺨﯾ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ نﻼﻋﻹا ،جﺎﺘﻧﻹاو ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ هﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ةرﺪﻗ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﻌﺴﻟا ةﺪﻌﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺎﮭﻨﻣ ﺔﻌﯿﺒط تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﻋ
فوﺮﻈﻟاو ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا.
. ﺐﺴﺘﻛا نﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﻗد ﻲﻓ حﺮﺷ ﻞﯿﺻﺎﻔﺗ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﮫﺿﺮﻋو ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﺜﻛأ ارﺎﮭﺑإ •
•
•
•
•
•
•
رﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا
ﻻ ﻰﻨﻏ ﻦﻋ
مﻼﻋﻹا نﻼﻋﻹاو
دﻮﻘﻌﻟا
ﻞﯿﺻﺎﻔﺗ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا
ﻦﯿﻤﺋﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ
عﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺼﺒﻟا
ﺔﯿﺋﺎﻨﺜﻟا دﺎﻌﺑﻷا
ﺔﯿﺛﻼﺜﻟا دﺎﻌﺑﻷا
ﻊﻠﺳ ﺔﯾدﺎﻣ
لﺎﻜﺷﻷا ﺔﺛﺪﺤﺘﺴﻤﻟا

178. Translating marketing texts 165
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﻓﺎﻜﺑ ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻜﺷأ ﻰﻠﻋ ةدﺎﯾز ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺘﯾ نﻼﻋﻹا ،ﺎﮭﻨﻋ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ةدﺎﯾز
تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا.
•
• Ads lead to increase in demand and profits.
ﻻ ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﺗ تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﻊﻨﻣ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ،تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺎﮭﻨﻜﻟو ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﺗ ﺪﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ
ضﺎﻔﺨﻧﻻا.
•
• Advertising can partially prevent the speed in demand decline.
ﺐﺠﯾ نأ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻟا وأ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﻌﻔﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻘﯿﻘﺣ ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﯾ نﻼﻋﻹا ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا
ﺐﻠﻄﻟاو.
•
• The ability of an ad to influence customers lies in the ability of goods and services to
attract them.
Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻘﯾﻮﺴﺗ تﻻﺎﻛو نﻼﻋﻹا ............................. .........................
ﻞﺋﺎﺳر ﺔﯾرﻮﻓ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﺮﺒﻋ ﻒﺗﺎﮭﻟا لﺎﻘﻨﻟا ............................ .........................
بﺬﺠﯾ هﺎﺒﺘﻧﻻا ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا ........................... .........................
ضﺮﻋ ﺎﯾاﺰﻣ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا دﻮﮭﺟ ﺔﯿﻘﯾﻮﺴﺗ ........................... ........................
ءاﺮﺷ ﻲﻧآ كﻮﻠﺴﻟا ﻲﺋاﺮﺸﻟا ........................... ........................
تﺎﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ........................... ........................
ﻞﯿﻀﻔﺗ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻣ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ........................... ........................
ﺾﻔﺧ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا ﺾﻔﺧ رﺎﻌﺳأ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ........................... ..........................
ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ نﻼﻋﻹا ﺾﯿﻔﺨﺗ ﺮﻌﺳ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ........................... .........................
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺗًُ ﻢﻤﺼ تﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﻲﻛ ثﺪﺤﺗ اﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻢﮭﻋﺎﻨﻗإ ءاﺮﺸﺑ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺠﺘﻨﺗ •
تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
فﺪﮭﺗ تاودأ تﺎﯿﻟآو ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﯾاﺰﻣ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﮫﺗﺎﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳاو ﮫﻌﻓﺎﻨﻣو ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺢﺿاو رﻮﮭﻤﺠﻟ •
ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا.
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ بﻮﯿﻋ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﺮﺒﻋ ﻒﺗﺎﮭﻟا لﺎﻘﻨﻟا لﺎﺳرإ ﻞﺋﺎﺳر ﻻ مءﻼﺘﺗ ﻊﻣ تﺎﺟﺎﺣ تﺎﺒﻏرو ﻢﻠﺘﺴﻣ ﻚﻠﺗ ،ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟا •
ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟإ لﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻗوأ ﺮﯿﻏ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ.
كﺎﻨھ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻖﯿﺛو ﻦﯿﺑ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻞﯿﻀﻔﺗو ،ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا يأ نأ ةدﺎﯾز ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻌﻠﺳ ﺎﻣ ﺲﻜﻌﺗ ﻞﯿﻀﻔﺗ •
ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻚﻠﺘﻟ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻟا.
ﻻ ﻢﻈﻨﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا تﻼﻤﺣ ﺔﯿﻧﻼﻋإ ﺔﯿﻧﻮﯾﺰﻔﻠﺗ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ نﻼﻋﻹا ﻲﻧﻮﯾﺰﻔﻠﺘﻟا ﺄﺠﻠﺗو ﻻﺪﺑً •
ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻟإ تﺎﻧﻼﻋإ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا.
ﻞﻀﻔﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا نﻼﻋﻹا ﻦﻋ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ ﻞﺜﻣ كﻮﺒﺴﯿﻓ. •
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺾﻌﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﻠﻌﻤﻟا نﻮﻣﻮﻘﯾ ﻢﮭطﺎﺸﻨﺑ ﻲﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﻢﮭﺴﻔﻧﺄﺑ ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ نود ءﻮﺠﻠﻟا ةﺰﮭﺟﻷ ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺧ تﻻﺎﻛﻮﻟﺎﻛ ،ﺔﯿﻧﻼﻋﻹا
مﺰﻠﯾو نأ نﻮﻜﯾ ﮫﯾﺪﻟ زﺎﮭﺟ ﻲﻟﻮﺘﯾ مﺎﯿﻘﻟا طﺎﺸﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺘﻟا فاﺮﺷﻹاو ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺘﻟاو. ﻲﻓ لوﺪﻟا ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﻤﻟا ﺪﮭﻌﯾ
نﻮﻨﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻢﮭطﺎﺸﻨﺑ ﻲﻧﻼﻋﻹا ﻰﻟإ تﻻﺎﻛو نﻼﻋﻹا ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا.
( Alhasan, 2010 , p. 71)

179. 166 Translating marketing texts
6.4 E-commerce
Section 1: English into Arabic
Text 1
Advantages of Electronic Commerce: Firms are interested in electronic commerce because,
quite simply, it can help increase profits. All the advantages of electronic commerce for busi-
nesses can be summarized in one statement: electronic commerce can increase sales and
decrease costs. Advertising done well on the web can get even a small firm’s promotional
message out to potential customers in every country in the world. A firm can use electronic
commerce to reach small groups of customers that are geographically scattered. The web is
particularly useful in creating virtual communities that become ideal target markets for spe-
cific types of products or services. A virtual community is a gathering of people who share a
common interest, but instead of this gathering occurring in the physical world, it takes place
on the internet ( Schneider, 2011 ).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
ﺎﯾاﺰﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ advantages electronic commerce
تﺎﻛﺮﺷ / تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ
تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ
ﺪﯾﺰﯾ حﺎﺑرﻷا firms increase profits
ﺎﮭﺼﯿﺨﻠﺗ for businesses be summarized
ﺔﻟﻮﻘﻣ )ﺔﻠﻤﺟ/ ( نﺎﯿﺑ
ﻞﻠﻘﯾ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا
ﺪﯾﺰﯾ تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا increase sales statement
ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا decrease costs web
ﺔﻟﺎﺳر ﺔﯿﺠﯾوﺮﺗ ءﻼﻤﻋ ﻦﯿﻠﻤﺘﺤﻣ promotional message potential customers
تﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻣ ﺔﯿﺿاﺮﺘﻓا ﻲﻟﺎﺜﻣ virtual communities ideal
قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﻓﺪﮭﺘﺴﻣ عاﻮﻧأ ةدﺪﺤﻣ target markets specific types
ﻊﻤﺠﺗ صﺎﺨﺷأ مﺎﻤﺘھا كﺮﺘﺸﻣ gathering of people common interest
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Advantages of Electronic Commerce: Firms are interested in electronic commerce
because, quite simply, it can help increase profits.
• All the advantages of electronic commerce for businesses can be summarized in one
statement: electronic commerce can increase sales and decrease costs.
• Advertising done well on the web can get even a small firm’s promotional message out
to potential customers in every country in the world.
• A firm can use electronic commerce to reach small groups of customers that are geo-
graphically scattered.
• The web is particularly useful in creating virtual communities that become ideal target
markets for specific types of products or services. A virtual community is a gathering of
people who share a common interest, but instead of this gathering occurring in the
physical world, it takes place on the internet.

180. Translating marketing texts 167
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations:
• The company’s prior experience in e-commerce made it achieve success in conducting
online transactions.
• ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ حﺎﺑرأ ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﺗﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ ،ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻏﺮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﮭﺗﺮﺒﺧ ﺔﻘﯾﺮﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا.
• Sellers believe in achieving higher profits when shifting to e-commerce because of the
low advertisement costs and increase in sales.
ً ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻠﻟ • ىﺮﯾ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ حﺎﺑرأ ﺮﺒﻛأ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺔﺳارد حﺮﺘﻘﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا اﺮﻈﻧ
ﺔﻟﻮﻘﻌﻤﻟا حﺎﺑرﻷاو ﺔﻌﻔﺗﺮﻤﻟا.
• One of the advantages of e-commerce for seller and buyers lies in increasing sales and
purchase opportunities.
ةﺮﯿﺜﻛ ﻦﯿﻌﺋﺎﺒﻠﻟ ﻊﯿﺒﻟ ،ﻢﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺎﮭﻨﻜﻟو ﻻ ﺢﻨﻤﺗ ﺲﻔﻧ صﺮﻔﻟا ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﻤﻠﻟ. ً • ﺢﻨﻤﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺎﺻﺮﻓ
Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
attract new customers
traditional commerce
digital products
speed and accuracy
e-market
geographically scattered
virtual community
social commerce
email marketing
…………
……………
……………
……………
…………..
………….
…………….
…………….
…………….
make customers satisfied …………...
variety of sellers ………………
electronic payments ………………
negotiate price ………………
competitive bid information ..…………
handle sales inquiries ………………
identify new suppliers ………………
online buying ………………
product availability ………………
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• Sellers can rely on promotional messages to introduce their new products to their poten-
tial customers.
• E-commerce is characterized by speed and accuracy which helps those engaged in it
achieve higher profits.
• Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are major social networking websites which can sig-
nificantly promote social commerce.
• E-commerce offers buyers better opportunities to search for more products and identify
new suppliers.
• Electronic payments are mainly used in e-commerce to save time.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Middle Eastern experience with e-business and e-commerce is even less extensive than
government involvement online. In mid-1999 it was estimated that consumers in all Arab
countries combined had spent only $95 million on online purchases in the previous fourteen
months, with just 18% of those purchases made from vendors in the Middle East ( Franda,
2002 , p. 73).

181. 168 Translating marketing texts
Text 2
B2C e-commerce can involve electronic transactions in marketing, ordering, and paying,
after-sales service, and in the case of intangible or virtual goods and services, even deliv-
ery. B2C e-commerce is used by customers for the convenience of purchasing products or
services over the web. Businesses use B2C e-commerce to attract new customers, to reach
new markets, and promote products and services. B2C e-commerce is also called con-
sumer-oriented e-commerce. In consumer-oriented e-commerce, companies deploy virtual
storefronts to sell their goods and services directly to the customer. B2B e-commerce and
B2C e-commerce share at least two major goals. One of these major goals is to complete
the transaction on time. For example, in the case of B2C e-commerce, the seller has to
minimize the time between the time of purchase and the time the buyer gets his goods.
Another of the major goals is to complete the transaction without taking into account dis-
tance and time to provide even more satisfaction for customers ( Finnie & Sun, 2013 ,
p. 59).
Vocabulary
S T T T S T T T
involve
ﻦﯿﺑ تﺂﺸﻨﻣ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻣو B2C
after-sales service
تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ electronic transactions
virtual goods
ﺮﯿﻏ سﻮﻤﻠﻣ intangible
ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺗ delivery
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ
ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﺎﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا
ﻊﻠﺳ ﺔﯿﺿاﺮﺘﻓا
ﺔﻤﺋﻼﻣ
convenience of
تﺎﻛﺮﺷ / لﺎﻤﻋأ
ءﻼﻤﻋ دﺪﺟ
بﺬﺠﯾ businesses attract
ﻞﺼﯾ ﻰﻟإ to reach new customers
جوﺮﯾ ل فﺪﮭﺘﺴﺗ ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا consumer-oriented promote
مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ / ﺮﺸﻨﺗ
ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا
تﺎﮭﺟاو ﺔﯿﺿاﺮﺘﻓا deploy virtual storefronts
ﻞﻠﻘﯾ ﻦﻣ B2B minimize
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• B2C e-commerce can involve electronic transactions in marketing, ordering, and pay-
ing, after-sales service, and in the case of intangible or virtual goods and services, even
delivery.
• B2C e-commerce is used by customers for the convenience of purchasing products or
services over the web.
• Businesses use B2C e-commerce to attract new customers, to reach new markets, and
promote products and services.
• B2C e-commerce is also called consumer-oriented e-commerce.
• In consumer-oriented e-commerce, companies deploy virtual storefronts to sell their
goods and services directly to the customer. B2B e-commerce and B2C e-commerce
share at least two major goals.
• One of these major goals is to complete the transaction on time. For example, in the case
of B2C e-commerce, the seller has to minimize the time between the time of purchase
and the time the buyer gets his goods.

182. Translating marketing texts 169
Exercise 2: Correct the errors in the following Arabic translations:
• The second goal is to complete the transaction without taking into account distance and
time to provide even more satisfaction for customers.
• ﻞﺜﻤﺘﯾ فﺪﮭﻟا ﺮﯿﺧﻷا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺟاﺮﻣ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟاو ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺐﯾﺮﻘﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﺖﻗﻮﻟاو ةدﺎﯾﺰﻟ
ﺔﺒﺴﻧ لﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟﺎﺑ.
• After-sales service refers to the maintenance services which manufacturers or sellers
offer during the warranty period.
• ﺪﺼﻘﯾ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﺑ ،ﻊﯿﺒﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﻧﺎﯿﺼﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻣﺪﻘﯾ نﻮﻌﻨﺼﻤﻟا وأ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻟا لﻼﺧ ةﺮﺘﻓ ﺔﯿﺣﻼﺻ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
• Many sellers and buyers conduct electronic translations to sell or buy goods and
services.
• مﻮﻘﯾ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﺮﺿﺎﺤﻟا ءاﺮﺟﺈﺑ ﻢﮭﺗﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻊﯿﺒﻟ وأ ءاﺮﺷ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا.
Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table .
S T T T S T T T
deal directly
dealing with
consumer protection
e-commerce security
network environment
……………………
……………………
……………...
……………….
……………...
retail website
volume of e-commerce
consumer acceptance
support services
e-transactions
………………..
ﻢﺠﺣ ................
……………….
…………………
…………………
trust a merchant …………………… e-commerce initiatives ………………
requested services
order information
………………..
…………………
e-commerce market
authentication method
…………………
…………….
information integrity ……………... fraud and deception …………………
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
• In consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce, consumers use different websites to
directly interact with each other.
• In business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce, companies can directly offer their prod-
ucts on a retail website which buyers can visit to purchase goods directly.
• In e-commerce environment, customers browse the websites of different companies
which may not be operating or existing in their country.
• The volume of e-commerce exceeded USD 1 billion in 2008, with UAE and KSA com-
ing at the top of list of the countries engaging in this type of commerce.
• E-commerce in some Arab countries requires consumer acceptance and confidence.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic:
Today e-commerce plays a major role in the world’s economy, and small and medium
enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly realizing the potential benefits of e-commerce technolo-
gies as they continue to adopt e-commerce to create and sustain competitive advantages.
SME definitions vary from country to country ( Al-Somali, Clegg & Gholami, 2013 , p. 127).

183. 170 Translating marketing texts
Section 2: Arabic into English
Text 1
ﺪﻌﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺪﺣأ رﺎﻤﺛ ةرﻮﺜﻟا ﺔﯿﺗﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎھﺪﮭﺸﯾ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ،مﻮﯿﻟا ﺎﻤﻛ ﻞﺜﻤﺗ اﺪﺣاوً ﻦﻣ ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ
ﺎﻣ فﺮﻌﯾ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻤﻗﺮﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ مﻮﻘﯾ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻤﻗﺮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﯿﺘﻘﯿﻘﺣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﯿﻨﻘﺗو تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا
ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺖﺗﺎﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻼﺑ ﻚﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ،ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا اﺮﻈﻧً ﺎﻤﻟ ﮫﻜﻠﺜﻤﺗ ﻦﻣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻗﺎﻄﻟا ﺔﯿﻨھﺬﻟا
تارﺪﻘﻟاو ﺔﯾﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﺮﺼﻨﻌﻠﻟ يﺮﺸﺒﻟا. ﺪﻗو تدﺪﻌﺗ تﺎﮭﺟو ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﯿﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻦﯾﺬﻟا اﻮﻟوﺎﻨﺗ مﻮﮭﻔﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا
ﻢﮭﻨﻤﻓ ﻦﻣ ىﺮﯾ ﺎﮭﻧأ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﯿﺑ ءاﺮﺷو ﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟاو وأ ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ
تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا تﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻاو. ﺎﻤﻛ ىﺮﯾ ﺾﻌﺒﻟا ﺎﮭﻧأ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻤﻟا يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟاو
ﺢﯿﺘﺗ ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ نأ ﺪﻘﻌﯾ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻘﻔﺻ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ءاﺮﺸﻟاو بﻮﻠﺳﺄﺑ ﻊﯾﺮﺳ ﻞﮭﺳو. ﺎﮭﻓﺮﻌﺗو ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا
ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ ﻦﻣ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺪﻘﻋ تﺎﻘﻔﺼﻟا ﺲﯿﺳﺄﺗو ﻂﺑاوﺮﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻊﯾزﻮﺗو ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗو ﻊﯿﺑو تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا
ﺮﺒﻋ ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا.
(Abdullah, 2017 , p. 16 )
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ةرﻮﺛ ﺔﯿﺗﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ information revolution is considered
دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻤﻗﺮﻟا digital economy witnesses
ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻼﺑ ﻚﺷ undoubtedly affects information technology
تﺎﻗﺎط ﺔﯿﻨھذ mental energy economic activities
ﺮﺼﻨﻋ يﺮﺸﺑ humans intellectual abilities
لﺎﺠﻣ يرﺎﺠﺗ business area web
تﺎﻘﻔﺻ transactions enables
ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا WTO quickly
ﻂﺑاور ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ commercial ties a complete range
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺪﻌﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺪﺣأ رﺎﻤﺛ ةرﻮﺜﻟا ﺔﯿﺗﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎھﺪﮭﺸﯾ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا مﻮﯿﻟا.
ﻞﺜﻤﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا اﺪﺣاوً ﻦﻣ ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺎﻣ فﺮﻌﯾ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻤﻗﺮﻟا ﺚﯿﺣ مﻮﻘﯾ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻤﻗﺮﻟا
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﯿﺘﻘﯿﻘﺣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﯿﻨﻘﺗو تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟاو، ﺖﺗﺎﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻼﺑ ﻚﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا
،ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا اﺮﻈﻧً ﺎﻤﻟ ﮫﻜﻠﺜﻤﺗ ﻦﻣ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻗﺎﻄﻟا ﺔﯿﻨھﺬﻟا تارﺪﻘﻟاو ﺔﯾﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﺮﺼﻨﻌﻠﻟ يﺮﺸﺒﻟا.
تدﺪﻌﺗ تﺎﮭﺟو ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﯿﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻦﯾﺬﻟا اﻮﻟوﺎﻨﺗ مﻮﮭﻔﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻢﮭﻨﻤﻓ ﻦﻣ ىﺮﯾ ﺎﮭﻧأ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﯿﺑ
ءاﺮﺷو ﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟاو وأ ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا تﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻاو.
ىﺮﯾ نﻮﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا نأ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ةرﺎﺒﻋ ﻦﻋ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻤﻟا يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
ﻲﺘﻟاو، ﺢﯿﺘﺗ ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ نأ ﺪﻘﻌﯾ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻘﻔﺻ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ءاﺮﺸﻟاو بﻮﻠﺳﺄﺑ ﻊﯾﺮﺳ ﻞﮭﺳو.
فﺮﻌﺗ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ ﻦﻣ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺪﻘﻋ تﺎﻘﻔﺼﻟا
ﺲﯿﺳﺄﺗو ﻂﺑاوﺮﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻊﯾزﻮﺗو ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗو ﻊﯿﺑو تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺮﺒﻋ ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا.
كﺎﻨھ ةﺪﻋ مﺎﮭﻣ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺎﮭﻨﻣ فاﺮﺷﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ تﺎﯿﻗﺎﻔﺗﻻا ،ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺾﻓو تﺎﻋزﺎﻨﻤﻟا
ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟﺎﺑ ،ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻣو تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا.
ﻞﻤﺸﺗ نﺎﺠﻠﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎھﺮﯾﺪﺗ ﺔﻓﺮﻏ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺔﻨﺠﻟ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻤﻗﺮﻟا ﺔﺼﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﻊﺿﻮﺑ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
نوﺎﻌﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﯿﺴﻨﺘﻟاو ﻊﻣ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺔﯿﻟود ىﺮﺧأ.
ﺖﻤھﺎﺳ ةرﻮﺛ ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا تﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻاو ﻲﻓ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗو تﺎﯿﻟآ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ﺪﻌﺗ
ﺎھﺪﮭﺸﯾ
ﺔﯿﻨﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا
ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا
تارﺪﻗ ﺔﯾﺮﻜﻓ
ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ
ﺢﯿﺘﺗ ل
بﻮﻠﺳأ ﻊﯾﺮﺳ
ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ

184. Translating marketing texts 171
Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﺪﻤﺘﻌﯾ حﺎﺠﻧ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ةرﺪﻗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺎﮭﻌﻠﺳو ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧو ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻂﻄﺧ
ﺔﯿﻘﯾﻮﺴﺗ ﺎﮭﻨﻜﻤﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﮭﻓاﺪھأ.
•
• The development of email commerce depends on the company ability to market its
products by implementing a strategic marketing plan.
يدﺆﺗ مﺪﻋ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺎﻜﻟا ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻰﻟإ ﺪﯿﯿﻘﺗ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺘﻟ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺮﯿﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا.
•
• Lack of familiarity with e-commerce restricts developing such type of commerce in
many non-Arab countries.
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻏﺮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻐﺻ ﻢﺠﺣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﻓ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ،ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻻإ نأ كﺎﻨھ تﻻوﺎﺤﻣ ﺔﯾدﺮﻓ زﺎﺠﻧﻹ
ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻘﻔﺻ ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ.
•
• Because the volume of e-commerce is small, many individuals refrained from conduct-
ing online transactions.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ لوﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺗ ﺔﯿﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﺘﺤﺘﻟا دﺎﺠﯾإو ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟا ﺔﻣزﻼﻟا
ﻞﯿﮭﺴﺘﻟ اﺬھ عﻮﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا.
•
• Arab countries should study the effectiveness and role of e-commerce in developing the
infrastructure under coordinated laws.
Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﺢﯿﺘﯾ قﻮﺳ ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ ......................... .........................
ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﻢﻋد تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا ......................... .........................
ﺔﻋﺮﺳ لﺎﺼﺗﻻا ءﻼﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺔﯿﺿاﺮﺘﻓا ......................... .........................
ﻊﯿﺑ ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا ......................... .........................
نﻼﻋإ ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟإ ﺔﻜﺒﺷ لﺎﻤﻋأ ......................... .........................
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:
قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲھ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﻲﺘﻟا مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا نﺎﻜﻤﻛ قﻮﺴﻠﻟ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﯾ ﮫﯿﻓ نﻮﻌﺋﺎﺒﻟا •
نوﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟاو.
ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻮھ ﻊﯿﺑ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا ﺚﯿﺣ مﻮﻘﯾ ﻊﺋﺎﺒﻟا ضﺮﻌﺑ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣو •
ﺎﮭﻨﻤﺛو مﻮﻘﯾو يﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﻌﺟاﺮﻤﺑ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺑ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻟا ءاﺮﺸﻟاو.
Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:
ﻻ ﺮﺼﺘﻘﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﯿﺑ ءاﺮﺷو ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﺮﺒﻋ ،ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا ذإ نإ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا
ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﺎﻤﺋادً ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ تﺎﻛﺮﺣ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ءاﺮﺸﻟاو لﺎﺳرإو تﻼﯾﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﺮﺒﻋ ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ،ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا ﻦﻜﻟو
ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﯿﻘﺣ ﺮﻣﻷا يﻮﻄﻨﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻣ ﻮھ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟذ ،ﺮﯿﺜﻜﺑ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺖﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺖﺤﺒﺻأ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ
تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﯿﺑ ءاﺮﺷو تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا.
(Kafi, 2010 , p. 60 )
Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:
ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲھ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺢﯿﺘﯾ ﺮﺒﻋ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا تﺎﻛﺮﺣ ﻊﯿﺑ ءاﺮﺷو ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ،تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟاو ﺎﻤﻛ ﺢﯿﺘﯾ
ﺎﻀﯾأ تﺎﻛﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﻋﺪﺗ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﺪﺋاﻮﻌﻟا ﻞﺜﻣ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﺗ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟاو
تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟاو ﺚﯿﺣ نأ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺢﯿﺘﺗ ﺮﺒﻋ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻢﻋد تﺎﻌﯿﺒﻤﻟا ﺔﻣﺪﺧو ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا.
( Kafi, 2010 , p. 60)

185. 172 Translating marketing texts
Text 2
ﺖﺛﺪﺤﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ (ITB) ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﺸﻨﻟا ﻲﺗﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻊﻗاو ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا
ﺔﯾدﻮﻌﺴﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ،داﺮﻓﻷاو ترﺎﺷأو ﻰﻟإ نأ ﻖﺋﺎﻌﻟا ﺮﺒﻛﻷا ﻻ لاﺰﯾ ﻼﺜﻤﺘﻣً ﻲﻓ مﺪﻋ ﺔﻘﺛ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟﺎﺑ
ﻦﻣﺄﺑ ،ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا فﻮﺨﺗو ﺮﯿﺜﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻗﺮﺴﻟا لﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﯾ نأ ﻞﺼﺤﺗ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ
؛ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻟا ﺎﻤﻣ يدﺆﯾ ﻰﻟإ ددﺮﺗ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ءازإ حﺮط ﻞﯿﺻﺎﻔﺗ لﻮﺣ ﻢﮭﺗﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ،ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻤﺘﺋﻻا ﻢﻏرو رﺎﺸﺘﻧا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا
ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺮﺒﻋ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟا ﻻإ نأ قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﺋﺰﺠﺘﻟا ﻻ لاﺰﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﯾاﺪﺑ
ﺎھرﻮﮭظ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﯾ ﻮﻤﻧ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا ،ﺔﯾدﻮﻌﺴﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺮﯿﻈﻨﺑ ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﮭﺟ ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﺑو
رﻮﻄﺘﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻨﻘﺘﻟاو ﺪﯿﻟﺎﻘﺘﻟاو ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ةﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﮭﺟ ىﺮﺧأ. ﺐﻌﻠﺗو ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا اﺬﮭﺑ
ﺪﻠﺒﻟا ارودً ﺎﻀﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣً ﻲﻓ ﻊﯿﺠﺸﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا. ﺔﯿﻨﺒﻟﺎﻓ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا ،ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺪﺤﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﯾﺮﺣ
ةأﺮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ بﺎھﺬﻟا ﺎھدﺮﻔﻤﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﺰﻛاﺮﻣ ،قﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﺎﮭﻟ نأ ﺐﻌﻠﺗ ارودً ﺎﯿﺑﺎﺠﯾإً ﻲﻓ ﻮﻤﻧ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا.
( Masri, 2012 , p. 220)
Vocabulary
T T S T T T S T
ﺮﺸﻨﻟا ﻲﺗﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا e-publishing specialized
تﺎﻛﺮﺷ داﺮﻓأو firms and individuals reality
ﻦﻣأ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا internet security greatest obstacle
حﺮط ﻞﯿﺻﺎﻔﺗ giving details theft and fraud
تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا banking services their credit cards
قاﻮﺳأ ﺔﺋﺰﺠﺘﻟا retail market financial institutions
ﺪﯿﻟﺎﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا social traditions economic development
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﺖﺛﺪﺤﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ (ITB) ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﺸﻨﻟا ﻲﺗﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻊﻗاو ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا
ﺔﯾدﻮﻌﺴﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا داﺮﻓﻷاو.
ترﺎﺷأ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ نأ ﻖﺋﺎﻌﻟا ﺮﺒﻛﻷا ﻻ لاﺰﯾ ﻼﺜﻤﺘﻣً ﻲﻓ مﺪﻋ ﺔﻘﺛ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﻣﺄﺑ ،ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا فﻮﺨﺗو
ﺮﯿﺜﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻗﺮﺴﻟا لﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﯾ نأ ﻞﺼﺤﺗ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻟا.
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ نأ يدﺆﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻗﺮﺴﻟا لﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻاو ﻰﻟإ ددﺮﺗ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ءازإ حﺮط ﻞﯿﺻﺎﻔﺗ لﻮﺣ ﻢﮭﺗﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻤﺘﺋﻻا.
ﻢﻏر رﺎﺸﺘﻧا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺮﺒﻋ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟا ﻻإ نأ قاﻮﺳأ
ﺔﺋﺰﺠﺘﻟا ﻻ لاﺰﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﯾاﺪﺑ ﺎھرﻮﮭظ.
ﻂﺒﺗﺮﯾ ﻮﻤﻧ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﯾدﻮﻌﺴﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺮﯿﻈﻨﺑ ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﮭﺟ ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﺑو رﻮﻄﺘﻟا
يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻨﻘﺘﻟاو ﺪﯿﻟﺎﻘﺘﻟاو ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ةﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﮭﺟ ىﺮﺧأ.
ﺐﻌﻠﺗ ةﺪﻋ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ اﺬﮭﺑ ﺪﻠﺒﻟا ارودً ﺎﻀﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣً ﻲﻓ ﻊﯿﺠﺸﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا.
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ نأ ﺐﻌﻠﺗ ﺔﯿﻨﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا ،ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺪﺤﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﯾﺮﺣ ةأﺮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ بﺎھﺬﻟا ﺎھدﺮﻔﻤﺑ ﻰﻟإ
ﺰﻛاﺮﻣ ،قﻮﺴﺘﻟا ارودً ﺎﯿﺑﺎﺠﯾإً ﻲﻓ ﻮﻤﻧ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا.
ﮫﺟاﻮﯾ ﻮﻌﻧﺎﺻ تﺎﯿﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا تﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻲﻓ ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﻢﺠﺣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا.
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ لوﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﺔﯿﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟاو ﻲﺘﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﺎﮭﻟﻼﻐﺘﺳا ﻲﻓ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ
ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا.
ﺖﻌﺟار ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﻦﻣأ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ،ﺎﮭﺑ
ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺎﮭﻘﻓاﻮﺗ ﻊﻣ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﺘﻟاو فﺪﮭﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺣ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا
ﻊﻗاو
ﻖﺋﺎﻌﻟا ﺮﺒﻛﻷا
ﺔﻗﺮﺴﻟا لﺎﯿﺘﺣﻻاو
ﻢﮭﺗﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻤﺘﺋﻻا
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟا
رﻮﻄﺗ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا

186. Translating marketing texts 173
Exercise 2: Translate the following passages into English:
• تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻲﻓ ندرﻷا يﻮﻄﻨﺗ ةرﻮﺼﺑ ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋر ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﻘﻔﺻ ﻢﺘﺗ ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﯿﻧدرأ ﺔﻠﯿﻠﻗ
ﺎﮭﺋﺎﻛﺮﺷو ﻦﻣ ﺮﯿﻏ ،ﻦﯿﯿﻧدرﻷا ﻖﻓاﺮﺘﺗو هﺬھ تﺎﻘﻔﺼﻟا ﻊﻣ قﺮط ﺪﯾﺪﺴﺗ ﺮﻤﺗ ﺮﺒﻋ فرﺎﺼﻣ ﺔﯿﺒﻨﺟأ ﺮﻓﻮﺗ
تﺎﺑاﻮﺑ ﺪﯾﺪﺴﺗ نﻮﻜﺗ ةدﺎﻋ جرﺎﺧ ،ندرﻷا ﻞﯿﻤﺗو ﺔﻄﺸﻧأ هﺬھ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻮﺤﻧ داﺮﯿﺘﺳﻻا ﺲﯿﻟو ﺮﯾﺪﺼﺘﻟا.
(Ashweirif, 2013 , p. 197 )
ﻞﺘﺤﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻤھأ ،ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ نﻷ ﺮﯿﺜﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺘﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ
ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا ﺢﺒﺻأ ﻦﻣ رﻮﺴﯿﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﺎﻐﻠﻟ نأ ﻢﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا. ﺪﻘﻟ تﺮﺴﯿﺗ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺮﺒﻋ
لوﺪﻟا ةرﻮﺼﺑ ،ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻚﻟذو ﻞﻀﻔﺑ ﺮﻓاﻮﺗ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ةدﺪﻌﺘﻣ مﺎﻣأ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا.
•
(Masri, 2012 , p. 49 )
ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا:
ءاﺪﺘﺑا ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺰﯿﯿﻤﺘﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا لﺎﻤﻋﻷاو ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا E-business ةﺮﯿﺧﻷﺎﻓ ﻲھ ﻊﺳوأ
ﺎﻗﺎﻄﻧً ﻞﻤﺷأو ﻦﻣ ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا مﻮﻘﺗو ﻰﻠﻋ ةﺮﻜﻓ ﺔﺘﻤﺗأ ءادﻷا لﻮﺤﺗو طﺎﻤﻧأ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﺔﯾرادﻹا ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹاو ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻣﺪﺨﻟاو ﻲﻓ ةﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟا.
•
( Abdullah, 2017 , p. 20)
Exercise 3: Using the translations in the table below, translate the sentences which
follow:
T T S T T T S T
نزﺎﺨﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا company warehouse products distribution
ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹ ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟا ﺬﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻟﺎﺑ add value wholesale outlets
ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ طﺎﺸﻧ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا activity cost products properties
ﺔﻠﯿﺳﻮﻟا ﻞﻀﻓﻷا ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا يدﺎﻤﻟا best way physical distribution
ءﻼﻤﻋ ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺘﻟ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا clients product delivery
ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﻞﻘﻨﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺋﺎﮭﻨﻟا transportation final products
رﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻟا ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﯿﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا wholesalers external clients
تﺎﯿﻤﻜﺑ ﺮﺒﻛأ تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺗ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا at larger quantities demand fluctuations
ﺪﻌﯾ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ نزﺎﺨﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺬﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻟﺎﺑ ةﻮﻄﺧ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹ ،ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟا ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﻣ نأ •
ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻻ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﺗ.
ﻒﯿﻀﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻤﯿﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻈﻧ نﻮﺑﺰﻟا ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ نﻮﻜﺗ ﻲﻓ ،ﺮﺠﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺿإو ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟا ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ طﺎﺸﻧ •
ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟا وأ ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا يدﺎﻤﻟا.
فﺮﻌﯾ ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا ﮫﻧﺄﺑ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺘﯾ ﻦﻣ ﺎﮭﻟﻼﺧ ﻞﻘﻧ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ نﺎﻜﻣ ﺎﮭﺟﺎﺘﻧإ ﻰﻟإ نﺎﻜﻣ ﺎﮭﻛﻼﮭﺘﺳا. •
دﺪﺤﯾ ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﯿﺳﻮﻟا ﻞﻀﻓﻷا ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺘﻟ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ،ﻦﺋﺎﺑﺰﻠﻟ وأ نﺎﻜﻤﻟا ﻞﻀﻓﻷا ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺘﻟ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺋﺎﮭﻨﻟا •
ﻞﺋﺎﺳوو ﻞﻘﻨﻟا ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟ ﻦﺋﺎﺑﺰﻟا ﻦﯿﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا.
فﺮﻌ ﺬﺧﺄﯾ نﻮﻋزﻮﻤﻟا تﺎﯿﻤﻛ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﻦﻣ نوﺰﺨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻦﯿﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا مﺪﻘﺗو هﺬھ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ،ﻦﺋﺎﺑﺰﻟا ﺪﻗو ﯾُ •
نﻮﻋزﻮﻤﻟا ﺎﻀﯾأ رﺎﺠﺘﺑ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻟا.
عﺎﺒﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟ ىﺮﺧأ تﺎﯿﻤﻜﺑ ﺮﺒﻛأ ﻦﻣ ﻞﯿﻤﻌﻟا يدﺮﻔﻟا. •
ﻞﺜﻤﯾ نﻮﻋزﻮﻤﻟا ﺰﺟﺎﺣ ﻦﯿﺠﺘﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻦﻣ تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺗ ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻖﯾﺮط ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺗ نوﺰﺨﻤﻟا. •
ﻲﻐﺒﻨﯾ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻟ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺒﻏاﺮﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﯾﺪﻘﺗ تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺨﺑ •
تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎھدﺪﺤﺗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا.
ﺢﻤﺴ ﺎﮭﻌﯾزﻮﺘﺑُ ﺎﻤﯿﻓو ﺺﺨﯾ ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺗ ،تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا تدﺪﺣ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﺔﯿﺴﯿﺋر ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ءﺎﻤﺳأ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﯾ •
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﯿﻨطاﻮﻤﻟا لﻼﺧ ةﺮﺘﻓ تﺎﻣزﻷا.

187. 174 Translating marketing texts
Exercise 4: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:
ﻦﻤﻜﺗ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﺔﯿﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﺗرﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺗ ،ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ءاﻮﺳ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﻠﺤﻤﻟا
وأ قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا.
•
• The strength of the company lies in discussing the consumers’ demand variations in
regional markets.
مﻮﻘﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻊﯿﺒﺑ ﺎﮭﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﻰﻟإ ﻦﺋﺎﺑﺰﻟا ﺔﯾدﺮﻔﻟا رﺎﺠﺗو ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻟا ﻦﯾﺬﻟا نﻮﻣﻮﻘﯾ ﻊﯾزﻮﺘﺑ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﻮﺳأ
ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ.
•
• The manufacturing company sells its products to groups of people and wholesalers who
distribute them in domestic markets.
زﺮﺒﺗ ﺔﯿﻤھأ بﺮﻗ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ نزﺎﺨﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻦﻛﺎﻣأ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ ،ﻞﻘﻨﻟا
نﺎﻤﺿو لﻮﺻو تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺋﺎﮭﻨﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺬﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻊﯿﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺖﻗو ﺮﯿﺼﻗ.
•
• The significance of a company location closeness to distribution sites lies in avoiding
unnecessary costs for transporting final products.
Exercise 5: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table .
T T S T T T S T
ﻞﻀﻔﯾ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ فﺮﻌﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا .......................... ..............................
يدﺆﺗ ﻒﺋﺎظو ﺔﻌﻠﺳ ﺔﻠﺛﺎﻤﻣ ........................... ..............................
ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا رﺪﺼﻣ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا .......................... ..............................
ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﻤﻟاُﻊﻨﺼ ةرﺎﺠﺗ ﻊﺋﺎﻀﺒﻟا .......................... ..............................
نﺎﻘﺗإ ﻊﻨﺻ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا عﺎﻨﻗإ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا .......................... ..............................
ﺔﯾﺎﻤﺣ قﻮﻘﺣ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا دَرو ﺔﯾﺎﻋﺪﻟا ......................... .............................
ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻟ ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ ﺮﺜﻛأ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ةدﻮﺟ ......................... ............................
حﺮط ﻞﻀﻓأ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻣ ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻋ ......................... .............................
ﺔﯾﻮھ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا قاوذأ ءﻼﻤﻌﻟا ......................... ............................
Exercise 6: Translate the following sentences into English:
ﻞﻀﻔﯾ نﻮﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ءاﺮﺷ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ ةرﻮﮭﺸﻣ اﺮﻈﻧًتﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺰﯿﻤﺘﺗ ﺎﮭﺑ •
هﺬھ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا.
زﺮﺒﺗ ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﯿﮭﺴﺗ فﺮﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﻜﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﺠﺘﻨﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﺒﺣﺎﺻ ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا •
ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا.
Exercise 7: Translate the following passage into English:
ﺪﻗ نﻮﻜﯾ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻟواﺪﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ قﻮﺴﻟا – ﻲﻓو هﺬھ ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﻊﻀﺨﯾ ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﮭﻨﻟا وأ
مﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻂﯿﺳﻮﻟا )ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺖﺤﺗ ﻊﯿﻨﺼﻟا.( ﺪﻘﻟو رﻮﻄﺗ مﻮﮭﻔﻣ ةدﻮﺠﻟا – ﻦﻣ دﺮﺠﻣ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ مﻮﮭﻔﻣ ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣ
control ةدﻮﺠﻟا ﺪﺣﺄﻛ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا وأ ﻊﯿﻨﺼﺘﻟا ﻰﻟإ مﻮﮭﻔﻣ ةرادإ ةدﻮﺠﻟا ةﺪﺣﻮﻟ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا – ﻰﺘﺣ ﻢﺗ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ مﻮﮭﻔﻣ
ﺪﯿﻛﺄﺗ
assurance ةدﻮﺠﻟا.(Hasan, 2002 , p. 15 )

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195. Index
accounting 2 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 97 ,
109 , 120
administration 8 , 30 , 49 , 50 , 58
agricultural 36 , 37 , 60 , 73 , 83 , 100 , 147 , 159
allocation 34 , 54
Arab world 2 , 3 , 128
assets 8 , 88 , 91 , 97 , 107 , 115 , 120 , 121 , 123
balance 15 , 34 , 35 , 89 , 90 , 147
banking 2 , 7 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 88 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 102 ,
104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 114 , 137 , 139 , 143 , 172
benefits 15 , 17 , 28 , 29 , 128 , 147 , 153 , 160 ,
161 , 169
bonds 2 , 12 , 112 , 113 , 115 , 117 , 118 , 125 , 126
brand 82 , 129 , 131 , 144 , 145 , 147 , 149 , 151 ,
158 , 161
business(es) 3 , 5 , 16 , 52 , 72 , 73 , 83 , 98 , 129 ,
160 , 166 , 168 ; cycle 2 , 4 , 5 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ,
17 , 160 ; institutions 3 , 10 , 52 ; texts 1 , 2 ,
3 , 4 ,
5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ; transactions 3 , 64 , 106 ,
107 , 113
buyer 11 , 114 , 123 , 168
capacity 3 , 14 , 20 , 36 , 37 , 64 , 65 , 83 , 90 , 141
capital 16 , 17 , 31 , 37 , 44 , 88 , 96 , 97 , 107 , 109 ,
111 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 131
cash 8 , 16 , 28 , 29 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 101 , 107 , 114 ,
119 , 121
channel 72 , 73 , 75
commercial 6 , 57 , 58 , 65 , 73 , 75 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ,
104 , 131 , 138 , 141 , 170
communication 3 , 9 , 48 , 51 , 55 , 68 , 75 , 153 ,
158 , 161
competition 2 , 12 , 25 , 28 , 29 , 35 , 37 , 44 , 73 ,
121 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 ,
158 , 161
competitive 24 , 28 , 42 , 52 , 65 , 69 , 83 , 90 , 112 ,
129 , 131 , 133 , 144 , 145 , 157 , 159 , 167 , 169
competitors 43 , 129 , 131 , 134 , 147 , 151 , 159
components 4 , 5 , 7 , 17 , 29 , 59 , 64 , 66 , 73
consumers 14 , 16 , 29 , 36 , 60 , 73 , 86 , 95 , 120 ,
129 , 144 , 145 , 147 , 149 , 152 , 155 , 159 , 160 ,
167 , 169 , 174
contraction 14 , 17
contracts 3 , 25 , 110 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 126
controlling 41 , 84
corporations 28 , 29 , 45 , 96 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115
cost(s) 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 , 16 , 23 , 24 , 35 , 39 , 49 , 60 ,
63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 70 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 82 , 83 ,
84 , 86 , 91 , 94 , 95 , 114 , 121 , 127 , 128 , 132 ,
133 , 134 , 136 , 139 , 159 , 160 , 163 , 166 ,
167 , 174
currency 39 , 98 , 99 , 123
customers 25 , 43 , 50 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 80 , 81 , 82 ,
83 , 84 , 86 , 87 , 90 , 98 , 99 , 101 , 104 , 105 , 106 ,
107 , 111 , 129 , 145 , 146 , 150 , 151 , 153 , 158 ,
159 , 160 , 161 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169
debt 112 , 113 , 115 , 130 , 139
decisions 9 , 29 , 42 , 50 , 89 , 92 , 99 , 115 , 146 , 152
delivery 64 , 65 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 2 , 122 , 123 , 156 ,
168 , 173
demand 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 36 , 37 , 7 , 48 , 57 , 61 ,
64 , 5 , 66 , 67 , 72 , 75 , 98 , 115 , 121 , 128 , 128 ,
146 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 165 , 174
deposits 31 , 96 , 99 , 108
derivative 11 , 120 , 121
design 51 , 81 , 145 , 151 , 152 , 158 , 164
directors 29 , 42 , 44 , 51 , 2 , 91
distribution 26 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 78 , 82 , 83 , 105 , 146 ,
153 , 155 , 156 , 173 , 174
domestic markets 35 , 36 , 37 , 49 , 83 , 158 , 174
domestic product 14 , 34 , 122
e-commerce 2 , 8 , 60 , 144 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 171
economic development 24 , 25 , 37 , 46 , 63 , 172
economic expansion 4 , 5 , 14 , 17
economic growth 25 , 36 , 37 , 43 , 107 , 112 ,
136 , 160
economy 2 , 3 , 7 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 31 , 35 , 57 , 58 ,
59 , 68 , 104 , 112 , 160 , 161 , 169 , 170
efficiency 13 , 34 , 35 , 51 , 70 , 72 , 74 , 75 , 81 , 129 ,
131 , 146
employee 28 , 29 , 50 , 98
employment 2 , 14 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 60 , 140 ,
154 , 155 , 161

196. Index 183
environment 14 , 18 , 42 , 43 , 52 , 58 , 64 , 66 , 81 ,
90 , 91 , 107 , 131 , 145 , 147 , 151 , 169
equivalence 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
exchange 38 , 64 , 74 , 98 , 99 , 106 , 107 , 120 ,
121 , 126
expansion 17 , 20 , 36 , 37 , 44 , 60
export 36 , 37 , 60 , 83 , 131
external 43 , 52 , 73 , 80 , 90 , 91 , 93 , 94 , 112 , 113 ,
115 , 119 , 138 , 149 , 151
final product(s) 59 , 173 , 174
finance 1 , 2 , 7 , 12 , 43 , 88 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 ,
113 , 115 , 119 , 124
financial 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 19 , 22 , 23 ,
24 , 29 , 30 , 41 , 49 , 58 , 64 , 71 , 88 , 89 , 91 , 92 ,
93 , 94 , 96 , 7 , 98 , 99 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ,
107 , 108 , 111 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 120 , 121 ,
122 , 124 , 125 , 130 , 131 , 136 , 137 ,
138 , 139 ,
141 , 143 , 172 ; crisis 22 , 30 , 99 , 103 , 112 ;
institutions 58 , 88 , 96 , 98 , 99 , 104 , 105 , 106 ,
107 , 122 , 139 , 141 , 172
firms 13 , 29 , 41 , 43 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 128 ,
129 , 130 , 131 , 134 , 152 , 166 , 172
fixed 8 , 67 , 91 , 107 , 128
flexibility 24 , 25 , 50 , 53 , 61
flow 5 , 8 , 11 , 24 , 37 , 39 , 53 , 66 , 67 , 73 , 74 , 76 ,
81 , 89 , 90
food 8 , 39 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 65 , 84 , 85 , 106
foreign markets 36 , 37
funds 28 , 88 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 112 , 113 , 138
futures 2 , 110 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 126
generate 32 , 49 , 57 , 161 , 162
goods and services 14 , 16 , 17 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 43 , 77 ,
122 , 146 , 154 , 165 , 168 , 169
growth 17 , 19 , 25 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 40 , 43 , 58 , 59 , 61 ,
73 , 83 , 96 , 107 , 112 , 120 , 121 , 136 , 143 , 147 ,
160 , 161
hedge 64 , 97 , 121 , 122 , 123
image 28 , 45 , 129 , 144 , 145
imports 13 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 89 , 130
improvement 80 , 81 , 83 , 84
increase 8 , 14 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 29 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 50 ,
58 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 67 , 69 , 71 , 75 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 106 ,
107 , 115 , 120 , 122 , 123 , 130 , 131 , 134 , 140 ,
142 , 161 , 162 , 165 , 166 , 167
industrial 9 , 24 , 43 , 62 , 65 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ,
73 , 100 , 101 , 104 , 120 , 122 , 132
industry(ies) 6 , 9 , 15 , 24 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 47 , 57 , 58 ,
60 , 62 , 65 , 66 , 78 , 96 , 97 , 103 , 115 , 128 , 130 ,
150 , 159 , 164
inflation 11 , 16 , 19 , 91
instrument 120 , 121
interest 12 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 29 , 97 , 99 , 103 , 104 , 105 ,
107 , 113 , 115 , 120 , 121 , 126 , 138 , 140 , 166
internal 43 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 61 , 80 , 81 , 91
international trade 2 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 75 , 125
investments 16 , 69 , 99 , 107 , 113 , 119 , 121 , 132 ,
137 , 49
Islamic 2 , 7 , 12 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 ,
142 , 143
job market 22 , 47
lending 96 , 99 , 105 , 107 , 137 , 139
loan 12 , 16 , 96 , 101 , 104 , 105 , 112 , 120 , 137
logistics 2 , 5 , 6 , 13 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 146
loss 58 , 90 , 99 , 108
management 1 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 23 , 31 , 41 , 42 ,
43 , 44 , 46 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 56 , 67 , 70 , 74 , 75 ,
77 , 78 , 81 , 82 , 84 , 89 , 90 , 94 , 97 , 106 , 112 ,
113 , 114 , 129 , 131 , 147 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153
managers 23 , 29 , 41 , 42 , 48 , 50 , 89 , 114 , 115 ,
150 , 151 , 152
manufacturing 24 , 36 , 57 , 58 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 80 , 84 ,
145 , 174
marketing 1 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 39 , 50 , 57 , 60 , 65 , 73 ,
82 , 83 , 89 , 129 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 150 , 151 ,
152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 161 , 162 , 163 ,
167 , 171
materials 57 , 58 , 60 , 66 , 67 , 83 , 84 , 97 , 110 , 111
microfinance 2 , 97 , 136 , 137 , 139 , 140 , 142 , 143
money 12 , 28 , 29 , 44 , 89 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 102 , 06 ,
107 , 124 , 138 , 146
needs 4 , 6 , 13 , 44 , 57 , 60 , 72 , 73 , 82 , 83 , 90 , 96 ,
106 , 107 , 128 , 129 , 140 , 144 , 145 , 152 , 153 ,
158 , 161 , 163
network 49 , 72 , 73
offer 1 , 24 , 49 , 80 , 96 , 98 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 107 ,
139 , 142 , 145 , 159 , 169
operations 29 , 37 , 44 , 52 , 58 , 66 , 72 , 74 , 75 , 78 ,
89 , 90 , 99 , 104 , 105 , 107 , 136 , 138 , 147
order 1 , 5 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 49 , 51 , 57 , 59 , 64 , 66 , 67 ,
72 , 74 , 75 , 83 , 87 , 106 , 107 , 112 , 122 , 130 ,
131 , 137 , 145 , 149 , 151 , 160 , 163 , 169
organizations 17 , 41 , 43 , 49 , 51 , 58 , 80 , 81 , 95 ,
96 , 142
organizing 8 , 41 , 49 , 51 , 76
ownership 28 , 112 , 120 , 121
partners 35 , 64 , 72 , 91 , 95 , 103 , 115
pay 90 , 91 , 97 , 104 , 117 , 146
payments 34 , 98 , 99 , 113 , 118 , 167
performance 23 , 31 , 35 , 42 , 44 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ,
80 , 81 , 83 , 90 , 91 , 106 , 122 , 131 , 151
planning 8 , 9 , 11 , 31 , 34 , 41 , 42 , 68 , 73 , 75 , 81 ,
84 , 97 , 115 , 119 , 129
policies 12 , 25 , 28 , 31 , 37 , 41 , 42 , 49 , 83 , 88 ,
104 , 128

197. 184 Index
political 30 , 43 unemployment 11 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 33
predict 16 , 21
price 7 , 11 , 17 , 20 , 67 , 105 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , wholesale 107 , 173
125 , 126 , 131 , 133 , 146 , 157 , 160 , 161 , 167
production 1 , 2 , 6 , 7 , 14 , 20 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 64 , 65 , 77 ,76 ,70 ,54 ,52 ,48 ,47 ,33 ,32 ,23 ,20,
ءادأ
66 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 71 , 76 , 81 , 89 , 90 , 94 , 95 , 127 , 80 , 85 , 87 , 90 , 91 , 94 , 103 , 122 , 133 , 143 ,
134 , 146 , 147 149 , 173
profits 12 , 14 , 20 , 23 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 9 , 50 , 59 ,
95 , 99 , 105 , 115 , 123 , 127 , 128 , 130 , 143 ,
5453 ,8 ,
يرادإ
109 ,95 ,94 ,83 ,70 ,61 ,40 ,21 ,20 ,19 ,18 , عﺎﻔﺗرا
147 , 159 , 165 , 166 , 167 127 , 165
project
7 , 8 , 10 , 16 , 44 , 49 , 88 , 139
promotion 45 , 112 , 140 , 150 , 153 , 156 , 161
purchase 11 , 17 , 107 , 112 , 113 , 159 , 160 , 167 ,
143142 ,71 ,20 , ﺔﻣاﺪﺘﺳا
68 ,65 ,54 ,48 ,46 ,45 ,43 ,31 ,27 ,26 , ﺔﯿﺠﯿﺗاﺮﺘﺳا
79 , 87 , 109 , 133 , 144 , 149 , 151 , 157
168 , 169 146 ,80 ,79 ,78 ,69 ,63 ,39 ,17 ,16 ,15 ,
كﻼﮭﺘﺳا
155 , 163 , 173
quality 2 , 57 , 60 , 64 , 65 , 70 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 ,
85 , 87 , 90 , 116 , 123 , 147 , 148 , 157
125121 , 118 , 117 , 113 , 112 , 28,
ﻢﮭﺳأ
63 ,62 ,61 ,56 ,47 ,45 ,40 ,38 ,37 ,36 ,27, قاﻮﺳأ
71 , 77 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 92 , 95 , 6 , 97 , 101 , 102 ,
reduce 6 , 23 , 32 , 59 , 60 , 64 , 65 , 73 , 74 , 84 , 95 , 103 , 110 , 111 , 115 ,
119 , 120 , 122 , 124 , 25 ,
135 , 137 , 163 126 , 127 , 129 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 135 , 138 , 141 ,
resources 4 , 6 , 8 , 34 , 35 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 48 , 49 , 145 , 147 , 148 , 151 , 155 , 156 , 159 , 163 , 166 ,
50 , 55 , 57 , 67 , 81 , 89 , 114 , 121 , 139 171 , 172 , 173 , 174
retail 57 , 59 , 60 , 79 , 96 , 105 , 107 , 169 , 172 159 ,158 ,157 ,156 ,155 ,150 ,148 ,133 ,61,
نﻼﻋإ
returns 61 , 99 , 110 , 113 , 115 , 118 160 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 171
risks 106 , 107 , 115 , 122 , 123 , 128 , 137 49 ,47 ,37 ,32 ,31 ,26 ,18 ,16 ,15 ,14 ,13 ,5,
لﺎﻤﻋأ
54 , 57 , 71 , 76 , 79 , 87 , 92 , 96 , 100 , 101 , 109 ,
sales 17 , 59 , 60 , 66 , 72 , 74 , 82 , 86 , 131 , 145 , 110 , 124 , 140 , 141 , 142 ,
149 , 150 , 155 , 157 ,
151 , 157 , 161 , 166 , 167 160 , 168 , 171 , 173
satisfaction 48 , 65 , 72 , 73 , 77 , 81 , 82 , 168 , 169
satisfy 42 , 46 , 57 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 84 , 90 , 145 , 152 , 153
2620,
رﻮﺟﻷا
84 ,77 ,71 ,70 ,56 ,55 ,54 ,53 ,46 ,32 ,27, ةرادﻹا
savings 29 , 97 , 99 , 109 , 125 , 136 86 , 87 , 94 , 116 , 117 , 145
scientific 3 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 60 61 ,56 ,48 ,46 ,45 ,39 ,27 ,20 ,18 ,16,
رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا
scope 59 , 60 , 136 , 139 , 152 62 , 63 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 95 , 97 , 101 , 103 , 108 ,
security(ies) 11 , 12 , 97 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 120 , 109 , 111 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 124 , 125 , 127
121 , 124 , 169 , 172
seller 73 , 114 , 167 , 168
short-term 4 , 5 , 14 , 16 , 23 , 48 , 90 ,
112 , 117
statements 2 , 6 , 7 , 13 , 88 , 90 , 116
stocks 64 , 65 , 75 , 112 , 113 , 118
strategic management 31 , 41 , 43 , 129
structure 2 , 24 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 56 , 96 , 113 , 129
suppliers 43 , 67 , 73 , 80 , 81 , 122 , 123 , 131 , 159 , 167
117 21 ,20 ,18,
شﺎﻌﺘﻧﻻا
163161 ,160 ,21 ,19 ,18, قﺎﻔﻧﻹا
2119 ,18 ,5, شﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻا
154101 ,70 ,18 ,8, تاداﺮﯾﻹا
155140 ,69 ,40 ,26 ,18, ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا
161126 ,124 ,95 ,78 ,61 ,40, ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا
103 ,85 ,78 ,68 ,63 ,62 ,40 ,39 ,38 ,34 ,
ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
125 , 135 , 167 , 170 , 171 , 172
surplus 15 , 19 , 35 , 39
sustainable 33 , 34 , 42 , 44 , 136
6840 ,39 ,38,
ةرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻟوﺪﻟا
135 ,86 ,84 ,82 ,69 ,68 ,61 ,65 ,54 , 11 , 8 , ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا
140 , 150 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 163 , 165
target 4 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 129 , 151 , 153 ,
161 , 166
135133 ,93 ,68 ,20 ,8,
ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻟا
109 ,107 ,103 ,95 ,89 ,70 ,56 ,46 ,43 ,27, ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺘﻟا
technical 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 20 , 80 , 88 , 114 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 124 , 137 , 139 ,
128 , 131 , 138 , 139 , 151 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 172
terminology 6 , 7 , 10
tool 3 , 10 , 29 , 42 , 60 , 121 , 136
total 49 , 52 , 64 , 75 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 84 , 98 , 131 , 159
trade 2 , 14 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 57 , 58 , 75 , 93 , 99 ,
4738 ,20 ,5,
ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟا
141140 ,33 ,26 ,22 ,18, ﻒﯿظﻮﺘﻟا
62 ,61 ,60 ,46 ,45 ,38 ,27 ,
18 ,17 ,13 ,6, تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟا
63 , 68 , 70 , 75 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 81 , 83 , 101 , 104 , 108 ,
107 , 123 , 125 110 , 111 , 116 , 133 , 135 , 139 , 143 , 148 , 149 ,
transport 66 , 72 , 75 151 , 154 , 155 , 159 , 165 , 169 , 171 , 172 , 173

198. Index 185
114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 124 , 127 , 136 ,
137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 149 , 172
5655 ,54 ,53 ,52 ,49 ,24,
ﻲﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ
141 ,140 ,132 ,94 ,93 ,63 ,26 ,21 ,19 ,8, ﻞﺧﺪﻟا
142 , 143 , 154
68 ,63 ,62 ,46 ,43 ,40 ,39 ,33 ,32 ,27 ,24,
ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺗ
2120 ,18 ,15 ,5, ةروﺪﻟا ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا
62 ,61 ,52 ,48 ,47 ,39 ,38 ,26 ,18 ,17 ,16, ﺐﻠﻄﻟا
79 ,78 ,76 ,75 ,73 ,72 ,69 ,55 ,54 ,53 ,26, ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ
64 , 72 , 74 , 79 , 94 , 98 , 103 , 109 , 143 , 146 , 154 , 69 , 89 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 111 , 119 , 124 , 127 ,
155 , 157 , 161 , 162 , 164 , 165 , 171 , 173 , 174 142 , 149
15561 ,48 ,47 ,38 ,18 ,17,
ضﺮﻌﻟا
7140 ,38 ,25,
ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻌﻟا
57 ,48 ,42 ,38 ,37 ,33 ,32 ,27 ,26 ,23 ,20 , عﺎﻄﻘﻟا
109 , 110 , 117 , 35 , 146 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 165 ,
170 , 173 , 174
154141 ,140 ,85 ,46 ,33 ,26 ,23 ,22 ,18 ,
ﻒﯿظﻮﺗ
81 ,80 ,71 ,70 ,68 ,64 ,47 ,46 ,45 ,21 ,20, ةدﻮﺟ
61 , 62 , 63 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 73 , 79 , 81 , 83 , 85 ,
93 , 95 , 102 , 108 , 116 , 117 , 124 , 131 , 135 ,
147 , 148 , 149 , 159 , 174
79 ,70 ,63 ,26 ,23 ,21 ,19 ,18 ,12 ,11,
ﻲﻣﻮﻜﺣ
132 , 119 , 109 ,108 ,87 ,55 ,49 ,27 ,21 ,8, عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا
134 , 141
93 , 17247 ,46 ,44 ,42 ,39 ,35 ,34 ,31 ,27 ,21 ,20,
دراﻮﻤﻟا
152 ,149 ,148 , 117 , 110 , 85 ,54 ,53, ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ 48 , 50 , 54 , 61 , 68 , 69 , 76 , 77 , 78 ,
86 , 89 , 109 ,
157 , 160 , 173
80 ,69 ,63 ,62 ,45 ,40 ,30 ,26 ,21 ,19 ,15 ,8,
ﻞﺧد
111 , 142
104 ,100 ,70 ,63 ,58 ,46 ,45 ,42 ,33 ,32,
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا
105 , 108 , 109 , 113 , 117 , 119 , 124 , 125 , 137 , 81 , 86 , 90 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 100 , 101 , 105 , 109 ,
141 , 142 , 143 , 172 132 , 136 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 149 , 154
17221 ,20 ,18 ,15 ,14 ,13 ,5 ,
ةرود ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا 5655 ,53, ﻞﻛﺎﯿﮭﻟا
1816 ,14 ,13 ,5, ةرود لﺎﻤﻋﻷا 79 ,77 ,76 ,71 ,68 ,67 ,61 ,60 ,46 ,20 ,16, ﺔﯿﺟﺎﺘﻧإ
114 , 105 ,97 ,96 ,93 ,88 ,61 ,48 ,20, سأر لﺎﻤﻟا 85 , 95 , 107 , 110 , 127 , 134 , 135 , 143 , 160 ,
115 , 116 , 132161 , 171 , 173
133 118 , 117 , 116 , 94 ,85 ,84 ,76 ,53 ,
48 ,46 , ﺔﺑﺎﻗر
123 ,122 ,121 ,120 , 110 , 95 ,94 ,87 ,39 ,7, ﺮﻌﺳ
119 , 117 , 116 , 109 ,103 ,102 ,101 ,100 ,99, كﻮﻨﺑ
124 , 127 , 136 , 139 , 140
125 , 127 , 133 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 164 , 165
126125 , 119 , 118 , 117 , 115 , 113 , 112 , 96,
تاﺪﻨﺳ
35 ,34 ,30 ,29 ,27 ,24 ,22 ,20 ,17 ,14 ,11, قﻮﺳ
170 ,169 ,168 ,165 ,155 , 111 , 110 , 84 ,79, ﻊﯿﺒﻟا
171 , 173 , 174
118 , 94 ,93 ,92 ,91 ,86 ,84 ,55 ,27 ,20 ,18,
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ
109 , 110 , 111 , 117 , 124 , 125 , 127 , 131 , 132 ,
133 , 134 , 135 , 148 , 149 , 151 , 155 , 157 , 160 ,
171 , 174
127126 ,125 ,124 ,123 ,122 ,64, طﻮﺤﺗ
17384 ,78 ,77 ,68 ,65 ,64 ,39, ﻦﯾﺰﺨﺗ
94 ,85 ,84 ,78 ,69 ,
8 ,48 ,47 ,46 ,42 ,11, ﻂﯿﻄﺨﺗ
95 ,88 ,86 ,69 ,45 ,40 ,31 ,27 ,19 ,18, تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ 118 , 119 , 165
101 , 102 , 116 , 119 , 135 , 170 , 172
125 ,124 ,123 ,122 , 111 , 110 , 93 ,92 ,15,
دﻮﻘﻋ
63 ,62 ,55 ,54 ,53 ,39 ,37 ,21 ,13 , 11 , 8 ,6 ,5, ﻖﻓﺪﺗ
66 , 69 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 95 , 118 , 119 , 133
126 , 127 , 143 , 164148 ,140 ,135 ,133 ,86 ,81 ,79 ,63 ,65 ,45 ,39,
ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ
111 , 109 ,108 ,105 ,103 ,101 ,100 ,96 ,95, ضوﺮﻗ 150 , 151 , 153 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 163 , 165 , 166
116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 121 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 14776 ,70 ,69 ,68 ,61 ,56 ,54 ,45 ,39 , 11 , 8,
ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺗ
4818 ,14 ,5 ,4, دﺎﺴﻛ
151109 ,97 ,
95 ,94 ,93 ,92 ,57, ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ
117 , 111 , 108 ,107 ,106 ,102 ,101 ,71 ,46, ﺮطﺎﺨﻣ
82 , 84 , 86 , 113 , 135 , 140 , 141 , 146 , 147 , 150 ,
151 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 159 , 162 , 163 ,
165 , 170 , 171
122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 14394 ,86 ,85 ,84 ,76 ,71 ,45 ,39 ,38 ,24 ,20,
ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺗ
85 ,84 ,77 ,76 ,46 ,45 ,28 ,27 ,21 ,20, ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻣ 95 , 117 , 119 , 127 , 128 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 136 ,
132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 149 , 155 , 157 , 158 ,
164
97 ,95 ,89 ,70 ,65 ,63 ,62 ,56 ,46 ,43 ,27 ,21,
ﻞﯾﻮﻤﺗ
100 , 101 , 103 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 ,
141 , 149 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 116 , 129 , 133 , 134 , 135 ,
135 , 151 , 157 39 , 40 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 55 , 71 ,
79 , 86 , 87 , 96 , 108 ,
154 , 160 , 163 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 174 87 , 92 , 102 , 116 , 119 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 ,