Art-History-and-Development.pptx

Marjean

1. Art History and Development

2. Art History and Development Prehistoric Classicism and Greco-Roman Tradition Roman Arts Medieval Arts Renaissance Arts Mannerism, Baroque, and Romanticism Arts Modern and Contemporary Art

3. Prehistoric Arts River Civilization (Ancient Arts) Arts associated with religious functions. Nomadics (10,000 B.C.) – geographical condition. Banks of Rivers : Mesopotamia (Tigris & Euphrates), Egypt (Nile), China (Yangtze), India (Indus &Ganges) Arts reflected on the building of palaces and temples

4. Ancient Egyptian Arts Arts connote a religious function. Arts originate from building tombs and preserving the remain of dead (mummification) Mastaba (eternal house) - chamber for dead (tomb)

5. Ancient Arts of Mesopotamia Female figurine, Samara (6000 BC) Nimrud ivories, Neo-Assyrian period (9th–7th centuries BC) Fragment of the Stele of the Vultures, Early Dynastic III period (2600–2350 BC)

6. Ancient Arts of China Terracotta Army Collection of terracotta sculptures depict the armies of Qin Shi Huang, (first Emperor of China) Discovered in 1974 ( Lintong District, Xi’an)

7. Ancient Arts of India Bhimbetka rock shelter Taj Mahal (1648) - "teardrop on the cheek of eternity“ . Emperor Shah Jahan (Mumtaz Mahal).

8. Prehistoric Arts Western Art (Primitive Age) Arts is related to culture (way of life/ belief) Early primitive people paints animal on the wall of cave to have successful hunting. Sculpture is associated with magical belief Small animals statue are the first subject of sculpture.

9. Prehistoric Arts Western Art (Primitive Age) Fertility statues are made because of the belief (bring many offspring/ survival of human species) Architecture is learned when man discovered burying the death. Gravestones are the first architectural designs.

10. Gravestone Menhirs are monuments consisting of a single large piece of megalith. Dolmens are "stone table" in Breton, made up of a number of vertical megaliths with horizontal slab. Cromlechs made up of a number of megaliths in concentric circle extending a wide area.

11. Ancient Greek Arts Archaic Period Classical Period Hellenistic Period

12. Archaic Period Arts were influenced by the earlier civilization of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Geometric art (Pottery) Archaic period focuses on nude sculpture. Kouros (nude male figure of athlete) Kore (fully clad female figure)

13. Classical Period Remarkable civilization of ancient Greek. Golden age of Athens (Socrates/ Plato/ Aristotle) Outstanding period of cultural achievement Aesthetic ideals (emphasize form/ implying a rigorous artistic discipline in conforming to a schema or to a certain artistic convention Exhibit an intellectual order (philosophical) Follow the principle of design (harmony/ proportion/ balance)

14. Classical Sculpture Sculpture evolved from the frontal and rigid “ kouroi ” or “ kouros ” Sculpture gave way the creation of the transitional movement. Phidias/ Polykleitos / Myron/ Praxiteles

15. Architecture: Praxiteles; Ictinus; and Callicrates Venus Braschi Apollo saurotonos Hermes bearing infant Dionysus Aphrodite of Cnidus Open- Air Theater: Aeschylus; Sophocles; and Euripides

16. Hellenistic Period End of the Golden age of Athens 404 BC – Peloponesian War (Spartans – Athenians) 338 BC – Alexander the Great conquered Greek cities. Greek sculpture was influenced by the Oriental and the political instability. This gave way to the rise of new set of aesthetic ideals.

17. Hellenistic Arts Zeuxis Parrhasius Apollodorus Renown Naturalistic Painters

18. Apoxyomenos Lysippos Aphrodite of Milos Alexandros Agesander Laocoon

19. Roman Arts

20. Roman Art The Roman sculptures imitated the Greek forms and techniques. The Romans developed a new artistic subjects like “still life”, “Landscape”, and “architectural motifs”. The Roman architectures imitated the certain features of Greek architectures (Doric – Tuscan orders) The Romans imitated also the Greek literature.

21. Medieval Arts Early Christian Arts Byzantine Arts Romanesque Arts Gothic Arts

22. Early Christian Arts and Architectures Art produced by Christians or under Christian patronage from about the year 100 to about the year 500. The arts introduced a new sense of values (emphasizing spiritual and life after death). Arts were influenced by the early Christian symbols (cross, fish, lamb, Alpha, Omega, wreath, grapes, doves, and peacocks)

23. Byzantine Arts Byzantine art is the term commonly used to describe the artistic products of the Byzantine Empire from about the 5th century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 Merging of Classical and Asian artistic tradition. Emphasized the clarity of line and sharpness of outline.

24. Romanesque Arts Romanesque art refers to the art of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the Gothic style in the 13th century Romanesque period developed their own arts; metal work, geometric designs, and stylized animal form.

25. Gothic Arts Gothic art was a style of Medieval art that developed in France out of Romanesque art in the mid-12th century Gothic art was influenced by the philosophy of religion (St. Thomas’ “Summa Theologia ”). Arts gave emphasis about religions Gothic arts depicted the use of stained glass (mosaic). Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscripts.

26. Renaissance Arts

27. Renaissance Art (15 th Century Art) Renaissance art gave emphasis on man as the measure of all things (homocentric). Art focused on man’s thoughts, feelings and imaginations. The ideals of classicism became the artistic standards of the renaissance orders. Painting and sculpture subjects remained religious by nature (classical mythology). Renaissance period emphasized the ideal man (jack-of-all-trade) – well rounded man and knowledgeable in different fields (philosophy, science, and arts).

28. Versatile Men of Renaissance Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni

29. Famous Works of Leonardo da Vinci

30. Famous Works of Michelangelo Buonarotti

31. Early Renaissance Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378 – 1455) – bronze sculptor Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) – bronze sculptor Donatello (1386 – 1466) – best Florentine scupltor Andrea del Verrochio (1435 – 1488) – da Vinci’s teacher in painting Leon Battista Alberti (1404 – 1472) - Architecture Giotto di Bondone (1226 – 1337) – popular in frescoes painting Fra Filippo Lippi (1406-1469) – Botticelli’s teacher in painting Sandro Boticelli (1447 – 1510) – introduced nude painting

32. High Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) Raphael (1483 – 1520) Michaelangelo Buonarroti (1475 – 1564) Giovanni Bellini (1430 – 1516) Giorgione (1478 – 1511) Albert Durer (1471-1528)

33. Mannerism, baroque, and romanticism arts

34. Mannerism Arts A period of European art that emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520 and lasted until about 1580 in Italy. The word mannerism derives from the Italian maniera , meaning "style" or "manner“ Andrea del Sarto, Jacopo da Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino (Early Florencian Mannerist) Michelangelo was one of the great creative exponents of Mannerism

35. Andre del Sarto - An Italian painter from Florence, whose career flourished during the High Renaissance and early Mannerism. An artist senza errori ("without errors") Peter Bruelghel - 'Peasant Bruegel' or 'Bruegel the Peasant' Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker known for his landscapes and peasant scenes. Jacopo Comin “Tintoretto” - Venetian painter and a notable exponent of the Renaissance school. His work is characterized by its muscular figures, dramatic gestures and bold use of perspective in the Mannerist style

36. Baroque Arts Relating to or denoting a style of European architecture, music, and art of the 17th and 18th centuries that followed mannerism and is characterized by ornate detail. In architecture the period is exemplified by the palace of Versailles and by the work of Bernini in Italy. Caravaggio and Rubens are important baroque artists. 

37. Gian Lorenzo Bernini - An Italian artist who is popular in marble sculpture and a prominent architect. He is the leading figure in the emergence of Roman Baroque architecture. Micheangelo da Caravaggio - His paintings, which combine a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative influence on the Baroque school of painting Peter Paul Rubens - Flemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an extravagant Baroque style that emphasised movement, colour , and sensuality

38. Romanticism Arts A movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18 th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. Romanticism is a reaction against the order and restraint of classicism and neoclassicism. Romanticism rejects rationalism, and characterized the Enlightenment. Leading visual artist: Eugene Delacroix and Francisco Goya

39. Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix - French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of color profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists.

40. Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes - Spanish romantic painter and printmaker, and court painter to the Spanish Crown. 1792 and early 1793, a serious illness, whose exact nature is not known, left Goya deaf, and he became withdrawn and introspective 1814 to 1819 his works are mostly commissioned portraits

41. The modern arts: the avant garde

42. Modern Arts: The Avant Garde Avant Garde refers to a new and unusual or experimental ideas, especially in the arts. It derives from French word vanguard ( avant “before” + garde “guard”), referring to a group of people (movement) who led the way in new developments or ideas. Modern denotes a current or recent style or trend in art, architecture, or other cultural activity marked by a significant departure from traditional styles and values. Modern Art Movements begin in the 19 th century until the late 20 th century. Movement/ Style of Arts Year Started Impressionism 1870 to 1900 Post-Impressionism 1880 to 1920 Symbolism 1880 to 1910 Fauvism 1905 to 1908 Expressionism 1905 to 1925 Cubism 1908 to 1920 Futurism 1909 to 1918 Abstract Arts 1910 - Dada Arts 1916 to 1923 Precisionism 1915 to 1945 Surrealism 1920 - Art Deco 1920 –o 1935 Pop Arts 1956 to 1960

43. Impressionism – a style or movement in painting originating in France in the 1860s, characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the moment, especially in term of the shifting effect of light and color Impressionism (Impressionist painters) – repudiated both the precise academic style and the emotional concerns of Romanticism, and their interest in objective representation, especially of landscape Pivotal figure: Edourd Manet (from realism to impresionism ) Chief exponents: Claude Monet; Pierre-Auguste Renoir; Camille Pissarro; Paul Cezanne; Edgar Degas, and Alfred Sisley The Modern Arts: The Avant Garde

44. Edouard Manet (The French Modernist) - a French modernist painter and one of the first 19 th century artists to paint modern life. He was a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe ) , originally Le Bain . The Paris Salon rejected it for exhibition in 1863, but Manet agreed to exhibit it at the Salon des Refusés (Salon of the Rejected) Olympia (1863), a nude portrayed in a style reminiscent of early studio photographs, but whose pose was based on Titian's Venus of Urbino (1538). The painting is also reminiscent of Francisco Goya's painting The Nude Maja (1800)

45. Oscar Claude Monet (The Landscaper) - Founder of French impressionist painting and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement’s philosophy of expressing one’s perception before nature Le déjeuner sur l'herbe  (right section), 1865–1866, with  Gustave Courbet ,  Frédéric Bazille  and Camille Doncieux , first wife of the artist,  Musée d'Orsay ,  Paris Camille Monet on a Garden Bench , 1873,  Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York

46. Pierre-Auguste Renoir (The Feminist) - a French modernist painter and a leading painter in the development of impressionist style. His style and subject matter was inspired by Camille Pissaro and Edourd Manet. Luncheon of the Boating Party , 1880– 1881 Mme. Charpentier and her children, 1878, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

47. Edgar Degas (The Dancer Painter) - French impressionist, famous for his paintings, sculpture, prints, and drawings. One of the founders of impressionism and a History painter – classical painter of modern life. Ballet Rehearsal (1873) Rehearsal on Stage (1874) Dancing Class (1871)

48. Paul Cezanne – French artist and post-impressionist painter whose works laid the foundations of the transition from 19 th century conception of artistic endeavor to a new and radically different world of art in the 20 th century. Femme au Chapeau Vert (Woman in a Green Hat. Madame Cézanne .) 1894–1895 Les Grandes Baigneuses , 1898– 1905: the triumph of Poussinesque stability and geometric balance

49. Eugene Henri Paul Gaugin – French post-impressionist painter who was recognized for his experimental use of color and synthetic style. He was an important figure in the Symbolist movement as painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, and writer. Aline Marie Chazal Tristán , (1825–1867) "The Artist's Mother" , 1889, Staatsgalerie Stuttgart Gauguin's maternal grandmother, Flora Tristan (1803–1844) in 1838

50. Pointillism – a technique of neo-impressionist painting using tiny dots of various pure colors, which become blended in the viewer’s eye Pointillism – was developed by George Seurat with the aim of producing a greater degree of luminosity and brilliance of color. George Seurat (The Pointillism) Born on December 2, 1859 at Paris, France Founder of the 19 th century French school of Neo-Impressionism 1875 – took course from a sculptor, Justin Lequien 1878 – took art course in Ecole des Beaux-Arts with Henri Lehmann 1883 - Une Baignade , Asnieres (studied sketches and panels) 1884 – participated in the foundation of the Groupe des artiste independants 1885 – Camille Pissaro (impressionist master) was introduced 1886 (May 15 – June 15) – Exhibit of La Grande Jatte

51. The Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte , 1884–1886, at The Art Institute of Chicago Le Chahut , 1889–1890, Kröller-Müller Museum , Otterlo , Netherland

52. Expressionism – a style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to express emotional experience rather impressions of the external world Expressionism – characteristically rejects traditional ideas of beauty or harmony, use of distortion, exaggeration, and other non-naturalistic devices in order to emphasize and express the inner world of emotion Expressionism – emphasized and insisted on the primacy of the artist’s feelings and mood, which often incorporating violence and grotesque (shocking) El Greco and Grunewald’s paintings exemplify the earliest expressionism It was first used in the late 19 th to 20 th century in Europe and specifically in Germany (German movement led by Van Gogh , Eduard Munch , and James Ensor ) The Modern Arts: The Avant Garde

53. Vincent Willem van Gogh - Dutch post-impressionist painter and most famous and influential figure in the history of Western art. In the last two years of his life, he created around 860 oil paintings and in just over decade, he created about 2,100 artworks Landscapes, still life, portraits, and self-portraits Bedroom in Arles , 1888. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam The Night Café , 1888. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven Connecticut The Yellow House , 1888. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam

54. Cubism – an early 20 th century style and movement in the field of visual arts, especially in painting. Cubism emphasizes the use of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and later, collage. Cubism is a reaction against the traditional modes of representation and impressionist concerns with light and color Cubism was inspired by the later work of Paul Cezanne and by the African sculpture Cubism was first named by the French critic, Loius Vaucelles (1908) Cubism was popularized by Pablo Picasso and George Braque (synthetic cubism and illusory) The Modern Arts: The Avant Garde

55. Pablo Picasso - Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Maria de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso A Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright His prolific inventiveness and technical versality made him the dominant figure in avant-garde art in the first half of the 20 th century. He developed cubism in 1908-14. Portrait of Gertrude Stein , 1906, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. When someone commented that Stein did not look like her portrait, Picasso replied, "She will" La Vie (1903), Cleveland Museum of Art The Old Guitarist (1903), Chicago Art Institute

56. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), Museum of Modern Art, New York Les Grandes Baigneuses , 1898– 1905: the triumph of Poussinesque stability and geometric balance

57. CONTEMPORARY ART MOVEMENTS

58. Pop Arts It was both modernist and contemporary art which is based on modern popular culture and mass media, especially as a critic or ironic comment on traditional fine arts values It started out by depicting a more up-to-date reality, using images of film-stars and other celebrities, as well as mass-made consumer goods. But this was rapidly eclipsed by an increasing post-modern focus on impact and style Andy Warhol (Andrew Warhola ) – painter, graphic artist, and filmmaker.   A major exponent of pop art, he achieved fame for a series of silkscreen prints and acrylic paintings of familiar objects (such as Campbell's soup cans) and famous people (such as Marilyn Monroe), that are treated with objectivity and precision Roy Lichtenstein and Jasper Johns are also considered as leading exponents

59. Word Arts It was a brand new form of painting or sculpture which used text-based imagery. It associated with artist like: Robert Indiana; Jasper Johns; On Kawara ; Barbara Kruger; and Christopher Wool Jasper Johns – a US painter, sculptor, and printmaker. A key figure in the development of pop art who depicted commonplace and universally recognized images. (Flags; Number series; and Target).

60. Conceptual Arts A postmodernist art movement founded on the principle that art is a concept rather than a material object (Dada arts/ Marcel Duchamp) Art in which the idea presented by the artist is considered more important than the finished product (essential component) Important exponents: Sol LeWitt ; Joseph Beuys; Felix Gonzales-Torres; Eva Hesse; Jenny Holzer ; Joseph Kosuth ; Barbara Kruger; Jean Tinguely ; and Lawrence Weiner Joseph Beuys – German artist, one of the most influential figures of the avant-garde movement in Europe in the 1970’s and 1980’s. his works consisted of assemblages of various articles of rubbish

61. Pop Art (1960s onwards) Word Art (1960s onwards) Conceptualism (1960s onwards) Performance (Early 1960s onwards) Fluxus Movement (1960s) Installation (1960s onwards) Video Installations (1960s onwards) Minimalism (1960s onwards) Photo-Realist Art (Hyperrealism) (1960s, 1970s Earthworks (Land or Environmental Art) (1960s, 1970s) Contemporary Photography (1960s onwards) Arte Povera (1966-71) Supports-Surfaces (1966-72) Contemporary Realism Post-Minimalism (1971 onwards) Feminist Art (1970s) Body Art (1990s) Chinese Cynical Realism (1990s) Neo-Pop (late 1980s onwards) Stuckism (1999 onwards) New Leipzig School (2000 onwards) Projection Art (21st Century) Computer Art (21st Century)

62. Art imitates Life but now it is Life that imitates Art

63. REFERENCES: Textbook Tabotabo , Claudio V. (2010). Art Appreciation: Introduction to the Humanities (Revised Edition). Manila. Mindshapers Co., Inc. Marcos, Lucivilla L. (2006). Introduction to the Humanities Visual and Performing Arts . Manila. Mindshapers Co., Inc. Zulueta , Francisco (2003). The Humanities (Revised Edition). Mandaluyong City. National Book Store inc. Sanchez, Custodiosa A., Abad, Paz F., & Jao , Loreto V. (2002). Introduction to the Humanities (Revised Edition). Q.C. Rex Printing Company Inc. WEBSITE RESOURCES: Birth of Venus. Retrieved from http:// www.italianrenaissance.org / botticelli -birth-of- venus / Armstrong, John. (2013). What is Art For? Retrieved from https://www.city-journal.org/html/what-art-13616.html Herman, Judith (2014). 27 Responses to the Question “What is Art?” Retrieved from https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/57501/27-responses-question-what-art Gilman, Ernest B. (n.d.). The Subjects of Art. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/378341?read-now=1&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents The Humanities: The Visual Arts Medium. Retrieved from http://scchumanities.blogspot.com/2010/06/lesson-three-visual-arts.html Mesopotamia, 8000-2000 B.C. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History retrieved from https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/wam.html Ancient Chinese Art. Ancient History Encyclopedia retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Chinese_Art/ Art in Ancient India.Cultural India: History of India: India Timeline retrieved from https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-history/timeline.html Ancient Greek Arts. History. Com Editors retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-greek-art Famous Ancient Greek Sculptors retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/6-ancient-greek-sculptors-116915#phidias-of-athens Ancient Roman Arts retrieved from https://www.artic.edu/highlights/19/ancient-roman-art Malbon , Elizabeth S. (1990).The Iconography of the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus: Neotifus lit Ad Deum. Princeton University Press retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7ztnkm Leonardo da Vinci: Paintings, Drawings, Quotes, and Biography. Retrieved from https:// www.leonardodavinci.net