Art of Leadership 5th Edition Manning Test Bank

Art of Leadership 5th Edition Manning Test Bank
Art of Leadership 5th Edition Manning Test Bank
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5. 8-1
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Part 4 The Empowerment of People Chapters 8 and 9


Multiple Choice Questions

1. The servant leader shows commitment to people through _______, _______, and _______.


A. Access; communication; support

B. Training; development; education

C. Recruitment; selection; reinforcement

D. Wages; benefits; promotion

E. None of these


2. ________ is the essential character of most effective leaders, and the style is _______.


A. Autocratic; directive

B. Expletive; manipulative

C. Democratic; inclusive

D. Free-rein; non-directive

E. None of these


3. The effective leader today incorporates people-oriented characteristics into his or her
management style. This involves ________ and _______.


A. Two-way communication; employee involvement in decision-making

B. Hiring the best; firing the worst

C. Good pay; good benefits

D. Company parties; after hours socialization

E. None of these


4. A Chinese proverb says, "Be ________ and you can be _______; be ________ and you can be
_______; avoid ________ and you can become a _______."


A. Suspicious; aware; studious; knowledgeable; excess; success

B. Gentle; bold; frugal; liberal; self-promotion; leader

C. Rested; strong; determined; effective; conflict; peace-maker

D. Alone; rich; generous; loved; false beliefs; sage

E. None of these

6. 8-2
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
5. Sources of leadership power include ________ and _______.


A. Knowledge; will

B. Access to resources; subordinate deference

C. Organizational mandate; situational demands

D. History of hard work; trust of followers

E. Leadership position; personal qualities


6. A leader's use of ________ and ________ is effective only for a short period of time.


A. Psychological size; overbearance

B. Experience; skill

C. Patience; understanding

D. Knowledge; ability

E. None of these


7. Gandhi, the Indian spiritual and political leader, believed that effective leaders _______, not
_______.


A. Point the way; show by example

B. Command respect; earn respect

C. Lead the elite; lead the masses

D. Are served by followers; serve followers

E. Guide and inspire; command and control


8. W. Edwards Deming identified ________ for a successful work environment.


A. 3 secrets

B. 7 habits

C. 10 commandments

D. 12 rules

E. 14 points


9. Both responsibility and ________ come with the leadership position.


A. Confusion

B. Dependence

C. Wealth

D. Power

7. 8-3
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
10. ________ was a famous leader who learned tremendous leadership skills from his wife, including
the idea that most people will do what they choose to do, and no amount of coaxing or force can
overcome an idea or principle that is personally believed.


A. George Washington

B. Martin Luther King

C. Gandhi

D. Winston Churchill

E. Vince Lombardi


11. In his work on servant leadership, ________ proposes that the world can be saved if three truly
great institutions exist: _______, _______, and _______.


A. John Gardner; business; industry; government

B. Robert Greenleaf; private sector; public sector; nonprofit sector

C. Charles Handy; church; state; commerce

D. Warren Bennis; rural; urban; suburban


12. Employee participation has been shown to have a ________ impact on business success.


A. Positive

B. Negative

C. Neutral

D. None of these


13. Dealing with people face to face, being open and receptive, and ________ can improve
communication in the workplace by reducing physical and psychological distance.


A. Showing courtesy

B. Being less judgmental

C. Involving people in decisions that affect them

D. All of these


14. A ________ report identifies signs of the need for employee participation including _______,
_______, _______.


A. Rand Corporation; turnover; grievances; strikes

B. Harvard; waste; absenteeism; lack of interest

C. BNA; communication breakdown; lack of teamwork; high cost

D. Brookings Institution; lack of trust; low pride; poor quality

E. MIT; lack of loyalty; inefficiency; poor service

8. 8-4
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
15. Total Quality Management (TQM) is a cooperative form of ________ that energizes employees
and tears down walls.


A. Empowerment

B. Participative leadership

C. Both of these

D. None of these


16. _____ created the 14 Steps to Quality.


A. W. Edwards Deming

B. Robert Frost

C. Donald Dewar

D. Peter Drucker


17. Deming worked with the ________ and helped to rebuild their economy.


A. English

B. Japanese

C. Germans

D. Soviets


18. With roots in ________ ideals, participative leadership allows the organization to tap the
constructive power of its members.


A. Socialistic

B. Democratic

C. Communistic

D. None of these


19. ________ is recognized as the father of scientific management.


A. Frederick W. Taylor

B. Donald Peterson

C. W. Edwards Deming

D. Kurt Lewin


20. Procter and Gamble developed the concept of ________ in the 1940's and 1950's.


A. Group work

B. Work simplification

C. Job enrichment

D. Top-down management

9. 8-5
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
21. The leadership philosophy behind quality improvement efforts is both _______, based on
_______, and _______, concerned with _______.


A. Technical; information systems; strategic; business ethics

B. Hard; scientific management; soft; human side of work

C. Masculine; support; feminine; power

D. Current; empirical data; historic; social influence

E. None of these


22. The ________ reports U.S. companies are experiencing ________ results using quality
improvement efforts to improve business performance.


A. "Wall Street Journal"; negative

B. "Business Roundtable"; mixed

C. Harvard Business School; positive

D. Government Accounting Office; positive

E. None of these


23. The servant leader shows commitment to his or her people through all of the following except
_______.


A. Access

B. Communication

C. Support

D. Force


24. Robert Greenleaf describes servant leadership as:


A. Aggressive leadership

B. An excuse for manipulation

C. The relationship between an all-knowing leader and dependent followers

D. A calling to serve

E. None of these


25. Good ways to be a servant leader include:


A. Get out of the executive suite and onto the floor

B. Get out of the headquarters and into the field

C. Get out of the ivory tower and into the real world

D. All of these

E. None of these

10. 8-6
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
26. The sequence of support for the servant leader is:


A. Customers and clients serve company personnel; company personnel serve top management

B. Top executives serve managers and supervisors, who serve front-line workers, who serve
customers and clients

C. Everyone serves top executives

D. Front line workers serve everyone

E. None of these


27. The participative leadership process involves:


A. A luxury of time and attention few leaders can afford

B. Involving people, leading to understanding, leading to commitment

C. The style of a weak and ineffectual leader

D. Giving over power and ultimate responsibility to front-line people

E. None of these


28. In the years since World War II, the American workplace has become more:


A. Isolated

B. Hierarchical

C. Exclusive

D. Participative

E. Paternal


29. Beliefs and values of the participative leader include:


A. Full and free communication

B. Reliance on consensus to manage conflict

C. A basically human bias emphasizing the importance of individuals

D. All of these

E. None of these


30. Power of the leadership position includes all but:


A. Reward power

B. Coercive power

C. Charismatic power

D. Legitimate power

E. Information power

11. 8-7
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
31. Power of the leadership personality includes all but:


A. Expertise

B. Reference

C. Legitimacy

D. Rationality

E. Charisma


32. The philosophy behind the quality movement is:


A. People respond positively to measurements and controls

B. People closest to the work usually have the experience and knowledge to come up with the
best solutions to work-related problems

C. People want economic security

D. People need sufficient pay and benefits to sustain morale

E. All of these


33. Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric, identifies three important tasks for leading GE:


A. Choose the right people, allocate the right numbers of dollars, and transmit ideas from one
group to another quickly

B. Be a role model for time management, develop good human relations, and maintain effective
communication

C. Develop future leaders, interact with internal agencies, uphold established traditions

D. All of these

E. None of these


34. Robert Cole identifies leadership principles that empower people, including all but one of the
following:


A. Trust in people

B. Require loyalty

C. Recognize accomplishments

D. Decentralize decision-making

E. View work as a cooperative effort


35. Unempowered is to empowered as:


A. Leader decides policy; people ignore policy

B. Roles and responsibilities defined by leader; roles and responsibilities conflicting and unclear

C. Check with leaders on all decisions; check with those affected on decisions

D. Work together to determine a standard; not concerned with standards

E. Leader writes performance plan; there is no performance plan

12. 8-8
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
36. The effective leader gives attention to:


A. Super stars

B. Fallen stars

C. Middle stars

D. All of these

E. The team, not individuals


37. Practical tips for developing a high performance workplace include:


A. Be customer-driven

B. Benchmark the best

C. Show concern for others

D. Manage meetings effectively

E. All of these


38. Robert Greenleaf states that the world needs three role models for institutional behavior:


A. Large, middle, small

B. Ancient, modern, future

C. Private, public, nonprofit

D. Top-down, bottom-up, sideways

E. American, European, Asian


39. Leadership success requires:


A. Meeting the responsibility of office without abusing its power

B. A college degree

C. Years of experience

D. None of these


40. Which of the following is not one of Deming's 14 points for a successful work place?


A. Reduce the number of suppliers

B. Improve job training

C. Set numerical goals and slogans

D. Provide a higher level of supervision


41. All of the following are included in Robert Cole's principles that empower people except:


A. Trust in people

B. Invest in people

C. Recognize accomplishments

D. View individual work as more important than the collective effort

13. 8-9
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
42. Participative leadership, which has been employed by many supervisors and managers to build
employee morale and achieve high performance, has its roots in:


A. Autocratic government

B. Democratic ideals

C. Socialist movements

D. Communist regimes


43. A continuum of empowerment, least to most, is as follows:


A. Scientific management, industrial democracy, human relations training

B. Kibbutzim, job enrichment, collective bargaining

C. Suggestion box, quality circles, self-directed work teams

D. Quality improvement teams, safety meetings, labor/management codetermination

E. None of these


44. Psychological size:


A. Is the nonphysical power one person has over another

B. Is especially relevant to those in authority

C. Can affect relationships

D. All of these


45. Solving the problem of one-way communication involves:


A. Equalizing psychological size

B. Keeping a formal, distant manner

C. Both of these

D. None of these


46. Practical steps for achieving two way communication and true dialogue include:


A. Show the person that you want to listen

B. Be patient

C. Go easy with argument and criticism

D. Ask questions

E. All of these


47. The Hawthorne studies:


A. Proved that TQM practice works

B. Were completed in 1975

C. Marked the beginning of the human relations movement

D. Were conducted by Abraham Maslow

14. 8-10
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
48. The rank order of most preferred sources of information as expressed by employees is as follows:


A. Mass media, grapevine, top executives, policy handbook, immediate supervisor

B. Orientation program, bulletin boards, annual business report, top executives, grapevine

C. Mass meetings, immediate supervisor, union, upward communication programs, audio-visual
programs

D. Immediate supervisor, small group meetings, top executives, policy handbook, orientation
programs

E. Top executive, union, immediate supervisor, regular local member publication, policy handbook


49. The Deming way to improve quality includes:


A. Set high standards

B. Improve job training

C. Provide a higher level of supervision

D. Remove barriers to pride of work

E. All of these


50. _________ is credited with the first application of the organizational pyramid in the United States.


A. David McCallum

B. George Washington

C. Franklin Roosevelt

D. Peter Drucker

E. Robert E. Lee


51. "Open Book" is a term used to describe:


A. An accounting principle

B. A writing technique

C. An approach to management

D. A rule in marketing


52. According to the philosophy and religion of Taoism, yin and yang are:


A. Complementary forces that provide endless change

B. Leadership principles born in ancient China

C. Male and female value orientations

D. None of these

15. 8-11
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
53. According to Brian Hindo, a company must master both ends of the spectrum to be successful,
________ and __________.


A. Short term execution; long term stability

B. Leadership decisions; front-line delivery

C. Male; female involvement

D. Business innovation; daily delivery of results

E. None of these


54. The essence of ________ is common sense management based on:


A. Organizational ambidexterity; planning, preparation, performance, repetition

B. Score card; goals, feedback, control, profit

C. Lean; accurate data, insightful analysis, creative design, reliable measurement

D. None of these


55. About Gandhi, _______ wrote, "Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this
ever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth."


A. Albert Einstein

B. Martin Luther King

C. Margaret Thatcher

D. Pearl buck

E. John Kennedy


56. Gordon Lippitt identifies _______ communication problems, including all of the following except
______.


A. 8; trust

B. 6; complexes

C. 7; size

D. 7; fear

E. 8; technology


57. In My American Journey, _______ identifies ________ as one of his leadership principles.


A. George Washington; uphold discipline

B. George Patten; always prepare

C. Collin Powell; check small things

D. Ulysses S. Grant; pursue with force

16. 8-12
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
58. W. Edward Deming's PDCA cycle stands for:


A. Plan, do, check, act

B. Prepare, decide, correct, activate

C. People, delimitations, causes, actions

D. Persistent dedication creates achievement

E. None of these


59. ISO 14000 identifies:


A. Standards for market place performance

B. Standards for government compliance

C. Standards for environmental performance

D. Standards for diversity performance

E. All of these


60. The book How the Mighty Fall shows how _______, _______, _______ can threaten the success
of any great company (Toyota, Starbucks, etc.).


A. Out of touch management; outward thinking; poor money management

B. Global growth; lack of access to sea ports; work force diversity

C. Insular thinking; low-skilled employees; ossification of systems

D. Hubris born of success; undisciplined pursuit of more; denial of peril

E. Culture of change; lack of core values; merit employment


61. The boss who assigns jobs, the coach who decides plays, the captain who gives orders, and the
teacher who assigns homework are examples of _______ power.


A. Reward

B. Coercive

C. Legitimate

D. Information

E. None of these


62. The Hawthorne Effect describes:


A. The sense of control men feel over women

B. The tendency for an organization to become rigid over time

C. The tendency for morale to deteriorate without management attention

D. A predictable change in attitude when one is promoted

E. An artificial change in behavior due merely to the fact that a person or group is being studied




True / False Questions

17. 8-13
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
63. A big step in helping Seattle's Pike Place Fish Market become "world famous" was when owner
John Yokoyama began sharing responsibility and power with workers.

True False

64. The best way to raise the psychological size of others is to show genuine interest in them.

True False

65. A democratic method of management can be accurately described as laissez-faire or permissive
management.

True False

66. Max DePree states that being a leader means having the opportunity to make a difference in the
lives of those who permit leaders to lead.

True False

67. Encouraging broad employee participation is an effective method for overcoming resistance to
change.

True False

68. The three things every employee needs to know and leaders should be accountable to be sure
they do know are:

1) What is the grand plan - where is the organization going?
2) What is expected of them personally, and why?
3) How are they doing - what are they doing well and what can they do to improve?

True False

69. Closely related to servant leadership is the concept of authentic leadership described by author
Bill George and exemplified by Nelson Mandela, the first black president of South Africa.

True False

70. The leadership philosophy of the U.S. military is caring and servant leadership based on the
principle, "mission first, soldiers always."

True False

71. Cisco CEO John Chambers uses a proactive approach to communication through 40 to 50
voicemails a day.

True False

72. At six sigma performance, a product is defect free 6.66% of the time.

True False

73. ISO 9001 is a quality standard developed by Fred Smith of Federal Express.

True False

18. 8-14
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
74. The Malcolm Baldrige award is based on high standards of performance in seven areas:

1) leadership;
2) strategic planning;
3) customer and market focus;
4) measurement, analysis and knowledge management;
5) work force focus;
6) process management; and
7) sustainability.

True False

75. The most often cited and discussed typology of leadership power was developed by Chester
Bernard.

True False

76. The "checklist" has proven to be an excellent tool to reduce mistakes when tasks are complex
requiring specialized knowledge and skills.

True False



Matching Questions

77. Match the items below with their descriptions:


1. psychological size
perceived
importance and power ____
2. W. Edward Deming
gains the benefits of
hard and soft sides of
management ____
3. listening
three signs of caring
leadership ____
4. access, communication, support
preferred sources of
information ____
5. immediate supervisor, small group
meetings, top executives, policy
handbook, orientation programs, member
newsletter
central figure in the
Quality movement ____
6. democratic
three principles of an
empowered workplace ____
7. quality movement
character of
participative leadership ____
8. servant leadership
means of showing
interest and respect ____
9. trust in people, recognize
accomplishments, view work as a
cooperative effort
effective approach to
leadership ____
10. caring leadership, the empowerment
of people
two secrets to
organizational success ____

19. 8-15
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.

20. 8-16
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Part 4 The Empowerment of People Chapters 8 and 9 Answer Key



Multiple Choice Questions

1. The servant leader shows commitment to people through _______, _______, and _______.


A. Access; communication; support

B. Training; development; education

C. Recruitment; selection; reinforcement

D. Wages; benefits; promotion

E. None of these


Level: 2 Medium


2. ________ is the essential character of most effective leaders, and the style is _______.


A. Autocratic; directive

B. Expletive; manipulative

C. Democratic; inclusive

D. Free-rein; non-directive

E. None of these


Level: 2 Medium


3. The effective leader today incorporates people-oriented characteristics into his or her
management style. This involves ________ and _______.


A. Two-way communication; employee involvement in decision-making

B. Hiring the best; firing the worst

C. Good pay; good benefits

D. Company parties; after hours socialization

E. None of these


Level: 2 Medium


4. A Chinese proverb says, "Be ________ and you can be _______; be ________ and you can
be _______; avoid ________ and you can become a _______."


A. Suspicious; aware; studious; knowledgeable; excess; success

B. Gentle; bold; frugal; liberal; self-promotion; leader

C. Rested; strong; determined; effective; conflict; peace-maker

D. Alone; rich; generous; loved; false beliefs; sage

E. None of these


Level: 2 Medium

21. 8-17
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.

5. Sources of leadership power include ________ and _______.


A. Knowledge; will

B. Access to resources; subordinate deference

C. Organizational mandate; situational demands

D. History of hard work; trust of followers

E. Leadership position; personal qualities


Level: 2 Medium


6. A leader's use of ________ and ________ is effective only for a short period of time.


A. Psychological size; overbearance

B. Experience; skill

C. Patience; understanding

D. Knowledge; ability

E. None of these


Level: 2 Medium


7. Gandhi, the Indian spiritual and political leader, believed that effective leaders _______, not
_______.


A. Point the way; show by example

B. Command respect; earn respect

C. Lead the elite; lead the masses

D. Are served by followers; serve followers

E. Guide and inspire; command and control


Level: 2 Medium


8. W. Edwards Deming identified ________ for a successful work environment.


A. 3 secrets

B. 7 habits

C. 10 commandments

D. 12 rules

E. 14 points


Level: 2 Medium


9. Both responsibility and ________ come with the leadership position.


A. Confusion

B. Dependence

C. Wealth

D. Power


Level: 2 Medium

22. 8-18
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.

10. ________ was a famous leader who learned tremendous leadership skills from his wife,
including the idea that most people will do what they choose to do, and no amount of coaxing
or force can overcome an idea or principle that is personally believed.


A. George Washington

B. Martin Luther King

C. Gandhi

D. Winston Churchill

E. Vince Lombardi


Level: 2 Medium


11. In his work on servant leadership, ________ proposes that the world can be saved if three truly
great institutions exist: _______, _______, and _______.


A. John Gardner; business; industry; government

B. Robert Greenleaf; private sector; public sector; nonprofit sector

C. Charles Handy; church; state; commerce

D. Warren Bennis; rural; urban; suburban


Level: 2 Medium


12. Employee participation has been shown to have a ________ impact on business success.


A. Positive

B. Negative

C. Neutral

D. None of these


Level: 2 Medium


13. Dealing with people face to face, being open and receptive, and ________ can improve
communication in the workplace by reducing physical and psychological distance.


A. Showing courtesy

B. Being less judgmental

C. Involving people in decisions that affect them

D. All of these


Level: 2 Medium

23. 8-19
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.

14. A ________ report identifies signs of the need for employee participation including _______,
_______, _______.


A. Rand Corporation; turnover; grievances; strikes

B. Harvard; waste; absenteeism; lack of interest

C. BNA; communication breakdown; lack of teamwork; high cost

D. Brookings Institution; lack of trust; low pride; poor quality

E. MIT; lack of loyalty; inefficiency; poor service


Level: 2 Medium


15. Total Quality Management (TQM) is a cooperative form of ________ that energizes employees
and tears down walls.


A. Empowerment

B. Participative leadership

C. Both of these

D. None of these


Level: 2 Medium


16. _____ created the 14 Steps to Quality.


A. W. Edwards Deming

B. Robert Frost

C. Donald Dewar

D. Peter Drucker


Level: 2 Medium


17. Deming worked with the ________ and helped to rebuild their economy.


A. English

B. Japanese

C. Germans

D. Soviets


Level: 2 Medium


18. With roots in ________ ideals, participative leadership allows the organization to tap the
constructive power of its members.


A. Socialistic

B. Democratic

C. Communistic

D. None of these


Level: 2 Medium

24. 8-20
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.

19. ________ is recognized as the father of scientific management.


A. Frederick W. Taylor

B. Donald Peterson

C. W. Edwards Deming

D. Kurt Lewin


Level: 2 Medium


20. Procter and Gamble developed the concept of ________ in the 1940's and 1950's.


A. Group work

B. Work simplification

C. Job enrichment

D. Top-down management


Level: 2 Medium


21. The leadership philosophy behind quality improvement efforts is both _______, based on
_______, and _______, concerned with _______.


A. Technical; information systems; strategic; business ethics

B. Hard; scientific management; soft; human side of work

C. Masculine; support; feminine; power

D. Current; empirical data; historic; social influence

E. None of these


Level: 2 Medium


22. The ________ reports U.S. companies are experiencing ________ results using quality
improvement efforts to improve business performance.


A. "Wall Street Journal"; negative

B. "Business Roundtable"; mixed

C. Harvard Business School; positive

D. Government Accounting Office; positive

E. None of these


Level: 2 Medium


23. The servant leader shows commitment to his or her people through all of the following except
_______.


A. Access

B. Communication

C. Support

D. Force


Level: 2 Medium

25. Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content

26. The earliest performances in English were drawn or founded upon Bible
narratives and the lives of the saints, in the same vein as the “morality” plays
which they succeeded. Popular subjects in the 16th century were The
Prodigal Son and Nineveh, with Jonah and the Whale. And in a pamphlet of
1641, describing Bartholomew Fair, we read, “Here a knave in a fool’s coat,
with a trumpet sounding or a drum beating, invites you to see his puppets.
Here a rogue like a wild woodman, or in an antic shape like an incubus,
desires your company to view his motion.” In 1667 Pepys recorded how at
Bartholomew Fair he found “my Lady Castlemaine at a puppet play, Patient
Grizill.” Besides The Sorrows of Griselda, other puppet plays of the period
were Dick Whittington, The Vagaries of Merry Andrew, and The Humours of
Bartholomew Fair. Powell’s noted marionette show was the subject of an
article in The Tatler, 1709, and again in The Spectator, 1711. The latter refers
also to Pinkethman, a “motion-maker,” in whose scenes the divinities of
Olympus ascended and descended to the strains of music. An idea of the
class of representation may be gathered from an advertisement of Crawley, a
rival of Pinkethman, which sets forth—“The Old Creation of the World, with
the addition of Noah’s Flood,” also several fountains playing water during the
time of the play. The best scene represented “Noah and his family coming out
of the ark, with all the animals two by two, and all the fowls of the air seen in
a prospect sitting upon trees; likewise over the ark is the sun rising in a
gorgeous manner; moreover a multitude of angels in a double rank,” the
angels ringing bells. “Likewise machines descending from above, double, with
Dives rising out of hell and Lazarus seen in Abraham’s bosom; besides several
figures dancing jiggs, sarabands, and country dances, with the merry
conceits of Squire Punch and Sir John Spendall.” Yates showed a moving
picture of a city, with an artificial cascade, and a temple—with mechanical
birds in which attention was called to the exact imitation of living birds, the
quick motion of the bills, just swelling of the throat, and fluttering of the
wings. The puppets were wax figures 5 ft. in stature. Toward the end of the
18th century, Flockton’s show presented five hundred figures at work at
various trades. Brown’s Theatre of Arts showed at country fairs, from 1830 to
1840, the battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon’s army crossing the Alps, and the
marble palace of St Petersburg; and at a still later date Clapton’s similar

27. exhibition presented Grace Darling rescuing the crew of the “Forfarshire”
steamer wrecked on the Fern Islands, with many ingenious moving figures of
quadrupeds, and, in particular, a swan which dipped its head into imitation
water, opened its wings, and with flexible neck preened and trimmed its
plumage. In these mechanical scenes the figures, painted upon a flat surface
and cut out, commonly of pasteboard, are slid along grooves arranged
transversely in front of the set scenery, the actions of legs and arms being
worked by wires from the hands of persons below the stage, though
sometimes use is made of clockwork. In recent days the literature for the
marionette stage has had an important literary recruit in the person of the
Belgian author Maurice Maeterlinck.
Marionettes proper, and the dolls exhibited in puppet shows (not
including Punch and his companion actors), are constructed of wood or
of pasteboard, with faces of composition, sometimes of wax; and each
figure is suspended by a number of threads to a short bar of wood which
is commonly held in one hand of the hidden performer while the finger
of his other hand poses the figure or gives action to it by means of the
threads. In the mode of constructing the joints, and the greater
elaboration with which the several parts of the limbs are supported and
moved, and especially in the fine degrees of movement given to the
heads, marionettes have been so improved as to present very exact
imitations of the gestures of actors and actresses, and the postures and
evolutions of acrobats; and, in addition, ingenious exhibitors such as
Theodon, who introduced many novelties in the ’sixties of the 19th
century, have employed mechanical arrangements for accomplishing the
tricks of pantomime harlequinade. Among the puppet personages
presented in the small street shows are generally included a sailor who
dances a hornpipe, a hoop-dancer, a dancer of the Highland fling, a
wooden-legged pensioner, a vaulter on a pole also balancing two chairs,
a clown playing with a butterfly, a dancing figure without head until the
head rises out of the body, gradually displaying an enormously long
neck, and a skeleton, seen at first in scattered parts lying about the
stage, but piece successively flying to piece, the body first sitting up,

28. then standing, and finally capped by the skull, when the completed
figure begins to dance.
Ombres Chinoises are performances by means of the shadows of
figures projected upon a stretched sheet of thin calico or a gauze scene
painted as a transparency. The cardboard flat figures are held behind
this screen, illuminated from behind—the performer supporting each
figure by a long wire held in one hand while wires from all the movable
parts terminate in rings in which are inserted the fingers of his other
hand.
See also C. Magnin, Histoire des marionettes (1852; 2nd ed., 1862); L.
de Neuville, Histoire des marionettes (1892).
MARIOTTE, EDME (c. 1620-1684), French physicist, spent most of
his life at Dijon, where he was prior of St Martin sous Beaune. He was one of
the first members of the Academy of Sciences founded at Paris in 1666. He
died at Paris on the 12th of May 1684. The first volume of the Histoire et
mémoires de l’Académie (1733) contains many original papers by him upon a
great variety of physical subjects, such as the motion of fluids, the nature of
colour, the notes of the trumpet, the barometer, the fall of bodies, the recoil
of guns, the freezing of water, &c.
His Essais de physique, four in number, of which the first three were
published at Paris between 1676 and 1679, are his most important
works, and form, together with a Traité de la percussion des corps, the
first volume of the Œuvres de Mariotte (2 vols., Leiden, 1717). The
second of these essays (De La nature de l’air) contains the statement of
the law that the volume of a gas varies inversely as the pressure, which,
though very generally called by the name of Mariotte, had been

29. discovered in 1660 by Robert Boyle. The fourth essay is a systematic
treatment of the nature of colour, with a description of many curious
experiments and a discussion of the rainbow, halos, parhelia, diffraction,
and the more purely physiological phenomena of colour. The discovery of
the blind spot is noted in a short paper in the second volume of his
collected works.
MARIPOSAN, or Yçâuts, a linguistic stock of North American Indians,
including some 40 small tribes. Its former territory was in southern California,
around Tulare lake. The Mariposans were fishers and hunters. Their villages
consisted of a single row of wedge-shaped huts, with an awning of brush
along the front. In 1850 they numbered some 3000; in 1905 there were 154
on the Tule river reservation.
MARIS, JACOB (1837-1899), Dutch painter, first studied at the
Antwerp Academy, and subsequently in Hébert’s studio during a stay in Paris
from 1865 till 1871. He returned to Holland when the Franco-Prussian War
broke out, and died there in August 1899. Though he painted, especially in
early life, domestic scenes and interiors invested with deeply sympathetic
feeling, it is as a landscape painter that Maris will be famous. He was the
painter of bridges and windmills, of old quays, massive towers, and level
banks; even more was he the painter of water, and misty skies, and chasing

30. clouds. In all his works, whether in water or oil colour, and in his etchings,
the subject is always subordinate to the effect. His art is suggestive rather
than decorative, and his force does not seem to depend on any preconceived
method, such as a synthetical treatment of form or gradations of tone. And
yet, though his means appear so simple, the artist’s mind seems to
communicate with the spectator’s by directness of pictorial instinct, and we
have only to observe the admirable balance of composition and truthful
perspective to understand the sure knowledge of his business that underlies
such purely impressionist handling. Maris has shown all that is gravest or
brightest in the landscape of Holland, all that is heaviest or clearest in its
atmosphere—for instance, in the “Grey Tower, Old Amsterdam,” in the
“Landscape near Dordrecht,” in the “Sea-weed Carts, Scheveningen,” in “A
Village Scene,” and in the numerous other pictures which have been exhibited
in the Royal Academy, London, in Edinburgh (1885), Paris, Brussels and
Holland, and in various private collections. “No painter,” says M. Philippe
Zilcken, “has so well expressed the ethereal effects, bathed in air and light
through floating silvery mist, in which painters delight, and the characteristic
remote horizons blurred by haze; or again, the grey yet luminous weather of
Holland, unlike the dead grey rain of England or the heavy sky of Paris.”
See Max Rooses, Dutch Painters of the Nineteenth Century (London,
1899); R. A. M. Stevenson, “Jacob Maris,” Magazine of Art (1900); Ph.
Zilcken, Peintres Hollandais modernes (Amsterdam, 1893); Jan Veth,
“Een Studie over Jacob Maris,” Onze Kunst (Antwerp, 1902).
MARITIME PROVINCE (Russ., Primorskaya Oblast), a province of
Russia, in East Siberia. It consists of a strip of territory along the coast of the
Pacific from Korea to the Arctic Ocean, including also the peninsula of