Arthrology

Dr. Waqas Nawaz
PMAS arid agriculture university rawalpindi

1. Waqas Nawaz (11-ARID-975)
ARTHROLOGY
It is the study of jounts
The Articulations of Joints
An articulation or Joint is formed by the union of two or more bones or cartilages by other tissue. Bone is
the fundamental part of most joints, in some cases a bone and a cartilage, or two cartilages, form a joint.
Joints may be classified:-
a. Anatomically according to their mode of development, the nature of the uniting medium, and the form
of the jount surfaces.
b. Physiologically, with regard to the amount and kind of movement or the absence of mobility in them.\
c. By a combination of the foregoing considerations.
Subdivisions Three chief subdivisions of joints are usually recognized on the basis of function:-
a. Synarthroses
b. Diarthroses
c. Amphi-Arthroses
1. SYNARTIHROSES / Fibrous joints In this group the segments are united by fibrous tissue or cartilage
or a mixture of the two in such a manner as practically to preclude movement hence they are often termed fixded
or immovable joints. There is no cavity. Most of these joints are temporary

2. Classes:-
The chief classes in this group of joints are as follows:-
(1) Suture:-
This term (Sutura) is applied to those joints in which the adjacent bones are closely united by fibrous
tissues the sutural ligament.
Suture Serrata:- In many cases the edhes of the bones have irregular interlocking margins, forming trhe
sutura serrata
e.g the frontal suture.
Sutura Squamosa:- In this, the edges are beveled and overlap, forming the sutura squamosa
e.g the parieto temporal suture
Sutura Harmonia:- In this, the edges are plane or slightly roughened the term sutura harmonid is applied to
the joints.
e.g the nasal suture.
2. Syndesmosis:- In these the uniting medium is white fibrous or elastic tissue or a mixture.

3. Example :- Examples are the union of the shaft of the metacarpal bones and the attachments to each other of
costal cartilages.
3. Synchondrosis:-
In these, the two bones are united by cartilage.
e.g the joints between the basilar part of the occipital bone and the sphenoid bone. Very few joints are
permanent.

4. Symphysis:-
This term is usually limited to a few median joints which connect symmetrical parts of the skeleton.
e.g Symphysis pelvis, symphysis mandible.
5. Gomphosis:-
This term is sometimes applied to the implantation of the teeth in the alveoli. The gomphosis is not
properly considered a joint at all sine the teeth are not parts of the skeleton.
2. DIARTHROSES/SYNOVIAL JOINTS :-

4. These joints are characterized by the presence of a joint cavity with a synovial membrane in the joint capsule
and by their mobility. They are often called movable or true joints. It is a functional joint, consists of synovial,
fluid, articular cartilage, joint cavity, joint capsule, ligaments, particular discs or menisci and a marginal cartilage

Ligaments are strong bands or membranes, usually composed of white fibrous tissue, which bird the
bones together.
Movements
The movements of a joint are determined chiefly by the form and extent of joint surfaces and the
arrangement of ligaments. They are usually classified as:-
1. Gliding:- This refers to the sliding of are practically plane surface on another, as in the joints between
the articular processes of the cervical vertebrae.
2. Angular Movements
In these cases there is movement around one or more axis
FlexionMotion which diminishes the angle included by the segments forming the joint.

5. Extension. Motion which tend to bring segments interline with each other is called extension with reference
to joints of distal parts of limbs.
Term Dorsal, Volar or planter flexion in used. Similarly the term dorsal and ventral flexion are applied to
corresponding movement of spiral column. The term lateral flexion as applied to the vertebral column is
evident. Depression, elevation & transverse movement of lower jaws fall in the category.
3. Circumduction:- This designates movements in which the distal end of the limb describes as circle
or a segment of one.
4. Rotation:- This term is reserved to indicate rotation of one segment around the longitudinal axis of the
other segment forming the joints. It is seen typically in atlanto axial joint.
5. Adduction abduction: - Designate respectively movement of a limb toward and away form the median
plane or of a digit towards and away from the axis of the limb.
Classification:- This is based on the form of the joint surfaces and the movements which occur. The following
chief classes may be recognized:-
1. Arthrodia:- Or gliding joint. In these the surfaces are practically flat, admitting of gliding movement.
Examples: Carpo-metacarpal joints, joints b/w the artalar processes of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
2. Ginglymus :- Or hinge-joint
In this case, the joint surfaces consists usually of two condyles, or of a segment of a cylindrical or cone,
which are received by corresponding cavities .i.e around single transverse axis.
Examples:- Atlanto - occipital and elbow joints.
3. Trochoid:- Or pivot joint.

6. In these the movement is limited to rotation of one segment around the longitudinal axis.
Examples:- Atlanto – axial joint.
4. Enarthrosis:- Or ball-and-socket joints.
These are formed by a surface of approximately spherical curvature, received into a corresponding cavity.
They are multiaxial.
Examples:- Hip and shoulder joints.


3. AMPHIARTHROSES
These joints, as the name indicates, share some characters with both of the preceding groups. In them the
segments are dircely united by a plate of fibro-carliage, and usually by ligaments also. The amount and kind of
movement are determined by the shape of the joint surfaces and the amount and pliability of the uniting medium.
These joints are nearly all medial in position, and are best illustrated by the joints between the bodies of
the vertebrae.There is typically no joint cavity, but in certain situation one exists.

7. REFERENCE:-ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
BY :- SEPTIMUS SISSON

8. MEHMOOD UL HASSAN (11 -ARID-940)
ARTICULATIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS
1. ATLANTO-OCCIDITAL JOINT (YES JOINT)
ANIMAL PARTICIDATING ONE FORM FUNCTIONS
DOG Occipital condyles and cranial
articular fovea
Filliptical joints, simple joint

Hing joint, dorsal and
ventral flexor
HORSE Occipital condyles and two deep
oval cavities of atlas

Hing joint dorsal and
central flexor (lateral
movement)
OX Occipital condyies and cranial
articular fovea of atlas bone

Hing joint dorsal and
ventral flexor (lateral
movement)
2. ATLANTO – AXIAL JOINT

9. DOG Fovea of the dens and caudal
articular fossa of the atlas, dens
and ventral articulation surface
of the dens
Trochoid joint
Simple joint

Axial rotation of the
head on the neck, head
shaking
HORSE Atlas saddle-shape facets and
reciprocal saddle shaped
surfaces extend upon the dens
confident on ventral aspect
Trochoid joints
Pivot joint

Atlas and the head
rotate upon the axis,
axis of rotation passes
through centre of body
of axis
OX Atlas saddle-shape facets and
reciprocal saddle shaped
surfaces extend upon the dens
confident on ventral aspect
Trochoid joints
Pivot joint

Atlas and the head
rotate upon the axis,
axis of rotation passes
through centre of body
of axis
3. JOINTS OF THE ARTICULAR PROCESS
DOG Articular process of adjacent Plane joint Sliding joints

10. vertebrae

HORSE “Articular process of adjacent
vertebrae
Plane joint

Sliding joints
OX “Articular process of adjacent
vertebrae

Sliding joints
4. COSTO – VERTEBRAL JOINTS
DOG Articular surface of the head of
the rib and caudal costal fovea
Sphenoid joint composite jointHinge joint that together
with the vertebrae

11. of the more cranial vertebrae
and cranial costal fovea of the
more caudal vertebrae with
which the ribs head articulate

makes possible the
variation of thoracic
volume in respiration
HORSE Each ribs form two joint by head
(costo-central) ad by tubercle
(costo-transverse joint)
Costo-central joint
Costo-transverse joint

The movement is very
limited in the anterior
part of series of joints
but considerable in the
posterior part
OX “Each ribs form two joint by
head (costo-central) ad by
tubercle (costo-transverse joint)
Costo-central joint
Costo-transverse

The movement is very
limited in the arterior
part of series of joints
but considerable in the
posterior part
5. COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINT JOINTS OF RIB TUBERCLE
DOG Articular surfaces of the costal
tubercle and the costal fovea of
the transverse process of the
Condylar joint
Simple joint
Hinge joint

12. same numbered (more caudal
vertebrae

HORSE From by facet of the tubercle of
the rib and on transverse
process of the vertebrae
Chiding joint

Gliding joint
Movement is very
limited
OX There are no intertransverse
joints form by facet of tubercle
of rib and transverse process of
the vertebrae
Chiding joint

Gliding joint
Movement is very
limited
6. STERNO – COSTAL JOINT
DOG Cartilaginous ends of the first to
the eight rib and sternum
Condylar joint
Simple joint
Hinge joint

13. HORSE Cartilaginous ends of the first to
the eight rib and sternum
Condylar joint
Simple joint

Hinge joint
OX Cartilaginous ends of the first to
the eight rib and sternum
Inter-sternal joint

Hinge joint
7. COSTO-CHONDRAL SYNCHONOROSES
DOG Costal bone and costal cartilage SynchondrosisHorse Nearly rigid and
immoveable

14. Horse Rib has concave surface which
receive convex end of the
cartilage
Synarthrosis

Nearly rigid and
immoveable
OX Cartilages are attached to each
other by distinct elastic ligament
Diarthrosis

Limited lateral
movement is possible
8. STERNAL SYNCHONDROSIS
DOG Monubrium of the sternum of
the body of the sternum xiphoid
process
Synchondrosis Increasingly rigid and
immoveable

15. HORSE Seven bond segments are
united by persisting cartilage in
new-born foal
Synchondrosis

Increasingly rigid and
immoveable
OX First segment of sternum Diarthrodial inter sterna joint


Increasingly rigid and
immoveable
9. INTERVETEBRAL SYMPHYSIS (JOINTS BETWEEN ADJACENT VERTEBRAE)
DOG Bodies of adjacent vertebrae
starting with the axis and
Intervertebral disc without a space Slight mobility

16. including it caudal vertebrae

HORSE Bodies of adjacent vertebrae
starting with the axis and
including the caudal vertebrae
Intervertebral disc with a space

Slight mobility
OX Intervertebral ligaments are
thicker than Horse
Ingtervertebral disc with a space

Slight mobility

17. REFERENCE:- 1-ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
By:- SEPTIMUS SISSon

2:-ANATOMY OF DOG

18. Huzaifa Shahid (11-arid-936)
Hafiz Hussnain Ahmed (11=arid-935)
Joints of forelimb
Thoraxic limb:- It includes the following joints
Shoulder Joint:- Scapula-humeral joint. It is formed by the junction of distal end of scapula with proximal end of
humerous. The articular surfaces are on the scapula, the glenoid cavity. On the jumerous the
head. Ligaments are absent from this joint.
Elbow Joint:- Cubital articulation. Trochelear surface formed by condyles of humerous. Glenoid cavivities
and ridge.
Radioulnar
Articulation:-
Proximal radio-ulnar articulation
Carpal Joints

Radio Inter Carpometa
carpal CarpalCarpal Joint

Movement:- This is unappreciable, the forearm being
fixed in position of pronation
Movement:- The chief movements are flextion and
extension. The dorsal part of capsule
tense during flextion and volar part in
extension.
The movement practically all occurs at the radio-carpal and inter-carpal joints. The apposed surfaces of shaf of
bones are closely united by an interosseous metacarpal ligament.

19. The fetlock joint:-

Metacarpo-phalangeal articulation.



Movement:-

Nature of flexion and extension. The articular angle is 140
o
. During volar
flextion a small amount of abduction, adduction and rotation are
possible.

Pastern joint Proximal interphalanged articulation. It is present at distal end of 1
st
phalanx and proxical end
of 2
nd
phalanx.
Movement:- These are very limited. Flexion and extension occurs

20. The coffin joint Distal interphalageal articulation

Movement:-

Flextion and extension occurs. Dorsal flextion is very limited.

21. COMPARISION OF JOINTS OF FORE LIMB OF HORSE – OX & DOG
Features Horse Ox Dog
Should joint (Joint
Capsule) Articular angle
Free movement but not
exceed 33
o
100
o
Free movements
Ligaments Absent Present Present
Angle b/w scapula &
humerous
120
o
-130
o
- -
Ligament nuchae Not better development Better developed Consists of small fibrous
bands
Joint capsule (movement) Bones can be drawn
about an inch (2-3 cm)
- Communists freely
In elbow joint
Articular angle
150
o
- Zo
o
Ligaments of elbow joint Oblique + collateral - Oblique
Range of movement
(in elbow joint)
55
o
to 60
o

(fore arm more outward)
Flexation
Slightly oblique Limited rotation
Carpal joints
Arthrodial joint
Present Absent Absent
Movements (in carpal
joint)
Flaxation and extersionS - Free movement
Carpometalcarpal
ligaments
4 in number - 6 in dog

REFERENCE:-ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
BY:- SEPTIMUS SISSON

22. FATIMA ZAHRA NAQVI (11-ARID-934)
JOINTS OF PELVIC LIMB
Horse Ox Dog
1. Sacroilic joint
Ligament of sacroiliac joint
Dorsal and ventral parts,incorporated
Into fibrous component of joint
This is joint and the pelvic ligament
present no very striking differences.
In other animal

2. Sacrosciatic
Forms broad sheet leaving Greater and lesser ischiatic
foramina. But strong band
Over respective ischiatic notches.
Narrow in the dog
3. Hip joint
This joint is an ebarthrosis formed
By the proximal end of femur and
Acetabulum.Head of femur presents
almost hemispherical articulure
Surface which is continued a short
Distance on upper surface of the Neck

The shallowness of the acetabulum
is compensated by the greater size
of the marginal cartilage which is
specially An radius of curvature thn
horse
No important difference

23. Horse Ox Dog
4. Ligaments of the hip joint
a. Fibro cartilaginous
Extends round rim of acetabulum To deepen and stabilize joint
b. Accessory ligament
A detachment of pre-pubic tendon enters
Hip joint via acetabular notch and inserts
Absent in ox

On head of femur,markedly
restricting Abduction of hind
limb

c. Round Ligament
Short and stout similar to other species Absent in ox Short and stout similar to other
species
d. Transverse acetabular ligament
Acetabulum across acetabular notch
And holds accessory ligament in place.
Join capsule can be accessed deep
Between cranial and caudal parts of
Greater femoraltrochanter.

Absent Absent

24. Horse Ox Dog
5. Stifle Joint

This joint resemble that of pig.
Joint of man is the largest and most
elaborate of all the articulations.Taken
as a whole ,it may be classified as
ginglymus,although it is not the
Typical example of the group
There is a considerable between
the femoro-pateller and
communication femoro-tibial joint
cavities;this is situated between
the medial as in the horse,but
wider.A small contact . Lateral
femoro-tibial capsule occurs
The posterior part of
the capsule contain.
Two sesamoid bones which
are imbedded in orgin of the
Gastrocnemius

6. The femoro-pateller ligaments
a. Medial ligament
Thinner and is not distinct
From the capsule
It is not sunken as there is no
groove on the tuberosity of the
femure

Tibia where it is attached
a. Lateral Ligament
Lateral ligament is fairly
Distinct.it arises from the lateral
Lateral ligament is fairly
Distinct.it arises from the lateral
Lateral ligament is fairly
Distinct.it arises from the

25. Horse Ox Dog
Epicondyle of the femur just above the
Lateral femoro-tibial ligament,and ends
on Lateral border of patella
Epicondyle of the femur just above
the Lateral femoro-tibial
ligament,and ends on Lateral
border of patella
lateral
Epicondyle of the femur just
above the Lateral femoro-tibial
ligament,and ends on Lateral
border of patella
7. Hock joint
There is very considerable mobility from
the neck of the tibial tarsal to the fourth
tarsal and third metatarsal bones
At the proximal intertarsal joint, the
.Capsule of which is orrespondingly
Roomy. The short lateral ligament
is attached distally on the tibia
tarsal only A strong transverse
ligament attaches the lateral
malleulus to the backunless we
regard as such a of the tibial tarsal
bone. The dorsal ligament
ligament is narrow and thin
The long collateral ligaments
are very small, and short ones
double .The plantar ligament
is weak, and ends on the
fourth metatarsl bone. No
distinct dorsal ligamenii is
present,

7. Tibio-fibular Joints
This joint formed by the head of the
fibula artic With a cresenting facet just
The proximal end of the fibula
fuses with the lateral condyles of
The arrangement is
essentially the same as [in rhe

26. Horse Ox Dog
below ulating. The outer margin of the
lateral condyle of the tibia .The joint
capsule is strong and close.The shaft of
the fibula by the interosseous
membrane of the Leg.This is perforated
about about an inch from its proximal
end by an \opening which \transmits
The anterior tibial vessels to the front of
the tibia.

the tibia the distal end remains
separate,and form an arthrosis
with the distal end erosseus the
tibia;the movement here is
ligament in imperceptible,as the
two bones are attached to the
lateral border of the tibia united by
strong peripheral fibers
Pig, but there is no
interosseus ligament in the
distal joint. Not uncommonly
the distal part of the shaft of
the fibula and tibia are
ankylosed.


REFERENCE:-ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
BY:- SEPTIMUS SISSON