articles and usage based on common examples.pptx

articles and its usage

1. Articles Syntax of Articles Articles and determiners Two kinds 1 . a/an → Indefinite articles I saw a boy jumping the wall 2 . The → Definite article I saw the boy jumping the wall

2. a/ an + Noun Proper noun   Common nouns  Collective nouns  Abstract nouns  Material nouns 

3. the + Noun Proper noun   Common nouns  Collective nouns  Abstract nouns   Material nouns 

4. a/an means one /single a/an is used with singular countable noun a is used before the consonant sounds = 21 a n is used before the vowel sounds = 5 ------------- 26 Alphabet --------------

5. For Example _________ boy Singular/Countable/Noun _________ umbrella Singular/Countable/Noun ________ _ boys Plural/Countable/Noun _________ water Singular/Uncountable/Noun He is a good boy a an a × a ×

6. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article - a/an 1. _____apple 2. _____European _____ egg 3. _____ FIR _____ fox 4. _____ HB pencil _____ hour _____ honest _____ honourable _____ heir

7. _____ h otel 5. _____ Igloo 6. _____ LLB student 7. _____ MP _____ Member of Parliament 8. _____ NP 9. _____ o ne way street _____ orange 10. _____ RMP doctor _____ rat 11. _____ SOS signal _____ sack

8. 12. _____ u niversity _____ umbrella 13 . _____ x ray 14. _____ year _____ ear

9. Exercise A. Complete the following sentences by filling in a or an : 01. It is _____ apple. 02. She is ______ girl. 03. He is ______ B. Tech student. 04. It is ______bat. 05. It is _____cat. 06. It is ____ dog. 07. It is _____ egg. 08. He is _____European. 09. He filed ____FIR. 10. It is ____fox.

10. 11. It is _____goat. 12. It is ____hour. 13. She is ____ honourable woman. 14. He is _____ honest man. 15. He is ____heir. 16. It is _____HB pencil 17. It is _____hotel. 18. It is ____Igloo. 19. He is ____Indian. 20. It is_____ jar. 21. It is __ __kite. 22. He is _____LLB student. 23. It is _____lamp.

11. 24. He is ____MA student. 25. He is ____master of arts student. 26. It is ____NP quarter. 27. It is ______ Orange. 28. It is ______one way street. 29. He is ______one eyed man. 30. He is ______Peter. 31. It is _____pig. 32. She is _____queen. 33. He is _______ RMP Doctor. 34. It is ______rat. 35. He passed ____SOS signal.

12. 36. It is _____ sugar 37. It is _______ news. 38. It is ______ tea. 39. It is _____tiger. 40. It is ____meat. 41. 1 1/2 kilos = ______ 42. It is _____unique building. 43. It is _____ university. It is ______ umbrella. 45. It is _______ useful thing. 46. It is _____van. 47. It is ______ water. 48. It is _____ year.

13. 49. It is _____ zebra. 50. It is ______ furniture. 51. He is ____M.P 52. He is _____ member of parliament. 53. He is ______ British. 54. A shot gun is no good (Difference) One shot gun is no good 55. Only _______few of our customers have accounts. 56. Choose the grammatically INCORRECT sentence: (a) He is of Asian origin (b) They belonged to Africa. (c) She is an European (d) They migrated from India to Australia.

14. 57. The Tamil version of _________ John Abraham – starrer Madras Cafe _______ cleared by the Censor Board with no cuts last week, but the film’s distributors ______ no takers among the exhibitors for a release in Tamil Nadu _______ this Friday. (a) Mr., was, found, on (b) a, was, found, at (c) the, was, found, on (d) a, being, find, at 58. The man who is now Municipal Commissioner worked as ______ (a) the security guard at a university (b) a security guard at the university (c) a security guard at university (d) the security guard at the university

15. 59. It is ______ to read this year’s textbook ___ the last year’s (a) easier, than (b) most easy, than (c) easier, from (d) easiest, from

16. Key 01. an 02. a 03. a 04. a 05. a 06. a 07. an 08. a 09. an 10. a 11. a 12. an 13. an 14. an 15. an 16. an 17. a 18. an 19. an 20. a 21. a 22. an 23. a 24. an 25. a 26. an 27. an 28. a 29. a 30. proper noun 31. a 32. a 33. an 34. a 35. an 36. sugar (uncountable noun) 37. news (uncountable noun) 38. tea (uncountable noun) 39. a 40. meat (uncountable noun) 41. one and a half kilos 42. a 43. a 44. an 45. a 46. a 47. water (uncountable noun) 48. a 49. a 50. furniture (uncountable noun) 51. an 52. a 53. British (adjective)

17. 54. (It is wrong sort of thing. I need two or three) 55. a 56. (c) 57. Ans : (c) In the first blank the word ‘the’ refers to the film Madras Café in which John Abraham acted. 58. Ans : (B) Option (A) and (D) cannot be the answer because of the word ‘the security’. 59. Ans : (A) It is a comparative degree, so the right option is (A)

18. the correct use of some adjectives  1. Some, any –To express quantity or degree some is used normally in affirmative sentences, any in negative or interrogative sentences. I will by some mangoes. I will not buy any mangoes. Have you bought any mangoes? But any can be used after in affirmative sentences. If you need any money I will help you .

19. Some is used in questions which are really offers / requests or which expect the answer ‘yes”. Will you have some ice-cream? (offer) Could you lend me some money ? (Request) Did you buy some clothes? (= expect you did.)  

20. Each, every.– Each and every are similar in meaning, but every is a stronger word than each; it means, ‘each without exception ’. Each is used in speaking of two or more things; every is used only in speaking of more than two. Each directs attention to the individuals forming any group, every to the total group. Each is used only when the number in the group is limited and definite; every when the number is indefinite.

21. Every seat was taken. Five boys were seated on each bench. Each of these chairs is broken. Leap year falls in every fourth year. He came to see us every three days [i.e., once in very period of three days]. It rained every day during may holidays. I was away ten days and it rained each day.  

22. 3. Little, a little, the little.– Note carefully the use of– (1) little, (2) a little , (3) the little Little = not much (i.e., hardly any). Thus, the adjective little has a negative meaning.

23. There is little hope of his recovery, i.e., he is not likely to recover He showed little concern for his nephew. He has little influence with his old followers. He showed little mercy to the vanquished. He has little appreciation of good poetry. A little = some though not much. ‘A little’ a positive meaning. The is a little hope of his recovery, i.e., he may possibly recover. A little tact would have saved the situation. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.  

24. The little = not much, but all there is. The little information he had was not quit reliable. The little knowledge of carpentry that he possessed stood him in good stead. [The sentence means–The knowledge of carpentry he possessed was not much; but all that knowledge stood him in good stead.]

25. Few, a few, the few-Note carefully the use of the following: (1) few (2) a few (3) the few Few = not marry, hardly any, ‘Few’ has a negative meaning. Fe person can keep a secret Few people are so hopeless as drunkards Few towns in India have public libraries. Few works of reference are so valuable as the Encyclopaedia Britania . Few mean are free from fault. Few mean reach the age of one hundred years. Few students write Sanskrit correctly .

26. The few = not many, but all there are. The few remarks that he made were very suggestive. [the sentence means–The remarks that he made were not many; but all those remarks were very suggestive.] The few friends he has are all very poor. The few clothes they had were all tattered and torn.

27. a / an + proper noun / common noun 1. Generally , proper nouns don't take articles. Example : I met the Mohan yesterday 2. When you wish to identify or distinguish a person who has a similar name, activate article a/an Example : I would like to meet a Mohan who is very tall and has long hair ... 3. When the speaker doesn't know who exactly the person is, activate article a/an Example : There is a Mrs. Green to see you Usage of Articles

28. 4. Some times proper nouns become common nouns Example : Sohan is the Gandhiji of our class Kallidas is often called the Shakespeare of India. Kallidas is often called the greatest dramatist of India. 5. Article the is activated before the plural names of a family. Example : The smiths (family), the pals (family) When a proper noun is qualified or modified by an adjective, activate article the

29. Example : The immortal Shakespeare The great Gandhi   The Modi Government   The MS Government 6. When a proper noun is qualified or modified by an adjective, activate article the

30. 7 Subject predicate Ravi is a boy Sita is a girl Hyderabad is a city India is a country Proper nouns do not take articles Common nouns do take articles.

31. Usage of articles Two kinds (1) a / an (2) the The correct use of the articles is one of the most difficult points in English grammar . (A) Basic information : To say, ‘You know which I mean’ we put the before a noun 01. Ex : I have been to the doctor (You know which one: my doctor)Could you pass the salt (You can see the salt that I want ) 02. When we can’t say ‘You know which I mean’ We put a /an before a singular countable noun. Ex: There is a cat in the kitchen. (SCN) Put no article before Plural/ uncountable noun

32. determiners: the, my, some, several etc. 1. What are determiners? ( this, that, these, those, my, your, his , her, its, our, their, a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough, one, ten, thirty, other, another, all, both, half, either, neither, each, which, such, what, rather, quite )   Determiners come at the beginning of noun phrases, but they are not adjectives. the moon this house every week a nice day some problems enough trouble my fat old cat either arm several young students

33. There are two main groups of determiners:- 2. Group A determiners: the, my, this, . . . These help to identify things - to say whether they are known or unknown to the hearer, which one(s) the speaker is talking about, whether the speaker is thinking of particular examples or speaking in general, etc. There are three kinds: 1. articles : a/an, the 2. possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their, one's, whose 3. demonstratives : this, these, that, those We cannot put two Group A determiners together. We can say a friend, my friend or this friend, but not the my friend, the this friend, this my friend or my this friend. To put a possessive together with a/an or a demonstrative, we can use the structure a/this..............of mine/yours etc. She's a friend of mine. (NOT She's a my friend .)

34. 3. Group B determiners: some, each, much, enough etc Most of these are 'quantifiers': they say how much or how many we are talking about. The most important are : some , any, no each , every, either, neither much , many, more, most; (a) little, less, least; (a) few, fewer, fewest, enough; several, all , both, half what , whatever, which, whichever We can put two Group B determiners together if the combination makes sense. We meet every few days. Have you got any more coffee?

35. 4. Group B + Group A : some of the people Group B determines can be used directly before nouns, without of. Have you got any sugar? ( NOT....any of sugar) Most people agree with me. ( NOT....Most of people) But if we want to put a Group B determiner before a noun which has a Group A determiner (article, possessive or demonstrative), we have to use of . Compare : some people enough remark some of the people enough of those remarks which friends neither door which of your friends neither of these doors each child most shops each of my children most of the shops

36. 5. Group B + of + pronoun: most of us Group B determiners are used with of before pronouns . neither of them which of us most of you 6. no and none; every and every one No and every are not used before of; instead we use none and every one. Compare: no friends every boy none of my friends every one of these boys

37. 7. all (of), both (of), half (of) We can leave out of after all, both and half when they are followed by nouns (but not when they are followed by pronouns ). all (of) his ideas half ( of) her income both (of) my parents but all of us ( NOT all us) Note that when each, every, either and neither are used directly before nouns without of, the nouns are singular. Compare : each tree neither partner each of the trees neither of the partners  

38. 8. Group A + Group B : his many friends Certain Group B determiners can be used after Group A determiners . They are many, most, little, least and few. his many friends these few poems the least time the most money a little time a few questions 9. determiners without nouns; I haven't read any Nouns are often dropped after determiners if the meaning is clear. Do you know Orwell's books? - I haven't read any. Have we got any tomatoes? - A few. Which chair do you want? - This will do.

39. Usage of Articles: more about a/an   the idiomatic usage of articles: A (An) and the are called the “Articles”; a(an) is the indefinite article ; the is the definite article.   The indefinite article: a (an) Names of things which we can count are called countable nouns or countables ; and those which we cannot count are called uncountable nouns. Or uncountable (Non-count nouns ). A (an) is used only before singular countable nouns and is not used with plural nouns. The plural of a boy, a pen, a chair, an egg are boys, pens, chairs, boys, eggs .

40. A is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound e.g : a boy, a man, a table, and it is used before a vowel which is sounded like a consonant. e.g. a useful book, a university, a European, a one-eyed man An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound ( a,e,i,o,u ) or silent ‘h’ e.g. an apple, an egg, an angry boy, an open car, an eye, an urgent message, an index, an hour, an heir, an honorable man, an honest woman ,

41. Note: The following words begin with a silent ‘h’ and they are : (1) hour (hourly) (2) heir (heiress) (3) honour (honorable) (4) honest (honestly). They must be pronounced as though there were no ‘h’ at the beginning. The indefinite article is used : The form a is used before consonant sounds and the form an before vowel sounds. When saying abbreviations like ‘FM’ or ‘ ‘UN’, use a or an according to how the first letter is said. For example, F is a consonant, but begins with the sound /e/ and so you say: an FM radio. U is a vowel but begins with /j/ and so you say: a UN declaration.

42. 01. Used before countable or singular nouns referring to people or things that have not already been mentioned: a man/ horse/ unit. An aunt/ egg/ hour/ x-ray . I can only carry two at a time. There is a visitor for you. She is a friend of my mother’s (= one of my mother’s friends)   02. Used before uncountable nouns when these have an adjective in front of them, or phrase following them: a good knowledge of French. A sadness that won’t go away.   03 . Any; every: a loin is a dangerous animal.   04. Used to show that somebody/ something is a member of a group or profession: Their new car is a BMW. She is a Buddhist. She is a teacher. Is that a Monet (= a painting by Monet)?   05 . Used in front of two nouns that are seen as a single unit; a knife and fork.

43. 06 . Used instead of one before some numbers: A thousand people were there. 07 . Used when talking about prices, quantities and rates. Synonym per: They cost 50p a kilo. I can type 50 words a minute. He was driving at 50 miles an hour. 08 . A person like some body: She is a little Hitler Used before somebody’s name to show that the speaker doesn’t know the person: There is a Mrs Green to see you. 10 . Used before the names of days of the week to talk about one particular day: she died on a Tuesday.

44. 11. Before a singular countable noun when it is referred to for the first time and indicates any one person or thing but not one particular person or thing. e.g A horse is an animal. I have a brother. Please give me a pencil. 12. Before a singular countable noun when it is referred to as one of a class of things. e.g A cow gives milk. A coconut tree has no branches. 13. Before singular predicated nouns or noun complements e.g. He is an engineer. She is a teacher. Ravi is a doctor. 14. After of and at and is some phrases. e.g. They are all of a size (i.e. the same size). Birds of a feather (of the sort) flock together The boys came in two at a time.

45. 15. With possessives, e.g A friend of my brother’s. A book of Rama’s 16. In a number of idiomatic phrases and constructions e.g. It’s a shame…, What a pity! as a rule; in a hurry, so big a fool; many a boy; a lot of; a great amount of; on an average; a little; all of a sudden .

46. The indefinite article is not used: (a) Before uncountable nouns; as: laughter, advice, news, milk, bread, wood, blood, information, furniture, sand, soap, etc.   But note when these nouns are preceded by such expressions as: a little; a piece of; a lot of; a cup of; a glass of – they take the indefinite article, e.g Apiece of advice, a loaf of bread, a glass of milk, a cup of tea, a lot of wood, a piece of information/ news/ soap, a bottle of blood., a little sugar/sand, a peal of laughter. (b) Before abstract nouns such as: truth, beauty, joy, honesty, boyhood, cleanliness, kindness, hatred, wisdom, strength, bravery, e.g. Beauty is truth. Honesty is the best policy. Cleanliness is next to godliness. Wisdom is better than strength.

47. The definite article: the The can be used before singular or plural nouns whether they are countable or uncountable. It particularizes a noun. The is used: (1) Before nouns denoting person(s) thing(s), event(s), etc., already referred to or mentioned. Note the changes from the indefinite article to the definite article in these sentences: Once an old man and a little girl lived in a small hut in a village near a forest. One morning the old man left the hut and went to the forest to cut wood. The little girl cleaned the hut and waited for the old man to return. (2) When the situation is sufficient to make clear what is meant, e.g. Please go to the post office and buy stamps for me. Please shut the door. Which way is the railway station?

48. (3) With a noun when it stands for something unique. e.g the sun, the moon, the sky, the weather, the east. (4) Before a noun that is particularized or made definite by a clause or phrase, e.g This is the book that I read. The picture on the wall.   (5) Before superlative adjectives. e.g. the tallest boy, the most beautiful woman.   (6) Before a singular countable noun used to represent a whole class. e.g. The lion is a wild animal. The owl loves darkness. Note that the following sentences all mean the same thing: The tiger is a wild animal. A tiger is a wild animal. Tigers are wild animals.

49. (7) Before the names of musical instruments, e.g. Play the violin, play the piano Note: But with the names of games ‘The’ is not used. Ex: Play tennis. (8) With adjectives to denote all members of a class, e.g. the rich (=rich people), the poor, the dead.

50. (9) Note: Generally proper nouns do not take the before them. But note the following idiomatic uses: (a) Before names of rivers , e.g the Ganga, the Godavari, the Krishna (b) Before names of ranges of mountains , e.g. The East Indies, the Japanese islands, the Laccadive islands. (c) Before names of straits, gulfs, seas, etc . the Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea etc. (d) Before the names of some countries and provinces , e.g the United Kingdom, the United states, the Punjab, the Hague(city) Before a comparative “the” is idiomatically used in such expressions as ‘The sooner the better’ The more the merrier’. ‘The more he reads the less he understands’, ‘The more he gets, the more he wants’. (10) Before the plural names of families e.g. ‘The Gandhis ’, ‘The Nehrus ’, ‘The pals; ‘The Tilaks ’, ‘The Edwards’.

51. The definite article is not used 01. Before a noun even when it stands for something unique e.g Heaven, Paradise, Hell. There is only one Heaven, one Paradise and one Hell, but these nouns do not take the 02. Before single islands and single mountains, not groups, e.g. Crete, Ceylon, Mount Blanc, 03. With the names of languages e.g He speaks English. Hindi is our national language. Telugu is my mother tongue. 04. Before plural nouns used in a general sense e.g. Animals are my best friends. Books give us knowledge and pleasure. But: ‘The animals that are in the zoo…’. The books that I have bought…’ Here we are referring to some particular animals and books.

52. 05. Before names of meals used in a general sense, e.g. breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper, tea. 0.6 Before abstract nouns used in a general sense . e.g life is full of difficulties. Nothing is surer than death. Virtue is its own reward. Worry is mental poison. Work is mental food. 07. Before most proper nouns, (names of countries, towns, cities, men, days, etc ), e.g India, Russia, Delhi, Hyderabad, Rama, Sita , Kalidas , March, Sunday. But there are exceptions e.g. The Hague, The Forbidden city, The Netherlands, The Transvaal. 08. Before names of materials used in a general sense. e.g Tea is grown in India. Rice is eaten by many people in India. Sugar is made from sugarcane. Sand is heavy. Air is fluid. Water is both a fluid and a liquid. But: ‘in the air”. “on the water”.

53. 09. Before names of public places or institutions when these are used for their primary purpose , such as “bed, church, college, court, hospital, jail (prison), market, school, sea, work”. Examples: He went to school (to study or learn). He goes to bed at ten o’clock (to sleep). He goes to church every Sunday (to worship or pray). He went to prison (was imprisoned). He has gone to market (to buy or sell). He went to hospital (for treatment), Mahatma Gandhi was sent to jail several times .

54. But when these places or buildings are used for any other purpose, or in any other way, the is used. e.g. Last month we went to the jail to see it. I went to the college to see the Principal. She walked to the court and there took a bus. On the other hand, when ‘cinema’, ‘pictures’, ‘movies’, ‘theatre’, ‘races’ are visited for their primary purpose i.e. entertainment, they take ‘the’ before them. E.g. Americans go to the movies. English people go to the pictures and we go to the cinema. 10. Before the names of games, e.g. to play tennis, football, hockey, cards, chess, billiards, etc; But ‘to play the violin, veena , piano, etc”. 11. Before the names of diseases like cholera, smallpox, rickets, dysentery, e.g. Cholera is a dreadful disease.

55. 12. In great many idiomatic phrases like: At bottom, at sea, at last, at night, at day break, at sunset, beyond reach of, beyond hope of, by land/ sea/ air, by train/bus, by day, catch fire, go to press, head above water, in fact, in case, in case of , live from hand to mouth, hand in hand, arm in arm, face to face, cash in hand, in sight of , in order of , in face of, in course of time, keep house, on account of, on shore, on tiptoe, what on earth, set on edge, set sail, set foot on, shake hands with , stay at home, make one’s hair stand on end, lose sight of, lose heart/ patience/courage, under cover of, from beginning to end, from end to end.

56. other usage of articles   1 . countable and uncountable nouns: Countable nouns are the names of separate objects, people, ideas etc which we can count. a dog - three dogs a teacher - four teachers a plan - two plans Uncountable nouns are the names of materials, liquids and other things which we do not usually see as separate objects. wool ( BUT NOT a wool, two wools) water ( BUT NOT a water, three waters) weather(BUT NOT a weather, four weathers) energy (BUT NOT an energy, several energies)

57. 2. a/an with singular countable nouns We normally use a/an only with singular countable nouns. a teacher an umbrella BUT NOT a salt or an office 3. uses of a/an A/an does not add much to the meaning of a noun - it is like a weak form of 'one'. It has several common uses . (a) one person or thing We can use a/an when we talk about one person or thing. There's a police car outside . My brother's married to a nurse . Mohan lives in an old cottage. (b) any one member of a class We can use a/an when we talk about any one member of a class. A teacher must like students.. (= any teacher) I would like to live in an old cottage. (= any old cottage )

58. ( c) classifying and defining We can use a/an when we classify or define people and things - when we say what they are, what job they do, or what they are used for. She's a teacher. I'm looking forward to being a grandfather . (d) descriptions A/an is common before nouns that are used in descriptions. She's a nice friend. That was a lovely morning. He's got a friendly smile. It's an extremely hot day .

59. 4. when a/an cannot be left out We do not normally leave out a/an negative expressions, after prepositions or after fractions. Lend me your pen.  I haven't got a pen . ( NOT I haven't got pen ) You mustn't go out without a weapon. ( NOT ... without weapon ) And we do not leave out a/an when we say what jobs people have, or how things are used. He's an engineer. ( NOT ... He's engineer .)

60. 5. when a/an is not used: adjectives alone; possessives A/an cannot normally be used with an adjective alone (without a noun). Compare: It's a good car. It's good (NOT It's a good .) A/an cannot be used together with a possessive. Instead, we can use the structure a .... of mine/yours etc. He's a friend of mine . (NOT He's a my friend) 6. a/an and the Instead of a/an, we use the when we want to say 'You and I both know which one I mean'. Compare: She lives in a big flat. . (The hearer doesn't know which one.) She lives in the big house over there. (The hearer knows which one.)

61. 7. no article with plural and uncountable nouns (a) a/an not used Plural and uncountable nouns (e.g. cats) cannot normally be used with a/an (because a/an has a similar meaning to 'one'). Instead, we most often use no article. There were cats in every room. (NOT....a cats...) (b) confusing nouns Some nouns that are countable in some other languages are uncountable in English. I need information and advice. (NOT.... an information and an advice) You've made very good progress . (NOT...a very good progress) And note that we never use a/an with weather or English. We're having terrible weather. (NOT...a terrible weather.) She speaks very good French. (NOT....a very good French)

62. (c) some and any Instead of no article, we can sometimes use some or any. We met some nice French boys on holiday. Have you got any matches?

63. (d) the Instead of no article, we use the when we want to say 'You and I both know which I mean'. Compare: I'm working with children . (The hearer doesn't know which ones.) How are the children. ( = the hearer's children) We need salt. ( = any salt) Could you pass the salt? (The hearer can see the salt that is wanted.) But we usually use no article, not the, to talk about people, things etc in general. Are dogs more intelligent than cats? (NOT...the dogs...the cats) Everybody likes music. (NOT....the music)

64. Special rules and exceptions (a) kind of etc We usually leave out a/an after kind of, sort of, type of and similar expressions. What kind of (a) person is she? Have you got a cheaper sort of radio ? They've developed a new variety of sheep. (b) amount and number The is dropped after the amount/number of. I was surprised at the amount of money collected. (NOT...of the money) The number of unemployed is rising steadily.

65. (c) man and woman Unlike other singular countable nouns, man and woman can be used in a general sense without articles. Man and woman were created equal. (d) days, months and seasons We drop the when we mean 'the day/month before or after this one'. Where were you last Saturday ? See you on Thursday . I was away in April . We're moving next September . To talk about the seasons in general, we can say spring or the spring, summer or the summer, etc.

66. There is little difference. Rome is lovely in (the) spring. I like (the) winter best. When we are talking about particular springs, summers etc, we are more likely to use the. I worked very hard in the summer that year. (e) (the) radio, (the) cinema, (the) theatre and television When we talk about our use of these forms of entertainment, we generally say the radio, the cinema, the theatre, but television or TV. I always listen to the radio while I'm driving. It was a great treat to go to the cinema or the theatre when I was a child.

67. What's on TV ? The is often dropped in all four cases when we talk about these institutions as art forms or professions. Cinema is different from theatre in several ways. He's worked in radio and television all his life. (f) jobs and positions The is not used in titles like Queen Elizabeth, President Lincoln, Compare: Queen Elizabeth had dinner with President Kennedy. The Queen had dinner with the President.

68. (g) exclamations We use a/an with singular countable nouns in exclamations after What. What a lovely dress! (NOT.....What lovely dress!) Note that a/an cannot be used in exclamations with uncountable nouns. What nonsense! (NOT.....What a nonsense!) What luck! (h) Illnesses The names of illnesses and pains are usually uncountable, with no article, in standard British English. Have you had appendicitis ? I've got toothache again.

69. A/an is used in a few cases such as a cold, a headache. I've got a horrible cold. Have you got a headache ? The can be used informally with a few common illnesses. I think I've got (the) flu . She's never had (the) measles. American usage is different in some cases. I've got a toothache/an earache/a backache/a stomachache . (I've got toothache/earache etc)

70. ( i ) parts of the body etc. When talking about parts of someone's body, or about their possessions, we usually use possessives, not the. Sita broke her arm climbing. (NOT Sita broke the arm climbing.) He stood in the doorway, his coat over his arm . (NOT...the coat over the arm). But the is common after prepositions, especially when we are talking about blows, pains and other things that often happen to parts of people's bodies. She hit him in the stomach. He was shot in the leg . Can't you look me in the eye ?

71. (j) measurements Note the use of the in measuring expressions beginning with by. Do you sell eggs by the kilo or by the dozen ? He sits watching TV by the hour . Can I pay by the month? A/an is used to relate one measuring unit to another. Sixty pence a kilo Thirty miles an hour Twice a week

72. (k) place names We use the with these kinds of place names. seas ( the Atlantic) mountain groups ( the Himalayas) island groups ( the Andaman Nicobar) rivers ( the Ganga ) desert s ( the Sahara) most hotels ( the Grand Hotel) most cinemas and theatres (the Odeon; the Playhouse) most museums and art galleries (the British Museum)  We usually use no article with: continents, countries, states, countries, departments etc (Africa, Brazil, Texas) towns (Oxford) streets (New Street, Willow Road) lakes (Lake Michigan)

73. Exceptions: places whose name is (or contains) a common noun like republic, state, union (e.g. the People's Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the United States). Note also the Netherlands, and its seat of government, The Hague. The is unusual in the titles of the principal public buildings and organisations of a town, when the title begins with the town name. Oxford University (NOT the Oxford University) Hull Station (NOT the Hull Station) (l) newspapers and magazines The names of newspapers usually have the. The Times, The Washington Post The names of magazines do not always have the. New Scientist, India today.

74. (m) abbreviated styles We usually leave out articles in abbreviated styles newspaper headlines MAN KILLED ON MOUNTAIN headings Introduction Chapter 2 Section B picture captions Mother and child notices, posters etc SUPER CINEMA, RITZ HOTEL instructions Open packet at other end. numbering and labelling Go through door A. Control to Car 27: can you hear me? Turn to page 26. (NOT..the page 26.) dictionary entries palm inner surface of hand. lists take car to garage; pay phone bill notes Mohan thinks company needs new office.

75. Omissions of article (a) Don’t use a/an with plural or uncountable nouns Ravi collects stamps (not…a stamps) Our garden needs water (not….a water)   (b) Don’t use ‘the’ to talk about things in general Elephants can swim very well (not The elephants can swim….) Life is beautiful (not…..the life)

76. (c) Don’t use articles together with my, this or other determiners. My task (not the my task) This issue (not the this issue) A friend of mine (not a my friend) (d) Don’t use singular countable nouns alone, Without an article or other determines We can say a dog, the dog, my dog, this dog, any dog Either dog or every dog but not just dog Ex: Give it to the dog (not give it to dog) Jaya Raj is a doctor (not Jaya Raj is doctor)

77. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article 1. Iron is _____ useful metal. 2. Sh e is not _____ honourable woman . 3. _____ able man has not always. 4. _____reindeer is a native of Norway. 5. Honest men speak _____ truth. 6. He is ______ young boy. 7. Do you see _____ blue sky? 8. V atican is _____ holy city. 9. Aladdin had ____ wonderful lamp. 10. The world is ____ happy place.

78. 11. She returned after ____ hour. 12. _____ school will shortly close for the D ewali holidays. 13. _____sun shines brightly. 14. You first met her _____ year ago. 15. Yesterday ________European called at my office. 16. French is _____difficult language. 17. _____Ganga is ________ sacred river. 18. ______lion is ______ king of beasts. 19. You are ________fool to say that. 20. English is _______easy language.

79. 21. Who is _____ girl sitting there? 22. Which is ______ longest river in India? 23. Ravi has come without _______umbrella. 24. Bangalore is _______ very costly place to live in. 25. She is _____ untidy girl. 26. The children found _____ egg in the nest. 27. I bought ______ horse, _____ ox, and ____ buffalo. 28. If you see him, give him ______ message. 29. English is _____ language of ______ people of England. 30. The guide knows ______ ways.

80. 31. Sri Lanka is ____ island. 32. Let us discuss ____ matter seriously. 33. Peter got _____ best present. 34. Man, thou art ____ wonderful animal. 35. India is one of _____ most industrial countries in Asia. 36. He looks as stupid as ____ owl. 37. He is _____ honour to this profession

81. 1. a 2 . an 3. An 4. The 5. the 6 . a 7 . the 8 . a 9. a 10. a 11 . an 12. The 13 . The 14. a 15. a 16 a 17. the, a 18. the, the 19 . a 20. an 21 . The 22. The 23. an 24. a 25 . an 26 . an 27. a, an, a 28. a 29. the, the 30. the   31. an 32. the 33. the 34.a 35. the 36 . An 37 . an Key