Artificial enzymes presentation.pptx

An artificial enzyme is a synthetic organic molecule or ion that mimics one or more functions of an enzyme.
Molecules are designed and modified to achieve some desirable features of enzymes.
Protein engineering has been developed to design and synthesize molecules with the attributes of enzymes for non-natural reactions.
They have a molecular weight of less than 2000 Dalton.
They have the ability to stabilize at a higher temperature.
They are also known as synzymes or enzyme mimics.

1. AMITY INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY ARTIFICIAL ENZYMES Submitted to: Submitted by: Dr. Viney Lather Firuj Ahmed Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Master of Pharmacy 1 st Year

2. CONTENTS: Enzymes Properties of Enzymes Artificial Enzymes Ideal characteristics of Artificial Enzymes Need of artificial Enzymes Designed approach for Artificial Enzymes Ideal environment requirement for Artificial Enzymes Applications.

3. ENZYMES Enzymes are biological catalyst A catalyst is defined as “a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being itself changed in the process.” Enzymes as biological catalysts: Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy. They catalyzed nearly all the reactions taking place in the cells of the body. Enzymes have unique three-dimensional shapes that fit the shapes of substrates.

4. P roperties of enzymes Catalytic efficiency: High efficiency, 103 to 1017 faster than the corresponding catalyzed reaction. Specificity: H igh specific in nature, interacting with one or a few specific substrates and catalyzing only one type of chemical reaction. Mild reaction condition: Temperature: Optimum temperature of enzymes is 20-35 degree Celsius. They become inactivated at very low temperatures and denatured at very high temperature( greater than 45 degree Celsius). p H: Most enzymes exhibit optimal activity at a pH value between 5 and 9. High or low pH value than the optimum value will cause ionization of enzyme which results in the denaturation of the enzyme.

5. ARTIFICIAL ENZYMES An artificial enzyme is a synthetic organic molecule or ion that mimics one or more functions of an enzyme. Molecules are designed and modified to achieve some desirable features of enzymes. Protein engineering has been developed to design and synthesize molecules with the attributes of enzymes for non-natural reactions. They have a molecular weight of less than 2000 Dalton. They have the ability to stabilize at a higher temperature. They are also known as synzymes or enzyme mimics. Nanozymes : Nanozymes are  nanomaterials  with enzyme-like characteristics. They have been explored for applications such as biosensing , bioimaging , tumor diagnosis and therapy, and anti-biofouling, etc.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL ENZYMES Rigid structure model. Water soluble and catalytically active under physiological conditions. R eversible, non-covalent binding with the substrate, the release is slower than the binding.

7. EXAMPLES: XNAzymes : These XNAzymes are capable of cutting and joining strands of RNA in a test tube. One of the XNAzymes are much more stable than naturally occurring enzymes, scientist believes that they could be particularly useful in developing new therapies for a range of disease, including cancer and viral infection. XNAzymes are chemically extremely robust and because they do not occur in nature and are not recognized by the body’s natural degrading enzymes. This might make them an attractive candidate for the long-lasting treatment that can disrupt disease-related RNAs. Manganese dioxide nanozymes (Mn3O4) ROS(Reactive Oxygen Species) scavenging activities have been developed for in vivo anti-inflammation. Vanadium pentoxide mimics to glutathione peroxidase.

8. NEED OF ARTIFICIAL ENZYMES Tunable structures and catalytic efficiencies are similar to the natural enzyme. Excellent tolerance to experimental conditions. Purely synthetic routes for their preparation. High cost and low stability limit the application of natural enzymes. Speeds up the reaction at a relatively high rate.

9. DESIGN APPROACH FOR ARTIFICIAL ENZYMES Two types of approaches are used to develop artificial enzymes: 1. Chemical Approach: Cyclodextrins as enzyme mimics Cyclophane as enzyme mimics Calixarene as enzyme mimics Crown ethers as enzyme mimics 2. Biological Approach: Direct evolution method for artificial enzyme production De n ovo computational Enzyme Designing

10. CHEMICAL APPROACH Cyclodextrins : The three most common cyclodextrins are , α- ,β-,and γ-species, which are composed of six, seven, and eight glucopyranose units, respectively. Hydrophobic cavity. Stable and water soluble. Tunable (modify to change properties) Research on cyclodextrin started in1930s very expensive &thought to be toxic

11. DIRECT EVOLUTION METHOD FOR ARTIFICIAL ENZYME PRODUCTION   Direct evolution is a molecular biology method to modify biocatalysts via in vitro version of “Darwinian evolution”. Direct evolution provides improved enzymatic activity, thermostability , tolerance to organic solvents, substrate specificity, enantioselectivity , and so on.  Gene mutagenesis insertion of a gene sequence into host cells transformed colony planting Evaluated by using screening for transformed Bacteria producing enzymatic assays colonies mutant enzymes More production of Transformed colonies

12. De novo computational enzyme designing Under this automated identification of amino acid sequences performed that will fold into a specified three-dimensional structures. This method has emerged as a promising tool for engineering enzymes . Conformational changes are part of the repertoire that natural enzymes use to catalyze reactions . In order to select candidates sequences for enzymes at each step of the identified pathways, several tools provide different solutions, including anti SMASH for biosynthetic gene clusters . Tools used : Path pred RDM patterns Bond-Electron matrices Reactions SMARTS in Retro Path 2.0

13. I deal Environment Requirement for Artificial Enzymes The covalent immobilization of one enzyme on solid supports having large surfaces with given properties ( eg ., hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces) should provide a nano environment surrounding the area of the enzyme directly in contact with the support . Further covalent immobilization of macromolecular polymers (hydrophilic, hydrophobic) on the same large internal surfaces of the solid support should provide an additional nano environment surrounding the area of the immobilized enzyme molecules next to the support. Chemical modification of immobilized enzymes with polyfunctional macromolecules could also be an interesting way to greatly modified the enzyme nano environment with minimal chemical modification of the enzyme.

14. APPLICATIONS Tunable structure and catalytic efficiencies similar to natural enzymes. Excellent tolerance to experimental conditions. Purely synthetic routes for their preparation. Lower cost. Pharmaceutical : synthetic enzymes that accelerates the formation of drugs and chemicals. Medicine : use of synthetic enzymes as supplements for patients deficient in certain enzyme can be made instead of extracting natural enzymes from other organisms. Genetic Engineering : potentially designing synthetic enzymes that manipulate gene sequences to create genetically modified organisms or to help genealogy research.

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