ASD.ppt Pyschology lecture for undergraduate

ASD

1. AUTISM SPECTRUM
DISORDERS
"ASD"
Research about
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2. Made by :-
١. دمحألامجيزاغنسحملاس 19034
٢. دمحألامجدمحمصاصقلا 19035
٣. دمحأمتاحسورحمدمحمراجنلا 19036
٤. دمحأدماحنمحرلادبعينيوضلا 19037
٥. دمحأنسحىلعدمحم 19038
٦. دمحأنيسحفيطللادبعدمحم 19039
٧. دمحأدلاخدمحادمحمشيورد 19041
٨. دمحأدلاخنسحبيدلا 19042
٩. دمحأتفأربجرنابعشقزر 19044
١٠. دمحأيدشرأروندمحأ 19045
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3. 3
ITEMS
1.What is Autism ?
2.Prevalence of Autism
3.Autistic Spectrum Disorders
4.Characteristics of Autism
5.Diagnosing Autism
6.ASD Theories
7.Treatment
8.References
9.MCQs

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What is Autism ?
It's a Complex developmental disability
Autism first described by Kanner (1943)
Typically appears during the first three
years of life
Most severe childhood neuropsychiatric
condition
Triad of ASD impairments
①socialisation
②communication
③imagination

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Prevalence of Autism
There is 2-6 cases per 1,000
Growing at a rate of 10-17 percent per
year
boy:girl ??????4:1
Usually identified before 30 months
No racial or socioeconomic differences

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Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Autism is one of five disorders coming
under the umbrella of Pervasive
Developmental Disorders (PDD)
1.Autistic Disorder
2.Asperger's Disorder
3.Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD)
4.Rett's Disorder
5.PDD-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)

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Characteristics of Autism
Persons with autism may exhibit some of the
following traits.
•Insistence on sameness; resistance to change
•Difficulty in expressing needs; uses gestures or
pointing instead of words
•Repeating words or phrases in place of normal,
responsive language
•Laughing, crying, showing distress for reasons
not apparent to others
•Prefers to be alone; aloof manner
•Tantrums
•Difficulty in mixing with others
•May not want to cuddle or be cuddled
•Little or no eye contact

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•Unresponsive to normal teaching methods
•Sustained odd play
•Spins objects
•Inappropriate attachments to objects
•Apparent over-sensitivity or under-sensitivity
to pain
•No real fears of danger
•Noticeable physical over-activity or extreme
under-activity
•Uneven gross/fine motor skills
•Not responsive to verbal cues; acts as if deaf
although hearing tests in normal range.
~ Characteristics of Autism

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Language development
①Delayed and deviant
②Peculiar use of sounds and words
③Echolalia
④Pronominal reversal -use 'i' where 'you' is
meant and vice-versa
–e.g. 'do you want a drink' instead of 'i want a drink'
denial of personal identity? (psychoanalysts)
or just related to echoing
⑤Use of '-ing'
–'daddy piping', 'boy bubbling' (boy blowing bubbles) -
9 yr old autistic girl (Wing 1976)

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Social development
I.Physical and emotional distance from
others
II.Failure to develop social attachments
III.Lack of cooperative group play
IV.Difficulties in reacting to or recognising
other people's feelings

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Intellectual development
i.Poor on verbal ability
ii.May perform above average on memory
or spatial tasks
iii.May be talented in music or drawing
iv.1/4 -1/3 have IQ>70

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Diagnosing Autism
no medical tests for diagnosing autism
Early Diagnosis
Diagnostic Tools
The NICHD lists these five behaviors that signal
further evaluation is warranted:
–Does not babble or coo by 12 months
–Does not gesture (point, wave, grasp) by 12 months
–Does not say single words by 16 months
–Does not say two-word phrases on his or her own by
24 months
–Has any loss of any language or social skill at any
age.

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several tests have been developed that
are now used in diagnosing autism
–CARS rating system (Childhood Autism
Rating Scale)
–The Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT)
–The Autism Screening Questionnaire
–The Screening Test for Autism in Two-Year
Olds
~ Diagnosing Autism

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Theories
Some current psychological theories of
autism
①The Mind Deficit Theory
②The Executive-Function Deficit Theory
③The Central-Coherence Deficit Theory

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The Mind Deficit Theory
This theory made by Baron-Cohen
Results was Autistic children cannot
engage in meta-representations, therefore
cannot develop ToM
–Autistic children don't seem to show pretend/symbolic
play, Therefore predict poor performance on false
belief tasks
–Chance performance on mental-physical distinction
–Poor understanding of functions of the mind
–Fail appearance-reality tests
–Don’t know that “seeing leads to knowing”

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The Executive-Function Deficit Theory
This theory done by Lekeem-Burnur
Executive function:
–suppress incorrect response
–retain relevant information in working memory
executive function involved in flexible
planning
deficit occurs with frontal brain damage
leading to perseverative behaviour
may co-occur with ToM deficit

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The Central-Coherence Deficit Theory
Central coherence
–people need/desire high-level meaning
–everyday tendency to process incoming information in
context for gist
–this feature of human information processing is
disturbed in autism
Autism biased toward local vs global info
processing
–"inability to experience wholes without full attention to
the constituent parts”
–do not succumb to visual illusions (Happé, 1996)
–failure to use context in reading (Happé, 1995)

18. Treatment
1. Behavioral management therapy
2. Cognitive behavior therapy Early intervention
3. Educational and school-based therapies
4. Joint attention therapy
5. Medication treatment
6. Nutritional therapy
7. Occupational therapy
8. Parent-mediated therapy
9. Physical therapy
10. Social skills training
11. Speech-language therapy
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19. References
http://www.iidc.indiana.edu/pages/School-Cultures-that-
Support-Students-Across-the-Autism -Spectrum
http://www.autism-society.org/
leeburdettewilliams.net.
http://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcS2VUoe12M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mb7Y7ueMBmg
(Temple Grandin)
http://www.ed.gov/news/press-
releases/departmehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=mb7Y7ueMBmgnt-education-issues-ada-amendments-act-
dear-colleague-letter-provide guidance-under-amended-
legal-standards
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20. MCQ
1. The DSM-5 definition of autism indicates
that a child must display autistic characteristics
before the age of
A)one.
B)five.
C)three.
D)four.
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21. 2). Which of the following is NOT one of the
three specific disorders under the autism
spectrum?
A) Autistic disorder.
B) Pervasive developmental disorder
not otherwise specified.
C) Asperger syndrome.
D) Mental retardation.
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22. 3).Characteristics of individuals with autism
may include the following EXCEPT for
A)resistance to change.
B)above grade-level reading
comprehension.
C)unusual responses to sensory
experiences.
D)difficulties with social interactions.
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23. 4). Which of the following spectrum disorders
has the highest prevalence?
A)autism
B)Asperger syndrome
C)Pervasive Developmental Disorder
D)childhood disintegrative disorder
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24. 5).At what educational level are most
individuals with autism first identified?
A)middle school
B)high school
C)elementary school
D)preschool
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25. 6). What causes autism?
A) Mothers who don't bond with their
newborn
B) A single gene on chromosome 12
C) Poor prenatal nutrition
D) There is no single cause of autism
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26. 7).Common sensory issues for people with
ASD include
A) visual
B) Auditory
C) tactile
D) All of the above
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27. 8).Causes of ASD can be contributed to both
social and environmental factors.
A) True
B) False
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28. 9).Researchers have found that people with
ASD typically have discrepancies in the cells in
their temporal lobe.
A) true
B)False
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29. 10). Autism is a developmental disability.
A). True
B). False
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