Assessment Of Quality Of Tiles Works & Washed Stone Grit Plaster Works

Formwork for testing the quality of various tiles works including Stone Grit plaster works

1. Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur TOPIC Assessment Of Quality Of Tiles Works & Washed Stone Grit Plaster Works Submitted to: Dr. Sudhir Mishra Presented by: Arvind Vishavkarma Roll No - 17203269 1

2. Definition Tile work is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as table tops 2 https://www.riverpoolsandspas.com/blog/best-interior-finish-for-concrete-pool

3. GEOLOGIC CATEGORIES OF STONES FREQUENTLY USED IN CONSTRUCTION Sedimentary stones (sandstone, limestone, dolomite) originally formed mainly in sea water, or lakes, from the remains of animals and plants, also from transportation and deposition of rock products. Metamorphic stones (marble, serpentine, onyx, slate, quartzite, gneiss) are produced from sedimentary or igneous rocks by the action of heat and pressure. Igneous stones ( granite, syenite , diorite, gabbro, andesite and basalt) are formed when magma (molten rock within the earth) cools. Sandstone Granite stone Marble stone 3 Source : http://www.tradekeyindia.com/stone-international/white-marble-stone.htm

4. Tests for tile work ` Sr. No Types of Tests ASTM ISO BIS 1 Moisture Expansion ASTM C370 ISO 10545-10 IS 13630(Part 3) 2 Water Absorption ASTM C373 - IS 13630(Part 2) 3 Crazing Resistance   ASTM C424 ISO 10545-11 IS 13630(Part 9) 4 Bond Strength ASTM C482 -   5 Thermal Shock Resistance ASTM C484 ISO 10545-9 IS 13630(Part 5) 4

5. Tests for tile work Sr. No Types of Tests ASTM ISO BIS 6 Breaking Strength ASTM C648 - IS 13630(Part 6) 7 Chemical Resistance ASTM C650 ISO 10545-13 IS 13630(Part 7,8) 8 Modulus of Rupture ASTM C674 - IS 13630(Part 6) 9 Freeze-Thaw (up to 300 cycles) ASTM C1026 - IS 13630(Part 10) 10 Surface Abrasion ASTM C1027 - IS 13630(Part 11,12) 11 Static Coefficient of Friction ASTM C1028 - - 5

6. Moisture Expansion This test method provides means to determine increases in physical dimension of fired white ware materials which develop from the reaction of water and water vapor at elevated pressures and temperatures. Expansion can lead the change in the physical dimension Its influence the stability and integrity of and installation and leads the crazing due to moisture evaporation Test Specimen requirement Number of specimen- minimum 3 Shape- Rod like taken from central portion of specimen Size- length (76-102 mm) width (2.5-19 mm) Steam Pressure – 1 MPa for 5 Hrs Temperature – 110 C for 24 hrs Autoclave Note - Low moisture expansion between 0.1-0.5 mm/m 6

7. Measurement of density, porosity, and specific gravity is a tool for determining the degree of maturation of a ceramic body, or for determining structural properties that may be required for a given application. Sampling of specimen based on length, width & Area of tiles, generally-Number of tiles -5 Heat the specimen at 150 C for 24 hrs Cool all the specimen in dedicator and find the dry mass Finding the suspended mass of specimen Also determination of saturated mass of all specimen Water Absorption and Associated Properties, Density, Porosity and Specific gravity Note - Value of water absorption less then 0.5% but not more than 3 % 7

8. Crazing Resistance This test method is particularly useful for porous materials that can exhibit moisture expansion It can also serve as a reference test method in purchasing contracts or agreements. Size of specimen- 152*152mm or 200*200mm Steam pressure – 1.90 MPa for 24 hrs Crazing in tiles 8 Crazing pattern as BIS

9. This test method provides a means of determining whether or not tile of the types can be bonded with adequate strength to Portland cement paste. It can also refer this test method in order to establish minimum bond strength limits appropriate to the service conditions that are anticipated. Separation between bond coat and setting bed Bond Strength Load one specimen at a time at the rate of (1.4±0.1 MPa/min) in shear until the bond is broken Bond Strength Test 9

10. Thermal Shock Resistance This test method is intended for testing glazed ceramic tile that are to be used in areas in which they may be subjected to rapid or severe temperature changes. This test method consists of determining the thermal shock resistance of ceramic tiles by cycling a sample ten times between the temperatures of 15± 5°C (59 6 9°F) and 145±5°C (293 6 9°F) 10

11. Breaking Strength The test method provides means for establishing whether or not a lot of tile meets the strength requirements which may appear in tile specifications. Tile strength is the force in pounds-force (or Newton's), which necessary to cause the tile to break. Ceramic Tiles Breaking Strength as per IS code Ceramic Tiles Breaking Strength as per ASTM 11

12. Modulus of Rupture These test methods cover determination of the modulus of rupture and the modulus of elasticity of tiles, formed by any fabrication method, and are applicable to both glazed and unglazed test specimens. Suggested Bearing Edge and Specimen Support 12

13. Chemical Resistance This test method is intended for testing ceramic tile that are to be used for residential other purpose that may come in contact with chemical substances and for tile in areas where they may be exposed to contact with strong cleaning agent The specification of 10 % hydrochloric acid solution and 10 % potassium hydroxide solution as normal testing fluids, and the length of exposure time and temperature are based on experimental laboratory work. It was indicated that resistance to these two substances probably assures resistance also to any other acidic or alkaline substance coming in contact with tile, except hydrofluoric acid. 13

14. Freeze-Thaw (up to 300 cycles) The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functions as a guide to the selection of ceramic and glass tiles suitable for outdoor service in geographic areas subjected to freezing It is the control test for determining the freeze/thaw resistance of tiles being manufactured for exterior installations. Designated test load of tile specimens is saturated with water prior to being placed face-up in a metal water-filled container inside a freezer The water level is adjusted such that the tile specimens are partially submerged Freezing is followed by a thawing cycle using water that flows over the test load The number of cycles is recorded and after 300 cycles The test load is visually examined for damage and checked for total weight loss. 14

15. Surface Abrasion The abrasion resistance of tile surfaces is determined by rotation of an abrasive load on the surface and the assessment of the resultant wear by means of visual comparison of the abraded test specimens and non abraded tiles 15

16. Static Coefficient of Friction Static coeffıcient of friction— the normal force applied through the object which tends to cause the friction. The horizontal dynamometer pull meter and heel assemblies are designed to determine the static coefficient of friction of tile and like materials. The static coefficient of friction is determined under both wet and dry conditions with Neolite heel assemblies over both unprepared and prepared (cleaned) test surfaces. Test Assembly 16

17. Physical requirements of the most frequently used natural building stones as per BIS Granite Sandstone 17

18. Cont.… Granite Marble 18

19. Case Study- Washed stone grit plaster outside structural lab 19 Structural lab wall

20. 20 Structural Lab wall Pop out surface Broken part of pop out layer

21. 21 Structural lab wall Hall 7 wall

22. Procedure of washed stone grit plaster 22

23. Specification used in outside structural lab wall Recommended specification as per CPWD Base plaster thickness 12 mm ( 1 cement : 4 coarse sand) Base plaster thickness 8-12 mm ( 1 cement : 4 coarse sand) Scratching the base plaster surface Scratching the base plaster surface Apply the cement slurry on the under layer @ 2 kg of cement per square meter The base plaster shall be cured 3-4 days before applying a Grit wash plaster Top layer 15 mm cement plaster (1 cement: ½ coarse sand : 2 stone chipping 10 mm nominal size A homogeneous mix of white cement, coarse sand and 10 mm nominal size stone chippings of approved colour in proportion 1 :½: 2 be prepared. Groove in the top panel as per approved pattern including scrubbing and washing Water proofing compound added to the mix @ 2 kg by weight of cement 23

24. Specification used in outside structural lab wall Recommended specification as per CPWD All works under the Engineer-in-charge White cement slurry shall be applied @ 2 kg/m before applying the washed stone grit plater After the initial setting of about 1 to 2 hours the surface of stone Grit plaster surface be scrubbed and washed out gently with a nylon brush and water The plastered surface shall be cured  for  14 days 24

25. Characteristic of washed stone grit plaster classify into- Dimension and surface quality Physical properties Chemical properties Test requirement for washed stone grit plaster based on water absorption 25 Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_s2XVOPAens

26. Minimum 95% of works shall be free from visible defect that would impair the appearance of major area Maximum deviation from straightness is ±2% The deviation in percentage of the average thickness is ± 7 Dimension and surface quality 26

27. Physical properties Water absorption, percentage by weight Modulus of rupture, N/mm2 Breaking strength Moisture expansion (mm/m) Co-efficient of thermal expansion from ambient temperature to 100 C Thermal shock resistance 27

28. Chemical properties Resistance to acid and alkalis 28

29. Possible reason Thermal cracking in freshly placed base plaster surface due to high temperature Thermal volume change due to seasonal changes Due to sulfate attack Softening or disintegration of cement paste Cracking and expansion of base mortar 29

30. 30 Thank You