Assignment on thoracic vertebrae of different species of animals

Thoracic vertebrae of different species of animals.Mainly described veterinary anatomy of thoracic vertebrae.

1. An assignment on
Thoracic Vertebrae




Course Title : Gross Anatomy I
Course Code: ANH-101



Submitted To:

Associate Professor Dr. Mohammad Shah Alam

&

Assistant Professor Dr Nure Jannat

Department of Anatomy and Histology
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural
University


Submitted By:

Name: Md Raufur Rahman Akanda

Reg:19-05-5128

Level: 1

Group : A

Term :Summer ‘19

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78 1 Axial skeleton (skeleton axiale)




Mamilloarticular process




Cranial vertebral notch

Cranial costal fovea
Cranial extremity
Ventralcrest
Spin o us process



Caudal articular process

Accessory process
Caudal vertebral notch
Caudal extremity

Fig. 1-82. 13th thoracic vertebra of a dog (lateral aspect).


Mamilloarticular process




Transv e rs e process

Vertebral foramen

Cranial costal fovea


Ventral crest
Spin o us process




Caudal articular process


Accessory process
Caudal vertebral notch
Caudal extremity

Fig. 1-83. 13th thoracic vertebra of a dog (caudal aspect).







Mamilloarticular process

T ransverseprocess
Costal fovea of the transverse process
Cranial costal fovea
Cranial extremity

Ventralcrest

Fig. 1-84. 13th thoracic vertebra of a pig (lateral aspect).








Mamilloarticular process

T ransverseprocess

Cranial costal fovea
Cranial extremity
Ventral crest
Fig. 1-85. 13th thoracic vertebra of an ox (lateral aspect).



Spin o us process





Caudal articular process

Lateralvertebral foramen

Caudal vertebral notch
Lateralvertebral foramen with
dorsal and ventral exit
Caudal costal fovea





Spin o us process



Caudal articular process


Caudal vertebral notch
(bridged by a bony structure)

3. Thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracicae)


The thoracic spine is composed of a chain of thoracic vertebrae. They form, partly overlapping
,a slightly dorsoconvex bony rod, which is characterized by its limited flexibility Adapted to
their function the thoracic vertebrae are equipped with special anatomical features : the long
spinous processes for the attachment of the strong head and neck musculature in pigs and
herbivores. The cranial thoracic vertebrae fulfil an additional function as part of the entire
vertebral column by transmitting the body weight to the thoracic limbs and, together with
the ribs to provide attachment to the muscles of the ribs, thorax and shoulder.

The thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs and correspond with these in number. Minor
numeric variations are common among different species and breeds and are often
compensated for by reciprocal changes in the number of the lumbar vertebrae. All thoracic
vertebrae share the following common features:

# Short bodies with flattened extremities (extremitates)

# Short articular process (processus articulares)

# Closely fitting vertebral arches (arcus vertebrae )

# Very long spinous processes (processus spinosi)

# Costal facets on both extremities for the rib heads (fovea costales) and on the transverse
processes for the rib tubercles.

The vertebral bodies are short in the cranial thoracic region, but gradually increase in length
further caudal , where a ventral crest is also present The articular processes of the cranial
thoracic vertebrae are represented by oval facets The cranial facets (fovea articulares
craniales) are situated craniodorsal on the base of the spinous process and are oriented
tangentially to the vertebral arch .The caudal facets (fovea articulares caudales) are on the
caudal aspect of the base of the spinous process, but orientate sagitally towards the arch.

While the cranial vertebral notch (incursa vertebrales craniales) is shallow ,the caudal notch
is much deeper. The intervertebral foramen is comparatively large to allow passage of the
spinal nerves and vessels. It is often divided into two by a bony bridge in ruminants.

The spinous processes are very prominent and extend from the dorsal surface of the vertebral
arch. In carnivores, the spinous processes gradually decrease in length throughout the whole
thoracic region, in pig and ruminants they increase in height in the first three vertebrae,
become progressively shorter up to 11
th
vertebra in the pig and 12
th
or 13
th
in ruminants and
stay at the same length for the remainder of the thoracic spine. In the horse , the spinous
processes of the first four thoracic vertebrae increase in height and become shorter up to the
13
th
or 14
th
vertebra. The high spinous processes of the first three or four thoracic vertebrae
constitute the osseous base for the withers The thoracic .v whose spinous process are nearly
perpendicular to the long axis of that bone is termed the diaphragmatic or anticlinal vertebra:
it is the 10
th
thoracic vertebra in the dog ,the 12
th
in the pig and goat, the 13
th
in the ox.