Atelectasis ppt Nikhil

Complete power point presentation on atelectesis

1. SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE PRACTICE TEACHING ON : ATELECTASIS PRESENT BY: Nikhil vaishnav M.Sc. Nursing 1 st Year

2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

3. ATELECTASIS

4. INCIDENCE

5. CLASSIFICATION OF ATELECTASIS

6. COMPRESSION ATELECTSIS

7. ABSORPTION ATELECTASIS Refers to the condition where the reduction of nitrogen concentration in the lungs causes a collapse.

8. RELAXATION ATELECTASIS Relaxation or passive atelectasis results when pleural effusion or Pneumothorax eliminates contact between parietal pluera and visceral pleura.

9. ADHESIVE ATELECTASIS Adhesive atelectasis results from surfactant deficiency. This is observed particularly in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

10. CICATRIZATION ATELECTASIS It results from the severe scarring of the parenchyma and caused by the necrotizing pneumonia.

11. ROUNDED ATELECTASIS Occurs as a consequence of diseases with chronic pleural scarring, especially asbestos-related pleural disease and TB.

12. ETIOLOGY

13. OBSTRUCTIVE ATELECTASIS CAUSES Mucus plug. Foreign body- Atelectasis is common in children who have inhaled an object, such as a peanut or small toy part, into their lungs . Tumour in a major airway- An abnormal growth can narrow the airway . Blood clot .

14. NON OBSTRUCTIVE ATELECTSIS CAUSES Injury- Chest trauma from a fall or car accident. Pleural effusion. Pneumonia- Different types of pneumonia, an infection of your lungs, may temporarily cause atelectasis . Pneumothorax . Tumour - A large tumour can press against and deflate the lung

15. RISK FACTORS Age — being younger than 3 or older than 60 years of age. Any condition that interferes with spontaneous coughing, yawning and sighing. Lung disease, such as asthma in children, COPD, bronchiectasis or cystic fibrosis. Premature birth.

16. Recent abdominal or chest surgery. Recent general anaesthesia. Respiratory muscle weakness, due to muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury or another neuromuscular condition. Any cause of shallow breathing.

17. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Reduced ventilation or blockage Obstruction of passage of air from & to alveoli Trapped alveolar air absorbed into bloodstream Affected portion of alveoli becomes airless Alveoli collapse(Atelectasis )

18. C/M OF ATELECTASIS Breathing difficulty( Dyspnoea). Chest pain. Cough with sputum production. Respiratory distress.

19. 5. Central cyanosis. Anxiety. Low grade fever . Tachypnoea.

20. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION History collection: regarding occupation and any consumption of alcohol or smoking . Physical examination: Decreased breath sound, Crackles heard on affected area. Chest X- ray. CT scan. Pulse oximetry. Bronchoscopy. Blood gas Analysis.

21. MANAGEMENT

22. BRONCHOSCOPY

23. INCENTIVE SPIROMETER 3) An incentive spirometer may be used to encourage deep breathing exercises .

24. INCENTIVE SPIROMETER

25. CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY 5) Postural drainage and chest percussion (Chest physiotherapy) is helpful. This allows mucus to drain more easily.

26. CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY

27. POSTURAL DRAINAGE

28. CHANGING THE SIDE OF PATIENT 6) Lying on the side of healthy lung may help to expand the blocked lung.

29. POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP): PEEP is the maintenance of positive pressure within the lungs at the end of expiration . -This is a treatment in which a mixture of oxygen is given by mask under pressure. It prevents the lungs from collapsing completely during expiration.

30. INTUBATION AND VENTILATION 8 ) Intubation and ventilation may be needed if symptoms are severe .

31. COMPLICATIONS

32. BRONCHIECTASIS

33. NURSING DIAGNOSIS Ineffective breathing pattern related to Excessive mucus production . Impaired gas exchange related to Lung volume reduction. Activity intolerance related to weak body condition secondary to increased respiratory effort.

34. Acute pain related to lungs inflammation. Anxiety related to hospitalization. Knowledge deficit related to lack of information about the disease process, treatment procedures at the hospital. Risk for fluid volume deficits related to fever, fluid loss.

35. NURSING INTERVENTIONS Encourage the patient to perform coughing and deep breathing exercise every 1 to 2 hours. Help the patient use an incentive spirometer to encourage deep breathing. Gently reposition the patient often and help him walk as soon as possible.

36. Use Postural drainage and chest percussion to remove secretions. Administer sedative with care because these medications depress respirations and cough reflex. Provide suctioning as needed for patients who are intubated or unable to clear their own secretions. Offer reassurance and emotional support because the patient’s limited breathing capacity may frighten him.

37. Administer adequate Analgesics to control pain. Humidify inspired air and encourage adequate fluid intake to mobilize secretions . Assess breath sounds and respiratory status frequently. Monitor pulse oximetry readings and ABG value for evidence of hypoxia.

38. PREVENTION In children atelectasis is often caused by a blockage in the airway. Therefore to decrease risk keep small objects out of reach of children. The risk of developing atelectasis can be reduced with persistent deep breathing and coughing following surgery or general anaesthesia.

39. PROGNOSIS In an adult atelectasis is a small area is not life threatening . Large areas of atelectasis may be life threatening, especially in a baby or small child, or someone who has another lung disease or illness .

40. In general, the outlook depends on the underlying disease. For example, people with extensive cancer have a poor prognosis, while patients with simple atelectasis after elective surgery have good prognosis.

41. THANK YOU