Atp production

2. Presented by:Presented by:
Sharmaine Gay P. ManlangitSharmaine Gay P. Manlangit
Marissa M. AgpanganMarissa M. Agpangan
Sherhana C. MansulSherhana C. Mansul
Eliza V. SikandalEliza V. Sikandal
Wenneira IgasanWenneira Igasan
Donaline HoDonaline Ho
ATP Production - Dion 2

3. ATP Production - Dion 3
ATP ProductionATP Production
Before cells can use the energy of Before cells can use the energy of
sunlight or energy /calories stored in sunlight or energy /calories stored in
carbohydrates, they must transfer the carbohydrates, they must transfer the
energy to molecules of ATP.energy to molecules of ATP.
–ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, ATP is composed of adenine, ribose,
and three phosphate groups.and three phosphate groups.
–ATP transfers energy to many ATP transfers energy to many
different chemical reactions; almost all different chemical reactions; almost all
metabolic pathways directly or metabolic pathways directly or
indirectly run on energy supplied by indirectly run on energy supplied by
ATP. ATP.

4. ATP Production - Dion 4
ATP ProductionATP Production
–ATP can donate a phosphate ATP can donate a phosphate
group (phosphorylation) to group (phosphorylation) to
another molecule, which then another molecule, which then
becomes primed and becomes primed and
energized for specific energized for specific
reactions.reactions. (ready to be used (ready to be used
for energy)for energy)

5. ATP Production - Dion 5
ATP ProductionATP Production
In human cells, cellular respiration In human cells, cellular respiration
releases energy from energy-rich releases energy from energy-rich
organic molecules and changes ADP organic molecules and changes ADP
into ATPinto ATP..
–Aerobic respiration is the main ATP-Aerobic respiration is the main ATP-
producing pathwayproducing pathway
–Anaerobic respiration produces much Anaerobic respiration produces much
less ATP less ATP (because no oxygen is (because no oxygen is
involved)involved) and can only be used for short and can only be used for short
periods of time, such as in vigorous periods of time, such as in vigorous
muscle exercise.muscle exercise.

6. ATP Production - Dion 6
Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration
Initial Breakdown of GlucoseInitial Breakdown of Glucose
–Glycolysis reactions occur in the Glycolysis reactions occur in the
cytoplasm cytoplasm (liquid stuff outside the (liquid stuff outside the
nucleus)nucleus) and results in the and results in the
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate; breakdown of glucose to pyruvate;
small amounts of ATP are generated.small amounts of ATP are generated.
–Glucose is first phosphorylated in Glucose is first phosphorylated in
energy-requiring steps then split to energy-requiring steps then split to
form two molecules of PGAL.form two molecules of PGAL.

7. ATP Production - Dion 7
Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration
–By substrate-level phosphorylation, four By substrate-level phosphorylation, four
ATP are produced; but because two ATP ATP are produced; but because two ATP
were used previously, there is a net gain of were used previously, there is a net gain of
only two ATP.only two ATP.
–Enzymes remove H+ and electrons from Enzymes remove H+ and electrons from
PGAL to change NAD to NADH (which is PGAL to change NAD to NADH (which is
used later in oxidative phosphorylation).used later in oxidative phosphorylation).
The end products of glycolysis are: two The end products of glycolysis are: two
pyruvates, two ATP (net gain), and two pyruvates, two ATP (net gain), and two
NADH for each glucose molecule NADH for each glucose molecule
degradeddegraded..

8. ATP Production - Dion 8
The Krebs Cycle and Preparatory The Krebs Cycle and Preparatory
StepsSteps
Krebs cycle (occurring in the Krebs cycle (occurring in the
mitochondria) degrades pyruvate to mitochondria) degrades pyruvate to
carbon dioxide, water, ATP, H+ ions, carbon dioxide, water, ATP, H+ ions,
and electrons.and electrons.
Pyruvate (produced in the cytoplasm) Pyruvate (produced in the cytoplasm)
enters the mitochondria and is enters the mitochondria and is
converted to acetyl-CoA, which then converted to acetyl-CoA, which then
joins oxaloacetate already present from joins oxaloacetate already present from
a previous "turn" of the cycle.a previous "turn" of the cycle.

9. ATP Production - Dion 9
Krebs cycle serves three functions:Krebs cycle serves three functions:
–H+ and e– are transferred to NAD+ and H+ and e– are transferred to NAD+ and
FAD.FAD.
–Two molecules of ATP are produced by Two molecules of ATP are produced by
substrate-level phosphorylation.substrate-level phosphorylation.
–Most of the molecules are recycled to Most of the molecules are recycled to
conserve oxaloacetate for continuous conserve oxaloacetate for continuous
processing of acetyl-CoA.processing of acetyl-CoA.

10. ATP Production - Dion 10
The final stage of aerobic respiration The final stage of aerobic respiration
occurs in the electron systems embedded occurs in the electron systems embedded
in the inner membrane of the in the inner membrane of the
mitochondrion.mitochondrion.
–Oxidation phosphorylation (which takes Oxidation phosphorylation (which takes
place on the cristae of the mitochondria) place on the cristae of the mitochondria)
processes the H+ ions and electrons to processes the H+ ions and electrons to
generate high yields of ATP.generate high yields of ATP.
–NADH and FADH2 give up their electrons NADH and FADH2 give up their electrons
to transport (enzyme) systems embedded in to transport (enzyme) systems embedded in
the mitochondrial inner membrane.the mitochondrial inner membrane.

11. ATP Production - Dion 11
–The actual ATP synthesis is The actual ATP synthesis is
accomplished when H ions that have accomplished when H ions that have
been pumped out of the inner been pumped out of the inner
mitochondrial compartment flow back mitochondrial compartment flow back
through a channel protein called ATP through a channel protein called ATP
synthase.synthase.

12. ATP Production - Dion 12
Oxygen joins with the "spent" Oxygen joins with the "spent"
electrons and H+ to yield water.electrons and H+ to yield water.
–The production of ATP is completely The production of ATP is completely
dependent on the supply of oxygen that dependent on the supply of oxygen that
withdraws the electrons at the end of the withdraws the electrons at the end of the
transport systems.transport systems.

13. ATP Production - Dion 13
Glucose BreakdownGlucose Breakdown
Net ATP Yield of Aerobic RespirationNet ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration
–The aerobic route is summarized:The aerobic route is summarized:
–C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2OC6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O
–Electron transport yields thirty-two ATP; Electron transport yields thirty-two ATP;
glycolysis yields two ATP; Krebs yields glycolysis yields two ATP; Krebs yields
two ATP for a grand total of thirty-six ATP two ATP for a grand total of thirty-six ATP
per glucose molecule.per glucose molecule.
The actual yield can vary with cell type.The actual yield can vary with cell type.

14. ATP Production - Dion 14
ATP From Anaerobic PathwaysATP From Anaerobic Pathways
Anaerobic pathways operate when Anaerobic pathways operate when
oxygen is absent (or limited); pyruvate oxygen is absent (or limited); pyruvate
from glycolysis is metabolized to produce from glycolysis is metabolized to produce
molecules other than acetyl-CoAmolecules other than acetyl-CoA..
In lactate fermentation, glycolysis In lactate fermentation, glycolysis
produces two pyruvate, two NADH produces two pyruvate, two NADH
molecules, two ATP molecules, and two molecules, two ATP molecules, and two
lactate, which tend to build up and cause lactate, which tend to build up and cause
temporary muscle cramps.temporary muscle cramps.

15. ATP Production - Dion 15
The ADP/ATP CycleThe ADP/ATP Cycle
The ADP/ATP cycle is a method for The ADP/ATP cycle is a method for
renewing the supply of ATP that is renewing the supply of ATP that is
constantly being used up in the cell.constantly being used up in the cell.
Energy input couples inorganic Energy input couples inorganic
phosphate to ADP to form energized phosphate to ADP to form energized
ATP.ATP.

16. ATP Production - Dion 16
Alternative Energy SourcesAlternative Energy Sources
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
LipidsLipids
ProteinsProteins

17. ATP Production - Dion 17
Alternative Energy SourcesAlternative Energy Sources
Carbohydrates are the body’s first Carbohydrates are the body’s first
source of energy.source of energy.
–Excess carbohydrate intake is stored as Excess carbohydrate intake is stored as
glycogen in liver and muscle for future glycogen in liver and muscle for future
use.use.
–Free glucose is used until it runs low; Free glucose is used until it runs low;
then glycogen reserves are tapped.then glycogen reserves are tapped.

18. ATP Production - Dion 18
Energy From FatsEnergy From Fats
Lipids are used when carbohydrate Lipids are used when carbohydrate
supplies run low.supplies run low.
–Excess fats are stored away in cells of Excess fats are stored away in cells of
adipose tissue.adipose tissue.
–Fats are digested into glycerol (which Fats are digested into glycerol (which
enters glycolysis) and fatty acids, which enters glycolysis) and fatty acids, which
enter the Krebs cycle.enter the Krebs cycle.
–Because fatty acids have many more Because fatty acids have many more
carbon and hydrogen atoms, they are carbon and hydrogen atoms, they are
degraded more slowly and yield greater degraded more slowly and yield greater
amounts of ATP.amounts of ATP.

19. ATP Production - Dion 19
Energy From ProteinsEnergy From Proteins
Proteins are used as the last resort for Proteins are used as the last resort for
supplying energy for the body.supplying energy for the body.
–Amino acids are released by digestion Amino acids are released by digestion
and travel in the blood.and travel in the blood.
–After the amino group is removed, the After the amino group is removed, the
amino acid remnant is fed into the Krebs amino acid remnant is fed into the Krebs
cycle.cycle.

20. ATP Production - Dion 20