ATTENTION | Complete | Psychology

Understand Attention & Implement it in your Business, Daily Life , By Practicing

Topic
"ATTENTION"
+ Factors of ATTENTION
1- Objective Factors
2- Subjective Factors
+ Span of ATTENTION
+ Distraction of ATTENTION
+ Fluctuation of ATTENTION

1. B.BA PSYCHOLOGY B.BA (Spring-18) Batch Fall-17 Presented To Miss AAMNA Shahid University Of Gujrat LHR Campus Harbanspura, LAHORE

2. Who I AM ? HASSAN SHAHEER Roll No : 17500920-010 Semester : Spring-18 Batch : Fall-17

3. TOPIC.............! ATTENTION

4. WHAT IS Attention? Attention is a concept studied in cognitive psychology that refers to how we actively process specific information in our environment. As you read through a section of text in a book, the highlighted section stands out, causing you to focus your interest in that area. But attention is not just about centering your focus on one particular thing; it also involves ignoring a great deal of competing for information and stimuli.

5. According to eminent psychologist and philosopher William James, attention "is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what may seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. …It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others."—"The Principles of Psychology," 1890

6. KEY POINTS In order to understand how attention works and how it affects your perception and experience of the world, it's essential to remember a few important points about how attention works, including; Attention is limited. Attention is selective. Attention is a basic part of the cognitive system.

7. Attention is limited Studies have demonstrated that attention is limited in terms of both capacity and duration. The illusion that attention is limitless has led many people to practice multitasking. It's only in recent years that research has pointed out how multitasking seldom works well because our attention is, in reality, limited.

8. Attention is selective Since attention is a limited resource, we have to be selective about what we decide to focus on. We must be selective in what we attend to, a process that often occurs so quickly that we don't even notice that we have ignored certain stimuli in favor of others.

9. Attention is a basic part of the cognitive system Attention is a basic component of our biology, present even at birth. A touch against the cheek triggers the rooting reflex, causing the infant to turn his or her head to nurse and receive nourishment.

10. Factors of Attention

11. Factors of Attention It is true that the attention is a selective activity and volition of our mind is very important to determine our attention. But despite this, there are some factors in the objects as well as in the individual himself which can influence our attention.

12. These factors which determine our attention are divided into two types: Objective Factors Subjective Factors

13. Objective Factors These factors pertain to particular aspects of objects which are inherent in objects. Movement Intensity Novelty Size Change Repetition Clarity Colours Contrast

14. Movement A moving object draws our attention more easily than a stationary object. For example, flickering lights draw our attention than non-flickering lights. A moving vehicle draws our attention more than a stationed vehicle.

15. Intensity More intense light, sound or smell draws our attention more easily than less intense one. For example, a high voltage bulb will be observed quicker than low voltage bulb, very bright colour than dim colour, or a very loud sound than a normal sound.

16. Novelty New kinds of objects draw our attention quickly. Advertising agencies adopt this technique very effectively. For example, latest fashion dress, shoes, pen, etc.

17. Size A bigger or a smaller object draws the attention of people very easily than average level size of any object, For example, a 7′ taller man, a 2′ dwarf, a very fat man, a very huge multistoried building can draw our attention quickly.

18. CHANGE A change in our environment draws our attention quickly. For example, regular sound of a moving clock does not draw our attention, but the movement it stops, our attention is diverted. A show piece placed in a new place, a radio playing a song stops due to electricity failure draws our attention.

19. Repetation When a stimulus is presented repeatedly our attention is diverted, For example, repeated horn of a fire brigade or ambulance.

20. CLARITY An object or sound which can be experienced clearly draws our attention than the stimuli which are not clear. For example, during night times stars and planets which are seen clearly draw our attention.

21. COLOURS Colourful objects draw our attention more easily than black or white objects.

22. Contrast An object that is strikingly different from its background draws our attention. For example, a black spot on a white shirt.

23. SUBJECTIVE FACTORS These factors refer to individuals. These are inherent in people. There are many subjective factors which determine our attention. Intrests Motives Mental Set Emotional State Habits

24. INTREST Objects of our interest draw our attention immediately. For example, while moving on a road a sportsman is attracted towards the shop where sports materials are placed. A person who is interested in a particular singer will immediately divert his attention the moment he listens his voice.

25. Motives Motives are powerful forces which make us to divert our attention. For example, a hotel will draw the attention of a hungry person because he has a drive for food.

26. Mental Set Our set or readiness of mind is very important in attending to any stimulus. For example, when a person is in fantasy he may not listen to any call. On the other hand, if he is waiting for a phone call eagerly, he will listen to that immediately.

27. Emotional State Attention is disturbed during emotional state. It also affects our perception. For example, when a person is highly excited due to fear, he may not listen or understand what others say.

28. Habits Our attention is diverted automatically towards the things to which we are habituated. For example, a smoker remembers smoking even if he is otherwise busy in some work. A person habituated to take food at a particular time remembers food at correct time. Attention of a nurse is automatically diverted towards a serious patient.

29. ATTENTION SPAN

30. Attention Span Attention span is the amount of concentrated time a person can spend on a task without becoming distracted. Poor attention span with distractibility results in Fails to finish the things started Shift from one uncomplicated activity to other Does not seem to listen Easily distracted by external stimuli Often loses things

31. Distraction of Attention

32. Distraction of Attention Distraction means the dividing of attention or some interference in attention. The object which causes the distraction is called the distractor Duration of attention is often short. Different stimuli distract person’s attention. if a person wants to attend a stimuli constantly , Even then different factors can distract him. Person pays more attention and concentration to his work but remain unable to maintain it.

33. Factors of Distraction of Attention There are individual differences in distraction of attention. Its not always necessary that two different people get distracted by same stimuli . Some people can study in noise ,while others need complete silence. Two important factors are as under: Objective Factors Subjective Factors

34. Objective Factors The factors that distract attention from environment are called objective factors. It is also called environmental factors. Routine work distract less attention while different and novel work distracts more. Noise, music, improper lighting, uncomfortable seats, defective method of teaching, improper use of teaching aids, defective voice of the teacher are the common external distractors in the classrooms.

35. Subjective Factors These factors are related to person’s internal characteristics. Every person get distracted by his tendencies or interests. Emotional disturbances, mental and physical health, anger, fear, feeling of insecurity, boredom, lack of motivation, feeling of fatigue, lack of interest, desires, preferences, freshness, unrelated subject matter are the examples for internal distractor.

36. Control of Distraction Distraction of attention affects our performance. So these factors can decrease distraction of attention By giving Reward Social Acceptance Through Self Control Increase in Capability Through clear objective

37. Fluctuation of Attention

38. Fluctuation of Attention We can only attend a stimulus for few seconds. If we have to attend a stimulus for long, then the attention fluctuates. This is called fluctuation of attention. Fluctuation of attention is the length of time one can attend continuously to a single object. Attention is not steady or concentrated throughout. At one time the object come in our focus, at another time, it goes out from focus.

39. Attention is a mobile or dynamic activity, and it is difficult to attend to one a particular object for any great length of time. When attention moves from one object to another, it is called the shifting of attention. But even when the attention persists with one object, it grows more or less in degree. This is called fluctuation of attention.

40. In shift of attention our attention passes from one stimulus to another or from one part of a complex stimulus to another part. Our receptors get fatigued by concentrating on one stimuli and stop working. But when attention decreases , the capacity of receptors resumes. Usually we say, that I can study for 1 or 2 hour. But when a person is studying ,even then his attention is not static ,rather it’s diverting on different words ,phrases and concepts.

41. Thank you.......!