automobile differential
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About This Presentation
driving system,
Slide Content
Automobile Differential
Page 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Automobile Differential
A differential is a mechanical device capable of transmitting torque and make rotation
through three shafts, one as input and other two are as output for different speed as vehicle
makes turn. The differential allows each of the driving wheels to rotate at different speeds, while
supplying equal torque to each of them. The differential is found on all modern cars and trucks,
and also in many all-wheel-drive vehicles. These all-wheel-drive vehicles need a differential
between each set of drive wheels, and they need one between the front and the back wheels as
well, because the front wheels travel a different distance through a turn than the rear wheels.
Figure 1.1 automobile differential
1.2 Purpose
A vehicle's wheels rotate at different speeds, mainly when turning corners. The
differential is designed to drive a pair of wheels with equal torque while allowing them to rotate
at different speeds. In vehicles without a differential, such as racing motor both driving wheels
are forced to rotate at the same speed, usually on a common axle driven by a simple chain-drive
Page 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Automobile Differential
A differential is a mechanical device capable of transmitting torque and make rotation
through three shafts, one as input and other two are as output for different speed as vehicle
makes turn. The differential allows each of the driving wheels to rotate at different speeds, while
supplying equal torque to each of them. The differential is found on all modern cars and trucks,
and also in many all-wheel-drive vehicles. These all-wheel-drive vehicles need a differential
between each set of drive wheels, and they need one between the front and the back wheels as
well, because the front wheels travel a different distance through a turn than the rear wheels.
Figure 1.1 automobile differential
1.2 Purpose
A vehicle's wheels rotate at different speeds, mainly when turning corners. The
differential is designed to drive a pair of wheels with equal torque while allowing them to rotate
at different speeds. In vehicles without a differential, such as racing motor both driving wheels
are forced to rotate at the same speed, usually on a common axle driven by a simple chain-drive
Automobile Differential
Page 2
mechanism. When cornering, the inner wheel needs to travel a shorter distance than the outer
wheel, so with no differential, the result is the inner wheel spinning and/or the outer wheel
Dragging, and this results in difficult and unpredictable handling, damage to tires and roads, and
strain on the entire drivetrain. The problem was solved in 1827 by Pequer of France who
invented the differential. This mechanism rotates the wheels at different speeds, while
maintaining a drive to both wheels.
1.3 History
There are many claims to the invention of the differential gear but it is possible that it was
known, at least in some places, in ancient times. Some historical milestones of the differential
include:
100 BC–70 BC: The Antikythera mechanism has been dated to this period. It was
discovered in 1902 on a shipwreck by sponge divers, and modern research suggests that it
used a differential gear to determine the angle between the ecliptic positions of the sun
and moon, and thus the phase of the moon.
30 BC–20 BC: Differential gear systems possibly used in China
227–239 AD: Despite doubts from fellow ministers at court, Ma Jun from the Kingdom
of Wei in China invents the first historically verifiable south-pointing chariot, which
provided cardinal direction as a non-magnetic, mechanized compass. Some such chariots
may have used differential gears.
658, 666 AD: two Chinese Buddhist monks and engineers create south-pointing chariots
for Emperor Tenjiof Japan.
1027, 1107 AD: Documented Chinese reproductions of the south-pointing chariot by Yan
Su and then Wu Deren, which described in detail the mechanical functions and gear
ratios of the device much more so than earlier Chinese records.
1720: Joseph Williamson uses a differential gear in a clock.
1810: Rudolph Ackermann of Germany invents a four-wheel steering system for
carriages, which some later writers mistakenly report as a differential.
1827: modern automotive differential patented by watchmaker Onésiphore
Pequer (1792–1852) of the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in France for use on a steam
cart.
1832: Richard Roberts of England patents 'gear of compensation', a differential for road
locomotives.
Page 2
mechanism. When cornering, the inner wheel needs to travel a shorter distance than the outer
wheel, so with no differential, the result is the inner wheel spinning and/or the outer wheel
Dragging, and this results in difficult and unpredictable handling, damage to tires and roads, and
strain on the entire drivetrain. The problem was solved in 1827 by Pequer of France who
invented the differential. This mechanism rotates the wheels at different speeds, while
maintaining a drive to both wheels.
1.3 History
There are many claims to the invention of the differential gear but it is possible that it was
known, at least in some places, in ancient times. Some historical milestones of the differential
include:
100 BC–70 BC: The Antikythera mechanism has been dated to this period. It was
discovered in 1902 on a shipwreck by sponge divers, and modern research suggests that it
used a differential gear to determine the angle between the ecliptic positions of the sun
and moon, and thus the phase of the moon.
30 BC–20 BC: Differential gear systems possibly used in China
227–239 AD: Despite doubts from fellow ministers at court, Ma Jun from the Kingdom
of Wei in China invents the first historically verifiable south-pointing chariot, which
provided cardinal direction as a non-magnetic, mechanized compass. Some such chariots
may have used differential gears.
658, 666 AD: two Chinese Buddhist monks and engineers create south-pointing chariots
for Emperor Tenjiof Japan.
1027, 1107 AD: Documented Chinese reproductions of the south-pointing chariot by Yan
Su and then Wu Deren, which described in detail the mechanical functions and gear
ratios of the device much more so than earlier Chinese records.
1720: Joseph Williamson uses a differential gear in a clock.
1810: Rudolph Ackermann of Germany invents a four-wheel steering system for
carriages, which some later writers mistakenly report as a differential.
1827: modern automotive differential patented by watchmaker Onésiphore
Pequer (1792–1852) of the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in France for use on a steam
cart.
1832: Richard Roberts of England patents 'gear of compensation', a differential for road
locomotives.
Automobile Differential
Page 3
1874: Aveling and Porter of Rochester, Kent list a crane locomotive in their catalogue
fitted with their patent differential gear on the rear axle.
1876: James Starley of Coventry invents chain-drive differential for use on bicycles;
invention later used on automobiles by Karl Benz.
1897: first use of differential on an Australian steam car by David Shearer.
1958: Vernon Gleasman patents the Torsen dual-drive differential, a type of limited slip
differential that relies solely on the action of gearing instead of a combination of clutches
and gears.
Page 3
1874: Aveling and Porter of Rochester, Kent list a crane locomotive in their catalogue
fitted with their patent differential gear on the rear axle.
1876: James Starley of Coventry invents chain-drive differential for use on bicycles;
invention later used on automobiles by Karl Benz.
1897: first use of differential on an Australian steam car by David Shearer.
1958: Vernon Gleasman patents the Torsen dual-drive differential, a type of limited slip
differential that relies solely on the action of gearing instead of a combination of clutches
and gears.
Automobile Differential
Page 4
Chapter 2
Differential Mechanism
2.1 Various Parts of the differential
Pinion Drive Gear: It transfers power from the driveshaft to the ring gear mainly having
helical gear on it.
Figure 2.1.1 Pinion gear and crown wheel with helical gear
Crown wheel/ring gear: Ring gear transfers power from pinion gear to the differential
case assembly. Ring gear reduces the gear ratio that helps in increasing the torque value.
Crown wheel and pinion gear are meshes with hypoid gear orientation. A hypoid gear is a
style of spiral bevel gear whose main variance is that the mating gears' axes do not
intersect. The hypoid gear is offset from the gear center, allowing unique configurations
and a large diameter shaft. The teeth on a hypoid gear are helical, and the pitch surface is
best described as a hyperboloid.
Spider/planet gear: spider gears are connected at the end of the cross-pin that transfer
power from ring gear to side gear. The spider gear lies at the heart of the differential, and
special mention should be made about its rotation. The spider gear is free to make 2 kinds
of rotations: one along with the ring gear (rotation) and the second on its own axis
(spin).This two kinds of rotations are shown in figure.
Page 4
Chapter 2
Differential Mechanism
2.1 Various Parts of the differential
Pinion Drive Gear: It transfers power from the driveshaft to the ring gear mainly having
helical gear on it.
Figure 2.1.1 Pinion gear and crown wheel with helical gear
Crown wheel/ring gear: Ring gear transfers power from pinion gear to the differential
case assembly. Ring gear reduces the gear ratio that helps in increasing the torque value.
Crown wheel and pinion gear are meshes with hypoid gear orientation. A hypoid gear is a
style of spiral bevel gear whose main variance is that the mating gears' axes do not
intersect. The hypoid gear is offset from the gear center, allowing unique configurations
and a large diameter shaft. The teeth on a hypoid gear are helical, and the pitch surface is
best described as a hyperboloid.
Spider/planet gear: spider gears are connected at the end of the cross-pin that transfer
power from ring gear to side gear. The spider gear lies at the heart of the differential, and
special mention should be made about its rotation. The spider gear is free to make 2 kinds
of rotations: one along with the ring gear (rotation) and the second on its own axis
(spin).This two kinds of rotations are shown in figure.
Automobile Differential
Page 5
Figure 2.1.2 the basic components of a standard differential
Cross-pin: It link the spider gear with the crown wheel so spider gear can make rotation
through crown wheel.
Figure 2.1.3 possible rotations of spider gear
Side/sun gear: It transfer power from spider gear to rear axles and help both wheels to
turn independently when turning.
Differential case assembly: It holds the ring gear and other components that drive the
rear axle.
Page 5
Figure 2.1.2 the basic components of a standard differential
Cross-pin: It link the spider gear with the crown wheel so spider gear can make rotation
through crown wheel.
Figure 2.1.3 possible rotations of spider gear
Side/sun gear: It transfer power from spider gear to rear axles and help both wheels to
turn independently when turning.
Differential case assembly: It holds the ring gear and other components that drive the
rear axle.
Automobile Differential
Page 6
2.2 Functional Description
The following description of a differential applies to a "traditional” rear-wheel-drive car or
truck with an "open" differential, Torque is supplied from the engine, via the transmission, to a
driveshaft, which runs to the final drive unit and contains the differential. A spiral bevel pinion
gear takes its drive from the end of the propeller shaft, and is encased within the housing of the
final drive unit. This meshes with the large spiral bevel ring gear, known as the crown wheel.
The crown wheel and pinion may mesh in hypoid orientation. The crown wheel gear is attached
to the differential carrier or cage, which contains the 'sun' and 'planet' wheels or gears, which are
a cluster of four opposed bevel gears in perpendicular plane, so each bevel gear meshes with two
neighbours, and rotates counter to the third, that it faces and does not mesh with. The two sun
wheel gears are aligned on the same axis as the crown wheel gear, and drive the axle half shafts
connected to the vehicle's driven wheels. The other two planet gears are aligned on a
perpendicular axis which changes orientation with the ring gear’s rotation. Most automotive
applications contain two opposing planet gears. As the differential carrier rotates, the changing
axis orientation of the planet gears imparts the motion of the ring gear to the motion of the sun
gears by pushing on them rather than turning against them, but because the planet gears are not
restricted from turning against each other, within that motion, the sun gears can counter-rotate
relative to the ring gear and to each other under the same force. Direction of rotation of the
planet gear is depends on the vehicle’s turning direction.
2.3 Differential Operation
Now let’s see how the differential manages to rotate the side gears at different speeds as
demanded by different driving scenarios. Consider three different cases
1. Vehicle moves in straight direction
2. Vehicle takes right turn
3. Vehicle takes left turn
Page 6
2.2 Functional Description
The following description of a differential applies to a "traditional” rear-wheel-drive car or
truck with an "open" differential, Torque is supplied from the engine, via the transmission, to a
driveshaft, which runs to the final drive unit and contains the differential. A spiral bevel pinion
gear takes its drive from the end of the propeller shaft, and is encased within the housing of the
final drive unit. This meshes with the large spiral bevel ring gear, known as the crown wheel.
The crown wheel and pinion may mesh in hypoid orientation. The crown wheel gear is attached
to the differential carrier or cage, which contains the 'sun' and 'planet' wheels or gears, which are
a cluster of four opposed bevel gears in perpendicular plane, so each bevel gear meshes with two
neighbours, and rotates counter to the third, that it faces and does not mesh with. The two sun
wheel gears are aligned on the same axis as the crown wheel gear, and drive the axle half shafts
connected to the vehicle's driven wheels. The other two planet gears are aligned on a
perpendicular axis which changes orientation with the ring gear’s rotation. Most automotive
applications contain two opposing planet gears. As the differential carrier rotates, the changing
axis orientation of the planet gears imparts the motion of the ring gear to the motion of the sun
gears by pushing on them rather than turning against them, but because the planet gears are not
restricted from turning against each other, within that motion, the sun gears can counter-rotate
relative to the ring gear and to each other under the same force. Direction of rotation of the
planet gear is depends on the vehicle’s turning direction.
2.3 Differential Operation
Now let’s see how the differential manages to rotate the side gears at different speeds as
demanded by different driving scenarios. Consider three different cases
1. Vehicle moves in straight direction
2. Vehicle takes right turn
3. Vehicle takes left turn
Automobile Differential
Page 7
2.3.1 Vehicle moves in straight direction
In this case, both right and left wheel have to travel same distance so same speed is require.
Input torque is applied to the ring gear (blue), which turns the entire carrier (blue), providing
torque to both side gears (red and yellow), which in turn may drive the left and right wheels.
Figure 2.3.1 Vehicle moves in straight direction
If the resistance at both wheels is equal, the spider gear (green) does not spin, and both wheels
turn at the same rate. The spider gear rotates along with the ring gear but does not rotate on its
own axis. So the spider gear will push and make both the side gears turn, and both will turn at the
same speed. In short, when the vehicle moves straight, the spider-side gear assembly will move
as a single solid unit.
2.3.2 Vehicle takes right turn
Now consider the case when the vehicle is taking a right turn. In this case a certain amount of
tension would build up when cornering as the outside wheel tries to rotate quicker that the inside
wheel due to the bigger arc of travel. The spider gear plays a pivotal role in this case. Along with
the rotation of the ring gear it rotates on its own axis. So, the spider gear is has a combined
Rotation. Here during right turn left wheel have to travel more than the left wheel so the speed or
require to left wheel is more. When properly meshed, the side gear has to have the same
Page 7
2.3.1 Vehicle moves in straight direction
In this case, both right and left wheel have to travel same distance so same speed is require.
Input torque is applied to the ring gear (blue), which turns the entire carrier (blue), providing
torque to both side gears (red and yellow), which in turn may drive the left and right wheels.
Figure 2.3.1 Vehicle moves in straight direction
If the resistance at both wheels is equal, the spider gear (green) does not spin, and both wheels
turn at the same rate. The spider gear rotates along with the ring gear but does not rotate on its
own axis. So the spider gear will push and make both the side gears turn, and both will turn at the
same speed. In short, when the vehicle moves straight, the spider-side gear assembly will move
as a single solid unit.
2.3.2 Vehicle takes right turn
Now consider the case when the vehicle is taking a right turn. In this case a certain amount of
tension would build up when cornering as the outside wheel tries to rotate quicker that the inside
wheel due to the bigger arc of travel. The spider gear plays a pivotal role in this case. Along with
the rotation of the ring gear it rotates on its own axis. So, the spider gear is has a combined
Rotation. Here during right turn left wheel have to travel more than the left wheel so the speed or
require to left wheel is more. When properly meshed, the side gear has to have the same
Automobile Differential
Page 8
Figure 2.3.2 Travelling distance of wheels during right turn
Peripheral velocity as the spider gear. When the spider gear is spinning as well as rotating,
peripheral velocity on the left side of spider gear is the sum of the spinning and rotational
Figure 2.3.3 Direction of rotation of spider gear during right turn
Velocities. But on the right side, it is the difference of the two, since the spin velocity is in the
opposite direction on this side. This fact is clearly depicted in Fig.2.3.3. This means the left side
gear will have higher speed compared to the right side gear. This is the way the differential
manages to turn left and right wheels at different speeds.
2.3.3 Vehicle takes left turn
Now consider the case when the vehicle is taking a left turn. Here the right wheel have to
travel more distance than left wheel that require more rotational speed of the wheel. In this case
the speed of spider gear is in opposite direction as compare to previous case shown in figure
Page 8
Figure 2.3.2 Travelling distance of wheels during right turn
Peripheral velocity as the spider gear. When the spider gear is spinning as well as rotating,
peripheral velocity on the left side of spider gear is the sum of the spinning and rotational
Figure 2.3.3 Direction of rotation of spider gear during right turn
Velocities. But on the right side, it is the difference of the two, since the spin velocity is in the
opposite direction on this side. This fact is clearly depicted in Fig.2.3.3. This means the left side
gear will have higher speed compared to the right side gear. This is the way the differential
manages to turn left and right wheels at different speeds.
2.3.3 Vehicle takes left turn
Now consider the case when the vehicle is taking a left turn. Here the right wheel have to
travel more distance than left wheel that require more rotational speed of the wheel. In this case
the speed of spider gear is in opposite direction as compare to previous case shown in figure
Automobile Differential
Page 9
2.3.4. So the speed of the right sun gear will more because of sum of spinning and rotational
velocity of spider gear and contrast to the left side gear. This means the right side gear will have
higher speed compared to the left side gear.
Figure 2.3.4 Travelling distance of wheels and direction of rotation of spider gear during
left turn
2.4 Use of more Spider gears
In order to carry a greater load, one more spider gear is usually added. The spider gears
should spin in opposite directions to have the proper gear motion. A four-spider-gear
arrangement is also used for vehicles with heavy loads. In such cases, the spider gears are
connected to ends of a cross bar, and the spider gears are free to spin independently.
Figure 2.4 Double spider gear arrangement
Page 9
2.3.4. So the speed of the right sun gear will more because of sum of spinning and rotational
velocity of spider gear and contrast to the left side gear. This means the right side gear will have
higher speed compared to the left side gear.
Figure 2.3.4 Travelling distance of wheels and direction of rotation of spider gear during
left turn
2.4 Use of more Spider gears
In order to carry a greater load, one more spider gear is usually added. The spider gears
should spin in opposite directions to have the proper gear motion. A four-spider-gear
arrangement is also used for vehicles with heavy loads. In such cases, the spider gears are
connected to ends of a cross bar, and the spider gears are free to spin independently.
Figure 2.4 Double spider gear arrangement
Automobile Differential
Page 10
2.5 Other functions of the Differential
Apart from allowing the wheels to rotate at different rpm differential has 2 more functions.
First is speed reduction at the pinion-ring gear assembly. This is achieved by using a ring gear
which is having almost 4 to 5 times number of teeth as that of the pinion gear. Such huge gear
ratio will bring down the speed of the ring gear in the same ratio. Since the power flow at the
pinion and ring gear are the same, such a speed reduction will result in a high torque
multiplication.
One specialty of the ring gear, they are hypoid gears. The hypoid gears have more contact
area compared to the other gear pairs and will make sure that the gear operation is smooth.
The other function of the differential is to turn the power flow direction by 90 degree. In
which the power is transmitted to differential by main shaft and that power further transmitted to
rear axles that are mounted at 90 degree with the main shaft.
Page 10
2.5 Other functions of the Differential
Apart from allowing the wheels to rotate at different rpm differential has 2 more functions.
First is speed reduction at the pinion-ring gear assembly. This is achieved by using a ring gear
which is having almost 4 to 5 times number of teeth as that of the pinion gear. Such huge gear
ratio will bring down the speed of the ring gear in the same ratio. Since the power flow at the
pinion and ring gear are the same, such a speed reduction will result in a high torque
multiplication.
One specialty of the ring gear, they are hypoid gears. The hypoid gears have more contact
area compared to the other gear pairs and will make sure that the gear operation is smooth.
The other function of the differential is to turn the power flow direction by 90 degree. In
which the power is transmitted to differential by main shaft and that power further transmitted to
rear axles that are mounted at 90 degree with the main shaft.
Automobile Differential
Page 11
Chapter 3
Types of Differential
3.1 Open Differential
An open differential is the mechanism that receives the power from the transmission usually
through a driveshaft and splits that power in two and sends it to the left and right of the driven
wheels and allows them to rotate at different speeds.
The open differential often referred to as just a differential can also be used to split the power
between the front and rear wheels in an all/four wheel drive vehicles and then two other
differentials can further split the power to the left and right wheels. The ability to rotate both
driven wheels at different speeds is the primary objective of the differential, it separates the both
wheels by allowing them to have their own final shaft instead of one continuous shaft between
the both wheels. If there is a vehicle that is required to only travel in a straight line then a
differential would not be required, the driveshaft could be connected to a single final shaft. The
problem with a single shaft is that it does not allow the vehicle to corner properly. The outer
wheels rotate faster than the inner wheels and the lack of a differential does not facilitate this. A
rear wheel drive differential will be used to explain a common configuration of the open
differential and how it operates. The differential mechanism is housed inside of a round metal
casing with an opening at the front to connect the driveshaft. Inside of this casing is also
lubricated as anywhere else where metal rubs on or against metal. Inside of the case the
driveshaft rotates a disc using teeth on the edge of the driveshaft and the disc similar to gears.
This disc can be on the left or the right side on the inside of the casing and whichever side its on
it is attached to one of the sun wheels.
The shaft to both wheels has a sun wheel inside of the casing. Both sun wheels are connected
to each other by two or more planet gears and the planet gears rotate from an extension off the
main disc. All of these components rotate as the vehicle moves. Even with all of these
components the differential allows the two shafts to each have half of
the torque and horsepower and they rotate equally when moving in a straight line.
When the vehicle is cornering the inner wheel rotates slower and offers more resistance, this
causes the planet wheels to rotate on its own axis and it increases the speed of the outer by the
same percentage that the inner wheel slows down. A rear wheel drive vehicles will have one
Page 11
Chapter 3
Types of Differential
3.1 Open Differential
An open differential is the mechanism that receives the power from the transmission usually
through a driveshaft and splits that power in two and sends it to the left and right of the driven
wheels and allows them to rotate at different speeds.
The open differential often referred to as just a differential can also be used to split the power
between the front and rear wheels in an all/four wheel drive vehicles and then two other
differentials can further split the power to the left and right wheels. The ability to rotate both
driven wheels at different speeds is the primary objective of the differential, it separates the both
wheels by allowing them to have their own final shaft instead of one continuous shaft between
the both wheels. If there is a vehicle that is required to only travel in a straight line then a
differential would not be required, the driveshaft could be connected to a single final shaft. The
problem with a single shaft is that it does not allow the vehicle to corner properly. The outer
wheels rotate faster than the inner wheels and the lack of a differential does not facilitate this. A
rear wheel drive differential will be used to explain a common configuration of the open
differential and how it operates. The differential mechanism is housed inside of a round metal
casing with an opening at the front to connect the driveshaft. Inside of this casing is also
lubricated as anywhere else where metal rubs on or against metal. Inside of the case the
driveshaft rotates a disc using teeth on the edge of the driveshaft and the disc similar to gears.
This disc can be on the left or the right side on the inside of the casing and whichever side its on
it is attached to one of the sun wheels.
The shaft to both wheels has a sun wheel inside of the casing. Both sun wheels are connected
to each other by two or more planet gears and the planet gears rotate from an extension off the
main disc. All of these components rotate as the vehicle moves. Even with all of these
components the differential allows the two shafts to each have half of
the torque and horsepower and they rotate equally when moving in a straight line.
When the vehicle is cornering the inner wheel rotates slower and offers more resistance, this
causes the planet wheels to rotate on its own axis and it increases the speed of the outer by the
same percentage that the inner wheel slows down. A rear wheel drive vehicles will have one
Automobile Differential
Page 12
differential will have one differential, a front wheel drive vehicle will also have one differential
but it is usually integrated into the transmission. A part time four wheel drive should have two
differentials and a full time four/all-wheel drive would have three differentials but the center
differential could be integrated into the transmission. There have been improvements to the basic
or open differential which would be the limited slip differential and the locking differential.
3.2 Limited Slip Differential
To overcome the drawback of standard differential, traction aiding devices are use. One
solution is the limited slip differential (LSD).
3.2.1 Construction:
The basic components of a limited slip differential are pinion gear, ring gear, case, spider
gears and side gears. Apart from its basic components a Limited slip differential has got a series
of friction and steel plates packed between the side gear and the casing. Friction discs are having
internal teeth and they are locked with the splines of the side gear. So the friction discs and the
side gear will always move together.
Fig.3.2.1 it is clear from the figure that steel plates are locked with the case and friction disc
with the side gear
Steels plates are having external tabs and are made to fit in the case groove. So they can rotate
with the case.
Page 12
differential will have one differential, a front wheel drive vehicle will also have one differential
but it is usually integrated into the transmission. A part time four wheel drive should have two
differentials and a full time four/all-wheel drive would have three differentials but the center
differential could be integrated into the transmission. There have been improvements to the basic
or open differential which would be the limited slip differential and the locking differential.
3.2 Limited Slip Differential
To overcome the drawback of standard differential, traction aiding devices are use. One
solution is the limited slip differential (LSD).
3.2.1 Construction:
The basic components of a limited slip differential are pinion gear, ring gear, case, spider
gears and side gears. Apart from its basic components a Limited slip differential has got a series
of friction and steel plates packed between the side gear and the casing. Friction discs are having
internal teeth and they are locked with the splines of the side gear. So the friction discs and the
side gear will always move together.
Fig.3.2.1 it is clear from the figure that steel plates are locked with the case and friction disc
with the side gear
Steels plates are having external tabs and are made to fit in the case groove. So they can rotate
with the case.
Automobile Differential
Page 13
Fig.3.2.2 Pre-load spring in an LSD will always give a thrust force
If any of the clutch pack assembly is well pressed, the frictional force within them will make
it move as a single solid unit. Since steel plates are locked with the case and friction discs with
the side gear, in a well pressed clutch pack casing and the clutch pack will move together. Or
motion from the casing is directly passed to the corresponding axle. Space between the side gears
is fitted with a pre-load spring. Pre load spring will always give a thrust force and will press
clutch pack together.
3.2.2 Separating action of Bevel gears
Spider and side gear are bevel gears. It has got one specialty. When torque is transmitted
through a bevel gear system axial forces are also induced apart from the tangential force. The
axial force tries to separate out the gears.
Fig.3.2.3 During power transmission through a bevel gear system axial forces are also
induced
Page 13
Fig.3.2.2 Pre-load spring in an LSD will always give a thrust force
If any of the clutch pack assembly is well pressed, the frictional force within them will make
it move as a single solid unit. Since steel plates are locked with the case and friction discs with
the side gear, in a well pressed clutch pack casing and the clutch pack will move together. Or
motion from the casing is directly passed to the corresponding axle. Space between the side gears
is fitted with a pre-load spring. Pre load spring will always give a thrust force and will press
clutch pack together.
3.2.2 Separating action of Bevel gears
Spider and side gear are bevel gears. It has got one specialty. When torque is transmitted
through a bevel gear system axial forces are also induced apart from the tangential force. The
axial force tries to separate out the gears.
Fig.3.2.3 During power transmission through a bevel gear system axial forces are also
induced
Automobile Differential
Page 14
Now side gear and axle are 2 separate units. The side gear has got a small allowance for axial
movement.
Fig.3.2.4 Side gear and axle are two separate units have small axial movement
So during high torque transmission through spider-side gear arrangement, a high separating
thrust force is also transmitted to the clutch pack. This force presses and locks the clutch pack
assembly against wall of the casing.
3.2.3 Working of Limited Slip Differential
Now back to the initial problem. Since one wheel is on a high traction surface, the torque
transmitted to it will be higher. So the thrust force developed due to the bevel gear separation
action also will be high at that side. Thus clutch pack at high traction wheel side will be pressed
Fig.3.2.5 Thrust force induced due to the bevel gear separation action is high for the high
traction wheel
Page 14
Now side gear and axle are 2 separate units. The side gear has got a small allowance for axial
movement.
Fig.3.2.4 Side gear and axle are two separate units have small axial movement
So during high torque transmission through spider-side gear arrangement, a high separating
thrust force is also transmitted to the clutch pack. This force presses and locks the clutch pack
assembly against wall of the casing.
3.2.3 Working of Limited Slip Differential
Now back to the initial problem. Since one wheel is on a high traction surface, the torque
transmitted to it will be higher. So the thrust force developed due to the bevel gear separation
action also will be high at that side. Thus clutch pack at high traction wheel side will be pressed
Fig.3.2.5 Thrust force induced due to the bevel gear separation action is high for the high
traction wheel
Automobile Differential
Page 15
.
firmly and clutch pack will be locked. So power from the differential casing will flow directly to
high traction axle via clutch pack assembly.
On the other hand clutch pack on the low traction wheel side is not engaged yet, so power
flow will be limited to that side. So the vehicle will be able to overcome the traction difference
problem
However while taking a turn the LSD can act like a normal differential. In this case thrust force
developed due to bevel gear separation action won’t be that high. So the plates in clutch pack
will easily overcome frictional resistance and will be able to slip against each other. Thus the
right and left wheel can have different speed just like an open differential.
3.3 Locking Differential
A locking differential, differential lock, diff lock or locker is a variation on the standard
automotive differential. A locking differential may provide increased traction compared to a
standard, or "open" differential by restricting each of the two wheels on an axle to the same
rotational speed without regard to available traction or differences in resistance seen at each
wheel.
A locking differential is designed to overcome the chief limitation of a standard open
differential by essentially "locking" both wheels on an axle together as if on a common shaft.
This forces both wheels to turn in unison, regardless of the traction available to either wheel
individually.
When the differential is unlocked (open differential), it allows each wheel to rotate at
different speeds (such as when negotiating a turn), thus avoiding tire scuffing. An open (or
unlocked) differential always provides the same torque to each of the two wheels, on that axle.
So although the wheels can rotate at different speeds, they apply the same rotational force, even
if one is entirely stationary, and the other spinning.
By contrast, a locked differential forces both left and right wheels on the same axle to rotate
at the same speed under nearly all circumstances, without regard to tractional differences seen at
either wheel. Therefore, each wheel can apply as much rotational force as the traction under it
Page 15
.
firmly and clutch pack will be locked. So power from the differential casing will flow directly to
high traction axle via clutch pack assembly.
On the other hand clutch pack on the low traction wheel side is not engaged yet, so power
flow will be limited to that side. So the vehicle will be able to overcome the traction difference
problem
However while taking a turn the LSD can act like a normal differential. In this case thrust force
developed due to bevel gear separation action won’t be that high. So the plates in clutch pack
will easily overcome frictional resistance and will be able to slip against each other. Thus the
right and left wheel can have different speed just like an open differential.
3.3 Locking Differential
A locking differential, differential lock, diff lock or locker is a variation on the standard
automotive differential. A locking differential may provide increased traction compared to a
standard, or "open" differential by restricting each of the two wheels on an axle to the same
rotational speed without regard to available traction or differences in resistance seen at each
wheel.
A locking differential is designed to overcome the chief limitation of a standard open
differential by essentially "locking" both wheels on an axle together as if on a common shaft.
This forces both wheels to turn in unison, regardless of the traction available to either wheel
individually.
When the differential is unlocked (open differential), it allows each wheel to rotate at
different speeds (such as when negotiating a turn), thus avoiding tire scuffing. An open (or
unlocked) differential always provides the same torque to each of the two wheels, on that axle.
So although the wheels can rotate at different speeds, they apply the same rotational force, even
if one is entirely stationary, and the other spinning.
By contrast, a locked differential forces both left and right wheels on the same axle to rotate
at the same speed under nearly all circumstances, without regard to tractional differences seen at
either wheel. Therefore, each wheel can apply as much rotational force as the traction under it
Automobile Differential
Page 16
will allow, and the torques on each side-shaft will be unequal. (Unequal torque, equal rotational
speeds).
A locked differential can provide a significant traction advantage over an open differential,
but only when the traction under each wheel differs significantly.
3.3.1 Automatic lockers
Automatic lockers lock and unlock automatically with no direct input from the driver. Some
automatic locking differential designs ensure that engine power is always transmitted to both
wheels, regardless of traction conditions, and will "unlock" only when one wheel is required to
spin faster than the other during cornering. These would be more correctly termed "automatic
unlocking" differentials, because their at-rest position is locked. They will never allow either
wheel to spin slower than the differential carrier or axle as a whole, but will permit a wheel to be
over-driven faster than the carrier speed. The most common example of this type would be the
famous "Detroit Locker," also known as the "Detroit No-Spin," which replaces the entire
differential carrier assembly. Others, sometimes referred to as "lunchbox lockers," employ the
stock differential carrier and replace only the internal spider gears and shafts with interlocking
plates. Both types of automatic lockers will allow for a degree of differential wheel speed while
turning corners in conditions of equal traction, but will otherwise lock both axle shafts together
when traction conditions demand it.
Pros: Automatic action, no driver interaction necessary, no stopping for (dis-) engagement
necessary, continuous driving even in unforeseen road condition changes
Cons: Increased tire wear and noticeable impact on driving behavior. During cornering,
which half-axle is uncoupled is dependent on torque direction applied by the driveline. When
the torque direction is reversed, the speed of the driveline is suddenly forced to change from
the inner to outer axle, accompanied by tire chirping and a large jerk. During cornering, the
automatic locker is characterized by heavy understeer which transitions instantly to power
over steer when traction is exceeded.
Some other automatic lockers operate as an open differential until wheel slip is encountered
and then they lock up. This style generally uses an internal governor to monitor vehicle speed
and wheel slip. An example of this is the Eaton Automatic Locking Differential (ALD), or Eaton
Page 16
will allow, and the torques on each side-shaft will be unequal. (Unequal torque, equal rotational
speeds).
A locked differential can provide a significant traction advantage over an open differential,
but only when the traction under each wheel differs significantly.
3.3.1 Automatic lockers
Automatic lockers lock and unlock automatically with no direct input from the driver. Some
automatic locking differential designs ensure that engine power is always transmitted to both
wheels, regardless of traction conditions, and will "unlock" only when one wheel is required to
spin faster than the other during cornering. These would be more correctly termed "automatic
unlocking" differentials, because their at-rest position is locked. They will never allow either
wheel to spin slower than the differential carrier or axle as a whole, but will permit a wheel to be
over-driven faster than the carrier speed. The most common example of this type would be the
famous "Detroit Locker," also known as the "Detroit No-Spin," which replaces the entire
differential carrier assembly. Others, sometimes referred to as "lunchbox lockers," employ the
stock differential carrier and replace only the internal spider gears and shafts with interlocking
plates. Both types of automatic lockers will allow for a degree of differential wheel speed while
turning corners in conditions of equal traction, but will otherwise lock both axle shafts together
when traction conditions demand it.
Pros: Automatic action, no driver interaction necessary, no stopping for (dis-) engagement
necessary, continuous driving even in unforeseen road condition changes
Cons: Increased tire wear and noticeable impact on driving behavior. During cornering,
which half-axle is uncoupled is dependent on torque direction applied by the driveline. When
the torque direction is reversed, the speed of the driveline is suddenly forced to change from
the inner to outer axle, accompanied by tire chirping and a large jerk. During cornering, the
automatic locker is characterized by heavy understeer which transitions instantly to power
over steer when traction is exceeded.
Some other automatic lockers operate as an open differential until wheel slip is encountered
and then they lock up. This style generally uses an internal governor to monitor vehicle speed
and wheel slip. An example of this is the Eaton Automatic Locking Differential (ALD), or Eaton
Automobile Differential
Page 17
Automatic Differential Lock (ADL), developed by the Eaton Corporation and introduced in
1973.
Some other automatic lockers operate as an open differential until high torque is applied and
then they lock up. This style generally uses internal gears systems with very high friction. An
example of this is the ZF "sliding pins and cams" available for use in early Volkswagens
Fig. 3.3 ARB Air locking differential fitted to a Mitsubishi Delica L400 LWB
3.3.2 Disadvantages
Because they do not operate as smoothly as standard differentials, automatic locking
differentials are often responsible for increased tire wear. Some older automatic locking
differentials are known for making a clicking or banging noise when locking and unlocking as
the vehicle negotiates turns. This is annoying to many drivers. Also, automatic locking
differentials will affect the ability of a vehicle to steer, particularly if a locker is located in the
front axle. Aside from tire scuffing while turning any degree on high friction (low slip) surfaces,
locked axles provoke understeer and, if used on the front axle, will increase steering forces
required to turn the vehicle. Furthermore, automatically locking differentials can cause a loss of
control on ice where an open differential would allow one wheel to spin and the other to
hold, while not transferring power. An example of this would be a vehicle parked sideways on a
slippery grade. When both wheels spin, the vehicle will break traction and slide down the grade.
Page 17
Automatic Differential Lock (ADL), developed by the Eaton Corporation and introduced in
1973.
Some other automatic lockers operate as an open differential until high torque is applied and
then they lock up. This style generally uses internal gears systems with very high friction. An
example of this is the ZF "sliding pins and cams" available for use in early Volkswagens
Fig. 3.3 ARB Air locking differential fitted to a Mitsubishi Delica L400 LWB
3.3.2 Disadvantages
Because they do not operate as smoothly as standard differentials, automatic locking
differentials are often responsible for increased tire wear. Some older automatic locking
differentials are known for making a clicking or banging noise when locking and unlocking as
the vehicle negotiates turns. This is annoying to many drivers. Also, automatic locking
differentials will affect the ability of a vehicle to steer, particularly if a locker is located in the
front axle. Aside from tire scuffing while turning any degree on high friction (low slip) surfaces,
locked axles provoke understeer and, if used on the front axle, will increase steering forces
required to turn the vehicle. Furthermore, automatically locking differentials can cause a loss of
control on ice where an open differential would allow one wheel to spin and the other to
hold, while not transferring power. An example of this would be a vehicle parked sideways on a
slippery grade. When both wheels spin, the vehicle will break traction and slide down the grade.
Automobile Differential
Page 18
3.3.3 Alternatives
Limited slip differentials are considered a compromise between a standard differential and a
locking differential because they operate more smoothly, and they do direct some extra torque to
the wheel with the most traction compared to a standard differential, but they are not capable of
100% lockup.
Traction control systems are also used in many modern vehicles either in addition or as a
replacement of locking differentials. One example is that offered by Volkswagen under the name
of electronic differential lock (EDL). This EDL is not in fact a differential lock, but operates at
each wheel. Sensors monitor wheel speeds, and if one is rotating more than 100 RPM more than
the other EDL system momentarily brakes it. This transfers more power to the other wheel, but
still employs the open differential, which is the same as on cars without the EDL option.
Electronic traction control systems may be integrated with anti-lock braking systems, which have
a similar action on braking and use some similar components. Such systems are used for example
on the most recent Nissan Pathfinder, Land Rover Defender, Land Rover Freelander,
the McLaren P1 and the McLaren 650s.
3.3.4 Applications
Race cars often use locking differentials in order to maintain traction during high speed
maneuvers or when accelerating at extreme rates. Additionally, vehicle dynamics are made
more predictable when there is a loss of traction, as the driver knows that neither wheel will
suddenly sap power if it encounters a low-friction surface.
Some utility vehicles such as tow trucks, forklifts, tractors, and heavy equipment use locking
differentials to maintain traction, especially when driving on soft, muddy, or uneven
surfaces. Lockers are common in agricultural equipment and military trucks. On some farm
tractors, there is a pedal that can be stepped on with the operator's heel to lock the differential
as needed.
Differential locking can also be used in the sport of drifting as an alternative to a limited slip
differential.
Four-wheel drive vehicles that drive off-road often use a locking differential to keep from
getting stuck when driving on loose, muddy, or rocky terrain. Locking differentials are
considered essential equipment for serious off-road driving. Many such vehicles have a
Page 18
3.3.3 Alternatives
Limited slip differentials are considered a compromise between a standard differential and a
locking differential because they operate more smoothly, and they do direct some extra torque to
the wheel with the most traction compared to a standard differential, but they are not capable of
100% lockup.
Traction control systems are also used in many modern vehicles either in addition or as a
replacement of locking differentials. One example is that offered by Volkswagen under the name
of electronic differential lock (EDL). This EDL is not in fact a differential lock, but operates at
each wheel. Sensors monitor wheel speeds, and if one is rotating more than 100 RPM more than
the other EDL system momentarily brakes it. This transfers more power to the other wheel, but
still employs the open differential, which is the same as on cars without the EDL option.
Electronic traction control systems may be integrated with anti-lock braking systems, which have
a similar action on braking and use some similar components. Such systems are used for example
on the most recent Nissan Pathfinder, Land Rover Defender, Land Rover Freelander,
the McLaren P1 and the McLaren 650s.
3.3.4 Applications
Race cars often use locking differentials in order to maintain traction during high speed
maneuvers or when accelerating at extreme rates. Additionally, vehicle dynamics are made
more predictable when there is a loss of traction, as the driver knows that neither wheel will
suddenly sap power if it encounters a low-friction surface.
Some utility vehicles such as tow trucks, forklifts, tractors, and heavy equipment use locking
differentials to maintain traction, especially when driving on soft, muddy, or uneven
surfaces. Lockers are common in agricultural equipment and military trucks. On some farm
tractors, there is a pedal that can be stepped on with the operator's heel to lock the differential
as needed.
Differential locking can also be used in the sport of drifting as an alternative to a limited slip
differential.
Four-wheel drive vehicles that drive off-road often use a locking differential to keep from
getting stuck when driving on loose, muddy, or rocky terrain. Locking differentials are
considered essential equipment for serious off-road driving. Many such vehicles have a
Automobile Differential
Page 19
locking differential on the central differential (between the front and rear axles), rear
differential and front differential; or any combination of any of the three. Differential locks
are also used on some "non-utility" four-wheel-drive vehicles (such as the Mitsubishi
Shogun) to compensate for a relative lack of axle articulation (vertical wheel movement).
High amounts of articulation are desirable for off-road driving, to allow the wheels to
maintain ground contact over uneven surfaces, but this can lead to excessive body-roll at
high speeds on the road, as well as vague steering. Such 4x4s often have suspension systems
designed as a compromise between articulation and handling. If articulation is limited, one
wheel on an axle may be lifted off the ground by rough terrain, thus losing all traction to all
wheels (all power goes to the lifted wheel, which spins freely). A rear locking differential is
often supplied to make up for this compromise – if a wheel is lifted off the ground, the
locking differential can be brought into play, driving the wheel that remains on the ground.
3.4 Torsen Differential
Torsen is a trade mark of the JTEKT Corporation. The Torsen differential has many patented
components and, is the most unique and ingenious method of providing differential action while
overcoming the traction difference problem.
3.4.1 The internal components
The internal components of a Torsen are quite different from that of a conventional
differential. An exploded view of the Torsen is given in Fig.3.4.1
Fig.3.4.1 An exploded view of Torsen differential
Page 19
locking differential on the central differential (between the front and rear axles), rear
differential and front differential; or any combination of any of the three. Differential locks
are also used on some "non-utility" four-wheel-drive vehicles (such as the Mitsubishi
Shogun) to compensate for a relative lack of axle articulation (vertical wheel movement).
High amounts of articulation are desirable for off-road driving, to allow the wheels to
maintain ground contact over uneven surfaces, but this can lead to excessive body-roll at
high speeds on the road, as well as vague steering. Such 4x4s often have suspension systems
designed as a compromise between articulation and handling. If articulation is limited, one
wheel on an axle may be lifted off the ground by rough terrain, thus losing all traction to all
wheels (all power goes to the lifted wheel, which spins freely). A rear locking differential is
often supplied to make up for this compromise – if a wheel is lifted off the ground, the
locking differential can be brought into play, driving the wheel that remains on the ground.
3.4 Torsen Differential
Torsen is a trade mark of the JTEKT Corporation. The Torsen differential has many patented
components and, is the most unique and ingenious method of providing differential action while
overcoming the traction difference problem.
3.4.1 The internal components
The internal components of a Torsen are quite different from that of a conventional
differential. An exploded view of the Torsen is given in Fig.3.4.1
Fig.3.4.1 An exploded view of Torsen differential
Automobile Differential
Page 20
At the heart of the system lies a specially shaped gear pair assembly, one gear is a spur gear,
and the other one is a worm gear.
Fig.3.4.2 a worm gear-worm wheel mesh lies at the heart of the Torsen
A Torsen works on the simple principle of worm gear- worm wheel; that is a spinning worm
gear can rotate the wheel, but the rotating wheel cannot spin the worm gear.
Fig.3.4.3 The worm gear- worm wheel principle lies at the heart of the Torsen operation
A pair of such worm wheels are fitted with the case, so the engine power received by the case
is transferred to the worm wheels. Each end of the wheels is fitted with a spur gear. As a result, a
simplified Torsen differential will look as shown in the Fig.3.4.4
Page 20
At the heart of the system lies a specially shaped gear pair assembly, one gear is a spur gear,
and the other one is a worm gear.
Fig.3.4.2 a worm gear-worm wheel mesh lies at the heart of the Torsen
A Torsen works on the simple principle of worm gear- worm wheel; that is a spinning worm
gear can rotate the wheel, but the rotating wheel cannot spin the worm gear.
Fig.3.4.3 The worm gear- worm wheel principle lies at the heart of the Torsen operation
A pair of such worm wheels are fitted with the case, so the engine power received by the case
is transferred to the worm wheels. Each end of the wheels is fitted with a spur gear. As a result, a
simplified Torsen differential will look as shown in the Fig.3.4.4
Automobile Differential
Page 21
Fig.3.4.4 The complete Torsen differential
3.4.2 The vehicle moves straight
When the vehicle moves straight, the worm wheels will push and turn the worm gears. So
both the drive wheels will rotate at the same speed. Please note here that, in this condition the
worm wheels do not spin on its own axis. In this condition, the whole mechanism moves as a
single solid unit.
Fig.3.4.5 when the vehicle moves straight, worm wheels just push and turn the worm gears
at the same speeds.
Page 21
Fig.3.4.4 The complete Torsen differential
3.4.2 The vehicle moves straight
When the vehicle moves straight, the worm wheels will push and turn the worm gears. So
both the drive wheels will rotate at the same speed. Please note here that, in this condition the
worm wheels do not spin on its own axis. In this condition, the whole mechanism moves as a
single solid unit.
Fig.3.4.5 when the vehicle moves straight, worm wheels just push and turn the worm gears
at the same speeds.
Automobile Differential
Page 22
3.4.3 The vehicle takes a right turn
When the vehicle is negotiating a right turn, the left wheel needs to rotate at a higher speed
than the right wheel. This fact is clear from the Fig.3.4.6.
Fig.3.4.6 During a right turn the left wheel has to travel more distance
Fig.3.4.7 The right worm wheel will spin opposite to the right worm wheel; this is due to the
opposite relative motion left worm wheel is experiencing
While taking a left turn the worm wheels will spin in an exact opposite way to that shown in
Fig.4.4.7.
Page 22
3.4.3 The vehicle takes a right turn
When the vehicle is negotiating a right turn, the left wheel needs to rotate at a higher speed
than the right wheel. This fact is clear from the Fig.3.4.6.
Fig.3.4.6 During a right turn the left wheel has to travel more distance
Fig.3.4.7 The right worm wheel will spin opposite to the right worm wheel; this is due to the
opposite relative motion left worm wheel is experiencing
While taking a left turn the worm wheels will spin in an exact opposite way to that shown in
Fig.4.4.7.
Automobile Differential
Page 23
This speed differential is perfectly supported in a Torsen. The worm wheel is subjected to
relative motion not the absolute motion. The worm wheel is fitted between the case and worm
gear, so the relative motion between the case and worm gear is what makes the worm gear turn.
The worm gear of the faster left axle will make the corresponding worm wheel spin on its
own axis. On the other side, relative to the case the slow right axle is turning in the opposite
direction; thus the right worm wheel will spin in the opposite direction. The meshing spur gears
at the ends of worm wheel will make sure that, the worm wheels are spinning at the same speed.
Thus it guarantees a perfect differential action. Perfect differential action implies equal amount
of speed loss and speed gain to the right and left wheels. With the perfect differential the vehicle
will be able to negotiate a smooth turn.
3.4.4 Overcoming the Traction difference problem
Now let’s try to understand how the Torsen overcomes the drive wheel traction difference
problem. As you might be aware, when your vehicle encounters a situation as shown, the
slippery wheel starts to spin very rapidly and will draw the majority of the engine’s power. As a
result, the vehicle will get stuck.
Fig.3.4.8 A typical traction difference problem a vehicle is experiencing
Page 23
This speed differential is perfectly supported in a Torsen. The worm wheel is subjected to
relative motion not the absolute motion. The worm wheel is fitted between the case and worm
gear, so the relative motion between the case and worm gear is what makes the worm gear turn.
The worm gear of the faster left axle will make the corresponding worm wheel spin on its
own axis. On the other side, relative to the case the slow right axle is turning in the opposite
direction; thus the right worm wheel will spin in the opposite direction. The meshing spur gears
at the ends of worm wheel will make sure that, the worm wheels are spinning at the same speed.
Thus it guarantees a perfect differential action. Perfect differential action implies equal amount
of speed loss and speed gain to the right and left wheels. With the perfect differential the vehicle
will be able to negotiate a smooth turn.
3.4.4 Overcoming the Traction difference problem
Now let’s try to understand how the Torsen overcomes the drive wheel traction difference
problem. As you might be aware, when your vehicle encounters a situation as shown, the
slippery wheel starts to spin very rapidly and will draw the majority of the engine’s power. As a
result, the vehicle will get stuck.
Fig.3.4.8 A typical traction difference problem a vehicle is experiencing
Automobile Differential
Page 24
But, if a Torsen differential is used in this case, as soon as the slippery wheel starts to spin
excessively, the speed change will be transferred to the corresponding worm wheel. The right
worm wheel transfers the speed change to the left worm wheel, since they are connected through
spur gears. Here comes the tricky part. The left side worm wheel will not be able to turn the
corresponding worm gear, because, as we said, a worm wheel cannot drive a worm gear. As a
result, the whole mechanism gets locked, and the left and right wheels turn together.
Fig.3.4.9 The excessive speed of slipping wheel make the system locked due to the 'basic
principle of worm gear-worm wheel’
This allows a large amount of power to be transferred to the high-traction wheel, and the
vehicle can thereby overcome the traction difference problem. To carry the load 2 more worm
wheel pairs are added.
3.4.5 Pros and Cons of Torsen differential
The other technologies allow the drive wheel to slip for a limited amount of time before it
gets locked, in Torsen the locking action is instantaneous. That means as soon as the vehicle
encounters a traction difference track the wheels will get locked. They are also compact
compared to their counter parts. Some disadvantages of the Torsen differential are that is noisy,
costly and more difficult to assemble.
Page 24
But, if a Torsen differential is used in this case, as soon as the slippery wheel starts to spin
excessively, the speed change will be transferred to the corresponding worm wheel. The right
worm wheel transfers the speed change to the left worm wheel, since they are connected through
spur gears. Here comes the tricky part. The left side worm wheel will not be able to turn the
corresponding worm gear, because, as we said, a worm wheel cannot drive a worm gear. As a
result, the whole mechanism gets locked, and the left and right wheels turn together.
Fig.3.4.9 The excessive speed of slipping wheel make the system locked due to the 'basic
principle of worm gear-worm wheel’
This allows a large amount of power to be transferred to the high-traction wheel, and the
vehicle can thereby overcome the traction difference problem. To carry the load 2 more worm
wheel pairs are added.
3.4.5 Pros and Cons of Torsen differential
The other technologies allow the drive wheel to slip for a limited amount of time before it
gets locked, in Torsen the locking action is instantaneous. That means as soon as the vehicle
encounters a traction difference track the wheels will get locked. They are also compact
compared to their counter parts. Some disadvantages of the Torsen differential are that is noisy,
costly and more difficult to assemble.
Automobile Differential
Page 25
Chapter 4
Differential Problems
4.1 Bearings Problems
It makes humming noise and gets louder when speed increases. Stethoscope is use to listen
for a humming sound by the carrier bearings and the pinion bearings.
Fig 4.1 pinion bearing
4.2 Ring and Pinion Problems
Will show up as whining or howling noise that changes when going from acceleration to
deceleration. Lack of service or low fluid can also cause this problem. If backlash (clearance)
between ring gear and pinion gear is too great, a clunking sound can be produced, especially
when an automatic transmission is shifted into gear.
Fig 4.2 Broken gear teeth
Page 25
Chapter 4
Differential Problems
4.1 Bearings Problems
It makes humming noise and gets louder when speed increases. Stethoscope is use to listen
for a humming sound by the carrier bearings and the pinion bearings.
Fig 4.1 pinion bearing
4.2 Ring and Pinion Problems
Will show up as whining or howling noise that changes when going from acceleration to
deceleration. Lack of service or low fluid can also cause this problem. If backlash (clearance)
between ring gear and pinion gear is too great, a clunking sound can be produced, especially
when an automatic transmission is shifted into gear.
Fig 4.2 Broken gear teeth
Automobile Differential
Page 26
Ring and pinion gear backlash refers to the amount of space between the meshing teeth of the
gears. Backlash is needed to allow for the heat expansion and lubrication. Too little backlash will
cause the gears to jam and too much backlash will cause gear noise (whining, roaring, or
clunking). .
4.3 Differential Fluids
For lubrication fluid, a very heavy oil, must be used in rear axle housings. Special hypoid oils
are used in the differential case. Even another type of fluid, or oil must be used in a positraction
type differential. The oil is circulated by the ring gear, and flung all over all the parts. Special
troughs, or gullies are used to bring the oil back to certain spots, like the ring and pinion area and
the piston bearings. The fluid is kept in with gaskets and oil seals. The bottom of the housing has
a drain plug, and another filler plug is located part way up the housing. The housing must never
be filled above this plug. The housing fluid lubricates some of the outer bearings, but others have
lubrication fittings for the injection of wheel bearing grease. A hand gun, not a pressure grease
gun must be used to grease these bearings. Finally, some bearings are filled with grease at the
factory and are sealed. These never require attention unless they are defective.
4.4 Loss of traction
One undesirable side effect of a conventional differential is that it can limit traction under less
than ideal conditions. The amount of traction required to propel the vehicle at any given moment
depends on the load at that instant means how heavy the vehicle is, how much drag and friction
there is, the gradient of the road, the vehicle's momentum.
The torque applied to each driving wheel is a result of the engine, transmission and drive
axles applying a twisting force against the resistance of the traction at that road wheel. In lower
gears and thus at lower speeds, and unless the load is exceptionally high, the drivetrain
can supply as much torque as necessary, so the limiting factor becomes the traction under each
wheel. It is therefore convenient to define traction as the amount of torque that can be generated
between the tire and the road surface, before the wheel starts to slip. If the torque applied to one
of the drive wheels exceeds the threshold of traction, then that wheel will spin, and thus only
provide torque at each other driven wheel limited by the sliding friction at the slipping wheel.
The reduced net traction may still be enough to propel the vehicle.
Page 26
Ring and pinion gear backlash refers to the amount of space between the meshing teeth of the
gears. Backlash is needed to allow for the heat expansion and lubrication. Too little backlash will
cause the gears to jam and too much backlash will cause gear noise (whining, roaring, or
clunking). .
4.3 Differential Fluids
For lubrication fluid, a very heavy oil, must be used in rear axle housings. Special hypoid oils
are used in the differential case. Even another type of fluid, or oil must be used in a positraction
type differential. The oil is circulated by the ring gear, and flung all over all the parts. Special
troughs, or gullies are used to bring the oil back to certain spots, like the ring and pinion area and
the piston bearings. The fluid is kept in with gaskets and oil seals. The bottom of the housing has
a drain plug, and another filler plug is located part way up the housing. The housing must never
be filled above this plug. The housing fluid lubricates some of the outer bearings, but others have
lubrication fittings for the injection of wheel bearing grease. A hand gun, not a pressure grease
gun must be used to grease these bearings. Finally, some bearings are filled with grease at the
factory and are sealed. These never require attention unless they are defective.
4.4 Loss of traction
One undesirable side effect of a conventional differential is that it can limit traction under less
than ideal conditions. The amount of traction required to propel the vehicle at any given moment
depends on the load at that instant means how heavy the vehicle is, how much drag and friction
there is, the gradient of the road, the vehicle's momentum.
The torque applied to each driving wheel is a result of the engine, transmission and drive
axles applying a twisting force against the resistance of the traction at that road wheel. In lower
gears and thus at lower speeds, and unless the load is exceptionally high, the drivetrain
can supply as much torque as necessary, so the limiting factor becomes the traction under each
wheel. It is therefore convenient to define traction as the amount of torque that can be generated
between the tire and the road surface, before the wheel starts to slip. If the torque applied to one
of the drive wheels exceeds the threshold of traction, then that wheel will spin, and thus only
provide torque at each other driven wheel limited by the sliding friction at the slipping wheel.
The reduced net traction may still be enough to propel the vehicle.
Automobile Differential
Page 27
4.5 Disadvantage of open (standard) differential
Fig 4.5 wheel rotates on slippery surface
By considering the case of a standard (or "open") differential in off-roading or snow situations
where one wheel begins to slip and rotates with high speed because both wheels are free to
rotate. In such a case the slipping wheel will receive the majority of the power in the form of
low-torque, high rpm rotation, while the contacting wheel will remain stationary or almost in
dead condition. So the vehicle will not be able to move.
4.6 Automobile without Differential
Although most automobiles in the developed world use differentials there are a few that do
not. Several different types exist:
Race cars and trucks in certain classes. Drag racing is done in a straight line (and often on
a prepared surface), which obviates the need for a differential. A spool (a cylindrical
device on which film, magnetic tape, thread, or other flexible materials can be wound) is
used to make a solid connection between both drive wheels, which is simpler and less
likely to break under very heavy acceleration. Racing on dirt or mud tracks also allows
the use of spools, because the loose surface gives way while cornering. NASCAR
(National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) mandates the use of spools in their
cars, which does cause axle wind-up, and degrades handling in turns. Other forms of
racing without differentials includes tractor pulling, mud bogging and
other 4x4 motorsports where differential action is not needed.
Page 27
4.5 Disadvantage of open (standard) differential
Fig 4.5 wheel rotates on slippery surface
By considering the case of a standard (or "open") differential in off-roading or snow situations
where one wheel begins to slip and rotates with high speed because both wheels are free to
rotate. In such a case the slipping wheel will receive the majority of the power in the form of
low-torque, high rpm rotation, while the contacting wheel will remain stationary or almost in
dead condition. So the vehicle will not be able to move.
4.6 Automobile without Differential
Although most automobiles in the developed world use differentials there are a few that do
not. Several different types exist:
Race cars and trucks in certain classes. Drag racing is done in a straight line (and often on
a prepared surface), which obviates the need for a differential. A spool (a cylindrical
device on which film, magnetic tape, thread, or other flexible materials can be wound) is
used to make a solid connection between both drive wheels, which is simpler and less
likely to break under very heavy acceleration. Racing on dirt or mud tracks also allows
the use of spools, because the loose surface gives way while cornering. NASCAR
(National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) mandates the use of spools in their
cars, which does cause axle wind-up, and degrades handling in turns. Other forms of
racing without differentials includes tractor pulling, mud bogging and
other 4x4 motorsports where differential action is not needed.
Automobile Differential
Page 28
Vehicles with a single driving wheel. Besides motorcycles, which are generally not
classified as automobiles, this group includes most three-wheeled cars. These were quite
common in Europe in the mid-20th Century, but have now become rare there. They are
still common in some areas of the developing world, such as India. Some early four-
wheeled cars also had only one driving wheel to avoid the need for a differential.
However, this arrangement led to many problems. The system was unbalanced, the
driving wheel would easily spin, etc. Because of these problems, few such vehicles were
made.
Vehicles using two freewheels. A freewheel, as used on a pedal bicycle for example,
allows a road wheel to rotate faster than the mechanism that drives it, allowing a cyclist
to stop pedaling while going downhill. Some early automobiles had the engine driving
two freewheels, one for each driving road wheel. When the vehicle turned, the engine
would continue to drive the wheel on the inside of the curve, but the wheel on the outside
was permitted to rotate faster by its freewheel. Thus, while turning, the vehicle had only
one driving wheel. Driving in reverse is also impossible as is engine braking due to
freewheels.
Vehicles with continuously variable transmissions, such as the DAF Daffodil. The
Daffodil, and other similar vehicles which were made until the 1970s by the Dutch
company DAF, had a type of transmission that used an arrangement of belts and pulleys
to provide an infinite number of gear ratios. The engine drove two separate transmissions
which ran the two driving wheels. When the vehicle turned, the two wheels could rotate
at different speeds, making the two transmissions shift to different gear ratios, thus
functionally substituting for a differential. The slower moving wheel received more
driving torque than the faster one, so the system had limited-slip characteristics. The
duplication also provided redundancy. If one belt broke, the vehicle could still be driven.
Vehicles with separate motors for the driving wheels. Electric cars can have a separate
motor for each driving wheel, eliminating the need for a differential, but usually with
some form of gearing at each motor to get the large wheel torques necessary. A multi-
motor electric vehicle such as the Dual Motor Tesla Model S can electronically control
the power distribution between the motors on a millisecond scale, in this case acting as a
Centre differential where open differentials are still employed left-to-right.
Page 28
Vehicles with a single driving wheel. Besides motorcycles, which are generally not
classified as automobiles, this group includes most three-wheeled cars. These were quite
common in Europe in the mid-20th Century, but have now become rare there. They are
still common in some areas of the developing world, such as India. Some early four-
wheeled cars also had only one driving wheel to avoid the need for a differential.
However, this arrangement led to many problems. The system was unbalanced, the
driving wheel would easily spin, etc. Because of these problems, few such vehicles were
made.
Vehicles using two freewheels. A freewheel, as used on a pedal bicycle for example,
allows a road wheel to rotate faster than the mechanism that drives it, allowing a cyclist
to stop pedaling while going downhill. Some early automobiles had the engine driving
two freewheels, one for each driving road wheel. When the vehicle turned, the engine
would continue to drive the wheel on the inside of the curve, but the wheel on the outside
was permitted to rotate faster by its freewheel. Thus, while turning, the vehicle had only
one driving wheel. Driving in reverse is also impossible as is engine braking due to
freewheels.
Vehicles with continuously variable transmissions, such as the DAF Daffodil. The
Daffodil, and other similar vehicles which were made until the 1970s by the Dutch
company DAF, had a type of transmission that used an arrangement of belts and pulleys
to provide an infinite number of gear ratios. The engine drove two separate transmissions
which ran the two driving wheels. When the vehicle turned, the two wheels could rotate
at different speeds, making the two transmissions shift to different gear ratios, thus
functionally substituting for a differential. The slower moving wheel received more
driving torque than the faster one, so the system had limited-slip characteristics. The
duplication also provided redundancy. If one belt broke, the vehicle could still be driven.
Vehicles with separate motors for the driving wheels. Electric cars can have a separate
motor for each driving wheel, eliminating the need for a differential, but usually with
some form of gearing at each motor to get the large wheel torques necessary. A multi-
motor electric vehicle such as the Dual Motor Tesla Model S can electronically control
the power distribution between the motors on a millisecond scale, in this case acting as a
Centre differential where open differentials are still employed left-to-right.
Automobile Differential
Page 29
Conclusion
In this study we have seen the importance of differential, its working and different types of it
and how they are different than each other and its usefulness according to the requirement in
automobile. In automobile and other wheeled vehicles, normally the differential allows each of
the driving wheels to rotate at different speeds, while supplying equal torque to each of them.
Apart from the standard differential the other types like LSD, Torsen and locking differential are
used for avoiding traction problem. LSD prevents excessive power from being allocated to one
wheel, and thereby keeping both wheels in powered rotation.
Page 29
Conclusion
In this study we have seen the importance of differential, its working and different types of it
and how they are different than each other and its usefulness according to the requirement in
automobile. In automobile and other wheeled vehicles, normally the differential allows each of
the driving wheels to rotate at different speeds, while supplying equal torque to each of them.
Apart from the standard differential the other types like LSD, Torsen and locking differential are
used for avoiding traction problem. LSD prevents excessive power from being allocated to one
wheel, and thereby keeping both wheels in powered rotation.
Automobile Differential
Page 30
References
(1) Dr.N.K. Giri, Automobile Technology, pp 1173-1179
(2)Wikipedia-the free encyclopedia, “differential”, July, 2015,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_ (mechanical device)
(3) howstuffworks, a division of Info Space LLC-1998, http://auto.howstuffworks.com/
(4)Learn Engineering, Imajey consulting engineering pvt. Ltd. -2011,
http://www.learnengineering.org/2014/05/working-of-differential.html (straight/turn concept)
(5) R.K. Rajput, Automobile Engineering, pp 151-154
(6) Kirpal Singh, Automobile Engineering , vol. 1, pp 216-220
Page 30
References
(1) Dr.N.K. Giri, Automobile Technology, pp 1173-1179
(2)Wikipedia-the free encyclopedia, “differential”, July, 2015,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_ (mechanical device)
(3) howstuffworks, a division of Info Space LLC-1998, http://auto.howstuffworks.com/
(4)Learn Engineering, Imajey consulting engineering pvt. Ltd. -2011,
http://www.learnengineering.org/2014/05/working-of-differential.html (straight/turn concept)
(5) R.K. Rajput, Automobile Engineering, pp 151-154
(6) Kirpal Singh, Automobile Engineering , vol. 1, pp 216-220
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