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1. Title: Autopsy Room Hazards Here starts the lesson!

2. Contents Introduction - Overview of Autopsy Room Hazards - Importance of understanding risks in the autopsy room - Potential sources of infection for forensic pathologists and staff

3. Classification of Pathogens Hazard Group 1: Unlikely to cause human disease Hazard Group 2: Causes disease; hazard to employees but not community; treatable Examples: MRSA, VREF, Salmonella spp. Hazard Group 3: Causes severe disease; serious hazard; treatable Examples: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV, HBV, HCV, CJD prion Hazard Group 4: Causes severe disease; serious hazard; likely to spread; untreatable Examples: Ebola, Lassa, Marburg, Covid-19.

4. ‘High risk autopsy’ Is the postmortem examination of a deceased person who has had, or is likely to have had, a serious infectious disease that can be transmitted to those present at the autopsy, thereby causing them serious illness and/or premature death Significance of HG #3 and HG #4 Lack of medical records or inadequate information Risks from unknown infections and hospital-acquired infections

5. Definitions Risk: Chance of acquiring a blood-borne infection from sharp injuries (HBV, HIV) Hazard: Danger posed by instruments like knives, saws, or needles High-Risk Autopsy: Postmortem of a deceased with a serious infectious disease

6. Routes of Infection in the Autopsy Room Infection Routes: Wound contamination (e.g., scalpel, needle-stick injuries) Splashing infected blood on open wounds Contact with mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth) Inhalation and ingestion of aerosolized particles

7. Commonly Acquired Infections Hepatitis B (HBV) High transmission rate, preventable by vaccination Increased risk for forensic pathologists Hepatitis C (HCV) Significant risk from needle-stick injuries Tuberculosis (TB) High risk of transmission during autopsy Airborne droplets, more infectious postmortem

8. HIV Infection Risks Low but Present Risk Viable HIV found in various tissues up to 5 days after death Risk factors: deep injuries, needle-stick injuries with visible blood Suspected cases: Male homosexuals, IV drug users, etc.

9. Miscellaneous Infections Streptococcus pyogenes Gastrointestinal organisms (including hepatitis) Neisseria meningitidis

10. Universal Work Precautions Access and Immunization Restriction of unauthorized person Immunization against tetanus, poliomyelitis, TB, hepatitis B Precautions for immunosuppressed or immunodeficient individuals Protective Clothing Full-sleeve overalls, head cap, N95 masks, goggles, double gloves, waterproof boots Plastic visor for eye protection

11. Handling Sharp Instruments Safety Measures Use of blunt scissors, minimal sharp instruments Avoidance of needles where possible Proper disposal of sharp items in puncture-resistant containers

12. Specimen Handling and Disposal Proper Labelling and Fixation 10% formalin solution for fixation Gloves for handling specimens Disposal Procedures Use of glutaraldehyde for instrument sterilization Incineration of soiled materials Special handling for laundry materials

13. Clean-up Procedures Blood and Body Fluid Spills Wipe with disposable tissues, clean with 1% bleach solution Disinfection Use of sodium hypochlorite, Betadine, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and other disinfectants

14. Accidental Injuries Immediate Response Washing and disinfecting wounds Reporting and testing for HIV and HBV Counseling and follow-up testing

15. Autopsy and Disposal of Radioactive Corpse Radiation Safety Protective clothing and long-handled instruments Proper disposal and handling of radioactive materials Special procedures for high-radioactivity cases

16. precautions Importance of precautions to prevent infection - Role of protective measures and proper handling in autopsy safety - Continuous education and awareness for autopsy personnel

17. Table of Contents! Overview Describe here the topic of the section Assignment Describe here the topic of the section Topic Features Describe here the topic of the section About the Topic Describe here the topic of the section

18. 01 OVERVIEW You can enter a subtitle here if you need it

19. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun and also the fourth-largest by diameter in the entire Solar System Introduction

20. —Someone Famous “This is a quote. Words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired.” Book Title. P52

21. You can replace this picture if you wish You can explain here what is the topic about You can explain here what is the topic about You can explain here what is the topic about You can explain here what is the topic about You can explain here what is the topic about What Is This Topic About?

22. Definition of Concepts Exam content Mercury Mercury is the smallest planet Mars Despite being red, Mars is a cold place Saturn It’s composed of hydrogen and helium Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun

23. Features of the Topic Venus is the second planet from the Sun Mercury It’s the closest planet to the Sun Jupiter It’s the biggest planet Mars Mars is actually a cold place

24. 10% Despite being red, Mars is a cold place 50% Saturn is the ringed planet and a gas giant 40% Venus has a beautiful name, but it’s hot

25. Practical Uses of This Subject Venus is the second planet from the Sun Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Jupiter It’s a gas giant and the biggest planet

26. Did You Know This? Factor 1 To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and replace this 35% Mercury is the smallest one 65% Jupiter is the biggest one Factor 2 Factor 3

27. 31,500 Big numbers catch your audience’s attention

28. Problem Neptune is the fourth-largest planet in the Solar System Solution Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System

29. Process Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Venus has a beautiful name Saturn is the ringed planet Mercury is the smallest planet Mars is a cold place

30. Insert Your Multimedia Content Here Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place full of iron oxide dust

31. Overview Diagram 30% Mercury is smallest one Venus is the second one Mars is a cold place Saturn has rings

32. Locations Mars is a cold place Saturn has rings

33. A Picture Reinforces the Concept

34. Data Review Study 1 Study 2 Study 3 0.3 1.2 4.5 1.4 0.6 7.8 Study 1 Study 2 Study 3 2.5 6.9 1.6 3.5 7.7 1.8

35. Review of Concepts Mercury Mercury is the Smallest planet Venus Venus has a beautiful name Mars Mars is actually a cold place Jupiter It’s a giant and the biggest one Saturn Saturn is the ringed one Neptune Neptune is the farthest planet

36. Exercise Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun

37. Assignment Which planet has a beautiful name and is the second one from the Sun

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