aviation law.pdf Aviation Management Aviation

Aviation law and regulations

1. AIR LAW |

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2. LECTURE ONE: ORIGINS AND RULES

1 The History of Air Law

2 Doc 7300 - the basis of all air law

3: The UK Rules of the Air Regulations

4. Visual and Instrument Meteorological Conditions
5. Visual Flight Rules & Instrument Flight Rules

6. Airspace Classification

Te Airways, CTAs, CTRs, ATZs, MATZs

8. Other Airspace Hazards

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3. WHERE DOES AVIATION LAW COME FROM?

UK
AIR AIR
AERONAUTICAL
INFORMATION NAVIGATION NAVIGATION
PACKAGE ORDER REGULATIONS
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4. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANISATION (ICAO)

Paris Convention 1919

Mainly European nations to establish post-war
principles for aviation law and procedures

Chicago Convention 1944

International authorities place moral obligation to
provide safe and efficient ground and flight
organisations within territories

Montreal 1947

International Civil Aviation Organisation
(ICAO) established to promote aviation
standards and a standard set of practices

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5. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANISATION (ICAO)

Although standardised procedures there are some big differences!

For example - Eastern Europe — height based on metres, western
countries height based on feet

Broad principles are laid down in DOC 7300

It is up to each country whether they implement each article

Of 96 articles there are a few that are important to the
private pilot...

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6. DOC 7300

Art 1 - Sovereignty
Each contracting state has exclusive sovereignty over the
airspace above its territory

Art 2 - Territory

Territory is both land and territorial waters over which the nation
has sovereignty

Art 5 — Right of non-scheduled flight

Each state will allow aircraft from all other contracting states to
land without permission (non-scheduled) or to overily their
territory. They may require over-flights to follow specific routeings

Art 10— Customs airports

Astate may require a aircraft entering to land, or departing
airspace to take-off, at a customs airport
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7. DOC 7300 - continued

Art 11 — Applicability of regulations
An aircraft must obey the regulations of the state it is flying in
Art 12 — Rules of the Air
Each state will ensure that all aircraft follow their rules of the air.

Over high seas the convention law applies.

Art 13 — Entry and Clearance Regulations

All regulations regarding entry, clearance, immigration, passports,
customs and quarantine must be adhered to by pilots, passengers,
crew and cargo

Art 16 -— Search of Aircraft

Every state has the right to search an aircraft landing from another
state or prior to its departure and to check documents

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8. DOC 7300 - continued

Art 22 - Facilitation of Formalities

Each state will ensure that formalities do not delay an aircraft unduly
Art 23 — Customs and Immigration Procedures

Each state shall establish customs and immigration procedures
which are in accordance with international principles

Art 24 — Customs Duty

Fuel, Oil, Spare Parts and regular equipment on board an aircraft
(and not being unloaded) shall be exempt from duty.

Art 29 — Documents to be Carried on Aircraft

All aircraft on international flights shall carry:
Certificate of Registration

Certificate of Airworthiness

Crew Licences

Journey Logbook

Radio Licences

Passenger list

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Cargo Manifest

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9. DOC 7300 - nearly there!

Art 30 — Aircraft Radio Equipment

Radio equipment must be licensed by the state of registration and
should only be used by crew members licensed to do so

Art 31 - Certificate of Airworthiness
Aircraft shall have a valid C of A from their State of Registration

Art 32 — Licences of Personnel
Pilots shall have licences from the state of aircraft registration. Each
state has the right to recognise flight crew licences from other states.
Art 33 — Recognition of certificates and licences
If standards are ICAO then states should recognise C of As and
Flight crew licences from other contracting states
Art 34 — Journey Logbooks

All aircraft flying internationally shall carry details of aircraft, crew and
each journey
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10. DOC 7300 - destination in sight...

Art 35- Cargo Restrictions
Weapons or munitions of war must not be carried. On grounds of
safety or public order other items may be prohibited by a state
Art 36 — Photographic Equipment

States may chose to prohibit or restrict airborne photography over
its territory

Art 37 — Adoption of International Standards and Procedures
Each state will do its best to implement a uniform set of regulations,
standards and procedures
Art 39 — Endorsement of Certificates and Licences

Any failure to meet international standards shall be endorsed on
aircraft documents and/or flight crew licences

Art 40 — Validity of Endorsed Certificates and Licences
If a licence permits it, a licence may be used internationally

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11. DOC 7300 - Annex 7

Aircraft Registration

All aircraft shall display nationality
markings

The format, font and size of the
lettering is laid down and shall appear
on the underside of the left wing as well
as on the fuselage on both sides

Identification plates with the
aircraft identity on are required
and made from fireproof
material and should be near the
main entrance

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12. DOC 7300 - Annex 8

The Certificate of Airworthiness confirms that
an aircraft is considered airworthy in terms of
design, construction, materials, equipment
and flying performance

| The C of Ais valid for 3 years

| er = © Under EASA C of As are non-expiring and are
= 2 maintained in force by an Airworthiness
Review Certificate (ARC)

Operating limitations will be noted in the flight manual or placarded on the
aircraft. These may be loading, structural, or powerplant.

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13. PRACTICE QUESTION!

“If you want to fly your aircraft internationally, your licence must be issued (or
rendered valid by) who?”

The State of Registry

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14. PRACTICE QUESTION!

“If you land in another country, do they have the right to search your aircraft?”

Yes, but without causing undue delay

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15. PRACTICE QUESTION!

“If an aircraft lands in the territory of a contracting state, are the oil and spare
parts on board subject to duty?”

No

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16. PRACTICE QUESTION!

“Where would you find the limitations of an aircraft as approved?”

In the flight manual and on placards in the cockpit

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17. UNITED KINGDOM INTEGRATED AERONAUTICAL PACKAGE

GEN 0
GEN 1

National
Regulations &
Requirements

GEN 2
Tables and Codes

GEN3

Services

GEN 4
Charges for
Aerodromes /
Heliports and Air
Navigation

Services

ENR 0
ENR 1

General Rules and
Procedures

ENR 2
ATS Airspace

ENR 3 ATS

Routes

ENR 4
Navigation Aids

ENR 5
Nav Warnings

ENR6

En-route charts

ADO
AD 1

Aerodromes /
Heliports

Introduction

AD2

Aerodromes

AD3
Heliports

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18. RULES OF THE AIR REGULATIONS

Annex 2 of the ICAO Convention on Civil Aviation

Applies to all aircraft within UK

Applies to all UK registered aircraft
UK Rules of the Air Regulations 2007

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19. UNITED KINGDOM INTEGRATED AERONAUTICAL PACKAGE

The AIP then has Aeronautical Information Circulars — (AIC)

Admin Operational
& Air Traffic
Services

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20. LOW FLYING 1

(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 5)

FAILURE OF A POWER UNIT
An aircraft shall fly high enough to be able to land without

causing damage to persons or property in the event of a
= power unit failure

500 FOOT RULE

An aircraft shall not fly closer than 500 feet to any
person, vessel, vehicle or structure

1000 FOOT RULE
An aircraft shall not fly within 1000 feet of the highest

fixed obstacle within 600m of the aircraft in a congested
area

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21. LOW FLYING 2
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 5)

LAND CLEAR RULE
des, An aircraft shall fly at a height to enable it to land clear of a

congested area in the event of a power unit failure

FLYING OVER OPEN-AIR ASSEMBLIES
An aircraft shall not fly within 1000 feet of an open-air
assembly of 1000 people or more and be able to glide clear

& TAKING-OFF OR LANDING NEAR OPEN-AIR ASSEMBLIES An
La aircraft shall not take off or land within 1000 metres of an open-air

ssp assembly of 1000 people or more unless at an aerodrome

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22. LOW FLYING - EXCEPTIONS
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 6)

The low flying rules would appear to make it illegal to land! There are
exceptions:

500 FT RULE - Does not apply when landing or taking off in
accordance with normal aviation practice
Does not apply to police aircraft
Does not apply to Gliders hill soaring Does not
apply to an aircraft legally dropping articles Does not apply to
helicopters operating with normal practice

1000 FT RULE - Does not apply to Special VFR flights
Does not apply to police aircraft
Does not apply Balloons / Helicopters

Also authorised display aircraft are exempt from the
500 ft rule if they are within 1000m of the spectators PPLAIR LAW

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23. COLLISION AVOIDANCE
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 8)

No aircraft shall fly in such proximity to another

> aircraft as to create a danger of collision

Give way to No formation flying unless both agree!
=> The aircraft with right of way should
L maintain height and speed
Give way to

- Aircraft give way to less manoeuvrable aircraft

IR

ive way to: n x % à
Glider-Tug combinations are seen as 1 aircraft

Police aircraft are exempt

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24. RIGHT OF WAY - AIRBORNE

(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulations 9-11)

CONVERGING NW
The aircraft with the other on its > E x

right shall give way

APPROACHING HEAD ON
: Both aircraft shall turn to the right
N
4 N
OVERTAKING
The aircraft being overtaken has
right of way. The overtaking aircraft
shall pass clear to the right PPLAIR LAW

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25. RIGHT OF WAY — ON THE GROUND

(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 42)

CONVERGING

A The aircraft with the other on its
> N right shall give way

APPROACHING HEAD ON K
Both aircraft shall turn to the right if
N

OVERTAKING
4 on The aircraft being overtaken has
Pd right of way. The overtaking aircraft
/ shall pass clear to the left
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26. LANDING AND TAKING OFF

(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 14)

Take-off and Landing shall be as indicated (or into wind if no
direction indicated)

An aircraft shall not land on a runway which is occupied by another
aircraft unless specifically cleared

Unless cleared, an aircraft shall move clear of the runway as
soon as possible

Where landing or taking off is not confined to a runway, aircraft shall
keep to the left of other aircraft on the ground

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27. AEROBATICS

(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 15)

An aircraft shall not carry out any
aerobatic manoeuvre over a
congested area of a town, city or
settlement

An aircraft requires permission of
ATC to conduct aerobatics within
controlled airspace

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28. RIGHT HAND TRAFFIC RULE
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 16)

When following a line feature (coast,
road, railway line etc) an aircraft
shall fly so that the feature is on its
left

i.e. Fly to the right!

Does not apply in controlled
airspace if given an instruction

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29. SPEED LIMITS

(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 21)

Below FL 100
Unless:

Class A airspace
Class B airspace
Class C airspace
Class D airspace IFR
Flying exhibitions / displays
ZONE With CAA permission

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30. AIRCRAFT SIGNALS
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulations 45-55)

WHITE LANDING
LIGHT
on nose or on wing

RED ==
NAVIGATION GREEN
LIGHT NAVIGATION
port side F LIGHT
| | starboard side
FLASHING BEACON
If fitted must be
WHITE working any time
NAVIGATION lengine(s) running
LIGHT
on tail

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31. AIRCRAFT SIGNALS

70° either
side

360°

Rear Anti-Collision Light must be on and
working when engine(s) are running if fitted to
the aircraft

If any light fails that is required the
aircraft must not get airborne.

If already airborne, aircraft must land as
soon as is practical

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32. OTHER AIRCRAFT LIGHTS FOR NIGHT

T
J

SY

GLIDERS
Steady red light
visible in all
directions

HOT AIR
BALLOONS
5m and 10m steady
red lights visible in
all directions

AIRSHIPS
Lights as per
aeroplanes

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33. AIRCRAFT SIGNALS

Knowing the lights on aircraft is important for collision avoidance at night

“Green to green all
is serene”

“Green to red you
could be dead”

AN
Am |
fi A + >
Mo — \
| y
y
AN 4
A 1 +
y «
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34. AIRCRAFT INTERCEPTION eier
ICAO Convention article 9

CAA Safety Sense Leaflet 11 contains all the ICAO
interception procedures

Schedule 11 ofthe ANO requires all UK aircraft to
carry a copy of these interception procedures on all
international flights

Interception procedures are a “last resort” for security purposes.

However, being shot down is the next step. So not
exactly a “last resort”!

Ensure you are familiar with this leaflet if you are
making an international flight

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35. PRACTICE QUESTION!

“On a Special VFR Flight (SVFR) which of the low flying rules does not apply?”

The 1000 ft rule

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36. VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Inside Controlled Airspace (Class C, D & E)

Visibility minimum:

5km below FL100 DS

8km above FL100 .
1,000 ft vertically
clear of cloud

nn

1500m horizontally
clear of cloud

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37. VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Outside Controlled Airspace (Class F & G) Above
3,000 ft amsl

Visibility minimum:

5km below FL100 IS

8km above FL100

1,000 ft vertically
clear of cloud

——————

1500m horizontally
clear of cloud

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38. VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Outside Controlled Airspace (Class F & G)
Below 3,000 feet amsl

Clear of
Cloud

Visibility 5km (A
(3km for IMC rated) N
(1500m if below 140 kts IAS)

In sight of the
surface

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39. VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) are weather conditions which allow flight
under the Visual Flight Rules (VFR)

Bear in mind that these minima may be less restrictive than
your licence privileges

In this case — the more restrictive condition applies

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40. JAA PPL WEATHER MINIMA
UK Air Navigation Order Schedule 9

(3). The holder may not
; oe eae A PPL(A) holder must,
@) unless the lsence includes an instrument rating (aeroplanel or an instrument mus
meteorological conditions rating (aeroplanes), Ilya pilot in command of such an therefore, always be in sight of
aeroplane
@ ona flight outside controlled airspace when the flight visibility is less than the surface
three km;

Gi) ona special VFR flight in a control zone ina flight visibility of less than 10km
except on a route or in an aerodrome traffic zone notified for the purpose of You must have at least 3km
this sub-paragraph; or eee

Gi) out of sight of the surface; visibility

(bl unless the licence includes an instrument meteorological conditions rating
aeroplanes), fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of such an aeroplane flying in ini
Class D or E airspace in circumstances which require compliance with the The VMC minima of 1500m
Instrument Flight Rules, DOES NOT apply to you!

“Special VFR” allows flight in Class A airspace that would normally be
unavailable to a VFR pilot. A PPL(A) holder needs 10km visibility to fly a special
VFR (SVFR) routeing

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41. INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) are weather conditions which require
flight under the Instrument Flight Rules

An easy one! — if it's not VMC then it must be IMC!

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42. VISUAL FLIGHT RULES INSIDE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 27)
CLASS A

No VFR flight is permitted inside Class A airspace

Special VFR may be available on certain routes
within certain Class A CTRs

VER FLIGHT
NOT
PERMITTED

SVFR AVAILABLE
IN CTRs

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43. VISUAL FLIGHT RULES INSIDE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

CLASS C CLASS D CLASS E
Separation
Tratfic Info. ame ee
VMC Minima
Speed Limit

Radio required?

Clearance
required?

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44. VISUAL FLIGHT RULES OUTSIDE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 28)

CLASS F CLASS G
Separation from other traffic not

provided unless under a
PARTICIPATING TRAFFIC: deconfliction service

| Decontliction,
Traffic, Base

If below 140kts - Clear of cloud, in
sight of the surface with 5km
visibility required if below 3000ft agl

Speed limit applies

Radio not required

ATC Clearance not Required
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45. VISUAL FLIGHT RULES OUTSIDE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

CLASS F & G AIRSPACE EXCEPTIONS

VER flight is still possible with in-flight visibility down to 1500m

However! Without a valid IMC rating or Instrument Rating, a pilot
cannot fly in this because their licence does not allow flight in
visibility this poor.

“VFR on top” is used often to imply flight above a cloud layer
whilst still following the visual flight rules. This is ILLEGAL in
the UK and ILLEGAL by anyone with a UK licence

You must always adhere to the most restrictive regulation

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46. INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulations 32-37)

FLIGHT PLAN

Before taking off from controlled airspace or flying
into controlled airspace a flight plan must be filed

POSITION REPORTS
must be made where required, and all ATC

clearances and notified procedures shall be
complied with

5nm
=]

MINIMUM HEIGHT RULE
Must be at least 1000ft above the highest
fixed obstacle within 5nm of the aircraft

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47. INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES

QUADRANTAL HEIGHT RULE SEMI-CIRCULAR HEIGHT RULE
Below 19,500 feet Above 19,500 feet
Less than 360° 000" Lessthan360* 000°

mo
Less than 270*

180° Less than 180"

(Above 41,000 intervals
are 4000 feet) PPLAIR LAW
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48. CHOICE OF VFR OR IFR
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 20)

pl à pa IN CLOUD? (IMC)
You must fly IFR

4
», a o VISUAL CONDITIONS? (VMC)
7 ‘4 You can chose VFR or IFR

AT NIGHT?
You must fly IFR

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49. CLASSIFICATION OF AIRSPACE

CLASS A
Airways
Terminal Manoeuvring Areas (TMA).
Controlled Zones (CTR)
Controlled Areas (CTA)

CLASS B
Upper Airspace
FL245 (24,500 ft) and above

CLASS C
FL195 (19,500 ft) and above
VFR Lanes available

CLASS D
Some CTR / CTAs
Scottish TMA 6000 ft +
Some ATZs

CLASS E
Scottish TMA below 6000 ft
Belfast TMA

Controlled Airspace

Uncontrolled Airspace

CLASS F
Advisory Routes
Requires Flight Plan
All aircraft receive ATC Advisories

CLASS G
“Open FIR”
Everything Else

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50. CLASSIFICATION OF AIRSPACE

A E

cía [E] 2500-1165

E
cu [E] 2500-3500

o allen

ru [EJ 2000-6000

sa
wo E

O =———r

CLASS A- IFR only and all flights controlled and separated
by ATC at all times

CLASS C - IFR 8 VFR. Flights controlled. Separation
provided for IFR traffic only. VFR gets information.

CLASS D - IFR & VFR. Flights controlled. Separation
provided for IFR/IFR only. Information for and
about VFR flights

CLASS D — IFR 8 VFR. Flights controlled. Separation
provided for IFR/IFR only. Other information
available if practicable

CLASS F — IFR & VFR. Participating IFR get advisory
service. All others get information as requested

CLASS G - IFR & VFR. Traffic Information available if
requested

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Note - there is no Class B airspace in the UK zz

51. AIRSPACE — AIRWAYS

Airways are a form of Control Area but in a corridor

Always based on navigational aids (usually as a centreline of the airway)

Airways are identified (e.g. A25, R8) and is 5nm either side of a centreline

All Airways are Class A airspace

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52. AIRSPACE — TERMINAL CONTROL ZONE (TMA)

ATMA (from previous “terminal manoeuvring area”) is established where many
airspace routes converge in the vicinity of a major aerodrome

4 in the UK — London (Class A)
Manchester (Class A)

Belfast (Class E)

Scottish (Class D)

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53. AIRSPACE — CONTROL ZONE (CTR)

ACTR is airspace around certain aerodromes where ATC is provided to all flights
CTRs extend from ground level to a specified level

Minimum dimension is 5nm either side of the centre of the aerodrome’s
approach path

Example: Edinburgh CTR,
H ! Newcastle CTR, Belfast CTR

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54. AIRSPACE — CONTROL AREA (CTA)

Airspace which begins above ground level from a specified level to a

specified level

Examples in UK — Daventry and Worthing CTA
I

\
= olfanan Tees
CTA VALLEY
4500-FL55 CTRI

SCA

78-425

I rust

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55. AIRSPACE — AERODROME TRAFFIC ZONES (ATZ)

ATZs take on the airspace classification from the airspace they are found
Standard dimensions 2000 ft above ground level, 2nm radius from longest r/w

If longest r/w is over 1850m then radius is 2.5nm

Traffic must have permission to fly in an ATZ and maintain a
listening watch

2000 ft agl

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2nm or 2.5nm radius —

56. AIRSPACE — MILITARY AERODROME TRAFFIC ZONES (MATZ)

Specified airspace around a military aerodrome
Clearance is not required to enter a MATZ but it is poor airmanship

The ATZ within a MATZ is still controlled airspace

Dimensions: 5 nm radius, 5nm long stub

Anm wide stub
5,5,4,3, 2,1!
3,000 ft agl 2,000 tt
deep stub 1,000 ft
from ground to base of stub
| 2,000 ft
3,000 ft agl
4 nm wide
5nm radius 5 nm long PPLAIR LAW

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57. AIRSPACE — DEPICTIONS ON CHART EXAMPLE

SA

Standard 2nm ATZ

Class À LTMA

Class D CTR

It is worthwhile
taking the time to
study your chart and
the legend!

2.5 nm ATZ = R PPLAIR LAW
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58. AIRSPACE — PROHIBITED, RESTRICTED AND DANGER AREAS

PROHIBITED AREAS are areas in which flight is prohibited
Defined upper limit is given on the chart

RESTRICTED AREAS are areas in which flight is restricted according to
certain criteria (for example, apply only to helicopters)

DANGER AREAS are areas in which activities dangerous to flight occur

A Danger Area Crossing Service
(DACS) is available for some
Danger Areas and all have a

Danger Area Activity Information

Service (DAAIS)

Solid Lines indicate permanent
airspace, pecked lines are activated
by NOTAM

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59. AIRSPACE — OTHER HAZARDS

.ooo.o.o..o.oo Areas of Intense Aerial Activity (AIAAs) — known
busy areas. A contact frequency will be indicated

High-Intensity Radio Transmission Area (HIRTA) —
can lead to interference and damage to radio and
navigation equipment and may be hazardous to
health (but only for the boys!)

Parachute Drop Site — freefall parachutists can be
expected in a circle radius 1.5 or 2nm up to FL150.
Night operations are also likely

O Gas Venting - pilots are advised to avoid

vr
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60. AIRSPACE — OTHER HAZARDS

Permanent Laser emission sites — advised to avoid
LASER SITE/UNL

(a) Gliding Site with maximum height agl winch launch
RS

ON

Gliding site with winch launch and other activity

(0) Gliding site without winch launch but with other activity
E) Hang-gliding or Para-gliding activity
ate
AIR NAVIGATION OBSTACLES 1978"
Exceptionally High Obstacle (Lighted) 1000ftor more AGL..... o …. 1081)

Single Obstacle (Unlighted).

» sá Y ei
Multiple Obstacle (Lighted). . exon o a à (505)
Cable joining Obstacks. A mes cables

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61. Lecture | Complete
Any Questions?

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62. AIR LAW II

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63. LECTURE TWO: ATC, ALTIMETERS, AERODROMES, ACCIDENTS & LICENCES

1. Air Traffic Services

2. Basic, Traffic, Deconfliction & Procedural RT Services
3: Air Traffic Services Emergencies

4. Altimeter Setting Procedures

5. Aerodromes: Approach and Definitions

6. Aerodromes: Signals

7. Accidents & Incidents, Search & Rescue

8. Licensing

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64. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

Prevention of Collision
between aircraft on the
ground or in the air

So why do we need Air Traffic
Control?

Prevention of Collision
between aircraft and objects at
aerodromes

Expedite and maintain an
orderly flow of traffic

Provide advice and
information for the safe and
efficient conduct of flights

Notification of and Cooperation
with Search and Rescue

Plus — someone to talk to!
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65. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

Area Control Centre (ACC) Services:

Air Traffic Control Service for IFR traffic in airways

Air Traffic Advisory Service for traffic on advisory routes
Flight Information Service and Alerting Service

Distress and Diversion Service

Aerodrome Traffic Services:
Air Traffic Control for traffic in ATZ or in the vicinity
Aerodrome Control / Approach Control on busy aerodromes
Flight Information Services: (FIS)

Air / Ground Radio Stations
Safetycom (134.75)

Open FIR Air Traffic Services

Lower Airspace Radar Service (LARS)
Available up to and including FL195 within 30nm of the
nominated unit PPLAIR LAW

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66. FLIGHT INFORMATION REGIONS

UK airspace is divided into 2 Flight
Information Regions — Scottish and London

FIRs extend up to 24,500 ft (FL245)

Upper Information Regions (UIRs)
extend above this with the same sub-
divisions

Within this, airspace is sub-divided
into 7 classes (A-G) and then also
other areas and zones...

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67. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

The type of ATC provision depends upon types of traffic involved, density of
traffic and meteorological conditions

At Wycombe Air Park we have a full tower provision due to the mix of traffic —
high wing light aircraft, low wing light aircraft, helicopters and gliders

At weekends and on other busy days / periods there are two frequencies in
use - Ground and Tower

weer Wycombe Air Park is regularly logged as being
: busier than London Heathrow airport!

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68. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

There are 4 levels of service you can request from a controller:

BASIC SERVICE
TRAFFIC SERVICE
DECONFLICTION SERVICE

PROCEDURAL SERVICE

Which service you ask for depends on the level of service you require,
your flight conditions and the station you are communicating with

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69. BASIC SERVICE

conduct of flights

Advice and information useful to the safe and efficient

Aimed to give the pilot maximum autonomy

Pilot responsible for:

ATC responsible for:

Avoidance of Traffic
Terrain Clearance

level without
the controller

Change heading, route or
advising

No requirements for
monitoring flights or giving
traffic information

Have pressure setting
information if asked

Available to IFR and VFR but probably not appropriate for IMC

PPLAIR LAW

—=>

70. TRAFFIC SERVICE

Radar Based Service where the basic service is added to
by radar-derived traffic information

Only available from controllers with radar

Pilot responsible for: ATC responsible for:
Traffic Avoidance Identification of Aircraft
Terrain Clearance Relevant traffic information
Navigation Headings / Levels for
5 sequencing but not
Level selection deconfliction
Available to IFR and VFR - advise controller if you are VMC if PPLAIR LAW

given a heading or level that requires flight into cloud a à

71. DECONFLICTION SERVICE

Requires 5nm la

separation minima

Surveillance based service so controller can control traffic
through heading or level instruction and to achieve

eral separation ad 3,000 feet vertically.

Pilot responsible for:

ATC responsible for:

Terrain Avoidance

Traffic Avoidance (if
instructions are not
followed)

Own navigation or
controlled nav

Identification of aircraft

Traffic information and
avoiding action

Heading and Level
instructions

or level instruction so not really suitable i

Available to IFR and VFR — you will need to accept any heading

you are VMC-only

PPLAIR LAW

—=>

72. PROCEDURAL SERVICE

Controller provides additional heading, level and time instructions
to achieve deconfliction from PARTICIPATING traffic

No radar facility so not all traffic will be avoided

Pilot responsible for: ATC responsible for:
Terrain Clearance No identification required
Obtain clearance to change | Deconfliction minima for
heading or level participating traffic
May issue squawks for
other radar controllers

PPLAIR LAW

Available to IFR and VFR but may require IMC flight — do not
accept a procedural service if IMC is not legal >

73. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

Remember that ATC are there for your benefit and not the
other way around!

You think a radar controller is seeing this...

The radar controller sees...

ATC is like Tetris — the sooner the
screen is clear the better!

If ATC instruct you to do something you are unable to do, would be illegal to
comply with, or you don't want to — tell them!
PPLAIR LAW

—=>

74. 73 people killed

75. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES: EMERGENCIES

The transponder in the aircraft sends
information regarding the aircraft position to
an interrogating ground station

If mode “C” is selected, it also sends
altitude information

7000 is used as the code in the UK for

conspicuity
7500 Hijack / Unlawful Interference «75 taken alive”
7600 Radio Failure “76 ina fix”

7700 Emergency “77 going to heaven”

PPLAIR LAW
a à

76. ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES: BASICS

As an aircraft gains altitude the
atmospheric pressure it is subjected to
DECREASES

Atmospheric

"|
Sealed

Aneroid
Cell

The altimeter senses pressure and
converts it to a scale displayed as feet

An altimeter is only as accurate as the
setting that has been selected

A subscale knob allows the pilot to
select a datum above which a vertical
displacement is shown

PPLAIR LAW
>

77. ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES

The UK has 20 altimeter setting regions

“Regional Pressure Setting” (RPS) is used rather than airfield pressure settings
Leads to better conformity of aircraft altimeter settings and reduces pilot workload

The actual QNH will always make the aircraft indicate higher than it is — this is on
the safe side

The RPS is updated every hour

PPLAIR LAW
—=

78. ALTIMETER SETTING REGIONS

The chart of the UK Regional
Pressure Setting Regions can
be found in the UK AIP En-
route Section

If things are going really
badly and you are really lost
there is one final option — the

colour code option

PPLAIR LAW
—

79. ALTIMETER SETTING REGIONS

TERRAIN ULEARANGE TABLE

i

pes

El spencinaco | zum | tre | am | on | ton | mm | zu | 2m
imum aide | an | zum | soon | an | zum | 2400 | 40e | ao
REGIONAL QNH [GREEN we]
1002 oF Above Fa Fa GES FES Fi Fo FLO ae
1014-1031 FLAS F125 suo | F0 Fs Fis | rw [73
905 1013 DES FL FLA Fs FL FLO Fue FLO
EEE Fuss HET CE | rim) EN Es | eus GES
30-976 Leo FL FL FLAS FLO FLO FL Feo
943-959 FLGS. FLAS FLED. FLSO FLAS. FL FILES ASS
T5 FLO suo Fuss Fuss FLO FLO FLO FLO

Highest Obstade

IMPORTANT - SET 10

13mb ON THE ALTIMETER SUB-SGALE TO FLY AT A

FLIGHT LEVEL.

Maimum Aude

REGIONAL GNH

1082 or Above

1014-1001

985-1013

577-504
EE
EXE

27-542

1. REMEMBER: Although

use the Regional QNH to obtain the Terrain Clearance Flight Level you must sat 1013mb on ths altimeter
sub-scales to fly at that Flight Level

2. Geographical minimum ait (5H) has been adjusted to 60K to allow for uncharted obstacles.

3. IMPORTANT: When lost or unoartain of your position always call the Distrass and Diversion esl on 121-SHHz at the sarlisst opportunity
4. For information on how to use this table referto AlCs.

PPLAIR LAW

Se

80. ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES: DEFINITIONS

QNH

“Nautical Height”
Mean Sea Level Pressure
Altimeter reads Altitude

QFE

“Field Elevation”
Aerodrome Surface Pressure
Altimeter reads Height (above that particular airfield)

Standard Pressure

1013.2 mb Pressure Level
Used when terrain clearance is no longer an issue
Altimeter reads Flight Level (FL)

PPLAIR LAW
a à

81. ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES: EXAMPLE

Different altimeter settings / readings but consistent level

4

Altitude Flight Height
Pr: Level 35 2,500 ft

QNH Standard QFE PPLAIR LAW
1030mb 1013mb 980mb =>

82. ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES: TRANSITION ALTITUDE

024. Aircraft Flying on 1013 mb (FL)
Transition Level o
o E
TRANSITION Unavailable — only for passage through
LAYER
/ ;
Transition Altitude as ‘
Aircraft Flying on QNH a
PPLAIR LAW

a à

83. ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES: FLIGHT LEVEL GRAPH

Step 1 — Draw a vertical line up from the QNH until it meets a slanted FL line

Step 2 — Read horizontally across to the equivalent altitude

Minimum Altitude (ft)

10000

3000

3000

7000

8000

5000

2000

3000

2000

41000

0

es

t
340 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010| 1020 1030 1040 1050mbs
10132

Magnetic Track

PPL AIR LAW
—====

84. ALTIMETER SETTING REGIONS
Complex Cross-country Flight

Above transition

Set 1013mb Descent below
loreif, MATZ set transition set
u than airfield RPS
nm away QFE Br
set RPS AG
| e" Land on
Take off on airfield QFE
airfield QNH we ln
> y
L
A = 24
Maly r
A
PPLAIR LAW

—=>

85. ALTIMETER SETTING REGIONS
Simple Cross-country Flight

More than Change to
20nm away next RPS
set RPS
Take off on >»
airfield QNH SA
my
Le ,
AG
L

Change to
next RPS
| Land on
airfield QFE
“ow”

a

PPLAIR LAW
= à

86. PRACTICE QUESTION!

“In the vicinity of an airfield, what pressure setting should be on the altimeter”

Airfield QNH

PPLAIR LAW
a à

87. FLIGHT IN THE VICINITY OF AN AERODROME

(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulations 12, 13)

An aircraft shall conform to, or keep clear of, the circuit pattern

All turns to the left unless otherwise indicated

ATC nominated landing order shall be followed

An aircraft on final approach has right of way over other
airborne or ground-based aircraft

Emergency traffic always has right of way and any previous
clearances are cancelled

PPLAIR LAW
a à

88. AERODROME APPROACH

When arriving at an airfield you
should make RT contact and comply
with instructions given

The normal method of joining a circuit
is the “standard overhead join” — more
of which later

Other methods of joining are:
downwind join, base leg join, long
final approach

In the US joining procedures are very different - make sure you understand the
procedures for the country you are flying in and for the airfield you are approaching

Information is available direct from each airfield, or use an
airfield guide such as Pooleys

PPLAIR LAW

—>

89. AERODROME APPROACH

PPLAIR LAW
>

90. NOTIFICATION OF ARRIVAL OR DEPARTURE

(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 17)

If an aerodrome knows you are on your
way and you change your mind or are
going to be more than 45 minutes late you
MUST inform them of this — whatever the
reason

You must tell your
departure airfield where
you intend landing

If you are exiting UK
airspace you must file a
flight plan

PPLAIR LAW
—>

91. RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITIONS

DAMP
Change in colour due to moisture

WET
Surface soaked but no standing water

WATER PATCHES
Significant standing water visible

FLOODED
Extensive standing water visible
PPLAIR LAW
—>

92. PRACTICE QUESTION!

“What does ‘WET’ mean when applied to a runway's condition?”

The surface is soaked but there is no standing water

PPLAIR LAW
a à

93. AERODROMES - ICAO TERMINOLOGY
TORA, TODA, Clearway

Clearway

<——— .

Take-off run available \ !
(TORA) | y

Take-off distance available . e ;
significan
(TODA) obstruction

PPLAIR LAW

—=>

94. AERODROMES - ICAO TERMINOLOGY

Take-off run available
(TORA) No stopway
: available

Y
o PAS

Accelerate-Stop Distance Available
(ASDA)

Take-off run available
(TORA) Stopway

—

q
. . significant
Accelerate-Stop Distance Available obstruction
PPLAIR LAW

(ASDA)
a à

95. AERODROMES - ICAO TERMINOLOGY

Landing Distance Available
(LDA)

PPLAIR LAW
a à

96. PRACTICE QUESTION!

“What is the take-off run available plus the clearway also known as?”

Take-off distance available

PPLAIR LAW
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97. SIGNALS SQUARE

These are becoming rarer each year but this is what you are looking for!

PPLAIR LAW

98. AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS — SIGNALS SQUARES
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulations 56-60)

deem.

] T White Signals “T”

Signifies landing direction — land towards the
cross arm parallel to the long section

+

dan

CO Jovem

White Signals “T” with white ball

Take-off and Landing directions not

Dimensions of T° necessarily the same
sare as Figure 1

PPLAIR LAW
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99. AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS

eS “y Sm WHITE DUMBELL
N Movement of aircraft shall be confined to

] paved, metalled or hard surfaced areas

— Y)
Dom
ay WHITE DUMBELL WITH BLACK STRIPES
( , | Landing on a runway but other movement of
| 4 aircraft shall NOT be confined to paved,
nl u metalled or hard surfaced areas

PPLAIR LAW
a à

100. AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS

|
" A RED AND YELLOW ARROW

2%,

yt
‘IT’ Signifies a right hand circuit is in force

RED SQUARE, YELLOW DIAGONAL

Signifies the state of the manoeuvring
area is poor and pilots should take
precautions

YeuowsTapon

RED BACKGROUND.

PPLAIR LAW

nz

101. AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS
|__|

RED SQUARE, YELLOW CROSS
Signifies aerodrome is unsafe. Landing prohibited.

‘YELOWSTRESON
REDEACHROUND

=] WHITE “H”

Helicopters must only land within the area
specified

PPLAIR LAW

nz

102. AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS

Ben

RED “L"
Light aircraft may land on the runway or on
un “ another (specified) area
ie
WHITE DOUBLE-CROSS
[| me Gliding is in progress

PPLAIR LAW
a à

103. AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS

Cc
L

YELLOW BACKGROUND

BLACK “C” ON YELLOW BACKGROUND

Indicates where the person in charge of the aerodrome
and/or ATC can be found. This is where you go to book
in/out of an airfeld and to pay landing fees

BLACK BALL ON MAST
Direction of Landing and take off may not coincide

RED / YELLOW CHEQUERED FLAG
Traffic may only move with permission of ATC

DOUBLE RED BALL

Glider flying is in progress PPLAIR LAW

—=>

104. AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS — TAXIWAY MARKING

DOUBLE WHITE CROSSES (or more)

Section of runway or taxiway marked is
unavailable

DOUBLE YELLOW SOLID, DOUBLE YELLOW
BROKEN LINES

Signify a runway entrance / exit. Do not cross the
solid lines first without permission. Can cross
broken line first to exit runway without permission

PPLAIR LAW

—=>

105. AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS — TAXIWAY MARKING

YELLOW “LADDER”

A holding point that requires permission from
ATC to cross

ORANGE AND WHITE FENCES

Signifies the edge of the usable area.
“> Beyond this area is unfit for the movement
of aircraft

PPLAIR LAW
a à

106. AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS — TAXIWAY MARKING

STRIPES OF EQUALMIDTA

te / ys. ORANGE AND WHITE MARKERS
\ \ \

Signifies the edge of the usable area.
Beyond this area is unfit for the movement
of aircraft. Used on unpaved areas.

ON STRUCTURES

» Signifies boundary of aerodrome

| ORANGE AND WHITE MARKINGS

were

PPLAIR LAW
—=>

107. AERODROMES - BEACONS

Civil Aerodrome beacons are GREEN

Military Aerodrome beacons are RED

They both flash in Morse code a 2-letter identifier for the airfield
For example, at Wycombe Air Park the green beacon

flashes “WP”

PPLAIR LAW
a à

108. AERODROME GROUND LIGHTS & MARKINGS

Surface markings are WHITE for runways and YE 110 for taxi-ways and aprons

Runway end
Taxi-way edge lighting lights are
is BLUE nidirectional
and RED
Runway side
Runway start lights are WHITE
lights are ur
unidirectional and thay entr core to
GREEN indicate approaching
the end
PPLAIR LAW

—=>

109. PRACTICE QUESTION!

“What colour are taxi-way markings and what colour are runway markings?”

Yellow for taxi-ways and white for runways

PPLAIR LAW
a à

110. AERODROME SIGNALS — LIGHT SIGNALS

(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 61)

Signal

Steady red light toaircraft
or vehicle as indicated.
Red flare from tower or
aircraft

Signal
Flashing red light to
aircraft or vehicle.

os
2

a

qr

Meaning
Do mot land. Give way
continue circling

Immediate assistance
required.

Stop.

Meaning
Do ret land: aerodrome
closed.

Mowe clear of landing
area.

PPLAIR LAW
>

111. AERODROME SIGNALS — LIGHT SIGNALS

Meaning
y» a Retum to aerodrome
a await landing clearance

Signal
Flashing green light to

aircraft or vehicle. 3
So Cleared to taximove on

the manceuwrirg area,

Meaning

ÀT Cksred to land.

Signal
Steady green light to
aircraft
Y. Cleared o tales

PPLAIR LAW
—====

112. AERODROME SIGNALS — LIGHT SIGNALS

5 Meaning
Signal . By night - may | land.
Steady or flashing green By day - may | landina

. a
arent it = direction different from
“ that indicated.

PPLAIR LAW

a à

113. AERODROME SIGNALS — LIGHT SIGNALS

PT Land here on receipt of
El steady green and await
White flashes to aimraft # further instructions.
orvehick.
y Tia Retum to starting point

on the aemdrome.

White flare from aircraft ÀT
or imegular switching of
navigation or banding
lights.

lar compelled to land.

j

PPLAIR LAW

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114. AERODROME SIGNALS — MARSHALLING

There are many marshalling signals used — here are the main ones...

QP eae
N

N

Straight ahead lurn Left Turn Right
(de N TEN
Y a À
| ‘oe | u
Stop Emergency Stop Brakes on / release
PPLAIR LAW

a à

115. ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS

Incident — An occurrence other than an accident
which affects or could affect the safety of
aircraft operation

Accident — An event in which the aircraft
sustains significant damage or causes
personal injury

Not considered an accident:

Injuries are from natural causes or self-inflicted
Any injury to a stowaway

Engine failure

Damage limited to propellers, wing tips,
antennae, tyres, brakes, fairings, dents

and punctures to aircraft skin

Aircraft is missing (SAR terminated) PPLAIR LAW

a à

116. ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS

In the UK, the aircraft commander must notify:

Chief Inspector of Air Accidents
Local Police

as soon as possible

PPLAIR LAW
—>

117. REPORTING HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS

(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 4)

Any aircraft encountering “hazardous conditions” shall notify the
nearest air traffic control unit as soon as possible

That unit is then responsible for giving the
information to any other traffic that may be affected

Examples of hazardous conditions — windshear,
clear air icing, un-forecast electrical storms etc.

PPLAIR LAW
a à

118. PRACTICE QUESTION!

“What does a red square with a yellow diagonal cross in a signals area signify
to an overflying aircraft?”

Landing prohibited

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119. FIRE & RESCUE SERVICES

You will soon become familiar with Wycombe Air Park’s fire crew because they
are also responsible for Fuelling and Aircraft handling

Hopefully for no other reason!

Their real job, however, is fire-fighting and rescue from aircraft

Our fire crew have to be able to get to any point on the airfield, following
an alarm, within 2 minutes all kitted up and ready to assist

PPLAIR LAW
=

120. FLIGHT PLANS

International Flight Plan

<=

<=

Required for flight in
Class À airspace
Controlled airspace IMC / Night
Controlled airspace IFR (IMC or VMC)
Class D IFR or VFR (usually done via RT)
Scottish or London UIRs
Crossing an FIR boundary

Think of a flight plan as a wish list — it is
what you want to happen on a flight

ATC may have other ideas!
Now submitted via the internet direct to
Eurocontrol

PPLAIR LAW

—=>

121. ALERTING SERVICE

The alerting service is only put into a “ready” state
if a pilot files a flight plan

When an aircraft gets airborne on a flight plan it is
essential that the parent unit gets the departure time.
This means the alerting service is now “armed”

If the aircraft fails to arrive within 30 minutes of the
flight-plan arrival time, the alerting service is
activated

An active alert leads to search and rescue

PPLAIR LAW
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122. SEARCH AND RESCUE

Alerting service available to all traffic known to Air Traffic Service Units (ATSU)

Action is normally initiated by the ATSU last in communication with the
missing aircraft

All action controlled by a Rescue Coordination Centre (joint civil / military)

The emergency frequency 121.5 MHz is constantly monitored

Auto-triangulation is available on this frequency

PPL AIR LAW
—====

123. SEARCH AND RESCUE

There are 3 phases of an operation:

UNCERTANTY
as soon as action is initiated.
Rescue Coordination Centre begins to coordinate all parties

ALERT
All Search and Rescue Units notified
Any necessary action notified

DISTRESS
SAR units initiate action
Last known position and circle of uncertainty established
operator notified
all adjacent rescue and ATC notified
All local traffic requested early for likely assistance
notify state of registry
notify appropriate accident investigation authorities

PPLAIR LAW
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124. SEARCH AND RESCUE

Standard ground-to-air Search and Rescue Visual Signals

V Require assistance

Understood by the
X Require medical assistance aircraft — rocking wings
(day time) or flashing
lights (night
> = Proceeding in this direction ights: (aight)

Y Yes / Affirm

N No / Negative

PPLAIR LAW

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125. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES: EMERGENCIES

URGENCY

The aircraft has an urgent message to transmit concerning the safety of a ship,
aircraft, vehicle or property, or of a person on board or within sight of the aircraft

“Pan” call should be made on the frequency in use or on 121.5 MHz

Examples: low fuel, pilot unwell, pilot unsure of position (lost)

DISTRESS
The aircraft is in imminent danger and requires immediate help

“Mayday” call should be made on the frequency in use or on 121.5 MHz

Examples: engine failure, pilot incapacitation, fire

PPLAIR LAW
a à

126. PRACTICE QUESTION!

‘What is the transponder code for hijack?”

7500

PPLAIR LAW
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127. STUDENT PILOTS!

JAR-FCL states that each nation’s authority should “ensure that the privileges
granted would not permit student pilots to constitute a hazard to aviation”!

Students may begin logging flight-time towards
licence issue at the age of 14

Students must be at least 16 years of age to fly solo

Student solo flights must have been authorised by
a qualified flight instructor

Students must hold a valid Class 1 or Class 2 medical
in order to fly solo

PPLAIR LAW

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128. INSTRUCTION IN FLYING

Instruction may only be given in flying by a pilot who holds a valid instructor rating

We will be talking with you about instructor
ratings later on in your course.

Some pilots may wish to complete their Fl
rating following their CPL training and delaying
their IR until they have some more hours

This may be a better option dependent on the
airline industry at the time!

PPLAIR LAW
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129. PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE

e LICENCE
LS From driving licence to flying licence you need:
ann a

Se paume
MR ES

cto ans

7 theoretical knowledge exams passed

45 hours total time .
RT practical exam passed

10 hours solo
Flying Skill test passed

5 hours cross-country solo

150nm cross-country solo flight
with 2 away landings

Previous flight time in any aircraft or other type of aircraft

licence may adjust these requirements with some form of credit
PPLAIR LAW

You don't have to have a driving licence! nz

130. PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE

You must be at least 17 years of age and
hold a Class 1 or Class 2 medical

A PPL allows the holder to act as Pilot in
Command or Co-pilot of any aircraft
engaged on a non-revenue flight

You will also need a Class or Type Rating
that relates to the aircraft being flown

There are also currency and weather
requirements — more of these later!

PPLAIR LAW
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131. PRACTICE QUESTION!

“Who has ultimate responsibility for anything that occurs on a flight”

The pilot in command

PPLAIR LAW
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132. GOT YOUR LICENCE — HOW DO YOU KEEP IT LEGAL?

All licences are issued for a maximum of 5 years

To get the licence re-issued you will need a valid class or type
rating and a valid medical. (And pay the CAA some money)

You will get your licence issued with a Single Engine Piston (Land) Rating
which is valid for 2 years.

To carry passengers you must have completed 3 take-offs and 3 landings in the
preceding 90 days

You need to keep this rating valid to fly single
engine aircraft on your licence.

There are a few ways of doing this:
PPLAIR LAW
—=

133. GOT YOUR LICENCE — HOW DO YOU KEEP IT LEGAL?

You must also keep your medical current

Class 2 medical is valid for 60 months if you are under 40
(24 months 40-49 and 12 months 50 and over)

Class 1 medical is valid for 12 months

Details are in JAR-FCL 3

PPLAIR LAW
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134. GOT YOUR LICENCE — HOW DO YOU KEEP IT LEGAL?

_ = Medical is current but....

Do you need to tell the
CAA?

You must not exercise the privileges of your licence if you are aware of any
decrease in your medical fitness which might render you unsafe

You must tell the CAA (via your AME usually) if you:

Are admitted into hospital for more than 12 hours
Have surgery or an invasive procedure
Are regularly using medication
Are newly needing corrective lenses
Any illness which means you are unfit to fly for more than 21 days

It is confirmed that you are pregnant
PPLAIR LAW

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135. GOT YOUR LICENCE — HOW DO YOU KEEP IT LEGAL?

Option 1

Year 1 — do as much flying as you please but NONE of it will count

towards revalidating your SEP rating

Year 2 — 12 hours flight time of which 6 hours solo flight time, 12
take-offs and landings, a flight of 1 hour duration with a
flight instructor.

Option 2
No hour requirement — just do a Skill Test with an examiner in the
second year.

This is also what you will need to do if your SEP rating expires.

Remember to get your SEP revalidated in your licence! PPLAIR LAW

—=>

136. LOGBOOKS!

You also must ensure that your logbook has your name and address written in it

You must total each page but ask an instructor how to do this — most people do
it the wrong way!

Each page should then be signed

You must surrender your logbook to the CAA if they request it. ALWAYS take
a photocopy if you are going to send your logbook anywhere.

If you lose your logbook you will need to re-write it and
get an affidavit from a solicitor confirming that it is
correct. This can be expensive and time-consuming

PPLAIR LAW
—=

137. LOGBOOKS!

You must fill in your logbook “at the earliest opportunity” after a flight has taken place

oe
+ EE LUS
L Snpeirere Ju tngee_ If Snge-trene | Peter | =z Remarks

= |
0.7

EEE EEE eo

Durations of flights in decimals (where 0.1 = 6 minutes.
Much easier to add up at the bottom of the page!

PPLAIR LAW
a à

138. LOGBOOKS!

Pilot's operating capacity:

Pilot in Command (PIC)
“The person who, for the time being, is in charge of piloting the aircraft
without being under the direction of any other pilot in the aircraft”

Pilot under Training (PuT)
A pilot undergoing training flying with a suitably qualified flying instructor

Pilot in Command under Supervision (PICUS)
Used by the CAA for denoting a test flight flown with an examiner which
was successful and where the examiner took no part in the control of
the aircraft

PPLAIR LAW
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139. LOGBOOKS!

Day or night?

Night is considered to be:

30 minutes after sunset until 30 minutes
before sunrise

Or

From the end of evening civil twilight until the beginning of morning civil
twilight on the following day

And you thought it was just
when it got dark!
PPLAIR LAW
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140. CLASS RATINGS

Single Engine Piston
(Land)

Multi Engine Piston
(Land)

Multi Engine Piston
(Sea)

Single Engine Piston
(Sea)

Sal = À
Single Engine Turboprop
Single Engine Turboprop (Sea)
(Land)
PPLAIR LAW

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141. TYPE RATINGS

Type ratings are required for:
All multi-pilot aircraft
All single-pilot multi-engine turboprop / turbojet aircraft
All single-pilot single-engine turbojet aircraft
Any other aircraft considered necessary

Military, ex-military, experimental or vintage aircraft

PPLAIR LAW
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142. INSTRUMENT RATINGS

JAR-FCL states that a pilot must not operate under IFR unless they hold an
instrument rating (or are a student flying with an instructor who holds an IR)

The UK disagrees!

In the UK on your PPL(A) you may fly under IFR outside controlled airspace
as long as you are VMC

You may add an IMC rating to your licence which will allow IFR flight in IMC under
certain conditions and in certain classes of airspace

This is all subject to
change under EASA

PPLAIR LAW
a à

143. LICENSING — STATE OF ISSUE

Your training may be completed in more
than one state

Your licence will be issued by one
member state who will then be the only
state who can alter your licence / add
ratings etc

You can change your state of issue to
another JAA state if that makes your life
easier!

This is most likely if you end up working
for an airline from another state
Eg. Ryanair = Irish Licence not UK

PPLAIR LAW
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144. PRACTICE QUESTION!

“What are the requirements for a PPL(A) holder to carry passengers?”

3 take-offs and landings in the preceding 90 days

PPLAIR LAW
a à

145. Syllabus complete
Any Questions?

PPLAIR LAW
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