AWareness of Anti Microbial resistance using the Foldscope.

Sharing Awareness about Antimicrobial Resistance with young adults using the Foldscope as a tool to enable them as change makers.

1. Dr. Anupma Harshal W. Woman in STEM, Foldscoper Consultant-Kotak Education Foundation, Mentor-Ashoka University LGP Date: 23 rd November 2023 Disease Diagnosis & Drug Development against Human Pathogens

2. Emerging infectious diseases {EID} pose a growing threat to global health. These diseases, often caused by novel pathogens, can lead to significant challenges in healthcare, surveillance, and drug resistance.

3. Disease Diagnosis & Drug Development 1 Emerging Infectious Diseases Understanding the nature of emerging infectious diseases and their potential impact on public health and society. 2 Antimicrobial Resistance Examining the concept of antimicrobial resistance and its significance in the healthcare landscape.

4. The Worldwide Consequences Healthcare Systems: Strain on resources and capacity. Economies: Economic burdens due to healthcare costs and lost productivity. Global Security: Threats to biosecurity and bioterrorism concerns.

5. Where do we stand as of today and what have we to combat these diseases…….

6. Five basic pillars of a successful fight against EID Prevention : to stop an outbreak before it occurs by taking effective measures to prevent the emergence of a new and dangerous pathogen. Containment : to eliminate the transmission of disease from infected individuals to susceptible individuals after a disease has emerged. Health services : to save the lives of people with the disease and ensure the continuity of other health services, including those for mental health. Equity : to ensure that economic and social burdens are shared among the population and that the most vulnerable groups and individuals are protected. Global innovation and diffusion : to develop, produce, and distribute new therapeutics and vaccines in an equitable and efficient manner.

7. Microorganisms multiply and grow over time 1 2 4 ∞

8. What AMR looks like?

9. AMR can lead to generation of superbugs, such as multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), that are difficult to treat

10. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A MICROBE HAS BECOME RESISTANT? When a microbe has become resistant it can be much harder to treat. This is because it can avoid antimicrobial medicines and continue to make people and animals sick. People and animals who catch a resistant infection may be ill for longer and they may need different types of medicines. Resistant infections can be more expensive to treat because people and animals may need different types of medicines and need to take the medicines for longer. Unfortunately, some resistant infections can avoid nearly all our medicines, this means people and animals can die. AMR and drug resistant infections were responsible for 1.3million human deaths in 2019!

11. A natural population of bacteria has some that are susceptible and some that are resistant

12. You start taking an antibiotic…

13. And the susceptible (weak) bacteria die first

14. You keep taking the antibiotic, more bacteria die

15. Until eventually only the resistant bacteria are left

16. You stop taking the antibiotic

17. The resistant bacteria reproduce

18. Now there are lots of resistant bacteria

19. If I take the antibiotic again, what happens?

20. Nothing! All the bacteria are resistant!

21. Comments/Observation/Suggestions…….

22. Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR ) Bacteria develop antimicrobial resistance by several mechanisms. Limiting uptake of a drug (natural) Modification of a drug target Inactivation of a drug Active efflux of a drug

23. Common causes 1. Overuse Physicians Incorrect diagnosis and Prescribing Antibiotics for Viral (Seasonal Flu) infections, 2 or more antibiotics together, unnecessary long courses of antibiotics Kills Resident Bacterias (Normal flora) Some are survived Antibiotic resistant genes Passing of these genes to Pathogenic bacterias Antibiotic resistance

24. Common causes 2. Misuse Patients Not finishing full course of antibiotics Misuse Leaving 1 or 2 doses Some bacteria not killed Resistance developed for future antibiotic treatment

25. Common causes 3. OTC antibiotics Antibiotics Available as OTC medicines Inappropriate use Overuse or Misuse Antibiotic resistance

26. Common causes 4. Healthcare Workers Hospital Healthcare Workers Not following infection control protocols Resistance transferred by bacteria swapping genes

27. Common causes 5. Hospitalized Patients Hospital Patients with compromised health Exposed to Pathogenic organisms Increased usage of different antibiotics Rapid development of Resistance

28. Common causes 6. Animal Feed Animal feed Mixed with antibiotics to prevent infections and to promote growth Resistant organisms in animals Spread to Human

29. Strategies to Address Antimicrobial Resistance Promote Appropriate Antibiotic Use Implementing educational campaigns to raise awareness about responsible antibiotic use among both healthcare professionals and the general public. Develop New Antibiotics Investing in research and development to discover novel antibiotics with a focus on combating resistant bacteria. Improve Infection Prevention and Control Strengthening infection prevention and control practices in healthcare settings to reduce the incidence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant infections.

30. Way forward…….. Research Developing new drugs and vaccines. International Cooperation Collaborative efforts among nations. Surveillance Monitoring and early detection. Public Awareness Educating the public about disease prevention.

31. When your "education" limits your imagination it's called indoctrination. Those who cannot think for themselves are truly lost. Education should be a rewarding experience which allows you to think, imagine, question, doubt and solve problems.

32. Lead the way others will follow……..

33. “ Remember, if you can prevent the fire, you’ll never use the fire extinguisher!” Seven Secrets pg. 38

34. Facebook-Anu Harshal Twitter- @dranuharshal Linkedin-Anupma Harshal