Azam 2 lecture 1june Introduction to policy ppt.pptx

Introduction to policy and understanding of policy

1. Capacity Building for Development of Policy Briefs: General Principles for NEDtP Members 25- 26 October 2021 Cairo, Egypt Introduction to policy : Policy, Public Policy, Education Policy Why are policies important Why certain policies are adopted Based on what factors are policies formulated

2. Outline U nderstanding policies Importance of policies Factors influencing policies

3. Understanding Policy Challenge starts from defining policies ! Policies are sometimes likened to “elephants” “ Defining policy is rather like the elephant – you know it when you see it but you cannot easily define it ” (Cunningham, 1963) Overlapping terms used interchangeably in different contexts! Policy, planning, strategy, management, politics Policy process is a crucial element in Educational Planning

4. What is A Policy? A definite course or method of action selected (by government, institution, group or individual) from among alternatives and in the light of given conditions to guide and, usually, to determine present and future decisions. Policy is a process as well as a product . It is used to refer to a process of decision making and also the product of that process. Policy as an output ; Here policy is seen as what government actually delivers e.g. Delivery of goods and services or enforcement. e.g. Education, Health, Agriculture etc.

5. What is POLICY? DEFINITION: Policy is a general guideline for decision making . According to Koontz and Weihrich, “ Policies are general s ta t e m e n t s o f u n d e rs t a n d i n g s w h ich guides or channelize thinking in decision making o f subordinates. Policy is only a framework within which decisions must be made . “ An explicit or implicit single decision or group of decisions which may set out directives for guiding future decisions, initiate or retard action, or guide implementation of Previous decisions” (Haddad & Demsky,1995)

6. Nature of Policy 1. Relationship to organization’s objectives: Policies are based on the objectives and they contribute towards the attainment of objectives. 2. Clarity of policy: P o lici e s ar e c le ar , d ef i ni t e a n d e x p licit l e a v i n g n o r oo m f o r interpretation. 3. Guideline towards decision making: Prescribes the criteria for current and future actions. 4.Policies are written: P o lici e s ar e s tar e d w ith precise covering of all anticipated conditions. 5.Consistency: Provides steadiness in various operations of an organization. 6. Balance of policy: Should maintain balance between stability and flexibility

7. Policy from a Holistic View translates vision to action a functional framework for staff actions statement of intentions to guide decision-making regulates how citizens live in a community

8. What is a social/public policy Courses of action adopted by governments and other important social organizations “Public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do” (Dye, 1972) Adoption or maintenance of an existing course of action Policy intention: “Health and health inequalities tell us a great deal about the good or bad effects of social policies” Michael Marmot Policy decisions in one sector interact with those in another e.g. Education and Health; Health and environment; health and housing ….

9. Educational Policy Education policy implementation is a complex, evolving process that involves many stakeholders and can result in failure if not well targeted. It is therefore crucial to understand it, clarify its determinants and explore ways in which it can be more transparent and effective.

10. Educational Policy Refers to the collection of laws and rules that govern the operation of education systems. Plans and strategies for education introduced by the government Actions taken by governments concerning educational practices and the delivery of education. It encompasses a wide range of issues, including equity, quality of learning outcomes, and system capacity to prepare students for the future. Education policy implementation is a complex, evolving process that involves many stakeholders and can result in failure if not well targeted. It is therefore crucial to understand it, clarify its determinants and explore ways in which it can be more transparent and effective.

11. Why Policy? Operationalize objectives. Save time and effort. Facilitate delegation of authority. Speedup decision making. Control administration.

12. Why are policies important? Policies are integral to the success of any organization Provide guidelines that help employees understand what is expected of them and how they should conduct themselves in different situations. Policies are frameworks Guide decision-making processes, Establish rules and procedures, and ensure compliance with laws and regulations. Provide a structure that all employees can follow, promoting consistency and clarity in the workplace. Policies help: to establish a culture of compliance, ensuring that all employees are aware of their responsibilities and obligations to mitigate risk by providing a clear set of guidelines for employees to follow, reducing the likelihood of errors or misconduct. to promote fairness and consistency by ensuring that all employees are held to the same standards and expectations.

13. Why are policies important ? Policies provide a clear and concise framework for employees to follow, ensuring that everyone agrees and is working towards the same goals. Imagine a workplace without policies. Chaos would reign, and employees would be left to make decisions on their own, with no guidance or direction. This lack of structure would lead to confusion, mistakes, and a lack of accountability. Policies are important for: ESTABLISHING CONSISTENCY AND CLARITY ENHANCING DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES ENSURING COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS AND REGULATIONS PROMOTING A POSITIVE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE

14. Why certain policies are adopted?

15. https://coggle.it/diagram/XwM3JrXjqLPP9VPH/t/factors-influencing-policy-adoption-decision Why certain policies are adopted

16. The Process of Adoption Formulated policies have to be adopted by relevant institutions of government in order to be put into effect. Adoption can be affected by the same factors that influence what issues move into the earlier phase of agenda building. For instance, policies that address the changed circumstances crises often bring can often be immediately adopted. Meanwhile, powerful interest groups can use their political influence to determine what policies are adopted. .

17. Based on what factors are policies formulated Public policy is a result of complex interactions among various stakeholders, each pushing for outcomes that align with their interests and objectives. The incremental nature of policy changes often results from these competing influences. Public policy is influenced by a variety of factors, including public opinion, economic conditions, new scientific findings, technological change, interest groups, NGOs, business lobbying, and political activity.

18. F actors influencing Policy formulation

19. Thank you