B.ED entrance test conducted science.pptx

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1.   COMMUNICABLE AND NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

2. Diseases that can be can be spread from one person to another are called as communicable diseases or Infectious diseases. What are Communicable Diseases?

3. Pathogens : organisms that cause disease There are various disease-causing agents ranging from bacteria and viruses to protozoa. Infection: condition that happens when pathogens enter the body and damage bosy cells.

4. Based on transmitting agents, a disease can either be airborne or water-borne or food-borne . Airborne diseases: disease to spread through the air. Some common diseases that are spread through the air are – Pneumonia,  Tuberculosis and Common cold . Airborne diseases are more likely to spread in a crowded ecosystem. Transmission

5. Diseases can also spread through sexual contact with an infected person. Examples for sexually transmitted diseases are – AIDS and Syphilis . A l IDS   is transmitted through blood transfusions, sexual intercourse, by sharing injection needles, even from mother to child by breastfeeding.

6. water-borne diseases: Water-borne diseases are the ones caused by pathogenic microbes spread via contaminated water. This occurs when excreta of an infected person gets mixed with potable water in a community. For example --- cholera, Typhoid Fever, Dysentery.

7. Animals can act as hosts as they have the potential to carry pathogens and cause diseases to other animals and humans too, which usually occurs through direct contact. These animals are called vectors as they act as intermediaries carrying the infected agents. Mosquitoes are one of the most common vectors.

8. infectious diseases caused by viruses: Common cold. The flu (influenza). COVID-19. Stomach flu (gastroenteritis). Hepatitis. infectious diseases caused by bacteria: Strep throat. Salmonella . Tuberculosis. Whooping cough ( pertussis ). Chlamydia ,  gonorrhea  and other  sexually transmitted infections  (STIs). Urinary tract infections (UTIs). infectious diseases caused by fungi: Ringworm  (like  athlete’s foot ). Fungal nail infections. Vaginal candidiasis  (vaginal yeast infection). Thrush . infectious diseases caused by parasites: Giardiasis . Toxoplasmosis. Hookworms . Pinworms

9. Vaccines Vaccines reduce your risk of getting an infectious disease by training your immune system to recognize and fight off infections from harmful invaders Usually given as a shot or series of shots (or, less commonly, as a nasal spray), vaccines are available for many common infectious diseases, including: Chickenpox., COVID-19 , Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (whooping cough), Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Influenza, Malaria, Measles, mumps and rubella., Polio, Rotavirus, Rabies, Shingles , Tuberculosis.

10. Non-infectious are non communicable   diseases  and caused by a variety of reasons. Some of the reasons for the non-infectious disease are genetics, nutritional deficiency, age and sex of the individual and so on. Examples include cancer, diabetes, and hypertension. Non-communicable Disease

11. Nutritional Disease, any of the nutrient-related  diseases  and conditions that cause  illness  in  humans . They may include  deficiencies  or excesses in the diet,  obesity  and  eating disorders , and chronic diseases such as  cardiovascular disease ,  hypertension ,  cancer , and  diabetes mellitus .

12. The energy flow in the ecosystem is one of the major factors that support the survival of such a great number of organisms. For almost all organisms on earth, the primary source of energy is solar energy . The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither created, nor destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another. This is true in energy flow in the ecocystem . The second law The law of thermodynamics in the ecosystem explains the flow of energy at each trophic level. This law also stands true in ecology as their is progressive decrease in energy at each trophic level. ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM

13. The food chain also explains the feeding pattern or relationship between living organisms. Trophic level refers to the sequential stages in a food chain, starting with producers at the bottom, followed by primary, secondary and tertiary consumers. Every level in a food chain is known as a trophic level. Trophic level

14. A food chain explains which organism eats another organism in the environment. The food chain is a linear sequence of organisms where nutrients and energy is transferred from one organism to the other. This occurs when one organism consumes another organism. It begins with the producer organism, follows the chain and ends with the decomposer organism.  Food chain

15. Most of the sun’s radiation that falls on the earth is usually reflected back into space by the earth’s atmosphere. This effective radiation is termed as the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR ). Plants being the producers absorb sunlight with the help of the chloroplasts and a part of it is transformed into chemical energy in the process of  photosynthesis . This energy is stored in various organic products in the plants and passed on to the primary consumers in the food chain when the herbivores consume (primary consumers) the plants as food.

16. This is followed by the secondary consumers. When these herbivores are ingested by carnivores of the first order (secondary consumers) further degradation will occur. Finally, when tertiary consumers consume the carnivores, energy will again be degraded. Thus, the energy flow is unidirectional in nature.

17. Decomposers:  Decomposers are organisms that get energy from dead or waste organic material. This is the last stage in a food chain. Decomposers are an integral part of a food chain, as they convert organic waste materials into inorganic materials, which enriches the soil or land with nutrients. Decomposers complete a life cycle. They help in recycling the nutrients as they provide nutrients to soil or oceans, that can be utilised by autotrophs or producers. Thus, starting a whole new food chain.

18. Grazing food chain (GFC)  – This is the normal food chain that we observe in which plants are the producers and the energy flows from the producers to the herbivores (primary consumers), then to carnivores (secondary consumers) and so on. Saprophytic or Detritus food chain (DFC)  – In this type of food chain, the dead organic matter occupies the lowermost level of the food chain, followed by the decomposers and so on. Parasitic food chain (PFC) –  In this type of food chain, large organisms either the producer or the consumer is exploited and therefore the food passes to the smaller organism.

19. Several interconnected food chains form a food web. A food web is similar to a food chain but the food web is comparatively larger than a food chain. Occasionally, a single organism is consumed by many predators or it consumes several other organisms. Food Web