Bài giảng thi công móng sâu - KGS_Lecture-2015_Seoul_Katzenbach-Le.ppt

Thi công móng sâu

1. 1
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Seoul, Korea, 19
th
– 20
th
March 2015
Korean Geotechnical Society Award Lecture 2015:
The responsibility of geotechnical engineers for safety,
resources and cost-effectiveness – Examples from
research and development
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach
• Director of the Institute and the Laboratory of Geotechnics · TU Darmstadt
• Chairman of the Technical Committee 212 „Deep Foundations“ (TC 212) of the
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
• Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
• Director of the TU Darmstadt Energy Center
Dipl.-Ing. Steffen Leppla
• Research Associate at the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics · TU Darmstadt
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Franziska-Braun-Strasse 7
64287 Darmstadt
Germany
Tel.:+49 61 51 – 16 21 49
Fax: +49 61 51 – 16 66 83
Mobile:+49 171 – 89 59 809
E-Mail:[email protected]
Web: www.geotechnik.tu-darmstadt.de
Korean Geotechnical Society Spring Convention

2. 2
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Safety, resources, cost-effectiveness
Safety & stability
Resource saving /
energy efficiency
Cost-effectiveness

3. 3
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
… excellent engineering … independent quality assurance
-interaction of geotechnical and structural
engineers
-optimised geotechnical data acquisition:
· core drilling & laboratory tests
· load tests
· geophysical measurements
-adequate numerical analysis
-sustainable usage of renewable energy
(geothermal energy, photovoltaics etc.)
-application of the Observational
Method (OM)
-application of the 4-Eye-Principle
-independent geotechnical peer review
-independent structural peer review
-independent supervision on site
-interaction of geotechnical and structural
peer review
Discovering the optimium between safety, resources and cost-effectiveness
by…
Safety, resources, cost-effectiveness

4. 4
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
The responsibility of geotechnical engineers for
safety, resources and cost-effectiveness
FoundationsDeep excavations Tunnels
M A I N
Safety, resources, cost-effectiveness

5. 5
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Excavation Index: [m]
H
res
Resulting horizontal load on the retaining wall [MN/m]
E
S
Modulus of stiffness E
S
of the soil layer with a
significant influence on the horizontal load or the
load related modulus of stiffness E
S
[MN/m²]
res
EI
S
H
T = ×100
E
Deep excavation: T
EI  0.4 m
Safety, resources and cost-effectiveness
at deep excavations

6. 6
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Depth of excavation [m]
Definition of deep excavations
e.g. lacustrine
clay
e.g. tertiary
overconsolidated
clay
e.g. dense
sand
Level -1 Level -2 Level -3
Deep
excavations
2.0
Excavation
Index T
EI
[m]
1.6
1.21.2
0.8
0.4
0

7. 7
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Example of a deep excavation
Deep Excavation Index:
res
EI
S
H
T = ×100=1.7
E

8. 8
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
How do the foundation piles
influence the magnitude of the
passive earth pressure?
Increase of passive earth pressure due to the
dowel effect of foundation piles

9. 9
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Numerical simulation without dowel piles:
Plastic volumetric strains
lateral
movement
shear zone
according to
analytic calculation
2
45p

 
pl
v

Increase of passive earth pressure due to the
dowel effect of foundation piles
E
p,conventional

10. 10
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
shear zone
at dowel pile
Numerical simulation with dowel piles:
Plastic volumetric strains
lateral
movement
shear zone
according to
analytic calculation
pl
v

Increase of passive earth pressure due to the
dowel effect of foundation piles
E
p,piles

11. 11
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Influence of the pile-wall-Distance e
0
on the Earth Pressure Increase Factor
for lateral wall movements of 5 cm and 10 cm
Increase of passive earth pressure due to the
dowel effect of foundation piles
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0
p,piles
EEF
p,conventional
E
E
 
2.0 m
1.7

12. 12
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
New high-speed railway track
Madrid (Spain) to Paris (France)
Tunnelling near sensitive structures ·
World Heritage Properties, Barcelona, Spain

13. 13
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Tunnel Barcelona Sants – Sagrera (5.6 km)
Station
„La Sagrera“
Station
„Sants“
Sagrada
Familia
Casa
Milà
Tunnelling near sensitive structures ·
World Heritage Properties, Barcelona, Spain

14. 14
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Tunnelling near sensitive structures ·
World Heritage Properties, Barcelona, Spain

15. 15
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Sagrada Familia
Casa Milà
Tunnelling near sensitive structures ·
World Heritage Properties, Barcelona, Spain

16. 16
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Sagrada Familia
Bored pile wall:
104 piles
ø = 1.5 m
a = 2.0 m
depth: 41 m
Bracing beam:
width: 2.0 m
thickness: 2.0 m
Soil
improvement
Tunnelling near sensitive structures ·
World Heritage Properties, Barcelona, Spain

17. 17
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Tunnelling near sensitive structures ·
World Heritage Properties, Barcelona, Spain
TBM with earth pressure balanced shield (EPB)
• diameter: 11.55 m
• earth slurry in excavation chamber (foam injections)
• bentonite injections around the shield
• grouting of mortar
Gap 1:3 cm
Gap 2:6 cm
Gap 3: 29 cm
Gap 4: 10 cm

18. 18
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
In cross section:
Settlements and volume loss factor V
l

19. 19
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Tresholds for monitoring
Control threshold
Admissible settlement
(mm)
tilting
(mm/m)
horizontal strain
(%)
GreenYellow Red Green Yellow Red Green Yellow Red
Zones without buildings. <50
50 to
100
>100 <10,0
10,0 to
20,0
>20,0<1,501,50 to 2,00>2,0
Buildings with deep or slab
foundations, in good state.
Pipes but not gas.
<2020 to 30>30 <1,01,0 to 2,0>2,0 <0,150,15 to 0,20>2,0
Underground structure or
existing tunnels.
<1515 to 25>25 <0,50,5 to 1,0>1,0 <0,150,15 to 0,20>2,0
Buildings with surface
foundations, without apparent
damage.
<1010 to 15>15 <0,50,5 to 1,0>1,0 <0,150,15 to 0,20>2,0
Buildings with surface
foundations with damage.
Monumental buildings.
Buildings with more
than 10 stories. Gas pipes.
<5 5 to 10>10
<0,33
< 1/3000
0,33 to
0,5
>0,5
>1/2000
<0,050,05 to 0,10>1,0
Existing tunnels. Sagging or hogging: 10 mm/10 m
Example: MINTRA-Criteria (Madrid Infrastructuras del Transporte)

20. 20
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
TBM under
Sagrada Familia
Tunnelling near sensitive structures ·
World Heritage Properties, Barcelona, Spain

21. 21
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Displacements related to EPB tunneling and
operational parameters of the TBM
AVE tunnel Barcelona

22. 22
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
AVE tunnel Barcelona
Displacements related to EPB tunneling and
operational parameters of the TBM

23. 23
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Whole tunnel length:
s < 0.5 cm
V
l < 0.1%
Sagrada Familia:
s < 0.1 cm
Casa Milà:
s < 0.2 cm
S
a
g
r
a
d
a

F
a
m
i
l
i
a
C
a
s
a

M
i
l
à
1 km
Face pressure: 2 bar
Torque on cutting wheel: 10 MNm
Velocity: 4 cm/min
Tunnelling near sensitive structures ·
World Heritage Properties, Barcelona, Spain

24. 24
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Constructions on existing underground structures ·
Frankfurt am Main, Germany

25. 25
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Constructions on existing underground structures ·
Frankfurt am Main, Germany

26. 26
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Time dependent deformation
behaviour!
Constructions on existing underground structures ·
Frankfurt am Main, Germany

27. 27
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Time dependent deformation behaviour of
Frankfurt Clay
100 % = 9 cm
100 % = 9 cm

28. 28
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Mainzer Landstraße
Time dependent deformation behaviour of
Frankfurt Clay
100 % = 25 cm

29. 29
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Deconstruction of 14 levels and
the inner part of the basement
Uplift of
underground
station!
Constructions on existing underground structures ·
Frankfurt am Main, Germany

30. 30
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Stability against collapse
(Ultimate Limit State ULS)
Proof for the safety against
buoyancy and stability of the
whole construction
dst,k G,dst dst,k Q,dst stb,k G,stb k G,stb
G Q G T      
Constructions on existing underground structures ·
Frankfurt am Main, Germany

31. 31
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Counter weight against buoyancy:
•continuous: fill and BigBags
•additional: BigBags and flooding
Constructions on existing underground structures ·
Frankfurt am Main, Germany

32. 32
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
time dependent
deformations
uplift of the metro
≤ 2 cm
Monitoring
Constructions on existing underground structures ·
Frankfurt am Main, Germany

33. 33
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Results of monitoring:
Uplift isolines [cm]
Constructions on existing underground structures ·
Frankfurt am Main, Germany

34. 34
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Burj Khalifa, U.A.E.
more than 800 m high
Safety, resources and cost-effectiveness
at deep foundations

35. 35
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Load test at Burj Khalifa
Analyses with Finite-Element-Method at Institute and Laboratory of
Geotechnics, Technische Universität Darmstadt (TUD)
Pile head load [MN]
Pile head movement
[cm]
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
10
60 MN
Result of in-situ load test presented by Bunce/Ibrahim, Hyder Consulting:
max. load: 60 MN
max. movement: 2.2 cm
2.6 cm

36. 36
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Measured settlements
(Ibrahim, Hyder Consulting): s  5.0 cm
Pressure under raft: 
0
 2,200 kN/m
2
Equivalent base geometry: A  3,600 m
2
b  60 m
Enhanced Geotechnics by load tests and
numerical analysis

37. 37
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Business Bay District · Dubai, UAE
Young´s modulus from soil report
for weak sandstone/siltstone:
E = 78 MN/m
2
Load test:
-max. 32 MN
-max. settlement of pile head: 0.7 cm

38. 38
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Business Bay District · Dubai, UAE
Young´s modulus from back-analysis
for weak sandstone/siltstone:
E = 5,500 MN/m
2

39. 39
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Business Bay District · Dubai, UAE
E = 31,000 MN/m
2
A = 1.3 m
2
F = 32 MN
s = 0.7 cm
used pile length ≈ 18 m
F
L
2
s
E A



 


s E A
L
0.5 F

40. 40
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
1,007 m
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

41. 41
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

42. 42
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

43. 43
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Skin friction:
> 660 kN/m
2
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

44. 44
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Numerical simulation using the
Finite-Element-Method (FEM)
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

45. 45
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Skin friction:
> 660 kN/m²
Upper pile
segment
Middle pile
segment
FEM
Measurement
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

46. 46
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Foundation raft (4.5 m thick)
Piles (45 m long)
Piles (65 m long)
Piles (85 m long)
Piles (105 m long)
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
The responsibility of geotechnical
engineers for safety, resources
and cost-effectiveness:
deep foundation system in current
planning phase

47. 47
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
March 2014

48. 48
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

49. 49
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Energy piles
and other foundation elements
Thermal function
for heating and cooling
Structural function
Heat exchanger tubes
Energy pile
Reinforcement
cage
•Heat exchanger tubes
integrated in the concrete
•Energy transfer through
circulating heat exchanger fluid
Safety, resources and cost-effectiveness
using geothermal energy

50. 50
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Drilling
Installation of the heat
exchanger tubes at the
reinforcement cage
Pressure control of the
heat exchanger tubes
Energy piles

51. 51
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Seasonal thermal storage
A Seasonal Thermal Storage is the geothermally activated soil volume
equipped with heat exchanger elements for the storage of energy for heating
and cooling.
Temperature in the
Seasonal Thermal Storage
Heat
injection
Summer
Heat
extraction
Winter
Heat
injection
Summer
heat pump or heat exchanger
building
subsoil:
energy
storage
coolingheating
Winter operation Summer operation
Time

52. 52
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Geothermal Heat Pump (GHP)
“Summer Season” • Operation for cooling
condenser
evaporator
compressor
expansion
valve
35 °C
40 °C
6.7 °C
12.4 °C
soil
~ 31 °C
~ 24 °C
downhole heat
exchanger
The responsibility of geotechnical
engineers for safety, resources
and cost-effectiveness

53. 53
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
PalaisQuartier · Frankfurt am Main, Germany:
•cut-and-cover method
•pile foundation in the
Frankfurt limestone
Zeil
Office building
H = 136 m
Hotel building
H = 99 m
Retail
Zeil-
Gallery
Metro
Frankfurt
clay
Frankfurt
limestone
Example of sustainable usage of renewable energy:
Geothermal Energy

54. 54
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Winter operation:2,350 MWh/a (heating)
Summer operation:2,410 MWh/a (cooling)
Max. capacity: 913 kW
Power output of foundation-
and retaining wall piles [kW]
PalaisQuartier · Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Example of sustainable usage of renewable energy:
Geothermal Energy

55. 55
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
•adequate geotechnical data aquisition (core drilling,
laboratory tests, field test, in-situ load tests)
•numerical analysis including non-linear 3D-FEM
combined with the Observational Method
•consideration of the soil-structure-interaction
during design and construction
•4-Eye-Principle during all phases of
design and construction (& service time)
•using renewable geothermal energy
Conclusions
The responsibility of geotechnical
engineers for safety, resources
and cost-effectiveness
M A I N

56. 56
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineer (ICE)
Thank you for yourThank you for your
kind attention!kind attention!
www.geotechnik.tu-darmstadt.dewww.geotechnik.tu-darmstadt.de