B pharmacy HAP 1 UNIT 1 SEM 1 hap unit 1 a.pptx

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1. Human anatomy and physiology l Introduction to human body By, Aishwarya S. Patil Department of Pharmacology Assistant professor Dr. D.Y.Patil College of Pharmacy Akurdi Pune.

2. Contents: Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology Basic anatomical terminologies Levels of structural organization and body systems Basic life processes Homeostasis

3. Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology Anatomy: Study of structure and relationship between body parts which are visible with naked eyes. E.g. heart, bones etc. Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.

4. Scope: Branches or specialities of anatomy: Embryology: development after fertilization of human egg. Cell biology: different cells in body its structure, differentiation and its function. Histology: The study of the tissue. Gross Anatomy: structure identified without microscope. Systemic anatomy: study of organs involved in particular system. Regional anatomy: Special regions of the body. Surface anatomy: e.g sonography Radiographic anatomy: Bones or body structure visualized by X-ray. Pathophysiological anatomy: changes associated with disease.

5. Physiology: Physiology is the science of body functions, how the body works. The scientific study of functions and mechanisms in living system.

6. Neurophysiology: function of nerves Endocrinology: hormone and control on body functions by hormones. Cardiovascular physiology: functions of heart and blood vessels. Immunology: body’s defence mechanism against disease causing micro-organisms. Respiratory physiology: function or mechanism of respiration Renal physiology: functions of kidney. Exercise physiology: Changes occur due to muscular activity. Pathophysiology: changes in certain function of organism due to disease or aging.

7. Basic terminologies: Terms Definition Anterior (or ventral) Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot. Posterior (or dorsal) Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. Superior (or cranial) Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body. inferior (or caudal) Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper. The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen. Lateral Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. Medial Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. Proximal Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium.

8. Distal Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the femur. Superficial Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones. Deep Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull.

9. Levels of structural organization: These include the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and the organism level

10. Body systems : Cardiovascular system Digestive system Endocrine system Integumentary system Lymphatic system Muscular system Nervous system Reproductive system Respiratory system Skeletal system Urinary system

11. Basic life process: Basic life process are the certain process that distinguish organism (living things ) from non-living things. There are total 7 basic life processes required for human body to carry out overall functioning of the body. M: Movement R: Respiration S: Sensitivity G: Growth R: Reproduction E: Excretion N: Nutrition M R S G R E N

12. Every living organism needs energy for performing every life processes. Movement It includes the motion of whole body , individual organs, cells and tiny structures inside the cell. Respiration Respiration is the process of inhaling oxygen from the environment and use it in the process of break-down of food for cellular needs. Sensitivity According to external environment changes occur in body, Growth Increases in body size that results from an increase in size and existing cell. Reproduction Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement or production of new individual. Excretion The process of removal of by-products produced in the body is known as excretion. Nutrition and metabolism Nutrition is the process of intake of food and utilize it for generating energy.

13. Homeostasis: Homeostasis is the ability to keep the internal environment nearly constant . For normal functioning and surviving of properly the composition and temperature of interstitial fluid must remain constsnt . When the body’s cells to be in homeostasis? When the internal environment contains optimal concentration of gases, nutrients, ions and water at optimal temperature. This homeostasis mechanism maintained by hormonal and nervous mechanisms If alteration occur in this = diseases and dysfunction or death. Homeostasis controlled by Negative Feedback Mechanism.

14. Importance of homeostasis: To maintain stable internal environment for maintenance of life. Provides an optimal environment for cell function. Controls all metabolic reactions. Enzymes works best in narrow range of pH and temperature; hence it is important to keep internal environment steady.

15. Homeostatically regulated variables: Body temperature: Blood composition: Blood gases: Acid-base balance: Blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate. Respiratory rate and depth. Secretion of hormones by endocrine glands.

16. Homeostatic control mechanism: There are 3 interdependent components in this mechanisms: Sensory receptor: Detects the changes in environments. Send input signals to control centre With the help of afferent pathway. Control centre: Analyse the set point( at which variable are maintained) Send output signals to the effector Along with efferent pathway Effector: Effector that responds to the stimulus and restores the variable to optimal physiological range.

17. Outline of regulation of homeostasis:

18. Temperature control:

19. Regulation of blood sugar level:

20. Clotting of blood:

21. Positive feedback mechanism Negative feedback mechanism Stimulatory Inhibitory Amplification of changes may be harmful Stabilize physiological variables. Cause instability and disturbed the homeostasis mechanism. Maintain constant internal environment e.g. Sneezing, birth to baby, immune response to certain diseases. e.g. Goosebump, sweating.