B.Sc._Fertilizers_ubb_25.09.24_____________________

Fertilizers

2. What is FERTILIZERS?
A
B
C
D
Any chemical compound which adds one or more essential element to the soil
is a fertilizer.
Anynatural or artificial substance containing the chemical elements that
improve growth and productiveness of plants.
Fertilizers enhance the natural fertility of the soil or replace chemical
elements taken from the soil by previous crops.
Fertilizers provide crops with nutrients like potassium, phosphorus, and
nitrogen, whichallow crops to grow bigger, faster, and to produce more
food.

3. ROADMAP SLIDEHistoric Development
Introductory Phase of Fertilizers
Earlier small amount of bone meal & blood meal were used; later manure & cow
dung were used.
1949-1980
Take-off Phase
Some fertilizers were synthesized and used as well.
1981-2000
Advanced Phase
Large amount of new fertilizers are synthesized and used.
Year 2000 onwards

6. Nutrients
Oxygen
Macro-nutrientsHydrogen
Carbon Micro-nutrients
PLANT

8. Plants take CO₂from the air and use the C for energy, helping
to build essential biological compounds such as
carbohydrates and proteins..
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen haspositive effects on seed germination, seedling
growth, adventitious rooting, root elongation, harvest freshness,
stomatal closure.
Oxygen isused in aerobic respiration, where food molecules are broken
down to release energy for growth.
Natural Nutrients

9. N
Nitrogen is very essential nutrient
for overall growth of plants
Phosphorus is essential for all types of
phosphorylation reactions and overall
growth of plants
Potassium is required major
amount for enzyme activation and
ion transfer in plants.
Primary Macro-nutrients
P
K

10. Nitrogen (N)
01
Synthesis of proteins, amino acids, DNA & RNA, it gives
dark green colour to the plant and also gives plumpness
to the grains.
Function
02
Restricts root and overall plant growth, plant
remain stunted.
Deficiency
03
Resistance power decreases, quality of plant
decreases.
Excess
NO
3
-
NH
4
+

11. Phosphorus (P)
01
Necessary for metabolism, synthesis of DNA/ RNA,
formation of seedling, development of seed.
Function
02
Plant growth stops, fruiting & flowering delays.
Deficiency
03Not harmful.
Excess
HPO
4
--
H
2PO
4
-

12. Potassium (K)
01
Requires in meristamatic tissue in buds, leaves, Ion
transfer in the cell, opening & closing of stomata, enzyme
activation, synthesis of proteins, turgidity of cell.
Function
02
Restricts growth of plant, brown spots, plant remain
stunted.
Deficiency
03Decreases uptake of vitamin C.
Excess
K
+

13. Calcium (Ca)
01
Formation of mitotic spindle, formation of Ca-pectate,
formation of cell wall, requires for tissues of plants.
Function
02
'Blossom end rot' –Symptoms start as sunken, dry
decaying areas at the blossom end of the fruit.
Deficiency
03Plant growth stunted, flowering slow.
Excess
Ca
++

14. Magnesium (Mg)
01
Formation of chlorophyll, requires for photosynthesis,
respiration, activation of enzymes, synthesis of DNA & RNA.
Function
02
Growth of plant stops, disease resistance power
decreases.
Deficiency
03Yellowing of older leaves.
Excess
Mg
++

15. Manganese (Mn)
01
Requires for photosynthesis, respiration, activation of
enzymes, synthesis of DNA & RNA, fixation of nitrogen,
liberation of oxygen by splitting water.
Function
02Growth of plant stops, chlorosis.
Deficiency
03Water lodging.
Excess
Mn
++

16. Chlorine (Cl)
01
It requires for ion transfer along with potassium, liberation
of oxygen by splitting water .
Function
02Chlorosis, necrosis.
Deficiency
03Yellowing and brownness leaves.
Excess
Cl
-

17. Sulphur (S)
01
It requires for synthesis of proteins and amino acids such
as cysteine & methionine, increases oil content of the
plant.
Function
02
Chlorosis, plant growth stunted, oil content
decreases.
Deficiency
03Contamination of soil, pH changes, yellowing of
leaves.
Excess
SO
4
2-

18. Iron (Fe)
01
Activates catalase enzyme necessary for
formation of chlorophyll.
Function
02
Decreases photosynthesis, plant growth stops,
leaves becomes dry and papery.
Deficiency
03Yellowing or browning of leaves.
Excess
Fe
3+
Fe
2+

19. Zinc (Zn)
01
Germination of seeds, activates carboxylase enzyme &
RNA synthesis.
Function
02
Less germination, delays flowering &
fruiting.
Deficiency
03Yellowing of leaves.
Excess
Zn
++

20. Boron (B)
01
Helps for uptake of calcium, formation of pollen
grain, cell division, carbohydrate dislocation.
Function
02Plant growth remain stunted.
Deficiency
03Yellowing of leaves.
Excess
B(OH
4)
-
H
2BO
3
-

21. Molybdenum (Mo)
01
Enzyme activation (nitrogenase) for nitrogen fixation.
Function
02Growth of plant stops, chlorosis.
Deficiency
03Leaves becomes purple.
Excess
MoO
4
-

22. Copper (Cu)
01Helps for utilization of iron in plants, acts as a catalyst in
respiration.
Function
02Growth of plant stops, chlorosis.
Deficiency
03Yellowing of leaves.
Excess
Cu
++

23. Characteristics of Ideal Fertilizer
Should maintain th pH of soil around 7 Should maintain the natural
texture of the soil.
Low cost. Easily absorbed by the plants

24. Based on Source
Based on Solubility
Based on State
Based on Number
of Nutrients
Based on Mode of
Operation
Classification of Fertilizers

26. Types of Fertilizers
K-type or Potassic Fertilizers
e.g. Muriateof potash (MOK) as KCl,
Sulphateof potash (SOK) as K
2SO
4,
Nitrate of Potash (NOK) as KNO
3
YOUR TITLE
N-type or Nitrogenous Fertilizers
e.g. Nitrate (NO
3
-
), Ammonical (NH
4
+
), both (NH
4
+
&
NO
3
-
), amide (NH
2).
Nitro chalk –60% NH
4NO
3+ 40% CaCO
3
YOUR TITLE
P-type or Phosphatic Fertilizers
e.g. Water soluble as superphosphate, triple superphosphate
& ammon. superphosphate (mono, di, tri),
Citrate soluble as Ca& K metaphosphate.

27. Manufacture of Fertilizers
1
Urea
It is nitrogenous fertilizer,
White crystalline powder NH
2CONH
2 ,
Highly soluble in water.
It contains 46 % nitrogen,
Manufactured in two forms -Prilled & Granular,
Manufactured by a) Bosch & Meiser method,
b) Sindri method

28. Raw materials: NH
3 (liq.) and
CO
2(g)
Temperature : 180-185
o
C
Pressure: 180-200 atm
I
st
step: Carbamate formation
II
nd
step: Urea conversion
Urea can be produced in solid forms
(prills,granules, pellets or crystals)
or as solutions.
Developed by Carl Bosch & W.
Meiser in 1922
Urea plant using ammonium carbamate, Fixed Nitrogen
Research Laboratory (FNRC), California 1930.
2 NH
3+ CO
2 ⇌[NH
4]
+
[NH
2COO]
−
(ΔH= −117kJ/mol at 180atm and 180°C)
[NH
4]
+
[NH
2COO]
−
⇌CO(NH
2)
2+ H
2O(ΔH= +17.5kJ/mol at 180–185°C)
Bosch -Meiser method01

29. 2

32. Raw materials: NH
3 (liq.) and
CO
2(liq.)
Temperature: 180-182
o
C
Pressure: 170-200 atm
Conversion is 37%
Unreacted CO
2 is recycled
Urea can be produced in solid forms
(prills,granules, pellets or crystals)
or as solutions.
Developed at Sindri, India
2 NH
3+ CO
2+ H
2O (NH
4)
2CO
3
(NH
4)
2CO
3+2 HNO
3 2NH
4NO
3 + CO
2+ H
2O
Sindri method02
2 NH
3+ CO
2 ⇌[NH
4]
+
[NH
2COO]
−
(ΔH= −117kJ/mol at 180atm and 180°C)
[NH
4]
+
[NH
2COO]
−
⇌CO(NH
2)
2+ H
2O(ΔH= +15.5kJ/mol at 180–185°C)

33. Properties
& Merits
Demerits
a)IthashighestNcontent,
b)ItdoesnotchangepHofsoileffectively,asit
leavesbehindonlyCO
2,
c)Noresidueleft,
d)Notcatchesfire,
e)Usefulforalltypesofcrops
f)Oncontactwithwater,ureadecomposesby
releasingNH
3andCO
2,furtherreleasesNO
3
-
a)Itishygroscopic&verysolublein
watersorequiresbestpackaging,
b)Inhumidatmosphere,itundergo
decompositionwhichresultsinitsloss.
NH
2CONH
2+ H
2O 2NH
3+ CO
2
2NH
3+ 3O
2 2H
+
+ 2NO
2
-
+ 2H
2O
2NO
2
-
+ O
2 2NO
3
-

34. 2. Amm. Sulphate
It is also nitrogenous fertilizer,
White to light grey granules (NH
4)
2SO
4,
Soluble in water.
It contains 21% nitrogen,
Manufactured in two forms -Prilled & Granular,
Manufactured by a) Liquor ammonia
b) Sindri method

36. From liq. Ammonia01
Raw materials: NH
3 (liq.) and
H
2 SO
4(liq.)
Temperature: 60-70
o
C
Pressure: 50 atm
Conversion is 42%
Unreacted NH
3 is recycled
Amm. sulphatecan be produced in
solid forms (prills,granules, pellets
or crystals) or as solutions.
Amm. salts are the sources of NH
3
NH
4CN NH
3 + HCN
NH
4SH NH
3+ H
2S
(NH
4)
2CO
3+ (CaOH)
2 CaCO
3+ 2NH
3+ 2H
2O
2NH
4Cl + (CaOH)
2 CaCl
2+ 2NH
3+ 2H
2O
2NH
3+ H
2SO
4 (NH
4)
2SO
4

37. 02
From gypsum
Raw materials: (NH
4)
2CO
3(liq.) &
CaSO
4(liq.)
Temperature: 50-70
o
C
Pressure: 50-60 atm
Conversion is 44%
Unreacted CO
2 is recycled
Amm. sulphatecan be produced in
solid forms (prills,granules, pellets
or crystals) or as solutions.
Developed at Sindri, India
2NH
3+ CO
2 (NH
4)
2CO
3
(NH
4)
2CO
3+ CaSO
4 (NH
4)
2SO
4+ CaCO
3

40. Properties
& Merits
Demerits
a)Itislesshygroscopicthanurea,
b)Itisusefulforsynthesisofotherammonium
salts,
c)Itisavailableintheformofnitratestoplants,
d)Itreactswithlimeinthesoil&formsammonium
hydroxidewhichisusedbynitrifyingbacteriafor
conversionintonitricacidandnitrate,thebases
inthesoilreactswithnitricacid&forms
Ca(NO
3)
2&KNO
3,
e)Usefulforalltypesofcrops.
a)It should not be applied along with
germination period of seed as it is
harmful for seeds,
b)Hazardous to animals as well as some
plants.

41. 3. Amm. Phosphate
(MAP)
It is N & P fertilizer,
White tetrahedral crystals NH
4H
2PO
4,
Readily soluble in water.
It contains 12% N, 50% P
2O
5
Manufactured in stable crystalline forms,
Manufactured by using Ca-phosphate, amm.
sulphateand sulphuric acid.

42. Manufacturing
(MAP)
Manufactured by the action of sulphuric
acid on the mixture of Ca-phosphate &
amm. sulphate
Raw materials: Ca
3(PO
4)
2(liq.) &
(NH
4)
2 SO
4(liq.)
Temperature: 60-70
o
C
Pressure: 2 atm
It can also prepared by the action of
anhydrous ammonia on phosphoric acid
Amm. phosphate can be produced in solid
crystalline forms
Ca
3(PO
4)
2+ (NH
4)
2SO
4 + 2H
2SO
4 2NH
4H
2PO
4 + 3CaSO
4
NH
3 + H
3PO
4 NH
4H
2PO
4

43. It is highly water soluble01
It contains 18% N & 46
46% P
2O
5
03
It is rich in N as well as in
P
04
Also used as reagent in
laboratories
02
Diammoniumhydrogen
phosphate (DAP)
2NH
3 + H
3PO
4 (NH
4)
2HPO
4
sat. NH
4H
2PO
4
60-70
O
C

44. Superphosphate
1 2 3 4
Tri-calcium
phosphate
Ca
3(PO
4)
2
Mono-calcium
phosphate
Ca(H
2PO
4)
2
Di-calcium
phosphate
Ca
2(HPO
4)
2
Only mono calcium
phosphate
is water soluble. It is also
called as superphosphate.

45. It is manufactured by treating powdered phosphate
rock with sulphuric acid at room temp.
01
It contains 16-20% P
2O
5and is soluble in water.03
Care should be taken during storage as it has
tendancy to convert into hard lumps.
04
This reaction is exothermic in nature.02
Superphosphate
Ca
3(PO
4)
2+ 2H
2SO
4 + 2H
2O Ca(H
2PO
4)
2+ 2CaSO
4 + 2H
2O

46. It is manufactured by treating powdered phosphate
rock with 78% H
3PO
4at room temp.
01
It contains 44-47% P
2O
5and is soluble in water. In
addition it also contains 15% Ca which is essential
03
It is very easey to store & not absorbs moisture as
well. It is used in blending with DAP.
04
This reaction takes three months to complete.02
Triple Superphosphate
(TSP)
Ca
3(PO
4)
2+ 2H
3PO
4 3Ca(H
2PO
4)
2

47. COMPANY STRATEGYPollution caused by Fertilizers
YOUR TITLE 03
If fertilizer contains organic or inorganic pollutants then water present in soil gets polluted.
Unused nitrate by plants from the soil enters into water and causes water pollution.
Acidic fertilizers increases acidity of soil and causes soil pollution i.e.
decreases soil fertility.
The excess nitrogen decreases protein contents of the food.
Plants becomes more susceptible to the diseases.