B31.3 Process Piping

ASME Standards Pipe and pipe fittings

1. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -1
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE
Don Frikken, PE
Instructors
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -2
1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒPressure Class
ƒReliability
ƒMaterials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒMaterials
ƒDetermine wall thicknesses
ƒValves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
Piping Development Process

2. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -3
2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
¾Piping System Failure
¾Bases for Selection
¾Listed versus Unlisted Piping Components
¾Fluid Service Requirements
¾Pipe
¾Fittings
¾Branch Connections
¾Flanges
¾Gaskets
¾Bolting
¾Flanged Joints
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -4
The Material in This Section is
Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design
Chapter IV - Standards for Piping
Components
Appendix G - Safeguarding

3. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -5
Piping System Failure
How can you recognize a failure in a
piping system?
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -6
Bases for Selection
¾Pressure Class
¾Reliability
ƒRobustness
ƒFire Resistance
ƒBlow-out Resistance
ƒTendencies to leak
¾Material of Construction
ƒCorrosion Resistance
ƒMaterial Toughness
¾Cost

4. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -7
Pressure Class
Ratings for above ground metallic systems
are generally governed by their joints.
Frequently these are flanged joints
manufactured in accordance with ASME
B16.1 (iron flanges) and ASME B16.5 (other
metallic flanges).
Ratings for flanges (and some other piping
components) are designated by pressure
class.
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -8
Flange P-T Ratings– Gray Iron (psi)
(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.1)

5. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -9
Flange P-T Ratings– Gray Iron (bar)
(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.1)
0
10
20
30
40
0 50 100 150 200
Pressure (barg)
Class 125,
NPS 1-12
Class 125,
NPS 14-24
Class 125, NPS 30-48
Class 250, NPS 1-12
Class 250, NPS 14-24
Class 250, NPS 30-48
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -10
Flange P-T Ratings – Carbon Steel (psi)
(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.5)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Pressure (psig)
Class 150
Class 300
Class 600
Class 900
Class 1500
Class 2500


Temperature (C)
Temperature (C)

6. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -11
Flange P-T Ratings – Carbon Steel (bar)
(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.5)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pressure (barg)
Class 150
Class 300
Class 600
Class 900
Class 1500
Class 2500
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -12
Flange P-T Ratings – Carbon Steel (bar)
(PN Rated in accordance with EN 1092-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 100 200 300 400
Pressure (bar)
PN 2.5
PN 6
PN 10
PN 16
PN 25
PN 40
PN 63
PN 100


Temperature (C)


Temperature (C)

7. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -13
Flange P-T Ratings – Carbon Steel (bar)
(K Rated in accordance with JIS B2220)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pressure (bar)
5K
10K
16K
20K
30K
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -14
Cl 300 Flange Ratings – Several Materials (psi)
(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.5, B16.24 and B31.3)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Pressure (psig)
Carbon Steel
(B16.5)
316 Stainless Steel (B16.5)
Nickel Alloy 400 (B16.5)
Copper Alloy B61 (B16.24)
6061-T6 Alumi num (B31.3)


Temperature (C)


Temperature (F)

8. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -15
Cl 300 Flange Ratings – Several Materials (bar)
(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.5, B16.24 and B31.3)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Pressure (barg)
Carbon Steel
(B16.5)
316
Stainless
Steel (B16.5)
Nickel Alloy 400 (B16.5)
Coper Alloy B61 (B16.24)
Aluminum
Alloy 6061-
T6 (B31.3)
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -16
Reliability
¾Robustness
¾Fire Resistance
¾Blow-out Resistance
¾Tendencies to Leak


Temperature (C)

9. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -17
Robustness
Able to withstand exposure to loads such as:
ƒBeing stepped on
ƒDropped tool
ƒDropped tool box
ƒForklift traffic
ƒTruck traffic
ƒCrane booms
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -18
Fire
Resistance
Usual Definition: Components able to maintain
piping system integrity if subjected to
approximately 1200ºF (650ºC) for 30 minutes.

10. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Fire Resistance
Fire resistant components are used
¾
where there is a sufficient probability of a
fire, and
¾
where there is a significant consequence
as a result of piping system failure such as
ƒadding fuel to the fire
ƒ
exposure of fire fighters to danger due to
leaking fluids
Being able to continue operation after a fire is
usually not a consideration.
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -20
Blow-out Resistance
Gaskets and seals able to withstand high pressure
without failing by extrusion or fracture. A short-term
leak could be resealed by tightening the bolting. The
intent is to avoid large leaks
¾when a flanged joint is not tightened properly
¾
when the piping system is subjected to pressures
much higher than design
¾
when large bending moments are applied to the
flanged joint
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 19

11. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -21
Blow-out Resistance
Failure by Fracture
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -22
Tendencies to Leak
Some joints are more leak prone than others.
These are usually a strong function of the
construction and maintenance practices at a
particular site. Examples:
ƒThreaded joints
ƒUnions
ƒElastomeric seals such as o-rings


Failure by Extrusion.

12. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -23
Corrosion Resistance
¾Where corrosion is more or less uniform, extra
pipe wall material can be provided in the form of a
“corrosion allowance”.
¾
Where material degradation is localized, either
preventive measures must be used or a more
resistant material must be provided. Examples of
localized material problems:
- Erosion - Intergranular
- Stress-Corrosion Cracking - Microbiological
- Hydrogen Embrittlement
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -24
Material Toughness
¾Measured by energy necessary to suddenly
propagate a crack to failure
¾Mostly of concern for carbon steels
¾Generally decreases as temperature decreases
¾Factors affecting fracture toughness include:
ƒChemical composition or alloying elements
ƒHeat treatment
ƒGrain size

13. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -25
Example of Brittle Fracture
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -26
Example of Ductile Deformation

14. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -27
Cost
0246810
Relative Installed Cost - NPS 4 Complex System
CPVC, Sch 80
Carbon Steel, Sch 40
Stainless Steel, 304, Sch 10S
Stainless Steel, 316, Sch 10S
Aluminum, 6061 T6, Sch 40
Fiberglass - Vinyl Ester
Polypropylene Lined Steel
Fluoropolymer Lined Steel
Alloy 20, Sch 10S
Alloy 400, Sch 10S
Alloy C276, Sch 10
Zirconium, Sch 10
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -28
Piping Component Standards
Provide consistent dimensions and ratings
so that components will fit together and can
be used interchangeably
ƒListed Components:Those listed by
standard number in Table 326.1 and
Appendix A
ƒUnlisted Components:
Those not so
listed.

15. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -29
Some Listed Components - ASME
B16.1 – Cast Iron Pipe Flanges
B16.3 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
B16.5 – Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
B16.9 – Wrought Steel Buttweld Fittings
B16.11 – Forged Fittings, Socket Welding & Threaded
B16.20 – Metallic Gaskets
B16.22 – Wrought Copper Solder Joint Fittings
B16.34 – Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welded
See page 8 of the supplement.
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -30
Some Listed Components - Other
MSS SP-80 Bronze Valves
MSS SP-97 Branch Outlet Fittings
API 602 Compact Steel Gate Valves
API 608 Metal Ball Valves
ASTM A53 Steel Pipe
ASTM A312 Stainless Steel Pipe
AWWA C110 Ductile & Gray Iron Fittings
AWWA C151 Ductile Iron Pipe
See the pages 9 - 11 in the supplement.

16. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -31
Listed Components
Can be used within their pressure-
temperature ratings and any additional
limitations described in the Code.
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -32
Some Unlisted Components
ASME B16.33 – Manually Operated Metallic Gas
Valves or Use in Gas Piping Systems
ASME B16.50 – Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy
Braze-Joint Pressure Fittings
MSS SP-68 – High Pressure-Offset Seat Butterfly
Valves
MSS SP-108 – Resilient-Seated Cast Iron-Eccentric
Plug Valves
API 6D – Pipeline Valves (Gate, Plug, Ball, and
Check)
AWWA C153 – Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings for
Water Service

17. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -33
Unlisted Components [302.2.3, 326.2.1]
Can be used within Code limitations if they:
¾
have dimensions that “conform to those of
comparable listed components insofar as
practicable”
¾
“provide strength and performance equivalent to
standard components”, and
¾satisfy one of the following:
ƒ“composition, mechanical properties, method of
manufacture, and quality control are comparable to
listed components”; and have pressure-temperature
ratings that conform with para. 304, or
ƒare “qualified for pressure design as required by
para. 304.7.2.”
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -34
Fluid Service Requirements
¾Specific requirements for components and
joints are described in paras. 305-318.
¾
Some components are permitted for certain
fluid services only when safeguarded.
¾“Safeguarding
is the provision of protective
measures to minimize the risk of accidental
damage to the piping or to minimize the
harmful consequences of possible piping
failure.”Para. G300

18. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -35
Fluid Service Requirements
Safeguardingexamples:
¾
Brazed or soldered copper water tube is
not inherently fire resistant, but may be
protected against fire exposure by
insulation or by water sprays.
¾Thermoplastic piping is not inherently blow-
out resistant and is sensitive to abuse, but
may be protected from both hazards by
routing the piping in a secondary
containment.
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -36
Piping Components
¾Pipe
¾Fittings
¾Branch Connections
¾Flanges
¾Gaskets
¾Bolting
¾Flanged Joints

19. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -37
Pipe
“Pipe includes components designated as
‘tube’ or ‘tubing’ in the material specification,
when intended for pressure service.”
Para. 305
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -38
Pipe -seamless
Strand Caster Billet Heating Rotary Piercing Mill
Elongator Reheat Pug Rolling Mill

20. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -39
Pipe -seamless
Reheat Sizing Mill
Finishing
NDT Facing & Beveling Hydrotesting
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -40
Pipe – ERW
Coil Feed
First Forming Fin Pass
Welding
NDT Seam Normalizer

21. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -41
Pipe - ERW
Sizing Mill
Flying Cut-Off Hydrotesting
Straightening
NDT Facing & Beveling
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -42
Weld Joint Quality Factor Ej
0.95API 5L SAW, GMAW
0.85 to 1.00
*
Double Fusion Weld
0.80 to 1.00
*
Single Fusion Weld
0.60Furnace Butt Weld
0.85Electric Resistance Weld
1.00None (seamless)
Factor
(Table 302.2.4)Type of Weld
*Depending on level of examination

22. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -43
Pipe Fluid Service Requirements
¾Some specifications, including all furnace
butt welded, are limited to Category D
Fluid Service
¾
Some specifications may be used only in
Category D Fluid Service unless
safeguarded
¾
Only pipe listed in para. 305.2.3 may be
used for Severe Cyclic Conditions
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -44
Fittings
Fittings are selected primarily by the way they are joined to the pipe.
¾Threading
¾Socket Welding
¾Buttwelding
¾OD Tubing (Compression fitting, Flare)
¾Water Tubing (Solder, Braze)
¾Others

23. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -45
Fittings: Threaded
¾Common materials
ƒGray iron
(ASME B16.4)
ƒ
Malleable iron
(ASME B16.3)
ƒSteel (ASME B16.11)
¾Size usually limited to ~NPS 2
ƒPotential injury for installers
ƒAbility to get a good seal
¾Generally not used where leaks
cannot be tolerated
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -46
Threaded Joint Fluid Service
Requirements
¾Straight threaded coupling mating to taper
thread permitted only for Category D

24. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -47
Threaded Joint Fluid Service
Requirements
¾NPS 1-1/2 and smaller tapered joints must be
Sch 80 for notch sensitive material in Normal
Service
¾
May be used for Severe Cyclic Conditions
only if:
ƒ
For taper threads must be, non-moment
bearing such as for a thermowell
ƒFor straight threads with seating surface,
must be safeguarded
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -48
Fittings: Socket Welding
¾Common materials
(ASME B16.11)
ƒCarbon Steel
ƒStainless Steel
¾Size usually limited to ~NPS 1-1/2
¾Not used in services where
ƒCorrosion is accelerated in crevices
ƒSevere erosion may occur

25. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -49
Fittings: Buttwelding
¾Common materials
(ASME B16.9)
ƒCarbon Steel
ƒStainless Steel
ƒNickel alloys
¾Used in most piping systems
~NPS 2 and larger
¾Use generally not restricted
¾
Welding is difficult in small sizes,
especially for thin wall
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -50
Fittings: OD Tubing
¾Common materials
ƒCopper
ƒSteel
ƒNickel alloys
¾Compression Fittings
¾Flared Fittings (ASME B16.26)
¾
Generally not used in most severe
services because of leak potential
ƒMust be safeguarded for Severe Cyclic Service

26. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -51
Fittings: Water Tube
¾Common material: copper
¾
Solder joint (ASME B16.18 &
B16.22)
¾Braze joint (ASME B16.50)
¾Not fire resistant
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -52
Solder & Brazed Joint Fluid Service
Requirements
¾Solder joints are permitted only for Category
D Fluid Service
¾Brazed joints are :
ƒpermitted for Normal Fluid Service
ƒpermitted for fluids that are flammable, toxi
c or
damaging to human tissue if safeguarded
ƒprohibited for Severe Cyclic Conditions

27. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -53
Fittings: Grooved
Fittings that use grooves in pipe –
elastomeric seal required
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -54
Fittings: Compression for Pipe
Pressfit by Victaullic
(B16.51 draft for copper)
Lokring
(metal-to-metal seal)

28. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -55
Miter Bend Fluid Service
Requirements
¾A bend with α greater
than 45ºmay be used
only in Category D
Fluid Service
¾
For Severe Cyclic
Conditions, α must be
less than or equal to
22.5º.
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -56
Branches
¾Generally many choices NPS 3
and larger
¾Choices include:
ƒTee
ƒUnreinforced Fabricated Tee
ƒReinforced Fabricated Tee
ƒBranch Connection Fitting

29. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -57
Branches
Tee
Unreinforced Fabricated Tee
(Capable of less than full pressure)
Reinforced Fabricated Tee
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -58
Stub on
Stub in
ReinforcedUnreinforced
Fabricated Branches

30. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -59
Branches - Branch Connection Fittings
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -60
Branches
Basis for selection:
¾
Cost: depends on material, sizes &
fabricator
¾Resistance to external moment
¾Ability to examine fabrication
See table on page 19 in the supplement.

31. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -61
Flanges (ASME B16.5)
Flange types designated by joining method
Threaded Socket welding Welding Neck
(buttweld)
These flanges have the same advantages and
restrictions as fittings with the same joining
method. (Note that welding neck flanges are required
for Severe Cyclic Conditions.)
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -62
Flanges (ASME B16.5)
Other types of flanges -Slip-on
¾Has no crevice if installed with two welds
¾Easier to get good alignment
¾
Unable to seat metal gaskets as well as WN
& LJ

32. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -63
Slip-on Flange Fluid Service
Requirements
¾Required to be double welded for:
ƒSevere erosion, crevice corrosion or cyclic
loading
ƒ
Flammable, toxic, or damaging to human
tissue
ƒUnder Severe Cyclic Conditions
ƒAt temperatures below -101ºC (-150ºF)
¾Should be avoided where many large
temperature cycles are expected
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -64
Flanges (ASME B16.5)
Other types of flanges -Lapped joint
¾Flange can be made from cheaper material
¾Easier to fabricate and install than WN

33. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -65
Flat
•Standard for gray iron flanges
•M
ore gasket has to be compressed, so only
“softer” gaskets can be used
•
Less likely to break flange when bolting
(applicable to brittle materials like gray iron)
Flanges Facings (ASME B16.5)
Raised – normal choice
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -66
Gaskets
Important Gasket Characteristics
¾Resists deterioration in normal service
ƒChemical resistance
ƒTemperature resistance
¾Low enough leak rate
¾Blowout resistance
¾Fire resistance

34. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -67
Gaskets – Rubber
LowBolt Strength
Needed
NoFire
Resistant
NoBlowout
Resistant
BestLeak
Performance
200ºF
(95ºC)
Approximate
Max. Temp.
OK for
most
Chemical
Resistant
(Thermoseal)
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -68
Gaskets – Reinforced Rubber
LowBolt Strength
Needed
NoFire
Resistant
NoBlowout
Resistant
FairLeak
Performance
325ºF
(160ºC)
Approximate
Max. Temp.
OK for
most
Chemical
Resistant
(Garlock)

35. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -69
Gaskets – Fluoropolymer
LowBolt Strength
Needed
NoFire
Resistant
NoBlowout
Resistant
GoodLeak
Performance
350ºF
(180ºC)
Approximate
Max. Temp.
OK for
almost all
Chemical
Resistant
(Garlock)
(Gore) (Teadit)
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -70
Gaskets – Flexible Graphite
MediumBolt Strength
Needed
YesFire
Resistant
Not without
heavier insert
Blowout
Resistant
GoodLeak
Performance
900 or 625ºF
(480 or 330ºC)
Approximate
Max. Temp.
OK for almost
all
Chemical
Resistant
(SGL Carbon Group)
Natural
Graphite
Flake
Thermally
Decomposed
(Worms)
Worms
Compressed
Into Foils

36. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -71
Gaskets – Flexible Graphite
(Teadit)
Foil Inserted
• Insert is usually 0.002”
(0.05 mm) type 316
stainless steel
• Adhesive bonded
Tang Inserted
• Insert is usually 0.004”
(0.10 mm) type 316
stainless steel
• Mechanically bonded
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -72
Gaskets – Flexible Graphite
Corrugated Insert
• Insert is usually 0.018”
(0.46 mm) type 316
stainless steel
• Adhesive bonded
• Blowout resistant
•
Lower hand cutting
potential
• Lower sealing stress
• C
annot be cut from
sheet
(Garlock)

(Teadit)

37. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -73
Gaskets – Flexible Graphite
Flexible
graphite tends
to stick to
flanges, but
special coatings
can help.
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -74
Gaskets – Spiral Wound
HighBolt Strength
Depends on
Filler
Fire Resistant
YesBlowout
Resistant
GoodLeak
Performance
1500ºF (820º C)Approximate
Max. Temp.
Both metal winding
& filler must be OKChemical
Resistant
(Garlock)
(Flexitallic)

Needed

38. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -75
Gaskets – Spiral Wound (NE Seal)
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -76
Gaskets – Spiral Wound
OrangeAlloy 400
BeigeAlloy C276
RedNickel 200
Green316L SS
Yellow304 SS
Ring Edge Color CodeWinding Material

39. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -77
Gaskets – Spiral Wound
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Fire
Resistant
1500 / 820No standardVermiculite
White
Pink
Gray
None
Ring Stripe
Color Code
350 / 180
325 / 160
900 / 480
1500 / 820
Maximum
Temp ºF/ ºC
PTFE
Mica Graphite
Flexible
Graphite
Asbestos
Filler Material
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -78
Gaskets – Spiral Wound
Internal buckling is a concern to some, especially
in higher pressure classes and larger sizes.

40. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -79
Gaskets - Kammprofile
MediumBolt Strength
Depends on
sealing material
Fire Resistant
YesBlowout
Resistant
GoodLeak
Performance
1500ºF (820º C)Approximate
Max. Temp.
Both metal &
sealing material
must be OKChemical
Resistant
(Garlock)
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -80
Gaskets – Ring Joint
HighBolt Strength Needed
YesFire Resistant
YesBlowout
Resistant
Very GoodLeak
Performance
1500ºF
(820ºC)
Approximate
Max. Temp.
Metal must
be OK
Chemical
Resistant
(NE Seal)
Oval
Octagonal

Needed

41. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -81
Bolting
¾Has to be strong
enough to seat the
gasket
¾
Consider need to be
corrosion resistant to
process fluid
¾Studs versus bolts
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -82
1st and 2nd degree burns…
after being sprayed with hot water. The bonnet of
the valve had separated from the valve body due
to corroded bonnet bolts.

42. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -83
Bolting Fluid Service Requirements
¾Low strength bolting [SMYS not greater than
207 MPa (30 ksi)] may not be used with
ƒPressure classes higher than 300
ƒMetal gaskets
¾Carbon steel bolting may not be used with
ƒPressure classes higher than 300
ƒ
Temperatures outside -29ºC to 204ºC (-20ºF to
400ºF) range
¾Galvanized carbon steel bolting must be to
heavy hex dimensions
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -84
More Bolting Fluid Service
Requirements
¾Low strength bolting shall be used for
weaker and more brittle flanged joints
unless
ƒBoth flanges are flat faced and a full face
gasket is used, or
ƒA careful bolt-up procedure is used
¾Low strength bolting may not be used for
Severe Cyclic Conditions

43. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -85
Flanged Joints
“A flanged joint is composed of three
separate and independent, although
interrelated components: the flanges
, the
gasket, and the bolting, which are
assembled by yet another influence, the assembler
. Proper controls must be
exercised in the selection and application for all these elements to attain a joint which has
acceptable leak tightness.”
[B16.5]
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -86
Flanged Joints
Facing
NoYesClass 125
gray iron
Class 150
carbon stl
YesNoClass 150
stainless
Class 150
stainless
YesYesClass 150
carbon stl
Class 150
carbon stl
NoNoClass 150
carbon stl
Class 125
gray iron
NoNoClass 125
gray iron
Class 125
gray iron
Bolting
Strength
GasketsBlow-out
Resist?
Fire
Resist?
Flange BFlange A

44. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -87
Pipe & Fitting Selection
Workshop:What basic piping system
characteristics would you provide for the following
services:
Steam condensate 650 psig (45 bar) Steam
Chlorine Heat transfer oil
Sulfuric acid Styrene monomer
Gasoline Lime-water slurry
See Supplement page 7 for details.