Baby care products , lectures 11,12.pptx

baby care pharmaceutical products

1. Baby Care Products

2. General . The skin of the infant and adult differs both histologic and physiologically in many respects. -It is less hairy , thinner and less cornified in infants -There is tendency towards peeling and flaking of skin during first 3 weeks after birth. -Sebaceous glands are present in the newborn and start functioning early.

3. The 5 senses... The infant is learning about their new environment through all 5 senses….especially through the sense of taste. Everything goes into the mouth, so it especially important to keep small items away. Feeling/touch: By the end of the 8 th month of prenatal development, nearly every part of the body is sensitive to heat, cold, pressure, and pain. Taste: Baby’s taste buds are immature. They taste sour and bitter, but prefer sweet. They do not taste salt for several months. Hearing and smelling: Both of these senses are well developed at the time of birth…and probably have been since the 2 nd trimester of prenatal development. Sight: Vision is the last of the senses to develop. At birth, the infant can clearly focus on objects within a distance of 8 – 12 inches. The ability to see color develops over time, beginning with the brightest and boldest colors.

4. Baby preparations

5. The skin of a newborn baby is very sensitive, particularly on the face and scalp. Applying lotions or oils to the baby's skin is generally not recommended because they can clog pores and cause aggravate rashes. Skin care... If baby’s skin is very dry, however, and a lotion is needed, (which is especially true in overdue babies) you should avoid some product ingredients. Make sure the lotion not contains : 1. NO GREASE / OIL 2. NO ARTIFICIAL COLORS 3. NO ARTIFICIAL ODORS

6. Certain Baby Skin diseases

7. Diaper rash... Diaper rash is caused by moisture, chafing and acid in soiled diapers. Frequent diaper changes may prevent the rash, but most newborns have diaper rash periodically because their skin is tender. To treat the rash, try to change the baby's diaper as soon as it gets wet or soiled. Apply a protective cream or ointment ,a moisture barrier , with each diaper change, such as “ Desitin ”, or vaseline ... not powder! The diapered area on baby presents perfect conditions for growing the bacteria that causes rashes: 1. Dark 2. Moist 3. Warm

8. Step 7: Place top half of diaper under baby’s rear and bring bottom half up between legs; a moisture barrier cream can be used on the skin at this point; NO POWDER as it can be inhaled and/or cause vaginal infections in girls Step 8: Fasten diaper securely

9. Step 1: Lay diaper flat; fold in left 1/3 toward center Step 2: Do the same fold with the right 1/3 Step 3: Fold up bottom 1/3; this part goes on the front of a boy and under the bottom of a girl When using diapers with pins instead of adhesive tabs, place two fingers under the diaper fabric to avoid giving your baby an accidental pinprick. Insert the pin away from your baby's navel on each side, and be sure not to push it through all the layers of the inner fold of diaper, so you don't stick yourself. (Here's a quick tip: If you stick the pins in a bar of soap first, they'll be easier to push through the fabric.) Placing plastic or rubber pants over the diaper during wear will prevent leaks. Drop excess feces from soiled diaper into toilet and soak diaper. Using cloth diapers... Some babies have allergies to the materials in disposable diapers.

10. Yellow skin discoloration... While yellow skin in newborns is symptomatic of jaundice, yellow skin tones in an older baby is probably due to diet. Beta-carotene is the orange pigment that gives carrots, sweet potatoes, and other vegetables their characteristic coloring. Babies have a taste preference for sweets, and carrots are one of the sweetest tasting baby foods. For that reason baby eats larger quantities of carrots than some other vegetables. The higher levels of carotene in the diet can actually turn a baby’s skin slightly yellow or orange.

11. DO NOT SQUEEZE! Milia are NOT pimples, and squeezing could result in permanent scarring. Milia... Mila are tiny white papules, actually plugged sebaceous glands or oil ducts, located over nose, cheek, and chin. They are caused by stimulation from the mother’s hormones, and will disappear in a week or two. DO NOT SQUEEZE! Milia are NOT pimples, and squeezing could result in permanent scarring. Mila are tiny white papules, actually plugged sebaceous glands or oil ducts, located over nose, cheek, and chin. They are caused by stimulation from the mother’s hormones, and will disappear in a week or two.

12. Hair care... While many babies are born with a full head of hair, others are nearly bald and stay that way for up to a year. Hair usually does not need to be shampooed daily; twice a week with a non-tearing product may be sufficient. Soft baby brushes are available or regular combs can be used gently.

13. Babies born with hair often lose it during the first six months of life. This is because hair alternates between two stages, a growing stage and a resting stage, and in newborns, all of the hair follicles enter the resting period at the same time, causing them to fall out. This hair loss is thought to be due to the natural drop in a baby's hormone levels right after birth. (New moms often lose hair for the same reason.) A baby may also have bald patches on his scalp from sleeping in the same position or rubbing his head against the mattress. This may decrease as he starts to move around more on his own, or if you deliberately change the position your baby sleeps in. Some babies not only lose their hair, but also when their new hair comes in it's a completely different color and texture. Hair loss...

14. Cradle cap... Cradle cap is actually a form of dry skin, often due to a lack of circulation in the scalp since baby’s head rests against mattress surfaces for prolonged periods. It looks like white to yellow flaking skin on the scalp. This is not an infection and is not contagious. To help prevent this, use a soft brush or a special scalp brush to brush the scalp vigorously and daily in the opposite direction the hair grows. To try to dissolve existing scalp flakes, you can apply mineral oil to the affected areas and leave it on about 6 to 8 hours, followed by a thorough washing and brushing.

15. Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis Self-limiting dermatosis of unknown etiology Occurs more frequently in black males Usually presents at birth Pustule on non-erythematous base, crusts over several days, which desquamates and leaves a hyperpigmented macule with collarette of fine scale Hyperpigmentation fades in 3 weeks to 3 months Smear of pustule reveals neutrophils

16. What is this rash noted on this baby immediately after birth?

17. Mongolian Spot Flat, slate-gray to bluish-black, poorly circumscribed macules /patches Most commonly located over the lumbosacral area and buttocks Common in black, asian , and hispanic infants Usually fade by 7 years of age

18. Congenital Nevomelanocytic Nevi Pigmented macules or plaques with dense hair growth Giant CNN are associated with a 2-10% lifetime risk of melanoma Highest risk of malignant change occurs in first 3-15 years of life Early treatment with full-thickness excision followed by grafting if possible, otherwise close observation Small to medium sized CNNs are also associated with a higher risk of malignant change than acquired moles, but incidence is unknown

19. Acrocyanosis Hands and feet become variably and symmetrically blue Resolves with warming of the skin Recurrence unusual after 1 month of age

20. What’s wrong with this newborn’s hands and feet?

21. Hemangiomas Congenital vascular malformation Occur in 10% of all newborns Presents in first few months of life Marked vascular overgrowth resulting in bright red discoloration and definite elevation Rapid growth for the first 6-12 months, then a plateau period, then slow involution 50% involute by age 5, 90% by age 9 Refer to dermatology if lesion involves a vital structure or if there are multiple lesions

22. Salmon Patch (Stork bite) Vascular malformation Seen in 60% of infants Fades in first year of life Usually located nape of neck, forehead and upper eyelids

23. Neonatal Acne Develops in up to 20% of newborns Maternal and endogenous androgens play a role in the pathogenesis Lesions involute within 1-3 months, treatment usually unnecessary

24. Sebaceous Gland Hyperplasia Yellow papules over the nose and cheeks Result from maternal or endogenous androgenic stimulation of sebaceous gland growth Resolves within 4-6 months

25. Miliaria Results from obstruction to the flow of sweat and rupture of the eccrine sweat gland Miliaria crystallina - superficial 1-2mm vesicles on non-inflamed skin Miliaria rubra (prickly heat) - small red papules and pustules Occur in response to thermal stress Usually erupt in crops in the intertriginous areas, scalp, face, and trunk

26. Are these rashes the same?

27. Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of inherited mechanobullous disorders Blisters form after mild friction or trauma Three types: epidermolytic EB, junctional EB, dermolytic EB Skin biopsy distinguishes types and determines prognosis Prenatal diagnosis is now possible for a number of variants for which gene markers are available Treatment is symptomatic and supportive

28. Sponge bathe rather than tub bathe the baby, and try to keep the diaper below the belly button until the cord has completely healed. If the stump is very moist, you can use rubbing alcohol on a cotton swab to wipe around and under the area one or more times a day. The alcohol evaporates quickly, and causes drying. The baby may cry, but it is because the evaporation causes a cooling effect. It is cold, not burning. Call the doctor if the belly button becomes red, bleeds or smells bad. Care of the umbilical stump... Within about one to three weeks after birth, your newborn's umbilical stump (where the cord was attached at the navel) will turn black, dry out and fall off. The normal belly button is an “innie”, pulled inward as the stump dries and falls off. “Outies” are caused by a weak or split abdominal muscle. This often corrects itself by age 2, but could be repaired if desired for cosmetic reasons at a later age.

29. Supplies needed: Washcloth or two, towel for drying, large towel to place baby on, mild soap and shampoo, clothes, diaper, basin or tub or sink. The room temperature should be at about 75 degrees. Bathing... Babies do not cry at bath time because they are afraid of water…they developed in the womb in a bag of water! They cry because they are cold and feel insecure without a diaper and clothing. Try placing a warm washcloth over the baby’s chest. Bathing every other day is adequate. The “ football hold ” illustrated at the left is recommended.

30. Checking bath water temperature... Under no circumstances should baby ever be left unattended in or around water…not even for just a minute! Drowning and burns are two of the top five causes of death in children under the age of one year. Dip your elbow in the water to check the temperature of baby’s bath. The water should be nice and warm, but not hot. Over 4,000 children a year are scalded in hot bath water. Liquid crystal temperature displays on bathtub toys monitor bath water temperatures.