Babyhood: meaning, characterictics and hazards

Jammu University 2 year B.Ed. Semester I, Paper 102 Slide

1. Babyhood: Meaning, Characteristics and hazards Jammu University 2 Year B.Ed. Paper 102 Sem : I Unit: I

2. Babyhood/ Toddlerhood First 2 years of life after infancy Gradual but pronounced decrease in helplessness

3. Characteristics Regarded as foundation age (many behavioural patterns, attitudes and emotional expression get established) Age of rapid growth and change (less top heavy, limbs develop in proportion, best growth in ability to recognize and respond to people and objects in environment, able to communicate their needs and demands in a way which is understandable to others)

4. Age of decreasing dependency (rapid development in body control- sit stand walk and manipulate objects) Age of increased individuality (appearance and patterns of behaviour, no same child training techniques) Beginning of socialisation (attention seeking, attachment behaviour)

5. Beginning of sex role typing Babyhood is more appealing Beginning of creativity Hazardous age

6. Developmental Tasks of babyhood Physical development One of 2 periods of rapid growth (other puberty) In first year increase in weight is proportionally more than increase in height In 2 year reverse is true Same pattern for boys and girls Weight- 3X to birth weight Height- 4months-24 inches, 1 yar-28-30 inches and 2 years 32-34 inches

7. Physical proportions- head growth slows down Bones- on of bones increase, ossification begins, soft spot on skull closes 50% by 18 months and 100% by 2 years Muscles and fats develop Teeth

8. Psychological Functions Sleep pattern Eating pattern: liquid form to semi liquid Patterns of elimination: bowel control begins, bladder control

9. Muscle control Coordinated movements and use Eye control: optic nystagmus-12 hrs , horizontal eye movement 1-2 months, vertical eye movement 3-4 months Smiling reflex smile, tactual smile, social smile Head rolling: erect head -1 month, lying on back 5 months, sitting position 4-6 months

10. Trunk rolling: side to back 4 months Sitting : 4 months, with support 5 months Thumb opposition 8-9 months Crawling creeping 8-9 stand with support 10 months, walk without support 14 months

11. Speech development Comprehension Learning to speak Pre-speech form of communication Emotional expression Emotional expression: anger, fear, curiosity, Joy, Affection

12. Development in socialisation Extrovert or introvert mainly on their early social experiences Attachment as anxiety reducers Crying babies: aggressive and other attention seeking behaviour By 6 weeks social smile or tactile stimuli smile In babyhood play no rules or regulations

13. Play more solitary than social Social response to adults : 2-3 months: distinguish people from inanimate objects, contented to be with people and discontented when left alone ; 4-5 months: wanted to be picked up by any one who approaches, reaches differently to scolding and to smiling faces, friendly faces and to angry voices ; 6-7 months: differentiate b/w friends and strangers, shy and attachment age ;

14. 8-9 Months: imitates speech, gestures, and simple acts of others, 12 Months: reacts to warning NO, 16-18 Months: negativism in form of stubborn resistance to requests or demands from adults, physical withdrawals and anger outbursts, 22-24 Months: cooperates in number of ways being dressed, fed and bathed

15. Response to other babies 4-5 Months: ties to attract attention of others by bouncing up and down, kicking, laughing or blowing bubbles 6-7 Months: smiles at other babies and interest in their crying 9-13 Months: explores clothes and hair of other babies imitate their behaviour and vocalization cooperates in use of toys 13-18 Months: fighting over toys decrease willingness to share 18-24 Months: more interest in playing in other babies uses play materials to build social relationship with them

16. Play Patterns Sensory motor play: kicking, bouncing, wiggling, moving fingers toes, climbing, babbling ad rolling Exploratory play: explore body by pulling hair, sucking fingers and toes, shake, throw, bang, suck and pull their toys Imitative play: reading magazine, sweeping floor, writing with pencil or crayons

17. Make-believe play: toys to living Games: peekaboo, hide and seek, with parents grandparents or siblings Amusements: like to be sung to, talked to, and read to fascinated by radio or television or pictures Value of paly: problem solving and creativity, information of environment,

18. Development of understanding: sensory explorations, simple generalisations Beginning of sex role typing

19. Hazards in babyhood Physical hazards Mortality Crib death Illness Accidents Malnutrition Foundations of obesity Physiological habits: eating habits, sleep habits, habits of elimination

20. Psychological hazards Motor development Speech hazards Emotional hazards: emotional deprivation, stress, too much affection, dominant emotions Social hazards Play hazards Hazards in understanding Hazards in mortality Family relationship hazards Personality development