bacterial intoxication and infectious microbs

bacterial intoxication

1. Bacterial Intoxication This type of food poisoning intoxication can occur when the food eaten is contaminated with toxins (poison) or toxin producing bacteria.  Examples of bacteria which produce toxins are :   Staphylococcus aureus ,  Clostridium botulinum ,  Bacillus cereus (the most common found in cooked rice)  and many others.

2. Conti… The bacteria multiply in the food and by-product of this multiplication is toxin, the poison that causes illness.  The toxin producing bacteria can multiply in the food or in the body and not all toxins are destroyed by cooking. The most common symptom of this intoxication is vomiting. As toxin enters into human body system, the body realizes that that is not good for it and vomits the poison out.

3. Staphylococcus aureus Produces a wide variety of exoproteins that contribute to its ability to colonize and cause disease in mammalian hosts Nearly all strains secrete a group of enzymes and cytotoxins which includes The main function of these proteins may be to convert local host tissues into nutrients required for bacterial growth.

4. Conti… Some strains produce one or more additional exoproteins , which include toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) Symptoms severe hypotension, include the rash, diarrhea, intrahepatic cholestasis , intrinsic renal dysfunction, coagulopathy , thrombocytopenia, hypophosphatemia , and hypocalcemia

5. Botulinum toxin   (BTX) Neurotoxic  protein produced by the bacterium  Clostridium botulinum  and related species .   It is also produced commercially for medical, cosmetic, and research use. There are two main commercial types: botulinum toxin type A botulinum toxin type B.

6. Cont… Botulism is a rare but potentially life-threatening bacterial illness.  Clostridium Botulinum  bacteria grows on food and produces toxins that, when ingested, cause paralysis. Botulism poisoning is extremely rare, but so dangerous that each case is considered a public health emergency. Studies have shown that there is a 35 to 65 percent chance of death for patients who are not treated immediately and effectively with botulism antitoxin.

7. Symptoms Symptoms of botulism generally appear 12 to 72 hours after eating contaminated food.  With treatment, illness lasts from 1 to 10 days.  Full recovery from botulism poisoning can take weeks to months .

8. General Symptoms Nausea      Vomiting      Fatigue      Dizziness      Double vision      Dry skin, mouth and throat      Drooping eyelids       Difficulty swallowing      Slurred speech      Muscle Weakness      Body Aches      Paralysis      Lack of fever

9. Bacillus cereus   Gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, motile, beta hemolytic bacterium commonly found in soil and food. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause  foodborne illness  It is the cause of "fried rice  syndrome", as the bacteria are classically contracted from fried rice dishes that have been sitting at room temperature for hours

10. Symptoms bovine mastitis , severe systemic and pyogenic infections, gangrene , septic meningitis, cellulitis , panophthalmitis , lung abscesses , infant death, and endocarditis

11. Conti… The onset of watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and pain occurs 6-15 hours after consumption of contaminated food . Nausea may accompany diarrhea, but vomiting rarely occurs. Symptoms persist for 24 hours in most instances.

12. Mushroom poisoning R efers to harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a mushroom. These symptoms can vary from slight gastrointestinal discomfort to  death. The  toxins present are  secondar metabolites produced in specific biochemical pathways in the fungal  cells. Mushroom   poisoning  is usually the result of ingestion of wild mushrooms after misidentification of a toxic mushroom as an edible species.

13. Toxins in Mushrooms Alpha- amanitin Orellanine Muscarine Gyromitrin Coprine Arabitol Psilocybin

14. Symptoms Causes liver damage 1–3 days after ingestion gastrointestinal upset kidney failure within 3 weeks after ingestion cause respiratory failure destruction of blood cells Neurotoxicity irritation, vomiting, nausea

15. M ycotoxin A  mycotoxin  (from Greek  mykes , mukos ) "fungus" and toxikon "poison "  is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom, commonly known as molds .  The term ' mycotoxin ' is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily colonize crops .  One mold species may produce many different mycotoxins , and several species may produce the same mycotoxin .

16. Conti… Because mycotoxins weaken the receiving host, the fungus may use them as a strategy to better the environment for further fungal proliferation. The production of toxins depends on the surrounding intrinsic and extrinsic environments

17. Major Groups Aflatoxins Ochratoxin Citrinin Ergot Patulin Fusarium

18. Mycotoxins can appear in the food chain as a result of fungal infection of crops, either by being eaten directly by humans or by being used as livestock feed. Red chilli , black pepper, and dry ginger were found to be the most contaminated spices .

19. Health Effect Some of the health effects found in animals and humans include death, identifiable diseases or health problems, weakened immune systems without specificity to a toxin, and as allergens or irritants . Some mycotoxins are harmful to other micro-organisms such as other fungi or even bacteria;  penicillin  is one example

20. Symptoms The symptoms of mycotoxicosis depend on the type of mycotoxin ; the concentration and length of exposure; as well as age, health, and sex of the exposed individual . General Symptoms inhibit protein synthesis, damage macrophage systems, inhibit particle clearance of the lung, and increase sensitivity to bacterial endotoxin .

21. Mold A  mold   is a fungus that grows in the form of  multicellular  filaments called  hyphae . Molds are a large and taxonomically diverse number of fungal species where the growth of hyphae results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance, especially on food Molds cause biodegradation of natural materials, which can be unwanted when it becomes food spoilage or damage to property.

22. Conti… They also play important roles in biotechnology and food science in the production of various foods, beverages, antibiotics, pharmaceuticals and enzymes. Some diseases of animals and humans can be caused by certain molds: disease may result from allergic sensitivity to mold spores, from growth of pathogenic molds within the body, or from the effects of ingested or inhaled toxic compounds ( mycotoxins ) produced by molds

23. Common molds Acremonium Alternaria Aspergillus Cladosporium Fusarium Mucor Penicillium Rhizopus Stachybotrys Trichoderma Trichophyton

24. Symptoms of mold exposure Symptoms of mold exposure can include : Nasal and sinus congestion, runny nose Respiratory problems, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing, chest tightness Cough Throat irritation Sneezing / Sneezing fits