bahan membuat ppt English Phonology Group 2.pptx

bahan membuat ppt

1. Organs of Speech & Airstream Mechanism

2. GROUP 2 Name NIM Mohammad Hakamul Ulum A. 2111230004

3. Organs of Speech Organs of speech can be define as ‘any part of the body that participates, actively or passively, voluntarily or involuntarily, in the production of sounds of speech.

4. The pharynx is a tube which begins just above the larynx. It is about 7 cm long in women and about 8 cm in men, and at its top end it is divided into two, one part being the back of the oral cavity and the other being the beginning of the way through the nasal cavity. The soft palate or velum is seen in the diagram in a position that allows air to pass through the nose and through the mouth. The other important thing about the soft palate is that it is one of the articulators that can be touched by the tongue .

5. The hard palate is often called the wroof of the mouth”. You can feel its smooth curved surface with your tongue. A consonant made with the tongue close to the hard palate is called palatal. The sound j in yes’ is palatal . The alveolar ridge is between the top front teeth and the hard palate. You can feel its shape with your tongue. Its surface is really much rougher than it feels, and is covered with little ridges. Sounds made with the tongue touching here (such as t, d, n) are called alveolar .

6. The tongue is a very important articulator and it can be moved into many different places and different shapes. Example picture shows the tongue on a larger scale with these parts shown: tip , front , back and root . The teeth (upper and lower), the tongue is in contact with the upper side teeth for most speech sounds. Sounds made with the tongue touching the front teeth, such as English 0, 6, are called dental .

7. The tongue is a very important articulator and it can be moved into many different places and different shapes. Example picture shows the tongue on a larger scale with these parts shown: tip , front , back and root . The teeth (upper and lower), the tongue is in contact with the upper side teeth for most speech sounds. Sounds made with the tongue touching the front teeth, such as English 0, 6, are called dental .

8. The lips are important in speech. They can be pressed together (when we produce the sounds p, b), brought into contact with the teeth (as in f, v), or rounded to produce the lip-shape for vowels like u:. Sounds in which the lips are in contact with each other are called bilabial , while those with lip-to-teeth contact are called labiodental .

9. Airstream Mechanism The respiratory system provides the airstream on which speech is produced. The primary function of the respiratory system is to breathe. The main function of the respiratory system for producing speech is to provide an airstream with which sound is produced.

10. Egressive pulmonic airstream, with air flowing from the lungs (hence pulmonic) through the trachea up into and out of the mouth and nose (hence egressive). The most common airstream we use. Egressive glottalic airstream, other types of egressive airstreams do not originate in the lungs but further up. When you hold your breath and then articulate a [t], you are producing it on a glottalic airstream. The resulting sound is called an ejective. Ejectives may occur in English as variants of sounds produced on a pulmonic airstream .

11. Ingressive airstream, for which air is sucked into the body. Some people involuntarily speak on an ingressive airstream when they are out of breath or when they are sobbing. Similarly, the clicking sound that English speakers occasionally make with their tongue in order to signal disapproval is produced with an ingressive airstream .

12. Feel free to ask